Journal of Education & Social Policy ISSN 2375-0782 (Print) 2375-0790 (Online) Vol. 1, No.

2; December 2014

The Peasants’ Mobilization in Colonial Odisha under the Socialist Leadership

Amit Kumar Nayak

Research scholar
Department of History
Utkal University, Odisha
India

Abstract
The peasants’ struggle in Odisha started to surface as soon as the British conquered Odisha in 1803. Those
struggles centred round many agrarian and non-agrarian issues. Up to the end of the civil disobedience
movement the peasant struggles in Odisha passed through different phases with changing nature and characters--
from popular autonomous movements (Paik rebellions, Prajamandal movements, Ghumsur rebellions, tribal
movements) to locally organised peasant movements (movements under Praja Pratinidhi Sabha, Zamindari
Raiyat’s Association). These movements were not purely based on class line. However, with the change of time,
the peasants in odisha being uneducated, backward and relatively less mobilised required a strong ideological
current to be united in order to redress its grievances. That, especially, became indispensible in the early 1930s.
A band of leaders of the socialist ideology came forward, provided a plat- form to the peasants in the form of
krushaka sanghas and organised them along class-line. This article tries to present how the poor peasants of
odisha were unified and organised under the “socialist ideology”. This article also endeavours to highlight major
agrarian issues of that time and the challenges faced by the peasant leaders in their effort to redress the peasants’
cause.
Keywords: Peasants, agrarian, krushaka, sangha, autonomous, movement, rebellion, socialist and ideology,
abwabs,bethi, begari, gothi, raiyat
Introduction
The notion of class-less society, non-existence of private property, dominance of peasants and labours on land and
industry, equal distribution of surplus value and an egalitarian society with much say for the oppressed---the
cardinal principles of Socialism/Marxism---though originated in western Europe, found its objectification in
Russia in the wake of the famous Bolshevik revolution of 1917 when the interim capitalist government was
replaced by the Soviet. That was the victory of the proletariat i.e. , the workers, the peasants, and the slaves etc.,
over the age old capitalist system. As this revolutionary transformation of Russian society was an open threat to
the European capitalistic society and its brain child i.e., colonialism, as the revolutionary sequel stood by free
society and Free State. It was inevitable that the way the revolution was operationalised by the peasants and
workers would found its echo in the world, especially, in colonized Asiatic states. India was not an exception to it.
This innovative socialist ideas, though reached India in late 1920s,1 started to gain currency in post civil
disobedience movement phrase and in Odisha as a part of it, giving birth a complex phenomenon in Indian
political circle i.e., the emergence of a band of radical leaders. On the other hand, the post-Civil Disobedience
movement India and Odisha witnessed a radical transformation not only in the political horizon but also in the
socio-economic sphere as well. It was partly because of the resultant forces that came out of the frustration caused
due to the suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement and partly due to the gradual loss of confidence in
Gandhi’s leadership and the efficacy of All Indian Congress Party. This transformation compounded by
germination of the socialist ideas found its manifestation in the emergence of radical ideas within or outside the
Congress circle, the emergence of class consciousness among the peasants, youths, women and depressed classes.
It was too resulted in the formation of numerous class-based organizations, and an era of intense anti-imperialist
struggle along the constitutional lines.

1
Published by Center for Promoting Ideas, USA www.jespnet.com Copyright © The Author(s)

Of all those important developments in mid-nineteen thirties, the coming of a new and nation-wide awakening
among the Indian peasants realizing their own strength and capacity to organize themselves for the betterment of
their living conditions2 was the most important, as it was alien to the age old tradition of India. This new
awakening among this subaltern class3was largely a result of, apart from the deep impact of Marxism, the
combination of particular economic and political developments i.e., (a) The Depression which brought
agricultural prices crashing down to half or less of their normal levels, dealt severe blow to impoverished
peasants. (b) The refusal of Government to scale down the taxations (c) The stagnation of prices of manufactured
goods.4 (d) Inability of Indian National Congress to do more for peasants.
Colonial Odisha bore the same symptoms and transformation in post-Civil Disobedience Movement phrase. A
band of young and energetic congress workers filled up with frustration also got attached to the newly emerging
radical ideas. It was those leaders who came forward to give a new dimension to peasants’ struggle of Odisha by
organizing them along Marxian line. Therefore, this article intends to analyze how the peasants were mobilized
and aroused around different issues during this period. Apart from it, this article also tries to assess the ability and
accomplishments of the leaders of socialist ideology for the peasants cause in Odisha in a broader perspective. In
order to draw a balanced judgment as to these objectives, the following questions demand to be answered—(a)
what was the background for coming of radical left ideas in Odisha and why were the peasants attracted to it? (b)
Who were those leaders, and whether they belonged to the poor peasants’ community or outside their community?
(c) What is ‘mobilization ‘and why did they need leaders of radical ideas for their mobilization? (d) What were
the major peasants’ issues and challenges for leader’s activism then, and what were the means adopted by the
leaders for their mobilization?
Despite huge peasants’ participation in the Civil-Disobedience Movement, the assurance of Utkal Provincial
Congress Committee(UPCC) or District Congress Committees to the peasants could not be fulfilled because of
pre-mature suspension of the movement, for which the peasants in Odisha were no longer ready to have faith in
leaders of Gandhian strategy for redressing their immediate grievances.Obviosly, they started looking for an
alternative avenue, not because of the rise of class consciousness among themselves, in the fast changing Indian
politics and in the time of intra-congress crisis.5The situation was becoming complicated gradually due to the
economic depression of 1930s,and its negative resultant forces i.e., the hike of prices of consumer goods, high
taxation, intensification of zamindari oppression and callous government attitude etc. To be frank, there is no
specific class-based organization for peasants in the then Odisha except the Ganjam District Zamindary Rayots
Association6 in comparisation with other regions of India7.Thus, there was enough space for both the leaders
inhibited with radicalism and the participants searching for new outlets, which altogether created a conduisive
situation for mutual discourse in the periods to come.
Meanwhile, a band of leaders—both young and old, and both experienced and fresh—emerged in the scene .They
were Nabakrushna Choudhury, Malati Choudhury, Gourchandra Das, Gouranga Charan Das, Sudhir Chandra
Ghose, Dr. Nripen Sen, Surendranath Dwivedy , Manmohan Choudhury, Prananath Patnaik and Guru charan
patnaik etc., most of whom were learned in Kashi Vidyapith ,a famous institution then. They met secretly and
formed “Utkal Congress Samyavadi Karmi Sangha” (UCSKS) on the pattern of ‘Seva Samiti’ as a forum for
discussion and with the objectives of “working effectively for the establishment of an unfettered Socialist
Republic in India through all legitimate means with conformity of Gandhian principles”8.They also planned, at
first, for fighting against Casteism and Untouchbility to be nearer of the proletariats. Thus, we see that there was
no agenda for peasantry at the outset. But the situation got changed with the development taken place in all-Indian
level.
By October 1934, the leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev, Minoo Manasi and others, who
by then got disillusioned in Gandhian strategy for struggle for independence, formed the Congress Socialist Party
(CSP)at Bombay within the congress party to ‘’give the congress and the national, movement a socialist direction’
by “organizing the workers and peasants in their class organizations and wagging struggle for their economic
demands”.9After getting the direction from Jayaprakash Narayan, the organizing secretary of All India Congress
Socialist Party, Utkal Congress Samyavadi Karmi Sangha turned into the Orissa branch of the All India Congress
Socialist Party in August, 1934. Nabakrushna Choudhury,Malati Devi and S.N. Dwivedy represented Orissa
Congress Socialist Party in the first all India Congress of the CSP held at Bombay October 1934,10 where the
participants were directed by Acharya Narendra Dev, to form workers’ and peasants’ organization as soon as
possible and led them to fight for their cause.
2
Journal of Education & Social Policy ISSN 2375-0782 (Print) 2375-0790 (Online) Vol. 1, No. 2; December 2014

Some of the leaders in the Indian National Congress having belief in Marxism, found in the peasant and the
labour an insight to carry on anti-colonial struggle through their class-based organizations. Because it was
inevitable, argues Mirdula Mukharjee, that the important work of Marxist revolution- arises especially in the
colonial countries to unite the workers and peasants by taking up their struggle against economic exploitation and
for land11. In 1934 Acharya Narendra Dev directed the local congress leaders to organize the workers and
peasants in their class organizations, wage struggles for their economic demands and make them the social base of
the national struggle.
Against this background, the Odisha branch of congress socialist party started taking initiative to carry out the
direction of the High commands. Soon they found some of the most formidable problems in that direction.
Challenges before the Leaders for Peasants’ Mobilization
Forming peasants’ as well as raiyat’s unions or organizing and mobilizing them for their cause was extremely
difficult at that time due to some endogenic as well as exogenic factors. The endogenic factors were nothing but
the complex composition of the peasantry class in the then time, whereas the exogenic factors were simply the by-
products of the combination of the relatively backward looking peasants and the hegemony of the alien zamindari
system.
The complex composition of the peasantry community was itself a factor for their passiveness. The peasantry, due
to(i) its professional operation from the fellow mate on the basis of place of working and nature of labor engaged
(ii) its living in scattered villages in a dispersed way (iii) its complex and heterogeneous composition as a class
since it includes bourgeois, petty-bourgeois, semi-proletariat and proletariat, lacks self-mobilization, objectivity in
aims, clear cut class consciousness. Eric wolf contends that the peasants often requires outside leaders for their
struggle because of certain characteristics of peasants – first, a peasants’ work is activated alone on his land,
secondly, the tyranny of work weights heavily upon them12. A.R. Desai also argues that in India the peasants due
to organic weakness social and psychological--dispersion on a vast area, heterogeneous, social composition and
conservative13.In nutshell, we can say that due to illiteracy, ignorance, back-ward looking and being chained in
caste-ridden norms. The leaders also viewed the peasant community from these perspectives.
The most formidable challenge before the leaders was the perception of the peasants to their zamindars during
that time. It was not strange as the hegemony of the zamindars in the society.(a) Non-availability of suitable area
for initiating a radical step. It means that most of the areas were under the control of either zamindars or the
feudatory states ,who had hegemony (b) Backwardness of Agriculture coupled with non-existence of any big
individual agricultural farmer indifferent to the zamindars (c) Peasants’ perception towards the zamindars. S.N.
Dwivedy observes the peasants were scared to death by the zamindars”14. As a matter of fact that the zamindars
had a propound hegemony over the poor so much so that they were considered to be the avatar (incarnation) of
God and whosoever dared to challenge it, had to bear the burnt in the form of rigorous punishment.(d) The unholy
nexus between the government and the zamindars complicated the whole situation. It means the verdict or justice
was obviously in favour of the landed gentry in case a tussle arose between the poor peasant and them. (e) The
atrocities of choukidars etc15.
Against this background, the leaders of Odisha branch of CSP thought that if the peasants were set free from the
fear of zamindars, were inhibited with them the confidence that this emerging leaders could be the savior for them
and were aroused, educated, organized and politicized along class ideology, an effective peasants’ movement
could be carried out. The first stage in that direction was to find out the objective issue out of the subjective
issues, get them accepted unanimously and mobilize the peasants around it.
Issues
The breach effected by the British conquest of India in her old land system based on village right over land, the
coming of land as private property which could be mortgaged, purchased on sold coupled with the negative
resultant forces originated out of it, created a situation where the peasantry were compelled to rise in revolt.
Etymologically an ‘issue’ means an important topic that people are discussing or arguing about or a problem that
somebody has with something. An issue or a demand that is potent enough to mobilize the peasantry into protest
or revolt is always legitimate and rightful. 16

3
Published by Center for Promoting Ideas, USA www.jespnet.com Copyright © The Author(s)

The analysis of the peasants’ demands from the third decade of the twentieth century to the end of the fourth
decade of the same century shows the following ‘Issues’ which mobilized the peasants:
Government taxation emerged as one of the major issues around which peasant protest surfaced in many parts of
India.17 In Odisha too taxation on land or land rent was central to the peasants’ resentment in 1930s and 1940s. In
the temporary settled estates rent was increased by the zamindars quite dispropontiantly due to lack of security of
tenure and fixity of the rent by the government. In the permanently settled area, due to absence of any regulation
from the government the zamindars too used to collect more rents. Apart from it, the frequency in the rent hike
abnormally aggravated the situation. The peasant conferences under the banner of congress socialist as well as
communist leaders frequently demanded to the government for lowering taxation, remission of taxation as well as
proper regulation of the taxation. Besides this, many peasants’ movements in Puri, Cuttack and Balasore districts
planned and implemented the ‘no-revenue’ as well as ‘no-tax’ campaign during the Non Co-operation Movement
and Civil Disobedience Movement periods.18
Collection of the illegal dues or cesses called abwabs by the zamindars besides the regulated rents had also been
an important ‘Issue’. T.E. Ravenshwa, the Commissioner of Odisha, wrote to the Board of Revenue that there
were few, if any, who do not, more or less in some form or other, levy csses over and above the settlement rents,
and in excess of the legitimate demands due on agreements with their tenantry.19 Peasants in many princely states
along with the demands of UPKS in different conferences and meetings against the collection of abwabs amply
proved the gravity of the ‘Issue’.
The question of tenants’ occupancy rights over land they cultivated the trees and ponds they had with their
cultivated lands had also been an important ‘issue’ behind peasants’ discontentment in colonial Odisha. Under the
permanent as well as temporary zamindari settlement areas, the peasants or tenants did not have any rights to own
lands. Even they were not allowed to use the trees and ponds freely. The demands made in every Krushak Sangha
conferences in 1930s and 40s and the government legislation on this issue in 1937 certainly proves the
rightfulness of the ‘issue’ for widespread peasants’ discontents.
Remission or exemption of rents of debts had also been another important issue .In other words widespread rural
indebtness, a resultant side effect of the newly imposed capitalistic agrarian system deemed to be an important
challenge in the way of development of peasantry.20 Having been originated from an agrarian economy, the poor
peasants used to go to the village money lenders known as Sahukars; Mahajans, Sabarkars for borrowing money
known as runa, karaja, for various agrarian and non-agrarian purposes. Not finding any way to borrow, the poor
tenants had to mortgage his parental lands or cultivated lands for that purpose. Due to high arrears and being
unable to pay the sum, the borrower had to suffer from great hardship and oppression from moneylenders. Even
this process resulted in rampant transfer of lands to the hands of unproductive moneylenders leading to ‘Sub-
infeudation’ and ‘absentee-landlordism’. As a proof of the existence of widespread indebtness in rural Odisha,
S.L. Maddox’s final report on the survey and settlement of the province of Orissa show that 80% of the peasants
were … more or less permanently indebted in Orissa.21 While the Bihar and Orissa Provincial Banking Enquiry
Committee’s investigation report 1929-30 put the figure of indebtness of the 822,000 rural householders of
coastal Odisha alone at 7 crores.22 Though the government gave advances to cultivators under the land
improvement loans Act XII of 1894,the amount of advance was very less and disproportionate on the other hand
high interest rates were charged from the beneficiaries. The gravity of this ‘Issue’ can be easily known provided
we see the resolution of the first, second and third UPKS(Utkal Provincial Kishan Sabha) conferences. The pre-
election Congress manifesto along with Kisan manifesto of 1936 in Odisha included this issue atop in the agenda.
The peasants’ campaign in Khurda, Puri, Jajpur, and Cuttack against the growing rural indebtness in1930s and
1940s certainly proves the intensity of this issue.
Movements against forced labour variously known as bethi, begari and unpaid labour known as gothi, etc, seemes
to have been an important issue behind peasants’ movement in colonial Odisha. In the zamindary areas of Ganjam
and Koraput districts as well as in many zamindary estates of the three coastal districts, this phenomenon was
rampant. Bethi, begari or gothi were the means adopted by the landed gentry to compel the poor tenants to be
obliged and to fulfill their productive labor in their advantages. The official report of the government confirmed
about the practice of such illegal exaction by the proprietary holders and their agents viz., Sunia bheti, Baha
Kharacha, magan, piada miadi, bisodhani, salami,and najrana. 23 In Sambalpur the zamindars collected dues at
Dasahara, Pousa Purnima and Rakhi Purnima from the thikadar.

4
Journal of Education & Social Policy ISSN 2375-0782 (Print) 2375-0790 (Online) Vol. 1, No. 2; December 2014

The District zamindary Association, Districts Raiyat Sabha of Ganjam, Seragada Raiyat’s conference had been
demanding the abolition of this hated system in to to. Even the Congress Socialist Party under Nabakrushna
Choudhury and subsequent UPKS patronized raiyats’ movements demanded its abolition. The peasants’
movements assumed serious proportions in the coastal districts of Odisha where the peasants demanded the
abolition of zamindary system and bethi and begaris.24
Many peasants’ disturbances in colonial Odisha occurred on the issue of abolition of “a chain of intermediaries”
between the state and the actual rural cultivators. The raiyats earnings like the course of a stream passed through
the hands of the zamindars, the collectors and numerous other hands till it finds its way into the hands of the
revenue secretary where it is lost to public view like the sacred Ganga concealed in the matted hairs of Shiva.25 To
quote Prof. Amal Kumar Mishra, the mere existence of so many intermediary interests in land below that of the
zamindars viz., padhans, mukadammas, Tankidars, Sarbarakaras, Lakhraj bahaldars, kharidars etc. contributed
to make the development of agriculture and the living standard of the agriculturists depending on it, further lop-
sided……… to a deplorable state’’.26 As a result of the existence of a pyramidal owners of the produce, the
tenants usually suffered the most. This complex system usually resulted in gross oppression and exploitation and
above all, in the gradual pauperization of cultivators. The mobilization of the poor peasants along the line of this
issue was widespread in both temporarily and permanently settled areas in costal Odisha in 1930s and 1940s.
The abolition of zamindary system as an agrarian institution side by side setting up of direct connection between
the government and the rentee emerged as an eye-catching ‘Issue’ in the late nineteen thirties and early nineteen
forties. The peasants, as a result of growing class consciousness and intense national movement, came to believe
that “their whole misery and piteous condition had been originated out of the colonial created and patronized
zamindari system. During early phase of the peasants’ disturbances in Odisha this ‘Issue’ was not found at all.
However, in the second Utkala provincial Krushak Conference at Puri in 1936, then in the Congress pre-election
manifesto, in the Calcutta Odia Krushak Mahasabha ,27 the leaders demanded ‘Outright abolition of zamindari’
system in Odisha in late nineteen forties. The peasants were mobilized and induced to forcibly do this under the
banner of Communist leaders.
Apart from the above major ‘Issues’, many others ‘issues’ induced the peasants to rise in revolt or to organize
movements. The root of these issues lied with stagnant agricultural development, government apathy to
agriculture, irrigation, safety of cowherds, mismanaged policies related to the export of agricultural produce. One
of the most interesting points to note down here was that the peasants used to rise in revolt spontaneously in the
wake of severe famine, flood, and rent hike in colonial Odisha, which amply proves the inability of government to
tackle the situation as well as indifferences of the same to alleviate them.
In nutshell, it may be concluded that the peasants were mobilized in colonial Odisha by the Socialists during the
proposed period occurred along the ‘Issues’ like against the creation of zamindari system as an agrarian
institutions, rigidity in the process of tax collection unregulatedly, collection of illegal cesses, presences of a chain
of intermediaries, widespread rural indebtness, outright transfer of cultivated lands to the unproductive hands, and
government inability and indifferences towards impoverished mofussilies in times of flood, drought and famine
Early steps for peasants’ mobilization:
The mobilization of peasantry in colonial Odisha was not accomplished all of sudden. Rather, it took many years
to reach at its zenith. The CSP leaders had, as already told, basically two objectives viz.,(i) arousing peasants
dwelled in mofussils and building a positive psychosis among them towards Marxism and the leaders concerned
through popularizing the radical ideas of their party ; (ii) Organizing the peasants along class line through the
creation of a specific peasants’ organization. Therefore, the leaders took recourse to the following ways in
fulfillment of these two objectives:
(a) With the formation of CSP, a weekly Newspaper called Sarathi under the editorialship of Nabakrushna
Chaudhury was brought out. Primarily it aimed at politicizing and uniting the peasantry and working class.
(b) The CSP leaders also started publishing a weekly journal called Krushak. This journal popularized the radical
ideas of the Congress Socialist Party and offered a new direction to the peasants’ movement of Odisha.
(c) The Nabajuga forum of Revenshaw College28 also started publishing Rakta Sikha with a view to propagating
radical ideas among the mass.

5
Published by Center for Promoting Ideas, USA www.jespnet.com Copyright © The Author(s)

(d) Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi, a stunch Socialist and a future Communist, edited a Monthly journal called
Adhunika, in which he left no stone unturned in popularizing the left ideas among the peasants and working
class, creating the class consciousness among them.
(e) The leaders also manipulated all possible opportunities available at that time.For an example, in the wake of a
flood of Devi river, the Socialist leaders mainly S. N. Dwivedy visited the flood affected village, distributed
relief and mingled with the poor villagers. As a result of which he personally experienced the plights and
misery of them.29
(f) The leaders, especially Malati Choudhury and Gourang Charan Das, moved in remote villages on foot or by
bullock-carts propagating against the oppression of zamindars and money-lenders. They went to village from
villages, held meetings, getting peasant’s signature on a printed appeal to the Government asking for remission
in land revenue because of crop failure which was latter on presented to the Bihar and Orissa Legislative
Council, Patna. It was so propound that it touched the hearts of the common people which, in turn, created a
positive psychosis in the minds of the chained poor towards the ability of the leaders.30
(g) One of the important tools used by the leaders in Odisha to mobilize the masses was through their speeches on
the occasion of various annual days viz., on the death anniversaries of Gopabandhu Das, Balgangadhar Tilak;
on 13 July commemorating the day of Salt Satyagraha ,on 1 May observing Sramik divas etc.,31
Coming of Class-Based Organization and Mobilization of Peasantry
The most commendable work of the CSP leaders in Odisha was the creation of an all Odisha peasants’ forum in
the form of Utkal Provincial Krushak Sangha(Utkal Provincial Krushak Sangha) in 1935.The leaders like Malati
Choudhury, S.N. Dwivedy, Naba Krushna Choudhuri, Gauranga Charan Das and many others played the
pioneered role, with Mahatab becoming its president while Malati Choudhury as its Secretary.32 The Utkal
Provincial Krushak Sangha, starting from its’ first conferences at Bhagalpur in Cuttack District to the dissolution
of CSP in 1939, proved its’ importance not only as a class organization but also as a peoples’ organization in the
national movement. The affiliation of UPKS to the All Indian Kisan Sabha, the representation of socialist
peasants’ leaders of Odisha in AIKS33, the coming and active participation of many socialist leaders of all-Indian
repute in UPKS34,and active role of the socialist leaders in different peasant issues necessitated the coming of a
strong political current among the peasantry of Odisha. The peasants’ consciousness had been positively
transformed when the peasants started demanding abolition of zamindary system in Odisha. The leaders utilized
peasants’ growing consciousness in the struggle for National Independence. The major demands of the peasants
of Odisha under UPKS led by the CSP leaders were including abolition of Zamindary system, a complete
remission of rents and taxes for all whose annual income was less than Rs. 250.00 and a debt moratorium for five
years35. remission of rents at 50% and remission of arrear land revenue, remission of water taxes, raiyat’s full
rights over the lands, transfer of lands to the tillers, abolition of Zamindary system, Government acts and
regulations for socio-economic development of the peasantry like providing free primary education to the poor
students, instituting hospitals for poor farmers in rural areas.36 Abolition of the post of the Sarbarakanas and
appointment of clerks in their place to realize, amendment of forest laws and granting of more privileges to the
tenants,construction of good roads,abolition of taxes levied for fishing in chilika37. Even UPKS under the socialist
leaders so deeply influenced the Odisha politics in 1940s that the Congress Party in Odisha accepted the demand
of zamindary abolition as a principle in the Congress election manifesto in Odisha38. Nomination of many
peasants’ leaders by Utkal Provincial Congress Committee in the election to the Odisha Legislative Assembly
,and Bisanatha Das’s, one of the prominent peasant leader , becoming the prime minister in 1937 in OLA were
seen as the result of the propound peasants’ mobilization in 1940s. Therefore, it seemed that the peasants’
mobilization reached at its zenith by the end of 1939 only due to the tireless efforts of the Socialist leaders in
Odisha.
Before we make an assessment of the process of peasants’ mobilization in colonial Odisha under the Socialist
leadership, it deemed necessary to examine the socio-economic background of those leaders who pioneered
peasants’ mobilization along radical ideologies in order to find out the answer as to whether the peasants were
mobilized by the leaders coming from within or outside of their community.
Nabakrushna Choudhury, born in 1901 in a landlord’s family of kherasa village of Jagatsinghpur, with sound
educational qualification, was a founder member of the UCSKS, UPKS as well as a radical congressman. Malati
Devi Choudhury, a civil rights and social activist born in an upper “middle class Brahmin family” in Bengal was
too a member of UPKS as well as a Congressmen.
6
Journal of Education & Social Policy ISSN 2375-0782 (Print) 2375-0790 (Online) Vol. 1, No. 2; December 2014

She was also a founder member and active leader of the UCSKS and UPKS. Surendranath Dwivedy, born in a
“rich peasant family”, was a Congressman, founder member of UCSKS and UPKS. He actively participated in
Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement before joining in peasants’ struggle. Gouranga
Charan Das, an eminent freedom fighter who was born in a Karana aristocracy family in Cuttack, was an active
peasant as well as Dalit leader. He also participated in Civil Disobedience Movement and became the president of
Cuttack District Krushak Sangha subsequently. Harekrushna Mahatab, an eminent freedom fighter and a whole
time Congress worker, belonged to a well-to-do family of Bhadrak. It was he who actively participated in the
peasant movement in Odisha in 1930s and 1940s.39
Besides the above leaders, many other actively participated and led the peasants’ movements at the local,
provincial as well as national level during 1935-39. They were namely Gour Chandra Das, Lingaraj Mishra,
Bhagirathi Mohapatra, Loknatha Mishra, Jagannath Das, Dwarikanath Das, Ananta Patnaik, Pani Shankar Roy,
Raghunath Mohapatra, Sudhir Chandra Ghose, Dr. Dipen Sen, and many others, each of whom had well socio-
economic origin.. In short, the peasants of Odisha were mobilized, organised by the leaders of well-to-do origin
with deep faith in socialism in the early nintenth forties.
As we observe that most of the Socialist leaders who led the peasants were drawn from the intelligentsia
belonging to either aristocracy family or landowning family or rich peasant family whichever could be marked in
case of the leaders of All India Kisan Sabha.40
Conclusion
Socialism/Marxism is an anti-thesis of capitalism. It never believes in exploitation, oppression, but envisages
inclusive growth, empowered working class and egalitarianism. Socialistic principles, though entered India in
early 1920s, found its echo in India as well as in Odisha in post-Civil Disobedience Movement periods when the
working class found themselves wandering in smoke. On the other hand some of the congress leaders by that time
understood well that no mass movement could be carried out unless there was a mass mobilization. The leaders
also realized that the mass belonged to the mofussil dwelling poor peasants and workers,with numerous issues. If
these issues coupled with the demands of those leaders be unified, it could bring both the classes together to
create a common front against colonialism. Against that back ground peasants came under the leftist ideology.
Again question comes; how far these leaders became successful in their objectives. The performances of these
leaders vis-a-vis the peasants’ cause had more or less been successful and magnificent. In a colonial state i.e.,
British India characterized by autocratic central authority, limited civil rights, strong pro-state apparatuses,
acquired social dissension, and limited governance, it was too difficult on parts of the leaders to do something for
peasants personally without the state’s active intervention. So in Odisha the leaders, first of all, realized that
without a special class organization ‘’ the anti-feudal struggle could never be fought by the passive peasants ‘’.
Again the leaders experienced that unless the peasants were awakened, aroused, mobilized, and politically
educated, no peasant struggle would be fought. The peasant leaders also came to understand the fact that unless
and until the popular perception to the Zamindars would change, the peasants living in far-off countryside could
hardly come forward to fight for their rights.
Under that circumstances, the peasant leaders proved their pro-peasant traits by creating a congenial atmosphere
for wide spread peasants’ movement. They personally visited the moffussil, viewed the peasants’ plight as well as
the atrocities of the local zamindars, and tried to awaken them. They made the peasants understood that the
unholy nexus between the zamindars and the colonial government was the fundamental cause for their plights.
The so called socialist leaders created UPKS at regional level, many Krushak Sanghas at district levels as well as
village levels i.e.,Cuttack District Krushak Sangha ,Puri District Krushak Sangha. They organized meetings,
Conferences and Sabhas within or without Odisha. They used to have been in contact with the peasant leaders of
other provinces, with the leaders of AIKS. Many peasant leaders of national influence i.e., Sahajananda Saraswati,
Goutam Lal, J.L. Neheru etc., were invited to address the peasants of Odisha ,and to inhibit in them the courage to
fight for their cause. In that way the leaders tried to strengthen the peasants’ movement in Odisha. It were under
those leaders that once unorganized and scattered peasant community were so well organized that the UPCC, once
adamant to the class organization ,unilaterally accepted all the peasants’ demands in its’ election manifesto. The
leaders chalked out many objective issues out of numerous subjective issues of the peasants, throughout the
colonial Odisha moderately, and pressurized the government to consider the same in a positive manner.

7
Published by Center for Promoting Ideas, USA www.jespnet.com Copyright © The Author(s)

In nutshell, it could be concluded that the Socialist leaders were successful in accomplishing the objectives of (i)
Creating a class approach, (ii) Creating a framework of organization to mobilize the peasantry independently, (iii)
Publishing the Krushak, Sarathi etc., and propagating the radical ideas among the masses, (iv) Expanding the
mass base of Congress party for future struggle for independence.41 The way they performed throughout the above
said period had left a strong and indebt legacy on the peasants’ struggles for legitimate rights in the years to come
in Odisha.

Notes and References

Bipan Chandra, et.al, Indian Struggle for Independence, New Delhi, 1989, p.300.
Ibid., p.343.
The Subaltern classes refer fundamentally in Gramsci’s words to any “low rank” person or group of people in a
particular society suffering under hegemonic domination of ruling elite class that denies them the basic
rights of participation in the making of local history and culture as active individuals of the same nation.
The only groups Gramsci had in mind at that time were the workers and peasants. To Ranjit Guha, the
Subaltern is that clearly definite entity which constitutes “the demographic difference between the total
Indian population and the so-called ‘elite’“.El Habib Louai, Retracing the concept of the subaltern from
Gramsci to spivak: Historical developments and new applications, African journal of History and Culture
(AJHC), vol. 4(i) January 2012, pp.4-6.
op.cit., p.343.
Different sets of opinion arose within the Indian National Congress as to what course the national movement
should take in the post-Civil Disobedience Movement period. The Gandhiats argued for starting
constructive works in the villages while another group led by Dr. M. A. Ansari, Asaf Ali etc., argued for
the revival of constitutional method of struggle by taking part in forth coming election. On the other hand,
the Left led by J.L. Neheru argued for resumption of non-constitutional struggle for the abolishment of
the capitalist system and establishing a socialistic state.In short it can be said that there was a intra-
Congress crisis in post-CDM period.
A raiyats’ association under the name of Ganjam District Zamindar Ryots Association or Sabha was founded in
1919 with Biswanatha Das as its president. He founded this organization with a view to “protecting the
rights of peasants and raiyats covering almost all zamindari estates in the districts of Ganjam then under
Madras presidency”, and “to fighting against the colonial government.” Dr. V.Rajendra Babu, Orisara
Baraputra Biswanath Das (Odia), Bhubaneswar, 1998, p.92.
Raiyat’s Association and Agricultural and Labour unions were formed in Andhra in1923, Kishan Sabhas started
in Punjab, Bengal and U.P in1926-27, the Andhra provincial Raiyat’s Associations in 1920, U.P. and
Oudh Kishan Sabhas in1918-20. Even these Associations had greately influenced the All Indian Congress
Committee’s agenda for Kishan community in 1930s. A.R. Desai, Social background of Indian
Nationalism, Mumbai, 2008, p.177.
Surendra Nath Dwivedy, Quest for Socialism; Fifty years of struggle in India, New Delhi, 1984, p.30.
Bipan Chandra, et.al, Indian Struggle for Independence, New Delhi, 1989, p.304.
Op.cit.,p.90.
Mirdula Mukharjee, Peasants in India’s Non-Violent Revolution: practice and theory, New Delhi, 2004, p.421.
12. Erick Wolf, Peasant Wars in the twentieth century, New Delhi, 1970, p.294.
A.R. Desai, Social Background Of Indian Nationalism, Mumbai, 2008 , p.182.
Surendra Nath Dwivedy, op .cit., p.51.
Ibid.,p.52.
Mirdula Mukharjee, op.cit.,p.466.
Ibid.,p.467.
A.C.Pradhan, Freedom Movement in Khruda, Orissa Review, Bhubaneswar, August 2007, p.5.
Proceedings of the Lt. Governor of Bengal, Revenue Department, No.41,Commissioner of Orissa to Board of
Revenue, No.218, 11 September, 1871.,p.237.
S.L. Maddox, Final Report on the Survey and Settlement of the province of Orissa (Temporary Settled arrears)
1890-1900, Vol.II, Calcutta, 1900, p.124.
K. Deivasikhamoni Mudaliar, Report on the Condition of the Co-operative Movement in Orissa, Cuttack, 1938, p.
143.
8
Journal of Education & Social Policy ISSN 2375-0782 (Print) 2375-0790 (Online) Vol. 1, No. 2; December 2014

Rajib Lochan Sahoo, Agrarian change and peasant unrest in colonial India: Orissa (1912-1930), New Delhi, 2004,
pp.129.
J.K. Samal, Economy of Colonial Orissa, New Delhi, 2000, p.30.
The Star of Utkala, Cuttack, 11 September, 1912.
Amal Kumar Mishra, The Raj, Nationalist and Reforms, Bhubaneswar, 2007,p.195.
The Nabeen, Berhampur, 8 December, 1936.
The Nabajuga Sahitya Sansad consisting of eight members was a literary-cum-cultural forum created by a group
of students of the Ravenshaw College with the objectives of disseminating progressive, revolutionary and
radical ideas among the associates of the forum. Ananta Charan Patnaik and Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi
pioneered the movement. Chandi Prasad Nanda, Vocalizing Silence: political protest in Orissa, New
Delhi, 2008, p.56.
Surendra Nath Dwivedy, op.cit, p.61.
ibid., p.57.
Rajib Lochan Sahoo,op. cit, p.227.
Biswamoy Pati, Resisting domination……, New Delhi, 1992, p.88
Odisha was represented by Harekrushna Mahtab, Lingaraj Misra, Nabakrushna Choudhury, Bhagirathi Mahapatra
and Surendranath Dwivedy to the first conference of AIKS in 11 April, 1936 at Lucknow( Chandi Prasad
Nanda, Vocalizing Silence: political protest in Orissa, New Delhi, 2008, p.68. ); Odia Krushak Sammilani
was organized on 29 November 1936 at the Willington Squre of Calcutta which was attended by a galaxy
of eminent Krushak Sangha as well as Socialist leaders of Odisha like, Harekrushna Mahatab, Jagannath
Das, Dwarikanatha Das, Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi, Surendranath Dwivedy, Gour Chandra Das, Anata
Patnaik, Pari Shankar Roy, Rajkrushna Bose, and Nabakrushna Choudhury. ,( The Nabeen, op.cit., 17
December, 1936).
Mohanlal Goutam, the Secretary of Uttar Pradesh peasant organization, presided the first conference of Utkal
Provincial Krushak Sangha held at Bagalpur of Cuttack Districts., (The Nabeen, op.cit., 7 February,
1936); J.L. Nehru, a staunch socialist of that time, came and attended many meetings on 12 November
1936 at various places in Odisha viz., Delanga, Jatani, and Puri etc. Neheru applauded the mass and told
that the oppression of police would cease to exist very soon and “the peasants were requested to join in
peasants’ movements and conferences in the body.,( The Nabeen, op.cit., 17 November, 1936); Swami
Sahajananda Saraswati, the leader of Bihar Kishan Sangha, attended the second session of Utkal
Provincial Krushak Sangha at Puri on 15 November 1936.( Ibid., 8 December, 1936).
Those were demads of UPKS to Utkal Provincial Congress Committee before the holding of election to Odisha
Legislative Assembly under the Government of India Act, 1935. Biswamoy Pati, Resisting domination,
New Delhi, 1992, p.90.
Those were some of the eye catching demands made in the all India kisan manifesto passed in AIKS session on
21 August, 1936, which had its echo in Odisha.
That resolution was passed in the Banapur session of the Puri District Krushak Sangha on 15 June, 1937 under
some veteran socialist leaders., Rajib Lochan Sahoo, op.cit., pp.77-78.
K.M. Patra, State Legislature and Freedom Struggle, 1912-1947, New Delhi, p.96
All the data regarding the Socio-Economic and Political backgrounds of the concerned personalities have been
freely downloaded from the internet.
Sunil Sen, Peasant Movements in India: mid-nineteenth and twentieth century, Calcutta, p.73.
Urmila Das , Peasant Movements In Orissa Under British Raj,(Peoples Movements In Orissa During The Colonial
Era, Ediated by A. C. Pradhan and A. K. Patnaik), Bhubaneswar, 1994, pp.27-28.