SHONA Manotsi Emutauro
SHONA Manotsi Emutauro
SHONA Manotsi Emutauro
Mupanda 1
Munowanikwa mazita anechekuita nevanhu. Chivakashure ndi /mu-/ kana /mw-/ sokuti
Mupanda 1a
Mazita emupanda uyu haana chivakashure. Kana zvakadaro chivakashure chinomirirwa naø-
(null prefix) zvingorewa kuti neChiShona “chivakashure (prefix) hachipo (null)“. Munowanikwa
mazita chaiwo evanhu,mhuka, Mwari etc (maProper nouns) sokuti:
Mupanda 2
Mazita emumupanda 1 anenge ava muuzhinji. Chivakashure ndi/va-/ kana /v-/ kana dzitsi
richitanga nemavara /-a-;-e-;-i-;-o-;-u-/ sokuti:
vene v- + -ene
vana v- + -ana
Mupanda 2a
Mazita ari mumupanda uye ane chivakashure /va-/ kuChiManyika chivakashure anenge ari /a-/
(usakanganisike nechivakashure /a-/ chechiZezuru chirimumupanda 2b) sokuti:
atete a- + -tete
Ziva kuti pane mutsauko pakati pechivakashure cheChiManyika /a-/ na/a-/ veChiZezuru.
Sezvinoratidzwa nezvirevo zveChiManyika zvizere:
Atete angu achauyano mangwana.
Mupanda 2b
Mazita emupanda uyu ane chekuita nevanhu uye ane chivakashure /a-/ CheChiZezuru sokuti:
Mupanda 3
mw- + -eya
mw- + -edzi
m- + -oto
mu- + -ti
mu- + -goti
Mupanda 4
Chivakashure chemazita emupanda uyu ndi /mi-/ kana /m-/ kana /mw-/. Munowanikwa mazita
anenge abva mumupanda 3 ava muuzhinji sokuti:
Mupanda 5
Mazita mazhinji emupanda uyu haana chivakashure chiri pachena kunze kwemazita mashoma
akafanana narize sokuti:
Panewo mazita anotanga na/z-/ uyo anenge ari chivakashure chisingatsananguri (primary
prefix) z- uyu anomiririwa nari- kana dzitsi richitanga na/-a,-e, -i/ sokuti:
Mupanda 6
Mupanda 7
Mazita emupanda uyu anechivakashure /chi-/ kana /ch-/ ndokunge dzitsi richitanga nenzvovera
sokuti:
Mupanda 8
Mupanda 9
huni N- + -huni
huku N- + -kuku
Mupanda 10
Chivakashure chemupanda uyu ndi/dzi-/ asi vamwe vana mazvikokota veShona vanoti
chivakashure chemupanda uyu ndi-/N-/ kufanana nechivakashure chemupanda 9.
Mupanda 11
Mupanda 12
Chivakashure chemazita emupanda uyu ndi/tu-/ kana kuti /tw-/ dzimwewo nguva /twu-/.
Mumupanda uyu munowanzowanikwa mazita emupanda 12 kana achinge ava muuzhinji sokuti:
Mupanda 14
Chivakashure chemupanda uyu ndi /u-/,/hu-/ kana /hw-/. Mumupanda uyu munowanikwa mazita
akabva pahunhu hwevanhu kana mabasa evanhu sokuti:
uroyi u- + -royi
Mupanda 15
Mazita ari mumupanda uyu akabva muzviito uye akavakwa zvakasiyana nemamwe mazita.
sokuti:
Mupanda 16
Mupanda 17
Mupanda 17a
Mazita emumupanda uyu anoratidza nzvimbo uye haana chivakashure chiiripachena. Kushaikwa
kwechivakashure kunomirirwa naø- sokuti:
Mupanda 18
Munowanikwa mazita anoratidza nzvimbo zvakare asi anenge aine chivakashure /mu-/ sokuti.
Mupanda 19
Munowanikwa mazita erurimi rweChikaranga. Chivakashure chinenge chiri /sv-/ kana /svi-/
sokuti:
Mupanda 21
Chisazitasingwi (Pronoun)
Chisazitasingwi inzwi rinomirira kana kushanda panzvimbo yezita patinenge tichitaura. Sokuti:
Kuumbwa kwezvisazitasingwi
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Mupanda Chisazitasingwi
1 iye
2 ivo
3 iwo
4 iyo
5 iro
6 iwo
7 icho
8 izvo
9 iyo
10 idzo
11 irwo
12 iko
13 itwo
14 ihwo
Mupanda Chisazitasingwi
15 ipo
16 iko
17 iko
18 imo
19 isvo
21 iro
Zvisazitasingwi zvose zvinotanga nevara rimwe chete /i-/. Vara iri rinodaidzwa kuti chitsigiri
(stabiliser). Pane dzimwewo nguva chisazitasingwi chinimorira mupanda wezita, maumbirwo
acho anowirirana nechivakashure chemupanda wemazita vachinomirira sokudai:
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Mupanda Chisazitasingwi Chivakashure chezita
2 i-v-o va-
7 i-ch-o chi-
8 i-zv-o zvi-
11 i-rw-o rw-
12 i-k-o ka-
13 i-tw-o twu-
14 i-hw-o hw-
15 i-k-o ku-
16 i-p-o pa-
17 i-k-o ku-
18 mu-
19 i-sv-o svi-
21 i-r-o zi-
Maumbirwo
Chipauro (Adjective)
Chipauro inzwi rinoshandiswa kutsanangura zita sokuti: Murume murefu.
Maumbirwo ezvipauro
Mienzaniso
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Mupanda Chivakashure Dzitsi Chipauro
Madzitsi ezvipauro
Muenzaniso
mu- + -tema mu- tematema
1) Zvipauro zveruvara.
3) Zvemamiriro echinhu
4) Zveuwandu hwezvinhu
Mhando dzezvipauro
Kune mhando mbiri dzezvipauro: zvipauro chaizvo (true adjectives) nemamwe manzwi omutauro
weChishona anoshandiswa sezvipauro (derived adjectives)
hembe yakachena hembe chena
tambo yakareba tambo refu
Chiratidzi (Demonstrative)
Kune mhando mbiri dzezviratidzi:
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Mupanda Zita Chiratidzi Chepedyo Chekure
Maumbirwo ezviratidzi
u- + -yu uyu
i- + -chi ichi
u- + -rwu urwu
i- + -ch- + -o icho
b) Munhu yuyu achandinetsa.
Kana chiratidzi chichidzokorodzwa zvinoreva kuti vara rekutanga i- kana rimwewo vara rinosiiwa.
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Mupnda Chiratidzi chekure Chisazitasingwi
Chiverengo(Enumerator)
Zvirengo inzwi rinoshandiswa kudaidza manzwi eChiShona anoburitsa pfungwa yekuverenga
tichikoshesa kubuditsa uwandu wechizita chirikutsangangurwa chacho sokuti:
Chinhunyi chakabiwa chacho?
Maumbirwo echiverengo.
chi- + -i chii?
Madzitsi echiverengo
a) -mwe
i) Akaonekwa kamwe naJohn.
b) – mwe
Kutsaura pane zvimwe zvinhu sokuti:
i) Mwananyi wabarwa?
ii) Arikurwara nechii?
Chisarudzi/Chin’an’anuri (Selector)
Zvidudziramazita zvinoburitsa pfungwa yokusarudza kana kun’an’anura zvinhu kubva pane
zvimwe:
Gore rino kune nzara.
Murume uye ave kupenga.
Murume upi vaurikutaura?
Madzitsi echisarudzi
Dunhu rino rakabudirira chaizvo.
Svondo rino tirikusangana kwaMutare.
b) /-ye/ kana /-ya/ Dzitsi iri rinobuditsa pfungwa dzechinhu chambotaurwa asi chisiri kuonekwa.
Chinhu chacho chinenge chichizivikanwa nevanhu vari kutaura.
Murume uya/uye anenharo.
N’anga iye/iya yakasungwa.
Urikutaura vapi vacho?
Aenda kupi murume wacho?
Maumbirwo echisarudzi
Chisarudzi chakaumbwa sekudai:
chi- -pi
u- -pi
va- -ye
Chirevamwene (possesive)
chikoro chedu
pamba pasekuru
murume wake
mapadza avasekuru
Muenzaniso wekupedzisira pamusoro unoratidza kuti tinogona kushandura zita kuti riite
chirevamwene: a- + vasekuru. Mawara anoshandiswa kushandura zita kanazvidudzira mazita
kuiita zvirevamwene anonzi zvivakashure zvezvirevamwene (possessive concords). Mimwe
mienzaniso yekushandiswa kwemazita nezvidudziramazita kuumba zvirevamwene.
Mwana wa-sekuru
Chikoro cha-vakuru
Motokari dze-hurumende
Nyika ye-Zimbabwe
Jira ra-vo
Maumbirwo echirevamwene
w-+-a-+-sekuru= wasekuru
y-+-e-+-Zimbabwe
re-+-kuchekesa nyama
cho-+-kurovesa vanhu
Mhando dzezvirevamwene
e) Zvinoratidza nzvimbo sokuti: kwaZvimba (dunhu raIshe Zvimba), maMutasa (dunhu raIshe
Mutasa)
i) Chiwedzera sa- (Chinobatanidzwa nemazita emupanda 1a,3,5 ne9) sokuti sa-musha (3), sa-
zita (5) sa-chigaro (1a) nasa-imba (9)
Chingwa chakachena chinodhura.
Munhu akapfupika ane hasha.
Murume vandakaona ndiTaurai.
Maumbirwo
a- + -no- + -peng- + -a
Chirewauwandu (Quantitave)
Chirewauwandu inzwi rinotsanangura zveuzhinji kana zvekushomeka kwechinhu kana zvinhu.
Sokuti:
Maumbirwo echirewauwandu
Muenzaniso
b) Usiku hwose arara achichema.
3) -mene (Dzitsi iri rinoreva kuti pachako/pachezvake, pauzima, pasina chimwe kana zvimwe
zvawedzerwa)
a) Iye omene ndiye auya.
Chiito (Verb)
Zviito manzwi anobuditsa pfungwa yekuita sokuti:
Kune mhando dzezviito dzakati wandei muChishona asi mhando dzose idzi dzakafanana
pakuumbwa kwadzo nekuti dzine mudzi.
Maumbirwo ezviito
va-cha-b-a
ku-end-a
b) Mudzi/dzitsi- vara kana mavara asingashanduki pakuumbwa kwechiito ichi kunyangwe chiito
chacho chikavandudzwa nenzira dzakasiyana siyana. Mudzi chinhu chakakosha kwazvo
pakuumbwa kwechiito nokuti haushanduki uye unogona kubatanidzwa nemamwe mavara akaita
serebeso nezviratidza nguva nemuiti kubuditsa pfungwa dzakasiyana dzechiito.
Nzvovera
Kune mhando nhatu dzenzvovera dzezviito muChishona. Kunoti:
-e murove
-i haadi
-a vakaba
1. Kune zviito zvizere zveChishona zvine midzi yevara rimwechete kana mawara akawanda
paChirungu anonzi masimplex radicals. Mienzaniso:
kumhanya -mhany-
kuba -b-
2. Kune zviito zvine midzi yakabva kune mamwe manzwi emutauro weChishona (derived) sokuti:
3. Kune zviito zviri muChishona zvakabva kune mimwewo mitauro kunyanya Chiringu
(adopted/borrowed verbs)
kufambafamba -famb-famb-
kutambatamba -tamb-tamb-
kutamba (rekuita)
ngatidyei (kurudziro)
iba (rekutuma)
ti-cha-b-a
va-no-end-a
mu-cha-dzok-a
Mhando dzezvitaridzanguva
Ndaenda makuseni.
Vaenda izvozvi.
Dhora rakadonha.
Takaenda nezuro.
Ndinonzi Rudo.
Vachaenda mangwana.
Aigara kwaChirumhanzu.
Ndingamumhan’arira kumapurisa akazviedza.
Vanga vasirovana.
ta -ka- takadya
ti-no- tinoenda
b) Vana vanofanira kudzidza nesimba.
a) Ngaitishandei nesimba vakomana.
b) Iwe, ngaataure ega zvaakaita!
c) Ngatimbonamatirei varwere panguva ino.
a) Angangobudirira pazano rake.
b) Mukaramba muchimutuka angangozviuraye.
c) Dzikarara panze dzingabiwe nembavha.
b) Anga achitaura naVaMoyo manjemanje.
c) Tanga tiichimba tose.
a) Sekuru vauya kuno nhasi.
b) Nyama irikudhura mazuva ano.
i) Taurai ibva ipapo nekukurumidza.
iii) Mukuwasha enda nokoko.
ii) Baba namatai tidye.
Pakutuma kana kurayira vanhu vakawanda tinoshandisa vara (-i) kupedzisa chiito.
Imbai/imba musaimbe/usaimbe
Tambai/tamba musatambe/usatambe
a) Vana vasingaverenge mabhuku vanofoira.
Image via JayaJaya
Midzi yezviito inogona kuvedzerwa kuti ireve zvakada kuti siyanei zvichienderana nechishuwo
chemutauri. Kune nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzekuvedzera nadzo midzi yezviito. Nzira idzi
dzinonzi rebeso dzezviito kana kuti zvivanduriro zvezviito vamwewo vanyori navana mazvikokota
veShona vanodzidaidza kuti zvivanduridzo. Izvi zvinongoenderana ne
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Chiito chisina rebeso Chine Rebeso Rebeso yacho
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Chiito chisina rebeso Chine rebeso Rebeso yacho
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Chiito chisina Rebeso Chine Rebeso Rebeso yacho
3. Vakagerana misoro.
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Chindori (Copulative)
Zvinogoneka muChiShona kuti munhu ataure chirevo chakazara asingashandise chiito. Izvi
zvinogoneka tichishandisa mavara anonzi zvindori. Vamwe vanamuzvinafundo weShona
vanodaidza mavara aya kuti zviwedzera zvezvirevo zvisina zviito pachirungu mavara aya ose
anonzi macopulatives.
Mhando dzezvindori
ndi-ye ndi-ni
ndi-po ndi-hwo
ndi-ro ndi-wo
2. Chiwedzera /i-/ chinobatanidzwa nemazita nezvipauro zvemupanda 5,9 ne10 kuti zviite
zvindori sokuti:
he-uno (chiratidzi)
Mienzaniso
richapinzika yakabvisika
Mhinduro
a) tiza
-a nzvovera yekupedzisira.
b) handidyi
-ndi- chiratidzamuiti
c) vanotaurirana
va- chiratidzamuiti
-a nzvovera yekupedzisira.
d) musabe
mu- chiratidzamuiti
-e nzvowera yekupedzisira.
e) tichavarovesa
ti- chiratidzamuiti
-va- chiratidzamuitirwi
-a nzvovera yekupedzisira
Ona kuti -es- inogona kuita rebeso yekonzero kana kuti sakiso zvichienderana nekuti chirevo
chacho chashandiswa zvakaitwa sei. Rebeso yesakiso haigone kudzokororwa sokuti
tichavarovesesa inenge iri rebeso yenyanyiso yakadzokorodzwa kaviri.
f) vakarongonora
va- chiratidzamuiti
-a nzvowera yekupedzisira
g) rwaichekererwa
-rwa- chiratidzamuitirwi
-a nzvowera yekupedzisira.
h) tairambidzwa
t- chiratidzamuiti
-a nzvowera yekupedzisira
i) inodyika
-i- chiratidzamuitirwi
-a nzvowera yekupedzisira.
j) zvamutswa
-zv- chiratidzamuitirwi
-a nzvowera yekupedzisira.
k) richapinzika
-ri- chiratidzamuitirwi
-a nzvowera yekupedzisira
k) yakabvisika
y-/ya- chiratidzamuiti
-a nzvowera yekupedzisira
Zvakaitika runganai?
2. Kushandisa /-pi/
3. Kushandisa /-su/
Sokuti: Hauzivisu kuti mukomana wake?
5. Kushandisa /-ngei?/ kana /-nei?/ kana /-ngenyi?/ kana nemhaka yei uyewo dzimwe nguva
hwai (kubva pana why wekuChirungu)
8. Kushandisa -ani/-ani?
9. Kushandisa nhai?
Sokuti: Makadiiko?
Sokuti:Vati murume?
Vatodzokera?