acy

BinaryDivision
Divide thebinary numberA 10102
by B = 10,

101_
10) 1010
10

O10
10

In order to summarize the given number systems, we can say that various
used to
number systems are
represent different values. These are highlighted as below -

Number system
A set of values used to represent different quantities is
known as
Number System
Types of number system
Binary - Or base 2. Thee are only two numbers in binary, 0and
1. Because computers use a sequenoe of switches that can be on
or off (also called a bit), base 2 works very well for theem. Math
in base 2 is pathetically simple, but incredibly time consuming
2 Octal - Or base 8. Uses the numbers 0to 7. There ar cight bits
inercat,
a byte which is used very often in the computer ficld. (A bit is
but it's too
snall to holdany useful data, thus the byte is
nsed.) Math in octal is more complicated than decimal
3. Decimal - Or base 10. Uses the numbers 0-9. I'm sure yourc
amiiar with this system Computers only display numbers in
decimal, they actually do all their work in binary. Math is quite
simple with this number system, although some may arguc.
4. Hexadecimal - rbase 16. Uses the numbers 0-F. Yes, Isaid F.
Becausethereare 16 vaues per place holder, five new numbers
had to becrcated. Those nu mbes are A, B, D, E, and F
(Originalisn't i?). "A" has a value of 10, "B"is i1, and so on
 2 CONCEPT OF INFORMATION
CHAPTER SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE
An intormation system is a
an organized manner. system that provides collection. storage and
retrieval of information in
An information system can also be
data and use it in a referred to as a software or system that helps us to
useful information thatsystematic manner as and when organze
can be analyzed at various levelsrequired.
in
It helps to convert raw data into
different organizations.
The information
system can be of two types - general and
specialized.
General Information System - These information systems are used
data in any organization. These are not specific widely for basic analysis of
to any department or industry. For eg.
database management system (DBMS) is a type of software that is DBMS 1.e.
large amount of data for further analysis. used to store and organize

Specialized Information System These systems are specifically designed to suit the
requirements of a particular organization or category. For eg. GIS ie. Geographic Information
System is used to access geographical data for various regions.

INFORMATION GATHERING
Information gathering refers tocollection of information from various sources and then compiling
that data in the required format.
In most of the organizations, information gathering refers to collection of large amount of data
from various sources. This data is further analyzed to solve a particular problem or situation.
However, in specialized industries like air force, military et., information gathering is a special
skill that requires training and education of people involved. This training is based on methods
and sources of gathering information.

SOURCES USED IN INFORMATION GATHERING

Existing Sources- It refers to those sources of information that can be found on internet or some
other social media and thus information can be easily retrieved and used.
Natural Sources - It refers to those sources of information which exist in the market but one has
to do a lot of research to compile this information. Eg. Information regarding some product,
people who have already tried that product, their experiences, feedback etc

(25)
 PUComputer Applicationsin Pharmacy
26

GATHERING
PURPOSE OF INFORMATION
following reasons -
keen to gather intomationon various topics for the
Researchers are
particular subject.
Enhance knowledge related to a solving.
Develop various skills for problem

REQUIREMENTS GATHERING TECHNIQUES

o Brainstorming Technique
" ldea generation
ldea reduction and voting

o Mind Mapping.Technique
Use emphasis
Use association
" Be clear
. Layout

o Use Case Workshop Technique

" Most popular
" Collect requirements in step-by-step manner
" Helps understanding the details
" Easy to document and written in natural language

TECHNIQUES OF INFORMATION GATHERING -

Analysis is done to understand business functions and requirements.
requirements.
Model of the existing system is created and changes are suggested as per
changes.
Logical explanations and discussions are carried out to implement suggested
Balance is maintained between current system and required new system.
Final design is created as per customer's requirement.

vREQUIREMENT AND FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS

Requirements Analysis refers to process of analyzing various requirements of a particular user
this analysis -
and then design a product or a software. The following points are considered for
Actual usage or requirement of a product
" Specifications to be met
Expected outcomes
 27
Concept of Information Systems and Software

Requirements analysis is important for the success or failure of a particular project. These
requirements are well documented and measured before initiating any project and then finally
tested before launching that product in the market. This can be a long and tiring process that
involves many changes before finalization. This is because, requirements of a particular user
keeps on changing while the project is still in process.
Feasibility Analysis refers to a detailed analysis which is conducted prior to start of a proposed
project. The major points to be considered in it are -
Whether the project is technically feasible or not?
Whether it can be completed within estimated cost or not?
Whether it will be a profitable project or not?
Such analysis is conducted when large amount of investment is involved by major corporations of
this world. Such organizations prefer conducting feasibility analysis before the start of any
project, in order to make sure that they are going to invest in a profitable business and are
availing the right opportunity.
Thus, feasibility analysis ensures that upcoming project would be a great success as it was
strategically planned and executed. This kind of analysis is used to assess all the strengths and
weaknesses of a proposed project and hence, one is able to bring in meaningful changes in order
to achieve desired results.

Feasibility studies
"A feasibility study decides whether or not the
proposed system is worthwhile.
" A short focused study that checks
- If the system contributes to organisational objectives;
-If the system can be implemented using current
technology, within given cost and schedule constraints;
- If the system can be integrated with other systems that
are already in place.

Establish
commumication
between
development
Documen tation team and
clients. Punctional Testing
management

gathering Client handiing.

and Elicitation

FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
 VComputer Applications Pharmacy
28

DIAGRAM
v DATA FLOW
representation of flow of data through an information
grhical
Data flow diagranm rters follwa in order to create an overview of any information system
system. It is the fst ster of processing of data in various systems. Data flow
These diagrams are usai for visuahzation processed and
entered into a system, how it will be
diagram shows how the intmaion will be
where it willbe stori.

Customer
Database System -Output

Data Flow Diagram

DATA FLOW DLAGRAMS SYMBOLS

There are two types of sVmbols used in DFDs.

Yourdon &Coad - It is mainly used for system analysis and depicted as circles.
Gane &Sarson - It is mainly used for visualizing information systems and is depicted as
rounded coners.

COMPONENTS OF DED
1. Process -his used to describe how data input will be transformed into data output.
2. Flow -It is used to describe the movement of data within any information system.
3. Store - It refers to the storehouse of data where all the data storage takes place.
4. Terminator - It refers to the final entity with which a system communicates and provides
required information. It can be a person, group of persons, organization, department etc.
TYPES OF DFDS
Physical DFD - Aphysical DFD represents how various functions are performed in a
system.

Logical DFD - A logical DFD is mainly related to business and its activities.
In short, we can say that, logical DFD provides "What" information on a system and physical
DFD provides "How" information on a system.
 29
Concept of Information Systems and Software

14
Fod
Orderod Food
Orderins
proces

Bi Payment 20
paymemt
Customer -Ordered Food Bill
System Bestaurat
Invoice

Payment detail
Ara
Food Dellvered
3.0
Greattve Ivoce

Food itm Detals

4.0
Food Delivering
System
-Deiver

Data flow diagram of food ordering system in a restaurant

PROCESS SPECIFICATIONS

Process Specification refers to specifying a particular process which describes bow to use input
data strategically in order to transform it into required output. It shows what should be done to
utilize the available information as input and generate an output.

In other words, we can say that process specification refers to a method of documenting,
analyzing and explaining the process used to create an output in an information system.
Reguirements of Process Specification

Eaçh process specification should contain detailed requirement of functionality.

Each set of process specification must specify allthe rules governing transformation of
data flow within an information system.
Each set of process specification must specify all the underlying policies governing
transformation of data. However, it is not necessary to describe the method used to
transform that data.
 Computer Applications in
30 Pharmacy
Format Information
Process Specification

a. Number
as used on the DFD
b. Name
symbol on the DFD
as used in the process
c. Description accomplishes
Description of what the process
available for
Example: Determine if an item is backordered
sale. If it is not available, create a available.
item record. Determine the quantity

JNPUT/OUTPUT DESIGN
Input Design is the process of converting data into a computer based system. This design is
necessary to get correct interpretation of the data that has been fed into the computer.
It is a link between information and the user. It is required to convert entered data into a usable
form which can be easily read and interpreted by the computer system.
Requirements of Input Design
It should be simple and easy to use.
Itshould avoid extra steps involved in analysis of data.
It should avoid delay in interpretation of data.
It should be eror-free.
Itshould keep the process simple and controlled.
Considerations of Input Design
What kind of data needs to be entered in the computer system?
How much data needs to be entered?
How the data should be coded or interpreted?
How to make it user friendly and guide the user for its
Prepare proper input validations.
appropriate use?
Follow pre-decided steps in case of an eror.
Output Design is the process of getting required output from the entered data, what
the system
must produce to meet business requirements of its users,
 31
Concept of Information Systems and Software

Objectives of Output Design

It should serve the intended purpose of its user.
The right amount of output should be delivered at the right time and right place.
Qutput Media

Paper
Screen
Video/Audio Aids
CDROM, DVD
Other electronic media

Input Device CPU Output Device

Data Intamation
Memory

PROCESS LIFE CYCLE

Process Lifecycle is the method of understanding initial, intermediate and final stages of growth
and development in any process. It helps us to understand how a particular process fits into our
system within any organization.
A process can be defined as the basic unit of work in any system and its complete cycle including
model, implementation, execution, monitoring and optimization is termed as process life cycle.
Process Life Cycle includes study of all the processes involved from the start till the end of any
workflow in the system.
 VConmputer Applications in
32 Pharmacy

Tplamt
Optimhae

Monitor Execute

STEPS OF PROCESS LIFE CYCLE

1. Planning
2. Impiementation
3. Monioring
4. Changes or Adjustments
5. Evaiuation

Planning - The initial stages of process ife cycle includes modeling phase in which when we
gather all the details related to that process. Eg. What does the process demands, why it is
required, what will be the steps, who will participate in it, how it will be executed, from where it
should begin and bow willit end? With all this information in hand, a flow diagram is constructed
to visualize the whole process.

Implementation &Monitoring - Afier planning, the process is implemented as per plan and is
closely monitored for desired output or results.
Changes or Adjustments - If a given process is generating desired output, then it is allowed to
continue as implemented. Otherwise, a list of changes or required adjustments is made and
suggestions are taken for betterment of the process. Once the changes are finalized, these are
again implemented and monitored.
Evaluation - As the name suggests, it is the last step in process life cycle where each and every
step is carefully evaluated for desired results and output in order to obtain best system within an
organization.
 Concept of Information Systems and Software 33

Modelling the Process and Life

Cycle
Software development usually involves the
following stages:
Requirements analysis and definition
System design
Program design
Program implementation (writing the program)
" Unit testing
" Integration testing
System testing
System delivery
Maintenance

PLANNING AND MANAGING THE PROJECT

Planning and Managing the Project inyolves various methodologies that are
required
implementation and successful running of any project. The various steps involved
for proper
in planning and
management of a project are as follows -
Planning the Project
In order to plan the project, it should be divided into manageable
components so that each
component can be deeply analyzed and managed.
After breaking them intovariable components,we should identify their dependent entities
like the factors responsible for successful running of the project.
Next step is to provide an estimated time line for completion of project so that every
component and factor can be taken care of properly.
Before implantation, we should carefully analyze the resource requirement in detail in
order to minimize the chances of alterations during later stages.
The risk factors involved in a project should also be considered well in
they can be avoided in final stages of development. advance so that

Tracking and Managing the Project

Tracking project's progress is essential in order to fulfill the time line that has been
initial stages of planning. It helps to monitor progress at each step as per estimated in
tracking is also important to keep a check on emerging problems that can planned
arise
process. Project
implementation of a project. If such problems are diagnosed in initial stages, itanytime
becomes
during the
easier to
deal with them before they become big issues and put a
hold to any process.
 PU Computer Applications in Pharmacy
34

Project Management Metrics

Schedule - It involves providing an estimated time period to be taken to complete any
given project.
Cost - It calculates the estimated budget for a particular projecl.
to complete
Kesource - It defines how much resource and how many persons are required
a given project in given time period.
rate as per
SCope - I showS the upcoming scope for a given project and its success
provided projecions.

Project ManagementProcess Groups

- PM prOcess groups are
Charter linked by their outputs.
Initiating Planning -Output of one is input to
Process Process another .
Project
For Project Recommended Plan
Plan updates Correctlve
actions
Controling Executlng
Process Process
Work results
Implemented
Correcty Corective actions
Produced
deliverables Closing
for formal
Process
acceptance

In the end, we can say hat the process of planning. directing, controlling and implementing a
project from start to an end is known as project management. It is necessary to provide desired
results to the endcustomers.
 Concept of Information Systems and Software 35

REVIEW QUESTIONS
SUBJECTIVE
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. What do you understand by the term Binary Number System?
Ans. In computers, abinary number refers to atern in which anumber is expressed using two
different symbols i.e. 0 (zero) and 1(one). This system is used by all modern
computers as well as computer-based devices. Each digit in binary system is known as
bit. Abinary digit is the smallest unit of data in computing, Abinary number consists of
only 0 and I and no other digit is added in it.

2. What is the difference between binary and octal number system?

Ans. Binary number system has base 2and consists of only two digits 0and I.
Octal Number System has base 8 and consists of 8digits namely 0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5,6 and 7.

3. Write short note on One's complement and Two's complement method.

Ans. The ones' complement of a binary number is defined as the value obtained by inverting
all the bits in the binary representation of the number (swapping Os for 1s and vice versa).
In this method, we subtract two binary numbers using carried by 1's complement.
In order to get two's complement of a negative notation of an integer., we should write
out the number in binary system and then invert its digits. Add one to the end result.

4. Write short note on Input/Output Design.

Ans. Input Design is the process of converting data into a computer based system. This design
is necessary to get correct interpretation of the data that has been fed into the computer.
It is a link between information and the user.
Output Design is the process of getting required output from the entered data, what the
system must produce to meet business requirements of its users.
5. What do you understand by the term requirement analysis and feasibility analysis?
Ans. Requirements Analysis refers to process of analyzing various requirements of aparticular
user and then design aproduct or asoftware. The following points are considered for this
analysis -
" Actual usage or requirement of a product
" Specifications to be met
" Expected outcomes
Feasibility Analysis refers to a detailed analysis which is conducted prior to start of a
proposed project. The folowing points are considered for this analysis
Whether the project is technically feasible or not?
Whether it can be completed within estimated cost or not?
Whether it will be a profitabBe project or not?
 AUComputer Applications in Pharmacy
36

6. Write short note on planning the proj

Ans. Planning the Project
should be divided into manageable components so
Inorder to plan the proiN, i
analyzed and managed.
that cach component can k dorly components, we should identify their dependent
After brcaking them into anable successfulrunning of the project.
entitics like the faoN NHnsible for for completion of project so that
prde an estimated time line
Next step is to care of properly.
every component and fator can be taken
implantaton. we should carefully analyze the resource requirement in detail
Before during later stages.
in order to minimize the chances of alterations
also be considered well in advance so
The risk faton involved ina project should
that thev can be avoided in final stages of development.
7. What are the sten proes life cycle?
Ans. The main steps of pracess life cycle are modeling phase in which when
Planning-The inital stages of process life cycle includes
does the process demands, why
we gather al he details related to that process. Eg. What how it will be executed?
it is required what will be the steps, who will participate in it, and is closely
Implementabon - After planning, the process is implemented as per plan
monitored for deired output or results.
output, then it is
Changes T Adusments - f a given process is generating desired adjustments
allowed to continue as implemented. Otherwise, a list of changes or required changes are
Once the
is made and suggestions are taken for betterment of the process.
finalized these are 2gain implemented and monitored.
Evaluanon - As the name suggests, it is the last step in process life cycle where each and
output in order to obtain best
every step is carefully evaluated for desired results and
System wTthin an organization.

8 How mary types of DFDs are there?

Ans. There are tWovpes of DFDs -
Physical DFD A physical DFD represents how various functions are performed
in asvsem
activities.
Logical DFD - A logical DFD is mainly related to business and its

LONG ANSWER QLESTIONS

and vice versa?
How will you convert binary number system into decimal number system
Give examples.
Briefly explain process life cycle.
Describe Data Flow Diagram in your own words.
division
Explain the steps invoBved in binary addition, subtraction, multiplication and
with one example of each.
Concept of| Informatlon Systems and Sotware 37

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

OBJECTIVE
Base of binary system is
a. 0
b. 2
C. 8
d. 16
2. 12 in binary number will be. written as
a. 1011
b. 1010
C. 1100
d. 1001
3 An octal number is
the length of corresponding binary numibers.
a. 1/2
b. 1/3
C. 1/4
d. 1/8
4. Binary equivalent of octal symbol 5 is
a. 100
b. 101
C. 105
d. 108
5. Hexadecimal number system consists of
a. 4 digits and alphabets
b. 8 digits and alphabets
C.
10digits and alphabets
d. 16 digits and alphabets
6. Hexadecimal equivalent of octal number 10 is
a. 4
b. 6
C. 8
d. 10
7. In binary addition, l+l is equal to
a. 0
b. 1
C. 2
Dd. 4
8. In binary subtraction, 0 - lis equal to
a. 0
b. 1
,c. -1
d. -2
 PU Computer Applicationsin Pharmacy
38

numbers from
9. The decimal number system uses base 10 and has
a. 0-9
b. 1-9
C. 0-10
d. 0-10
10. analysis is done prior to start of aproposed project.
Research
b. Feasibility
c. Requirement
d. Market
11. Data flow diagram refers to representation of flow of data through an
information system.
a. Logical
b. Mathematical
c. Graphical
d. General
12. CDROM and DVD refers to
a. Input media
b. Output media
c. Hard drives
d. Accessories
13. Process Life Cycle includes study of involved from the start till the end of any
workflow.
a. Diagrams
b. Systems
C. Processes
d. Stages
14. Project tracking is necessary to fulfill the given as per initial stages of planning.
d. Project
b. Task
C. Time line
d. Requirement
15. Project Management Process Groups are linked by
a. Inputs
b. Outputs
c. Mediators
d. Channels

ANSWERS

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6.(c) 7.(a) 8.(a) 9.(a) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b)