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Lecture 2

Here are the solutions to the exercises: 1a) Solve the given system of 3 equations in 3 unknowns: 2x + 4y + 6z = -12 2x - 3y - 4z = 15 3x + 4y + 5z = -8 Eliminating variables: (2) - (1): -5y - 10z = 27 (3) - 2*(1): x + 2y + 2z = -6 Solving the resulting system: -5y - 10z = 27 x + 2y + 2z = -6 We get the unique solution: x = 3, y = -2, z = 1

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56 views

Lecture 2

Here are the solutions to the exercises: 1a) Solve the given system of 3 equations in 3 unknowns: 2x + 4y + 6z = -12 2x - 3y - 4z = 15 3x + 4y + 5z = -8 Eliminating variables: (2) - (1): -5y - 10z = 27 (3) - 2*(1): x + 2y + 2z = -6 Solving the resulting system: -5y - 10z = 27 x + 2y + 2z = -6 We get the unique solution: x = 3, y = -2, z = 1

Uploaded by

waleed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Systems with Two Unknowns Geometrically

Linear systems in two unknowns arise in connection with intersections of lines. For
example, consider the linear system

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1
{
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2

in which the graphs of the equations are lines in the 𝑥𝑦-plane. Each solution (𝑥, 𝑦)
of this system corresponds to a point of intersection of the lines, so there are three
possibilities:

1. The lines may be parallel and distinct, in which case there is no


intersection and consequently no solution.

2. The lines may intersect at only one point, in which case the system has
exactly one solution.

3. The lines may coincide, in which case there are infinitely many points of
intersection (the points on the common line) and consequently infinitely
many solutions.
EXAMPLE 1 A Linear System with One Solution:

Solve the linear system


𝑥−𝑦 =1
{
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6

Solution:
We want to eliminate x from the second equation by adding −2 times the first
equation to the second.
2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 2
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6
- - -
---------------------------
−3𝑦 = −4
4
𝑦=
3
4
Put 𝑦 = in the first equation we obtain
3
4 7
𝑥 =1+𝑦 =1+ =
3 3
Thus, the system has the unique solution
7 4
𝑥= , 𝑦=
3 3
Geometrically, this means that the lines represented by the equations in the system
7 4
intersect at the single point ( , ) .
3 3
y

EXAMPLE 2 A Linear System with No Solutions:


Solve the linear system
𝑥+𝑦 =4
{
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6
Solution: We can eliminate x from the second equation by adding −3 times the first
equation to the second equation.
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 12
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6
- - -
-----------------------------------
0=6
This is not possible, so the given system has no solution. Geometrically, this means
that the lines corresponding to the equations in the original system are parallel and
distinct.
Graphically, it shows that the lines have the same slope but different y-intercepts.

EXAMPLE 3 A Linear System with Infinitely many Solutions

Solve the linear system


4𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 1
{
16𝑥 − 8𝑦 = 4
Solution: We can eliminate x from the second equation by adding −4 times the first
equation to the second.
16𝑥 − 8𝑦 = 4
16𝑥 − 8𝑦 = 4
- + -
------------------------------------
0=0
Thus, the solutions of the system are those values of x and y that satisfy the single
equation:
1 1
4𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = + 𝑦
4 2
Let 𝑦 = 𝑡, So
1 1
𝑥= + 𝑡
4 2
1 1
(4 + 2 𝑡, 𝑡) , 𝑡 ∈ ℝ is solution of given system.

We can obtain specific numerical solutions from these equations by substituting


1
numerical values for the parameter 𝑡. For example, 𝑡 = 0, yields the solution ( , 0),
4
3
𝑡 = 1, yields the solution( , 1).
4
Linear Systems with Three Unknowns Geometrically

The same is true for a linear system of three equations in three unknowns
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1
{𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3

in which the graphs of the equations are planes. The solutions of the system, if
any, correspond to points where all three planes intersect, so again we see that
there are only three possibilities—no solutions, one solution, or infinitely many
solutions:

Important Note!
Every system of linear equations has zero, one, or infinitely many solutions.
There are no other possibilities.
EXAMPLE 4

Solve the linear system


𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 9 ⇢ (1)
{2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 1 ⇢ (2)
3𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 0 ⇢ (3)
Solution:
Using (1) and (2)
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 18
+2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 1
- - + -
------------------------------------------------------
−2𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 17 ⇢ (4)
Using (1) and (3)
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 27
+3𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 0
- - + -
------------------------------------------------------
−3𝑦 + 11𝑧 = 27 ⇢ (5)
Using (4) and (5)
−6𝑦 + 21𝑧 = 51
−6𝑦 + 22𝑧 = 54
+ - -
------------------------------------------------------
−𝑧 = −3
𝑧=3
Put 𝑧 = 3 in equation (4)
−2𝑦 + 7(3) = 17
−2𝑦 + 2 = 17
𝑦=2
Put 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑧 = 3 in equation (1).
𝑥 = 9 − 2 − 2(3)
𝑥=1
So the solution of given system is (1, 2, 3), which is unique.
Geometrically it represents that three planes intersect at unique point.
EXAMPLE 5

Solve the linear system


𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 5
{2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 10
3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 15
Solution:
This system can be solved by inspection, since the second and third equations are
multiples of the first. Geometrically, this means that the three planes coincide and
that those values of x, y, and z that satisfy the equation

𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 5 → (1)

Automatically satisfy all three equations. Thus, it suffices to find the solutions of
(1). We can do this by first solving (1) for x in terms of y and z, then assigning
arbitrary values 𝑠 and 𝑡 (parameters) to these two variables and then expressing
the solution by the three parametric equations
𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑠 ⇒ 𝑥 = 5 + 𝑡 − 2𝑠
So (5 + 𝑡 − 2𝑠, 𝑡, 𝑠) is the solution of the above system.

Specific solutions can be obtained by choosing numerical values for the


parameters t and s. For example, taking 𝑡 = 1 and 𝑠 = 0 yields the solution
(6, 1,0).
Exercise:

1. Solve the following linear system of equations:

2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = −12
a) { 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 15
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = −8

𝑥+𝑦 =5
b) {
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 10

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 13
c) { 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 3
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 27
2. In each part, find the solution set of the linear equation by using parameters
as necessary.
a) 7𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 3
b) −8𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 5𝑥3 + 6𝑥4 = 1

Work to do
Exercise 1.1 Q6-14

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