CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Every firm is most concerned with its profitability. One of the most frequently used tools
of financial ratio analysis is profitability ratios. Which are used to determine the
company's bottom line and its return to its investors. Profitability measures are important
to company managers and owners alike. If a small business has outside investors who
have put their own money into the company, the primary owner certainly has to show
Profitability to that equity investor.

Profitability ratios show a company's overall efficiency and Performance. Profitability

ratios are divided into two types: margin and returns. Ratios that show margins represent
the firm's ability to translate sales dollars into profits at various stages of measurement.
Ratios that show returns represent the firm's ability to measure the overall efficiency of
the firm in generating returns for its shareholders.

Nepal is the land locked country. 85% of people in Nepal are rely upon Agriculture.
There is lack of adequate banking transactions in our country. The importance of banking
is increasing day in our country. The necessity of bank is arising in the context of Nepal
from its growth and development. people need to habituate in use of banking service. It
encourages the habit of saving. Bank makes a better use of money and mobilizes to
people saving in productive sector, which helps to develop Agriculture, Industry and
Trade. It also helps to provide security of wealth and to create employment opportunities.
Profitability analysis is a component of enterprise resource planning (ERP) that allows
administrators to forecast that Profitability of a proposal or optimize the Profitability of
an existing project. Profitability analysis can anticipate sales and profit potential specific
to aspects of the market such as customer are groups, geographic regions, or product
types.

1.2 Profit of Himalayan Bank

Himalayan Bank Limited in one of the largest private banks of Nepal. The Bank was
incorporated in 1992 by a few eminent individuals of Nepal in partnership with the
employees provident and Habib Bank Limited of Pakistan. The bank commenced its
operation in January 1993. Himalayan Bank is also the first commercial bank of Nepal
with most of its shares held by the private sector of Nepal and the main objective of the
bank is to become the bank of first choice Besides service. With its head and corporate
office at Kamaladi, Kathmandu, the bank has 44 branches. Mr. Ashok SJB Rana is the
chief Executive officer of the bank. Among the top management are Mr. Ejaz Qadeer
Gill, Senior General Manager and Mr. Sushiel Joshi, General manager.

Visions: Himalayan Bank has the vision of becoming a lending of the country by gaining
substantial business growth through premium products and services to customers.

Mission : Himalayan Bank has the mission to become the preferred of quality financial
service in the country.
 Table No. 1 : Capital structure of Himalayan Bank

S.N. Particular Current Year Previous Year

1 Authorized Capital 8,500,000,000 5,000,000,000

2 Issued Capital 4,499,145,000 3,332,700,000

3. Paid up Capital 4,499,145,000. 3,332,700,000

1.3 Objective of Study

The basic objective of this research is to make analysis of profitability of Himalayan

Bank by using financial and statistical tools. The specific objective of the study is:

 To examine profitability of the bank.

1.4 Rationale of the study

The study provides for the technique of profitability position and this provides as a proper
knowledge and experience for the data collection, presentation & analysis. Some of them
are listed below.

 Identify the most and least profitability clients.

 Identify the most and least profitable products or services.
 Discover which sources of information offer the most reliable facts.
 Optimized responses to changing customer need.
1.5 Review of the study

1.5.1 Conceptual Review

The term review of literature is very important for the researcher or investigator in the
area of concerned problem. This is related to the present study with a view to find out
what had already been explained and how the present research adds new dimension to the
study. It is an integral and mandatory process in research work. In this part, focus has
been made on the conceptual framework and review of literature that is relevant
regarding to the profit planning concepts. In this regard, various books, journals and
articles concerned to this topic have been reviewed. Review of literature is based on
available literature in the field of research. Every possible effort has been made to grasp
knowledge and information that is available from libraries; document collection center
helps to take adequate feedback to broaden the information to study.

1.5.2 Review of previous Report

Profit planning and control played the vital role in overall profitability
management which provides the guideline for the achievement of organization goals and
objective. Various studied has been conducted for the behavior of profit planning.
Regarding this various empirical studies have been conducting related area of profit
planning. There are many research in this topic. The profit planning in the context of
particularly commercial bank seems to be a new subject of study for research and
analysis. So far this researcher could found some studies that topic. Here are reviewed
thesis some are manufacturing sector and some are related with financial sector which
can help us to understand about their objectives, used statistical tools and major findings
about this topic.

Kharel (2008) has conducted a research on "Profit planning of Commercial Banks in

Nepal: A comparative study of Everest Bank limited, Nabil Bank limited and Bank of
Kathmandu Limited" his objectives and major findings are as follows:
objectives:

 To find out the relationship between total investment, loan and advances, deposit,
net profit and outside assets.
 To identify the investment priority sectors of Commercial Bank.
 To assess the impact of investment of profitability.
 To analyze and forecast the trend and structure of deposit utilization and its
projection for five years of commercial bank.

Major Findings:

 Liquidity position of EBL is comparatively better than of Nabil and BOK.

 In spite of the current ratio is average among the other two banks EBL has
maintained the cash and bank balance to meet the customers demand.
 EBL has invested highest sectors like government securities than BOK and lesser
portion than that of Nabil.
 From the analysis of assets management ratio it can be found that EBL is in better
position as compared to that Nabil and BOK.
 EBL has invested the height portion of total working find on government
securities as compared to Nabil and BOK.
 The interest earned to total outside assets and return on total working found ration
of EBL is lowest of all.
 BOK has higher investment on shares and debentures to total working fund ratio.
 Due to more efficient loan policy, Nabil suffers less from loan loss provision.

Regmi (2008) in his dissertation " Credit Management NABIL Bank Limited"
highlighted that aggregate performance and condition of Nabil Bank. The main objectives
& the major findings are as follow.
Objectives:

 To evaluate various financial ratio of the Nabil Bank.

 To analyze the portfolio of lending of selected sector of banks.
 To determine impact of deposit in liquidity and its effect its effect on lending
practices.
 To offer suitable suggestions based on findings of this study.

Major finding:

 Assets management position of the bank show better performance in the recent
years: Non-performing assets to total assets ratio is decreasing trend. The bank is
able to obtain higher landing opportunity during the study Period. Therefore,
credit management is in good position of the bank.
 In leverage ratio, Debt to equity ratio is in an increasing trend. High total debt to
total assets ratio posses, higher financial risk and vice-vars. it represents good
condition of Total assets to net worth ratio.
 In the aspect of profitability position, total net profit to gross income, the total
interest income to total income ratio of bank is in increasing trend. These mean
that the better profitability in the coming last years. It represent high expectation
of company in market and high damand of share.
  Loan loss provision to total loan and advances ratio and None-performing loan to
total loan and advance ratio of NABIL is in decreasing trend. The ratio is
continuously decreasing this indicates that bank increasing performance. Thus,
Credit management is in a good position.
 The little high earning capacity decreasing this indicates that bank increasing
performance. Thus, Credit management is in a good position.
 The little high earning capacity of NABIL through loan and advances.

1.5.3 Research gap

Today's world is marketed by rapid changes and new developments, as such

researches conducted a few years back may not be adequate to explain current
phenomena. Thus continuous attempt needs to be taken and new research and conducted
to build our exiting knowledge base, interpret and analyze events in the face of
dynamism. Most of the past research studies about profit planning system are basically
related to the profit planning system of manufacturing organization or production
oriented activities. The researcher could find some study so far that has been related to
profit planning system of commercial bank in Rasstriya Banaijya Bank, Nepal Investment
Bank, Everest Bank this study may be a new study. In this field as no study has been
made profit planning of NBBL. In the past financial institution were depends only the
interest margin in present economic dynamism only the interest margin is not sufficient
to improve profitability so this researcher has tried to analyzed the extra ordinary items of
income generation in financial institution. To find the new developments and to bridge
the gap between the past research and the present situation, I set out to conduct the
research in this stimulating topic. I have been through many literature reviews and given
my best to fulfil this work. In my research effort had been made to understand the Profit
Planning and control in commercial bank and I hope this research will be fruitful for
future researchers as reference.

1.6 Method of Study

Basically, the methodology used to prepare this report is based upon primary and
secondary data as well. The methodology entitled in the following topics is used for my
analysis.
1.6.1 Type of Research

Research refers to systematic and objectives attempt, which is used to study a problem
for the purpose of driving general principal. The investigation has been guide by
previously collected information and aims to add to the body of knowledge on the
subject. The types research is Descriptive Research Design. Descriptive research is a
study designed to depict the participants in an accurate. Descriptive research is used to
describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied.

1.6.2 Population and sample

Since this is research based on secondary data only, for this research 28
commercial banks are regarded as population out of which only one bank, Himalayan
Bank Ltd., is taken as sample. Thus, it is based on the convenience sampling.

1.6.3 Types of Data

Primary data:

The data, which are originally collected by an investigator or an agent for the first time
for the purposes of statistical enquiry, are known as primary data. Primary data is the data
originated for the first time by the researcher through direct efforts and experience,
specially for the purpose of addressing his research problem. The data can be collected
through various methods like surveys, observation, case studies etc. However, no primary
data has been used in this study.

Secondary data :

Data that are originally collected but obtained from some published or unpublished
source are known as secondary data. This type of data isn’t original in character. But the
secondary sources are the main in this study gathered for analysis and interpretation. The
source of data and information are as follows:
  Annual report of Himalayan Bank
 Newspapers, Magazine
 Website of Himalayan Bank
 Website of Google
 Website of Wikipedia
 Website of Nepal Rastra Bank

In this project work, secondary data will be used. Such data can be obtained through
secondary sources

Secondary data can be obtained from published and unpublished sources. Those data
which are published by other organization in the form of reports and publications like
government reports, publications report of NGOs and INGOs, report of private
organizations such as report of FNCCI, chamber of commerce, and Trade promotion
center are published sources of secondary data. And unpublished sources are dissertation
os students and research report of freelancer researchers.

1.6.4 Data Collection Procedure:

As it was hard to collect primary data so all the data abstract for the report are of
secondary types. Secondary data are collected from annual report. So by direct visit to
organization, search from internet are the main way of data collection for this study.

Data collection is an important work of research. Essential information for research is

collected through data collection procedures. Collection and analysis of appropriate and
accurate information helps to right decision. Thus, We shall collect information carefully.
The researcher should prepare data collection plan before the collection of data.

Data is collected through various method by considering to research objective, nature of

research and size of population. Similarly, various data and information are collected
from the economic journal, periodicals, bulletins, magazines and other published report
and documents from various sources.
1.6.5 Techniques of analysis

This study is confined to examine effects of working capital of Everest Bank. Therefore,
the data have been collected accordingly and managed, analyzed and presented in
suitable tables and diagrams. Such presentation have been interpreted and explained
wherever necessary. The data were analyzed using the following financial tools and
statistical tools.

1.6.5.1 Financial tools:

Financial tools are those, which are used for the analysis in interpretation of financial
data. These tools can used to get the precise knowledge of a bank, which in turn, are
meaningful in finding the result the profitability of a bank.

1. Net incomes and total assets

Net income is a company’s total earning (or profit) net income is calculated by taking
revenues and subtracting the cost of doing business such as depreciation, interest, tax and
other expenses. This numbers appears on the company’s income statement and is an
important measure of how profitable the company is over a period of time. Net income al
so refers to an individual’s .

In financial accounting, total asset is an economic resource. Anything tangible or

intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value and that is held by a company
to produce positive economic value is an asset. Simply stated, assets represent value of
ownership that can be converted into cash (although cash itself is also considered an
asset).

2. Return on Assets:

Profitability is assessed relative to costs and expenses, and it is analyzed in comparison to

assets to see how effective a company is in deploying assets to generate sales and
eventually profits. The term return in the ROA ratio customarily refers to net profit or net
income, the amount of earning from sales after all costs, expenses and taxes. The more
assets a company has amassed, the more sales and potentially more profit the company
may generate. As economies of scale help lower costs and improve margins, return may
grow at a faster rate than assets, ultimately increasing return on assets.
Formula :

Net Income
ROA = × 100%
Total Assets

3. Return on Equity

Return on Equity (ROE) is ratio that concerns a company’s equity holders the most since
it measures their ability of earning return on equity investments. ROS may increase
dramatically without any equity addition when it can simply benefit from a higher return
helped by a larger assets base. As a company increases its asset size and generates better
return with higher margins, equity holders can retain much of the return growth when
additional assets are the result of debt use.

Formula

Net Income
Return on equality= ×100 %
Total Equality

4. Earnings per share

Earnings per share are generally considered to be the single most important variable in
determining a share’s price. It is also a major component used to calculate the price-to-
earnings valuation ratio.

Formula:

Net income− preference dividend

Earnings per Share(EPS)=
Common s h are outstanding
1.6.5.2Statistial Tools:

The main important tool to achieve the objectives of this is Statistical Tools. These tools
are useful to find the profitability of the bank. In this study, statistical tools such as bar
diagram have been studied.

1.7 Limitations

None of the study can go beyond the boundary of some limitations and this study is also
not an exception. This study is basically based on secondary data. The study is mainly
focused on balance sheet and income statement maintained by banks published in annual
reports, where the information’s were given in condensed form. The period coverage by
the study extends over 5 years 2069/068 to 2073/074 because at the time of conducting
the present study, the data could be available up to 2073/074 only. The data of 2074/075
could not be obtained, as the year is running and there has not been audited, thus there
may be a chance of failing to the address the recent current situation. The following are
the major limitations of the study:

 The study is mainly depended in profitability of HBL.

 The study is based in secondary data.

 The study covers a period of last five years( historical data ).

 In this study, only selected financial tools, statistical tools and techniques are
used.
 CHAPTER -II
RESULT AND ANALYSIS

2.1 Data Presentation and Result Analysis

Analysis of data is the process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming and modelling data
with the goal of discovering useful information, suggestion conclusion and supporting
decision making. The purpose of analyzing the data is to change it from an unprocessed
form to an un standard able presentation. Raw data conveys little information as such. It
must be complied, analyzed and interpreted carefully before its full meaning and
implication can be understood. The data thus transformed into information. This process
of transforming data is called analysis. The most valuable and crucial tool and to show
the true position of any organization is its past data. By analyzing the past data, one can
identify the actual internal problems or limitation of the organization. This chapter is
basically concerned with presentation and analysis of data. The figure of data is in rupees.
Data presentation and analysis is an important aspect of any kind of report writing.

The examination and interpretation of data to draw conclusion by using different research
tools as we already state on research methodology chapter.

Particularly, this chapter includes the following:

 Calculation of NET income and Total assets

 Analysis of Return On Assets(ROA)
 Analysis of Return On Equality(ROE)
 Analysis of Earning per Share(EPS)
 2.1.1 Net income to total assets

Table no.2: Net income and Total Assets of Himalayan Bank

Year Net Income Total Assets

2069/70 943,697,990 61,113,501,223

2070/71 959,107,241 73,589,845,698

2071/72 1,112,285,716 82,801,550,614

2072/73 1,935,907,634 99,863,008,080

2073/74 2,178,234,893 107,255,479,966

(source: annual report of Himalayan Bank)

The above table clear shows the total assets and net income of HBL shows increasing
trend for last five years. The net income is 943,697,990 and total assets is
61,113,501,223 in 2069/70 then it increases to 959,107,241 in net income and
73,589,845,698 in total assets in 2070/71 and again increases to 1,112,285,716 in net
income and 82,801,550,614 in total assets in 2071/72. In 2072/73 net income is
1,935,907,634 and 107,225,479,966 total assets.

2.1.2 Return on Assets

Return on assets is also called return on investment. This ratio establishes the relationship
between net profit and total assets or investment. The real return on assets is the net
earning available to owners and interest to lenders on assets are financed by both owners
and creditors. The objective of measuring this ratio is to find out profitability of the total
assets.

The ratio is computed as under,

 Net profit after tax
Return on Assets (ROA) = × 100%
Total Assets

Table no .3 : calculation of Return of Assets

Year Net income (Rs) Total Assets (Rs) ROA (%)

2069/70 943,697,990 61,113,501,223 1.5442

2070/71 959,107,241 73,589,845,698 1.3033

2071/72 1,112,285,716 82,801,550,614 1.3433

2072/73 1,935,907,634 99,863,008,080 1.9386

2073/74 2,178,234,893 107,225,479,966 2.0309

(Appendix- I)

The above table clear shows the ROA of HBL shows increasing trend for last five years.
It is 1.5442% in fiscal year 2069/70 then it decreases to 1.3033% in fiscal year 2070/71
and increase to 1.3433% in 2071/72 again increases to 1.9386% in 2072/73 and finally
reach to 2.309% in the fiscal year 2073/74. Te Return on assets of HBL is in increasing
way up to four year. This calculation can be shown in the graph as follows.

Figure no. 1 : Bar diagram return on assets

In the above figure, we can see that the Return on Assts (ROA) of HBL is decrease in
first three years as due to increase in assets compared with net income later after third
years it increases which means its profit growth rate increases.

2.1.3 Return on Equity (ROQ)

This ratio finds how efficiently the funds contributed by shareholders have been used. It
shows the relationship between net profit after tax and shareholder’s fund. It can be
ascertained with the help of following formula:

Net profit after tax

Return on Equity (ROE) = × 100%
A h are h olders equity

Where, SHE= Share Capital + Reserve and funds

Table no.4 Calculation of Return on Equity

Year Net income (Rs) Shareholder’s equity ROE (%)

(Rs)
2069/70 943,697,990 5299708123 17.8066

2070/71 959107241 6083411016 15.7659

2071/72 1112285716 6958899626 15.9836

2072/73 1935907634 8823768128 21.9397

2073/74 2178234893 11705196753 18.6091

Source : Appendix – II

From above table we found in the year 2069-70 the ROE is 17.81 % then it decline to
15.7659% in 2070/71 and then it increased to 15.9836% in 2071/72 and again increases
to 21.9397% in 2072/73 and finally it decreases to 18.6091% in 2073/74. The above
calculations are in the graph as follow:
 Figure no. 2 Bar diagram showing return on equity

In the above figure, it directly shows the ROE of HBL is fluctuating yearly where it
shows that last year ROE decreases but previously it was in increasing trend. In last year,
ROE increases more as compared to previous four year which effect top decline in ROE
of HEL.

2.1.4 Earnings per share (EPS)

It measures the per share earnings available to equity shareholders

. It shows the profitability of the firm on per equity share basis. It is computed as:

Net income− preference dividend

Earnings per share (EPS) =
Common s h are outstanding

Table no.5 Calculation of Earnings per Share

Year NPAT N EPS(in Rs.)

2069/70 943,697,990 27,600,000 34.19

2070/71 959107,241 6083411016 15.7659

2071/72 1112285716 6958899626 15.9836

2072/73 1935907634 8823768128 21.9397

2073/74 2178234893 11705196753 18.6091

(Source : Appendix – III)

Above table shows that the Earning per share of HBL is Rs.34.19 on 2069/70 then
decline to Rs.33.10 in 2070/71, now it increase to Rs.33.38 and Rs.43.03 in 2073/74. The
above calculations are shown in the graph as follows:

Figure no.3: Bar diagram showing earning per share

As in the above figure, EPS of HBL in year 2072/73 seems to be highest and rest other
seems to approximately equal.

2.2 Major Finding

During this study many information related to the income and profitability of the HBL
have been found. The problem faced by the bank in current days regarding to the earning
have been explored and analyzed. Here, the finding of above calculations are pointed out:

i) The total income of bank is increasing. So it is found that bank is

going to become largest bank and one of the most important banks that
can give return on investment among the banks.
ii) The net profit is in increasing trend for last five fiscal years. It is
because of the best performance of bank .
iii) From this field work study, it is found that there is increasing trend in
ROA of bank because it is 1.3033% in the first fiscal year 2070/71 and
increasing constantly reach to 2.0309% in final fiscal year. It shows
proper utilization of assets for those fiscal years.
iv) From this study it is also found that the ROE of bank is not in same
trend as it decreases in first year then it constantly increases for two
years and again it decline. Due to highly in SHE, as compared to NET
Profit, ROE decreases.
 v) The EPS of bank is not in constant position in those five fiscal years.
In year 2069/70 EPS is Rs.34.19 then in 2070/71 is Rs.33.10 And the
EPS in year 2071/72,2072/73 and 2073/74 is respectively Rs.33.38,
Rs.43.03 and Rs.33.55.s

CHAPTER- III
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

This chapter is focused on the findings and conclusions obtained from the study of
financial performance of commercial banks: A case study of ‘Himalayan Bank Limited’.
This chapter is comprised of two sections, the first sections deals with the summary of the
study: the second section draws the conclusion of the study.

3.1 Summary

Nepal is a developing country, which started its economic development plans and
policies more than four decades ago and has adopted the economic development plans
through liberalization recently. The policy of liberalization that the government adopted
after restoration of democracy in 1990 calls for primitive and facilitative role of the
government together with its strict regulatory functions. The subject matter of the
economic development has been limited due to variety of geographical structural and
economic constraints. The economic growth of a country can’t imagine without financial
institutions.

Commercial banks play a vital role as a financial institution which plays a quite important
role of every economy by providing capital for the development of industry trade and
business. Commercial bank pools between savers and users thereby raising employment
opportunity. Besides the economic contribution commercial banks are also recognizes its
social responsibilities by contributed to various social and welfare organization. The
major income source of bank is interest which depends upon the deployment of available
resources. The bank generally deployed their resource for the purpose of liquidity,
lending and investing in securities. So the overall profitability of bank depends on
lending procedure, lending policy and investment policy. The main objective of the study
is to evaluate the financial performance of HBL. The study is mostly based on secondary
data and required data have been collected by using various sources.
There are many commercial banks operating in Nepal which are taken as population of
the study among them HBL has been taken as a sample of the study and collected data
has been analyzed by using various statistical and financial tools. Himalayan Bank is one
of the well-established commercial bank in Nepal. HBL is able to maintain its position as
market leader in the banking sector and there is ongoing effort and commitment in
enhancing its financial position.

3.2 Conclusion

On the basis of major findings of study some conclusion has drawn about the HBL. Profit
planning and controlling system of HBL is not satisfa.ctory in the first fiscal year of the
study is satisfactory on the basis of ROA and ROE .because the ratios are negative in that
fiscal year. But after first year ROA an.d. ROE is not satisfactory as increase in assets
and equity didn’t give that much return as previous.

The result of the study shows that the overall performance of HBL is not satisfactory and
progressive because the bank use more external fund to repay its borrowing. There is the
declination of faith of customers the bank because of its heavy investment on non-
performing assets.

Finally, the research report is concluded with the above mentioned major findings,
discussions, conclusions and implications.
 APPENDIX – I

Calculation of ROA

Year Net income (Rs) Total Assets (Rs) ROA (%)

2069/70 943,697,990 61,113,501,223 1.5442

2070/71 959,107,241 73,589,845,698 1.3033

2071/72 1,112,285,716 82,801,550,614 1.3433

2072/73 1,935,907,634 99,863,008,080 1.9386

2073/74 2,178,234,893 107,225,479,966 2.0309

(Source : Annual report of Himalayan Bank)

Net profit after tax

Return on Assets (ROA) = × 100%
Total Assets
 APPENDIX- II

Calculation of ROE

Year Net income (Rs) Shareholder’s equity ROE (%)

(Rs)
2069/70 943,697,990 5299708123 17.8066

2070/71 959107241 6083411016 15.7659

2071/72 1112285716 6958899626 15.9836

2072/73 1935907634 8823768128 21.9397

2073/74 2178234893 11705196753 18.6091

(Source : Annual report of Himalayan Bank)

Net profit after tax

Return on Equity (ROE) = × 100%
A h are h olders equity
 APPENDIX-III

Calculation of EPS

Year NPAT N EPS(in Rs.)

2069/70 943,697,990 27,600,000 34.19

2070/71 959107,241 6083411016 15.7659

2071/72 1112285716 6958899626 15.9836

2072/73 1935907634 8823768128 21.9397

2073/74 2178234893 11705196753 18.6091

(Source : Annual report of Himalayan Bank)

Net income− preference dividend

Earnings per share (EPS) =
Common s h are outstanding
 Bibliography

Kharel (2008) ‘ Profit planning of commercial Banks in Nepal : A comparative study of

Everest Bank Limited, Nabil Bank Limited and Bank of Kathmandu Limited.

Regmi (2008) ‘ Credit management of NABIL Bank Limited’ highlighted that aggregate
performance and condition of NABIL Banks.

Annual reports:

Annual reports of Himalayan Bank Ltd. (2069-2074)

Annual report of Nepal SBI Bank Ltd for 5 fiscal year i.e 2069/70 to 2073/74 Books A &
journals;

Devraj Adhijkari Research Methodology, Asmita Publication Kathmandu.

Dhruba lal Pandey, Research Methodology, Asmita Publication Kathmandu.

Financial Institution, 2010, Kathmandu : Nepal Rastra Banks.

NRB Regulation Act, 2063, Directives of Nepal Rastra Bank, Kathmandu.

NRB . (2016), Legal, Regulatory and supervisory previsions for foreign Bank Branches in
Nepal, Kathmandu: Nepal Rasta Bank

NRB. (2058). Nepal Rastrya Bank Act 2058.

NRB. (2073). Unified directives issued by Nepal Rastra Bank to the Licensed Banks and
Rawal Dirgha, Sapkota C. And Timilsina N. (2073) commercial Bank Publication,
Kathmandu.
 Websites:

 Website : http://himalayanbank.com
 Website : http://nrb.org.np
 Website : http://searcherp.techtarget.com/definition/profitability-analysis
 Website : http://www.thebalance.com/profitability-ratio-analysis-393185