Chapter 4 - Tutorial

4-41 The heating times of a sphere, a cube, and a rectangular prism with similar dimensions are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The thermal properties of the geometries are constant. 2 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and
uniform over the entire surface.
Properties The properties of silver are given to be k = 429 W/m⋅ºC, ρ = 10,500 kg/m3, and cp = 0.235 kJ/kg⋅ºC.
Analysis For sphere, the characteristic length and the Biot number are
V πD 3 / 6 D 0.05 m
Lc = = = = = 0.008333 m
Asurface πD 2 6 6 5 cm Air
2
hLc (12 W/m .°C)(0.008333 m) h, T∞
Bi = = = 0.00023 < 0.1
k (429 W/m.°C)
Since Bi < 0.1 , the lumped system analysis is applicable. Then the time period for the sphere temperature to reach
to 25ºC is determined from
hA h 12 W/m 2 .°C
b= = = = 0.0005836 s -1
ρc pV ρc p Lc (10,500 kg/m 3 )(235 J/kg.°C)(0.008333 m)

T (t ) − T∞ 25 − 33 -1
= e −bt 
→ = e −(0.0005836 s )t 
→ t = 2428 s = 40.5 min
Ti − T∞ 0 − 33
Cube: 5 cm
V L3
L 0.05 m Air
Lc = = 2 = = = 0.008333 m h, T∞
Asurface 6L 6 6 5 cm
2
hLc (12 W/m .°C)(0.008333 m) 5 cm
Bi = = = 0.00023 < 0.1
k (429 W/m.°C)
hA h 12 W/m 2 .°C
b= = = = 0.0005836 s -1
ρc pV ρc p Lc (10,500 kg/m 3 )(235 J/kg.°C)(0.008333 m)

T (t ) − T∞ 25 − 33 -1
= e −bt 
→ = e −(0.0005836 s )t 
→ t = 2428 s = 40.5 min
Ti − T∞ 0 − 33
Rectangular prism:
V (0.04 m)(0.05 m)(0.06 m)
Lc = = = 0.008108 m
Asurface 2(0.04 m)(0.05 m) + 2(0.04 m)(0.06 m) + 2(0.05 m)(0.06 m)
hLc (12 W/m 2 .°C)(0.008108 m)
Bi = = = 0.00023 < 0.1
k (429 W/m.°C) 4 cm
Air
hA h
b= = 5 cm h, T∞
r cpV r cp Lc
6 cm
12 W/m2 .°C
= = 0.0005998 s-1
(10,500 kg/m3 )(235 J/kg.°C)(0.008108 m)
T (t ) - T¥ 25- 33 -1
= e- bt
¾¾
® = e- (0.0005998 s )t ¾ ¾
® t = 2363 s = 39.4 min
Ti - T¥ 0 - 33
The heating times are same for the sphere and cube while it is smaller in rectangular prism.
4-73 Chickens are to be chilled by holding them in agitated brine for 2.75 h. The center and surface temperatures of
the chickens are to be determined, and if any part of the chickens will freeze during this cooling process is to be
assessed.
Assumptions 1 The chickens are spherical in shape. 2 Heat conduction in the chickens is one-dimensional in the
radial direction because of symmetry about the midpoint. 3 The thermal properties of the chickens are constant. 4
The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 5 The Fourier number is τ > 0.2 so that
the one-term approximate solutions are applicable (this assumption will be verified). 6 The phase change effects are
not considered, and thus the actual the temperatures will be much higher than the values determined since a
considerable part of the cooling process will occur during phase change (freezing of chicken).
Properties The thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and density of chickens are given to be k = 0.45 W/m⋅°C,
α = 0.13×10-6 m2/s, and ρ = 950 kg/ m3. These properties will be used for both fresh and frozen chicken.
Analysis We first find the volume and equivalent radius of the chickens:
V =m / ρ = 1700g/(0.95g/cm³) = 1789cm³
1/ 3 1/ 3
 3   3 
ro =  V  = 1789 cm³  = 7.53 cm = 0.0753 m
 4π   4π  Chicken
Then the Biot and Fourier numbers become Ti = 15°C

hro (440 W/m 2 .°C)(0.0753 m)

Bi = = = 73.6
k 0.45 W/m.°C
Brine
α t (0.13 × 10 −6 m 2 /s)(2.75 × 3600 s)
τ= 2 = = 0.2270 -7°C
ro (0.0753 m) 2
Note that τ = 0.2270 > 0.2 , and thus the one-term solution is applicable. From Table 4-2 we read, for a sphere, λ1 =
3.094 and A1 = 1.998. Substituting these values into the one-term solution gives
T0 − T∞ 2 T − (−7) 2
θ0 = = A1 e −λ1τ → 0 = 1.998e −(3.094) (0.2270) = 0.2274 
→ T0 = −2.0°C
Ti − T∞ 15 − (−7)
The lowest temperature during cooling will occur on the surface (r/ro = 1), and is determined to be
T ( r ) − T∞ 2 sin(λ1 r / ro ) T (ro ) − T∞ sin(λ1 ro / ro ) To − T∞ sin(λ1 ro / ro )
= A1 e −λ1τ → = θ0 =
Ti − T∞ λ1 r / ro Ti − T∞ λ1 ro / ro Ti − T∞ λ1 ro / ro
Substituting,
T (ro ) − (−7) sin(3.094 rad)
= 0.2274 → T (ro ) = −6.9°C
15 − (−7) 3.094
Most parts of chicken will freeze during this process since the freezing point of chicken is -2.8°C.
4-111 A cubic block and a cylindrical block are exposed to hot gases on all of their surfaces. The center
temperatures of each geometry in 10, 20, and 60 min are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in the cubic block is three-dimensional, and thus the temperature varies in all x-, y,
and z- directions. 2 Heat conduction in the cylindrical block is two-dimensional, and thus the temperature varies in
both axial x- and radial r- directions. 3 The thermal properties of the granite are constant. 4 The heat transfer
coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 5 The Fourier number is τ > 0.2 so that the one-term
approximate solutions are applicable (this assumption will be verified).
Properties The thermal properties of the granite are given to be k = 2.5 W/m.°C and α = 1.15×10-6 m2/s.
Analysis
Cubic block: This cubic block can physically be formed by the intersection of three infinite plane walls of thickness
2L = 5 cm.
After 10 minutes: The Biot number, the corresponding constants, and the Fourier number are
5 cm × 5 cm × 5 cm
hL (40 W/m 2 .°C)(0.025 m)
Bi = = = 0.400  → λ1 = 0.5932 and A1 = 1.0580
k (2.5 W/m.°C)

αt (1.15 × 10 −6 m 2 /s)(10 min × 60 s/min)

τ= = = 1.104 > 0.2 Ti = 20°C
L2 (0.025 m) 2
To determine the center temperature, the product solution can be written as
θ (0,0,0, t ) block = [θ (0, t ) wall ]3 Hot gases
T (0,0,0, t ) − T∞  3 500°C
=  A1 e −λ1 τ 
2

Ti − T∞  
T (0,0,0, t ) − 500
20 − 500
{ 2
= (1.0580)e −(0.5932) (1.104) } = 0.369
3

T (0,0,0, t ) = 323°C Ti = 20°C

After 20 minutes
αt (1.15 × 10 −6 m 2 /s)(20 min × 60 s/min)
τ= = = 2.208 > 0.2
L2 (0.025 m) 2
T (0,0,0, t ) − 500
20 − 500
{ 2
= (1.0580)e −(0.5932) ( 2.208) } = 0.115 → T (0,0,0, t ) = 445°C
3

After 60 minutes
αt (1.15 × 10 −6 m 2 /s)(60 min × 60 s/min)
τ= = = 6.624 > 0.2
L2 (0.025 m) 2
T (0,0,0, t ) − 500
20 − 500
{ 2
= (1.0580)e −(0.5932) (6.624) } = 0.00109 → T (0,0,0, t ) = 500°C
3

Note that τ > 0.2 in all dimensions and thus the one-term approximate solution for transient heat conduction is
applicable.
Cylinder: This cylindrical block can physically be formed by the intersection of a long cylinder of radius ro = D/2 =
2.5 cm and a plane wall of thickness 2L = 5 cm.
After 10 minutes: The Biot number and the corresponding constants for the long cylinder are
hro (40 W/m 2 .°C)(0.025 m)
Bi = = = 0.400 
→ λ1 = 0.8516 and A1 = 1.0931
k (2.5 W/m.°C)
To determine the center temperature, the product solution can be written as
 [
θ (0,0, t ) block = [θ (0, t ) wall ]θ (0, t ) cyl ]
T (0,0, t ) − T∞ 
=  A1 e −λ1 τ   A e −λ12τ 
2

Ti − T∞   wall  1  cyl
T (0,0, t ) − 500
20 − 500
{ 2
}{ 2
}
= (1.0580)e −(0.5932) (1.104) (1.0931)e −(0.8516) (1.104) = 0.352 
→ T (0,0, t ) = 331°C

After 20 minutes
T (0,0, t ) − 500
20 − 500
{ 2
}{ 2
}
= (1.0580)e −(0.5932) ( 2.208) (1.0931)e −(0.8516) ( 2.208) = 0.107 
→ T (0,0, t ) = 449°C

After 60 minutes
T (0,0, t ) − 500
20 − 500
{ 2
}{ 2
}
= (1.0580)e −(0.5932) (6.624) (1.0931)e −(0.8516) (6.624) = 0.00092 
→ T (0,0, t ) = 500°C

Note that τ > 0.2 in all dimensions and thus the one-term approximate solution for transient heat conduction is
applicable.