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Lecture 1 (Basics)

This document discusses coordinate geometry and vector analysis. It defines 2D and 3D coordinate systems and the equations of axes and coordinate planes. Formulas are provided for distance between points, equations of lines parallel and perpendicular to axes, and the general equation of a line. Examples demonstrate finding distances between points, equations of lines, and the angle between two lines. Exercises are included to practice these concepts.

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Proshenjit Barua
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views

Lecture 1 (Basics)

This document discusses coordinate geometry and vector analysis. It defines 2D and 3D coordinate systems and the equations of axes and coordinate planes. Formulas are provided for distance between points, equations of lines parallel and perpendicular to axes, and the general equation of a line. Examples demonstrate finding distances between points, equations of lines, and the angle between two lines. Exercises are included to practice these concepts.

Uploaded by

Proshenjit Barua
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course Code: MTH(EEE) 201

Course Title: Coordinate Geometry & Vector


Analysis

Lecture 1
Coordinate System

2 Dimensional Coordinate System 3 Dimensional Coordinate System

Equation of the axes:


𝑥-axes-> 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 0
𝑦-axes-> 𝑥 = 𝑧 = 0
𝑧-axes-> 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0

Equation of coordinate planes:


𝑥𝑦 planes: 𝑧 = 0
𝑦𝑧 planes: 𝑥 = 0
𝑧𝑥 planes: 𝑦 = 0
Formulas
1. Let, P(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and Q(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) be two points. Then the
distance between PQ is:

𝑫 = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 )𝟐

2. Equation of straight line which is parallel to x-axis is 𝒚 = 𝒃 and


parallel to y-axis is 𝒙 = 𝒂

3. Equation of straight line which passes through the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is

𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )

4. Equation of straight line which passes through the origin (0,0) is


𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙

5. Equation of straight line which passing through the point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )


and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏
=
𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐

6. Angle between two straight lines


𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝟏 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
Example 1. Let 𝑃(4, 3, −5) and 𝑄(2, − 4,7) be two points. Find the
distance between P and Q.
Solution:
The Distance between P and Q is

𝐷 = √(2 − 4)2 + (−4 − 3)2 + (7 − (−5))2 = √197

Example 2. Find the equation of the straight lines which are passing
through the point (4, −5) and respectively (a) parallel to x-axis (b)
perpendicular to x-axis
Solution:
We know, the equation which is parallel to x-axis is 𝑦 = 𝑏 … … (1)
Since (1) passes through (4, −5) so from (1) we get,
𝑏 = −5
Putting the value in (1),
𝑦 = −5 => 𝑦 + 5 = 0
Again, the equation of straight lines which is perpendicular to x-axis or
parallel to y-axis is,
𝑥 = 𝑎 … … (2)
Since (2) passes through (4, −5) so from (2) we get,
𝑥=4
𝑥−4=0

Ans. 𝑦 + 5 = 0 & 𝑥 − 4 = 0
Example 3. Find the straight lines passing through the points
(a) (−3, −1), (11,13)
(b) (11,13) , (-3,-1)

Solution:
We know the equation of straight line passing through two points is
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
= … … (1)
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
(a) For point (−3, −1), (11,13) we get from (1)

𝑥 − (−3) 𝑦 − (−1)
=
−3 − 11 −1 − 13
𝑥+3 𝑦+1
=> =
−14 −14
=> 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0 (ans)

(b) For point (11,13), (−1, −3) we get from (1)


𝑥 − 11 𝑦 − 13
=
11 + 1 13 + 3
𝑥 − 11 𝑦 − 13
=> =
12 16
=> 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 5 = 0 (ans)
Example 4. Find the angle between two straight lines
5𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 6 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 10𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 45 = 0
Solution:
We know the angle between two straight lines is,
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
𝜃 = tan−1 … … (1)
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
Given that, 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 6 = 0
 4𝑦 = −5𝑥 + 6
5 3
 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + … … (2)
4 2

And 10𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 45 = 0
 4𝑦 = 10𝑥 + 45
5 45
𝑦= 𝑥+ … … (3)
2 4

We know that, 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 … … (4)


Now comparing (2) and (3) with (4) we get,
5 5
𝑚1 = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2 =
4 2

From (1) we get,


5 5
− −
𝜃 = tan−1 4 2
5 5
1− .
4 4
−5−10
= tan−1 4
25
1− 8
−15
−1 4
= tan 8−25
8
30
So, 𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) (ans)
17

Exercises
1. Find the distance between the following points

a) 𝑃(5, − 3,2) and 𝑄(−4,3,8)


b) 𝑃(0,9,0) and 𝑄(8,0,4)
c) 𝑃(1,1, −1) and the origin
d) 𝑃(−4,0,5) and the origin
e) 𝑃(−3, −3, −8) and the origin

2. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (2,6), (6,-1).

3. Find the angle between two straight lines


𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5 = 0

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