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Analysis of Damage To The Existing Structure Under Distress

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Volume 8, Issue 6, June – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Analysis of Damage to the Existing


Structure under Distress
Shubham Gote 1, Nikhil Lole2, Tushar Katake3, Gauri Patil4
1,2,3
Student ,Trinity Academy of Engineering
4
Assistant Professor, Trinity Academy of Engineering

Abstract:- Recent advances have taken place in the area of projects have undergone several damage analyses. The
structural damage detection and localization using several findings demonstrated that various local non-load-bearing
approaches. Accessibility of cost-effective computing structural components, such as stress concentration corners,
memory and speed, advancement in sensor technology brick and concrete contact regions, precast floor seams, and
including remotely monitored sensors, headways within infilled walls, were susceptible to cracking.
the limited component strategy, adjustment of modular
testing and advancement of non-linear framework A audit is a thorough examination of the building's
distinguishing proof strategies bring out monstrous general health and function, much like how a doctor examines
specialized headways that have contributed to the a patient. A structural audit can assist you understand the
progression of modal-based harm discovery strategies. condition of a historic structure. The audit assists in
Propels in modal-based harm location strategies over the highlighting and analysing all risk essential sections, and
final 20-30 a long time have created unused methods for whether the facility need emergency maintenance. It examines
looking at vibration information for distinguishing proof the structural analysis of the current frame and emphasises the
of auxiliary harm. Harm characteristics and energetic weak structural components for static, wind, and seismic
push reaction of maturing stone work structures for blast- loads. and earthquake loads. If the building's user has shifted
induced ground movement were performed utilizing high- from home to commercial and industrial, this should highlight
order nearby modular examination strategy. A total the value of the transformation. The general health and
examination of harm sorts and areas of maturing stone effectiveness of a building depend on how well it is
work buildings due to burrow impacting vibration were maintained. As a structure ages, its usage (misuse) and
performed by on-site study. A commonplace 2-storey exposure to the environment.
maturing stone work building found over a burrow was
chosen for energetic reaction investigation. With propels in B. Problem statement
estimation advances and investigation apparatuses, the There are numerous antique buildings in India that have
utilize of damping to distinguish damage is getting to be a lost strength. The lives of the residents and those living nearby
center of expanding consideration within the harm may be at danger if further usage of this dilapidated building is
location community. undertaken. The right steps should next be taken in order to
improve structfural 3392ntended3392ce and bring ack the
Keywords:- Structural Damage, RCC Structures. 3392ntended function of structures. Therefore, it is crucial to
conduct a structural audit of buildings currently in use and
I. INTRODUCTION carry out maintenance and repair work on a timely basis in
order to extend the life of the structure and ensure the safety of
A. General its residents.
Concrete is the second most commodityafter water main
used by mankind All Concrete that is currently in use will C. Aim
undergo chemical changes. RCC Structures are known to To investigate and evaluate the harm done to the
degrade over time and become obsolete after a given amount distressed existing structures and recommend corrective
of time. of time RCC Structures Buildings surrounding tunnel actions for strengthening, repairs, and rehabilitation.
blasting projects have undergone several damage analyses.
The growing emphasis on buildings being environmentally D.Objective
friendly brings up the value of upkeep. It is necessary to carry  To study the type of structural defects.
out maintenance work as soon as a structure is finished and  To identify any signs of material detoriation.
placed into use in order to guarantee that it operates at a  To identify any signs of structural distress and
satisfactory level. Frequent vibration brought on by tunnel deformation.
blasting exacerbates structure damage and may result with  To identify any alteration and addition in the structure.
major system failure. Buildings surrounding tunnel blasting  The remedies for the restoration of the structure.

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Volume 8, Issue 6, June – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
E. Scope of Study C. “Structure Audit of Buildings’ Perspective and
The first responsibility is to increase life of the building Challenges inKenya”
thus by saving the work indirectly saving the man power,raw This article intends to raise awareness among
materials , time and capital. To find damage area of the construction stakeholders (governments, architects, civil
building and to repair it immediately. Which can lead to the engineers, citizens, and owners) about the Structural Audit,
proper maintainace of the building as the damages are which is a health check of existing concrete buildings. The
repaired time to time and taken well care of . Another need over structural audit typically occurs for the maintenance
important task of the analysisof damage to the esisting and repair of existing buildings that have surpassed the age of
structure under distress is to know the real condition of the 30 years to try to avoid errors and save useful human life;
building whether it is safe for dwelling as safety is the major however, structural audit becomes essential in cases of
priority of the fresidents and the localities thus safety is an continuous building collapse, as was the case in Kenya. The
important aspect kept in mind while undertaking the analysis material is a common building material due to its low cost,
of the existing structure under distress. ease of shaping in a plastic form, and high strength-to-cost
ratio. The building sector is more concerned than ever with
II. LITERATURE REVIEW improving the social, economic, and environmental criteria of
sustainability.
A. " Analysis on Health Superve of Structure of Building"
(Assistant Professor Khanjunaid, Shaikhs M.D. Shakib D. "Structural Analysis for Buildings" (A.B. Mahadik and Mr.
and M.D. Kasheef, Adeel Ahmed, and Humeraanjum) This H. Jaiswal)
study aims to raise awareness among civil engineers on the This document aims to raise awareness among civil
health examination of buildings made of concrete, which is engineers, inhabitants, and building owners about the
nothing more than a structural audit, among residents, the Structural Audit, which is a health check of existing concrete
owners, bridges, and buildings. The building is being buildings. The purpose for structural audit is to avoid mishaps
examined for overall health and function, much like a doctor and save valuable human life years. Concrete is frequently
would a patient. The building needs to guarantee that all utilised as a construction material due to its low cost, ease of
occupants are safe and at no risk. A structural audit is a useful construction, and good strength-to-cost ratio. The building
tool for determining the real state of historic buildings, but it sector is more concerned than ever with improving the social,
should only be used to maintain and repair existing structures economic, and environmental criteria of sustainability. In
whose lifespan has exceeded 30 years in order to avert harm India, from 1980 to the present, the infrastructure business has
and save priceless lives of people. Now a days life of the seen an increase in public investment and expansion, resulting
building is being examined for overall health and function, in the construction material due to its low cost, ease of
much like a doctor would a patient. The building needs to construction, and good strength-to-cost ratio. The building
guarantee that all occupants are safe and at no risk. A sector is more concerned than ever with improving the social,
structural audit is a good tool for assessing the true status of a economic, and environmental sustainability. In India, from
historic structure that is 60 years old rather than 100 years old. 1980 to the present, the infrastructureconstruction of new
For these reasons, we need to undertake a structural audit of multistory concrete apartmentswhich are already more than
the building every 15 years to see if it is safe or not, and if not, thirty years old. Many structures throughout this century and
what corrective steps should be taken. earlier have lost strength over time owing to structural
deficiencies, material deterioration, unforeseen over loadings,
B. “A Case Report of a Residential Structure in Maharashtra, or physical damage. If such a deteriorating structure is used
India" (Dr.A.W.Dhawale) for an extended period of time, it may endanger the lives of
The building's life cycle can be divided into four phases: the people and the surrounding community. All such building
architectural planning, structural design, construction, and structures require appropriate actions and processes to enhance
maintenance. Most buildings take the most care in the first their efficiency and recover the intended functions for the
three instances, but maintenance is often overlooked. Over buildings, which can result in an increase in their useful life.
time, neglect of maintaining produces severe structural Periodic structural audits and health diagnostics of existing
deterioration in a building. A large percentage of structures buildings are therefore essential for assessing structural
developed in the previous 23 to 30 years are in serious viability.
structural distress and require repair; hence, these structures
require an annual structural analysis to check their health. In E. “The Building Structure Audit” (Patil S.R, Prof G.A)
light of the findings of this survey, inferences regarding the Construction Engineering Industry is one of the oldest
building's structural condition and required repairs can be sectors, supplying a basic infrastructure for all humans.
drawn. This article explores audit cost estimation Structures can be of any type, including historical, heritage,
methodologies. existent constructions whose life has exceeded residential, commercial, and industrial structures. Any
the age of 30 years. structure has a service life, and within that service life, it
should remain firmly in place. For example, the Taj Mahal in
India's Agra city is one of the oldest structures and one of the

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Volume 8, Issue 6, June – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Seven Wonders of the World, and it still stands extremely rebound hammer crashes against the surface of concrete, a
well. However, this is not required of today's Structures. The spring-controlled force with constant energy impacts of a
number of collapsed mechanisms is rising and today's spring-controlled mass that slides bounces back. The extent of
structures are collapsing while their service life is fulfilled. As rebound, which is a measure of surface hardness, is measured
a result, it is advisable to monitor it on a regular basis and seek on a graduated scale. This measured value is designated as
professional advice. Structural preliminary technical survey of Rebound Number (rebound index). A concrete with low
a building to assess its overall health as a civil engineering strength and low stiffness will absorb more energy to yield in
structure is known as an audit. It is usually the initial stage in a lower rebound value.
the repair process. In this project, the root cause of a faulty
structure mechanism and preventive strategies to overcome the When the rebound hammer is driven on the surface of the
failure of this structure are investigated. concrete, the spring-controlled mass and the extent of this
rebound is determined of the concrete. The surface hardness,
F. “Summary of Literature on Structural Analysis of Several and hence the rebound, are thought to be connected to the
Structures” concrete's compressive strength.objectives is to Determine the
In recent years, there have been events involving the concrete's compressive strength by connecting the rebound
collapse of numerous bridges and structures. This study index and the compressive strength,To determine the
discusses the many factors associated with structural auditing consistency of the concrete, Determine the quality of the
of constructions. Civil engineers have been witnessed carrying concrete using established specifications.
out structural audits of numerous big buildings. However, the
audit includes a variety of elements that are unique to each
organisation.The auditing process and the reconstruction of
the superstructure differ slightly.

III. METHODOLOGY

A. General
Existing structural damage assessment methods provide
varying magnitudes of SDI (or GDI) since they use different
reaction parameters, resulting in a contradictory scenario to
choose the most appropriate one (Hait et al., 2020). In this
study, structural DI was calculated for an eight-story RC
frame building using 14 distinct accessible methods for seven
pairs of ground motions. Fig 1- Rebound Hammer Test Graph

B. Methodology Rebound ihammer itest method can be used to


 Carrying out a preliminary inspection of the residential differentiate the acceptable and questionable parts of a
building. spring-loaded mass striking the surface of a sample. The test
 Architectural and residential building preparation. hammer strikes the concrete with an established quantity of
 Visual assessment to identify crucial areas. force. The structure or a rebound hammer or concrete
 The effectiveness of NDT testing. hammer test, is a device to measure the elastic properties or
strength of concrete or rock, mainly surface hardness and
 Determine the building's strength.
penetration resistance. It was invented by Ernst Schmidt, a
 Suggestions for corrective action.
Swiss engineer.A measures the rebound of a spring-loaded
mass striking the surface of a sample. The test hammer strikes
C. Tests :
the concrete with an established quantity of force. Its rebound
 Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test. is affected by the hardness of the concrete and examined by
 Concrete core evaluation test equipment.
 The carbonation test.
 Hammer rebound test. The rebound value can be used to calculate the
compressive strength of concrete using a conversion chart.
 Rebound Hammer Test The rebound reading will be modified by the hammer's
Rebound Hammer test is a Non-destructive testing orientation: when applied upward (for example, on the bottom
method of concrete which provide a convenient and rapid of a hung slab), gravity will increase the mass's rebound
indication of The rebound hammer, also known as the Schmidt distance, and vice versa for a test performed on a floor slab.
hammer, is made out of a spring-controlled mass that slides on (ii) type n-2.207 nm impact energy, and (iii) type n-2.207 nm
a plunger inside a tubular chassis. Figure 1 depicts the impact energy.
functioning of a rebound hammer. When the plunger of a

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Volume 8, Issue 6, June – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Manufacturer A. Rebound Hammer Test
Take twelve readings, removing the highest and lowest, The rebound hammer test was performed on 15 points.
and then calculating the average of the 10 remaining. This The The tensile strength of every specimen remained more
type of testing is classified as indirect since it does not provide than 10 MPa. The surface strength of these columns is
a direct measurement of the material's strength. It just provides determined to be within a range of 21.60 MPa and not more
an indicator based on surface traits and is thus only useful for than 36.30 MPa, with an average value 27.58MPa.
evaluating samples. Astm C805 governs this concrete testing
procedure. The process for testing rock is laid out in ASTM Table 2 Rebound Hammer And Upv Strength Column
D5873. REBOUND HAMMER UPV

 UPV (Ultrasonic pulse velocity) test Maximum 36.30 Maximum 2.73


The ultrasonic pulse velocity method is used to examine
the quality of concrete in accordance with IS: 13311 (Part 1) - Minimum 21.60 Minimum 0.50
1992. When the concrete quality is good in terms of density, Average= 27.58 Average= 1.29
uniformity, homogeneity, and so on, the velocity is relatively
higher. A. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test - 15 samples were
Pulse velocity=(Path length) subjected to this test. The surface of two of the samples was
determined to be unsatisfactory. The ultrasonic pulse velocity
Separation of transducer leads: When measuring transit of these columns is determined to be between 0.50Km/S and
times, it is best to keep the two transducer wires from coming 2.73Km/S, with an average ultrasonic pulse velocity of
into correspondence with each other. If this is not done, the 1.29Km/S. Due to site conditions, all samples had to be tested
receiver lead may pick up unnecessary signals from the using the Indirect Method.
transmitting lead, resulting in an erroneous delay in the transit
readout. B. CONCLUSIONS
 Concrete Core Test: The following conclusions are formed in this chapter
The width of core samples used to assess concrete's based on the preceding results and discussion. The building is
compressive strength shall be at least three times the nominal suffering from category four damage.The principle fixes are
maximum size of fine aggregate used in the building material required at several levels.The visual inspection and
and at least double the nominal limit size of coarse material appearance of concrete structure ,combination with The
used in the concrete. in the core sample: advanced instrumental control and different physical and
chemical methods of the analysis of the material(concrete and
Table 1: Correction factor constituents- cement matrix and aggregates. And also
Reinforcement ),as well as the environment, provides valuable
Ratio of cylinder to diameter Strength correction information about the types and history of loading, resulted in
(L/D) factor the damage , and helps in investigation of structure failure.
1.75 0.98 Different types of source of damage in concrete structure are
1.50 0.96 reviewed. The simple and convenient classification of damge
1.25 0.93 by source, which includes chemical attack, higher,
1.00 0.87 overloading by static and dynamic(inpact and earthquakes
),loads and malicious damage(which covers faulty
Keep the specimens moist between removal from water maintaiance, human mistakes and wrecking),is suggested for
storage and testing by covering with a wet blanket of hessian practicing engineering . the two case studies are reported ,
or other suitable absorbent fabric." If the length to diameter which helps the practicing engineer in making damage
ratio of the specimen is less than 1.94, use the adjustment investigation and development recommendation
factors given in Fig. 1.
To minimise further degradation of the structure, the
repair work should begin as soon as possible. All plants should
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
be removed as soon as possible.Any delay in structural repair
Rebounding hammer test and Ultrasonic pulse velocity work might result in additional degradation and an increase in
test were carried out on various RCC Members. The rebound labour costs. Slabs with fine latent cracks should be mended
hammer test results include the following components that are using an overlay such as chemically altered hydraulic cement
floor, Average of selected limit and the strength in Mpa concrete or mortar or oxide fume concretei.unsound material
.similarly the ultra sonic pulse velocity result Include the should be replaced;, it should be cleaned to reduce oxidation,
component distance in mm, time in µ S and the type of test and extra reinforcement must be given. Minor cracks should

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Volume 8, Issue 6, June – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
be repaired with epoxy injection or grouting procedures. The [25]. Guide to concrete repair, United States Department of
infrastructures in question include all sorts of buildings, the InteriorJan 2002pp W G Smoak
communication facilities, energy generating and distribution [26]. Control of cracking in concretenJan 2006pp Control of
facilities, factories, roadways, water resource places of work, cracking in concrete, Transportation Research Board,
and urban water systems. They are supposed to be useful, Transportation Research Circular E-C107, 2006, 46 pp.
durable, and safe for extended periods of time, often 50 to [27]. Damage assessment and rehabilitation of concrete
more than 100 yearsi. They are potentially vulnerable to the structures: Three case stn December 2002
effects and extremes of climate and weather such as droughts, [28]. Testing and evaluation on the fire harms and damages of
flooding, heat waves, high winds, stromsurges, wildfire, and concrete structuren January 1998 H . DuX . Zhang J. Han
accumulated ice and snow, and for rehabilitation of structure
and preventing damage in future. infrastructure systems and
facilities.

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[1]. CPWD handbook on repairs and maintenance


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[5]. ACI 546R-04 – Concrete repair guide.
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