Channel in Electronics

Communication System
Prepared By:
Prof. N. D. Mehta
Assistant Professor,
Power Electronics Engineering,
Vishwakarma Government Engineering College,
Chandkheda – 382424
Communication System

Input Transmitted
Signal Signal

Received
Signal
output
Signal
 Channel in Electronic
Communication System
◼ A communication channel refers either to a
physical transmission medium such as a wire, or to
a logical connection over a multiplexed medium such as a
radio channel in telecommunications and computer
networking.
◼ A channel is used to convey an information signal, for
example a digital bit stream, from one or
several senders (or transmitters) to one or
several receivers.
◼ A channel has a certain capacity for transmitting
information, often measured by its bandwidth in Hz or
its data rate in bits per second.
 Glass Media
• Core of silica, extruded glass or plastic
• Single-mode is 0.06 of a micron in diameter
• Multimode = 0.5 microns
• Cladding can be Kevlar, fibreglass or even steel
• Outer coating made from fire-proof plastic

➢ Advantages ➢ Disadvantages
➢ Can be installed over long ➢ Most expensive media to
distances purchase and install
➢ Rigorous guidelines for
➢ Provides large amounts of
installation
bandwidth
➢ Not susceptible to EMI RFI

➢ Can not be easily tapped

(secure)
History of Optical Fibre
Communication
◼ Fiber optics deals with study of propagation of light
through transparent dielectric waveguides. The fiber
optics are used for transmission of data from point to
point location.
◼ Fiber optic systems currently used most extensively as
the transmission line between terrestrial hardwired
systems.
◼ The carrier frequencies used in conventional systems
had the limitations in handling the volume and rate of
the data transmission. The greater the carrier frequency
larger the available bandwidth and information carrying
capacity.
History of Optical Fibre
Communication
History of optical fibers
First generation
◼ The first generation of light wave systems uses GaAs
semiconductor laser and operating region was near 0.8
μm. Other specifications of this generation are as under:
◼ Bit rate : 45 Mb/s
◼ Repeater spacing : 10 km
Second generation
◼ Bit rate: 100 Mb/s to 1.7 Gb/s
◼ Repeater spacing: 50 km
◼ Operation wavelength: 1.3 μm
◼ Semiconductor: In GaAsP
History of optical fibers
Third generation
◼ Bit rate : 10 Gb/s
◼ Repeater spacing: 100 km
◼ Operating wavelength: 1.55 μm
Fourth generation
◼ Fourth generation uses WDM technique.
◼ Bit rate: 10 Tb/s
◼ Repeater spacing: > 10,000 km
◼ Operating wavelength: 1.45 to 1.62 μm
History of optical fibers
Fifth generation
◼ Fifth generation uses Roman amplification technique
and optical solitiors.
◼ Bit rate: 40 - 160 Gb/s
◼ Repeater spacing: 24000 km - 35000 km
◼ Operating wavelength: 1.53 to 1.57 μm
What are optical fibers
◼ Optical fiber is the technology associated with data
transmission using light pulses traveling along with a
long fiber which is usually made of plastic or glass.
◼ Metal wires are preferred for transmission in optical
fiber communication as signals travel with fewer
damages. Optical fibers are also unaffected by
electromagnetic interference.
◼ The fiber optical cable uses the application of total
internal reflection of light. The fibers are designed such
that they facilitate the propagation of light along with the
optical fiber depending on the requirement of power and
distance of transmission.
What are optical fibers
◼ Single-mode fiber is used for long-distance transmission
while multimode fiber is used for shorter distances. The
outer cladding of these fibers needs better protection
than metal wires.
Fiber optic technology
◼ Information Source
◼ Optical Fiber Transmission medium
◼ Destinations
Sources of light
◼ Light emitting diodes
◼ Lasers
Sources
◼ Modulate electrical signals into optical signals
◼ Mostly modulate at 850nm, 1300nm and 1550
nm
◼ Lasers give high intensity, high frequency light
◼ LEDs are economical
Transmission medium
◼ Optical fiber is replacing copper
◼ Light is used as the carrier of information
◼ Much higher data rate
Physics of optical fibers
◼ Index of refraction of material : ratio of speed of
light in vacuum to speed of light in medium
◼ Refraction of light : bending of light as it travels
from one media to another
Refraction of light
◼ Speed of light
changes as it across
the boundary of
two media
◼ Angles w.r.t normal
Refraction Indices
◼ Vacuum…….1.00000 (exactly)
◼ Air ……1.00029
◼ Alcohol ......1.329
◼ Diamond ...... 2.417
◼ Glass ........ 1.5
◼ Ice ....... 1.309
◼ Sodium Chloride (Salt) .... 1.544
◼ Sugar Solution (80%) ........ 1.49
◼ Water (20 C) ................ 1.333
 Snell’s Law

◼ Critical angle: Angle of incidence at which angle

of refraction = 900
Total internal reflection
◼ Trapping light in the fiber
Fibers can be bent!!

Fig: Illustration of total internal reflection

Types of optical fibers
◼ The types of optical fibers depend on the refractive
index, materials used, and mode of propagation of light.
◼ The classification based on the refractive index is as
follows:
◼ Step Index Fibers: It consists of a core surrounded by
the cladding which has a single uniform index of
refraction.
◼ Graded Index Fibers: The refractive index of the
optical fiber decreases as the radial distance from the
fiber axis increases.
Types of optical fibers
◼ The classification based on the materials used is as
follows:
◼ Plastic Optical Fibers: The polymethylmethacrylate is
used as a core material for the transmission of the light.
◼ Glass Fibers: It consists of extremely fine glass fibers.
◼ The classification based on the mode of propagation of
light is as follows:
• Single-Mode Fibers: These fibers are used for long-
distance transmission of signals.
• Multimode Fibers: These fibers are used for short-
distance transmission of signals.
Types of optical fibers
◼ The mode of propagation and refractive index of the
core is used to form four combination types of optic
fibers as follows:
• Step index-single mode fibers
• Graded index-Single mode fibers
• Step index-Multimode fibers
• Graded index-Multimode fibers
Working of optical fibers
◼ The optical fiber works on the principle of total internal
reflection.
◼ Light rays can be used to transmit a huge amount of
data but there is a problem here – the light rays travel in
straight lines.
◼ So unless we have a straight long wire without any
bends at all, harnessing this advantage will be very
tedious. Instead, the optical cables are designed such
that they bend all the light rays’ inwards (using TIR).
Working of optical fibers
◼ Light rays travel continuously, bouncing off the optical
fiber walls and transmitting end to end data. Although
light signals do degrade over progressing distances,
depending on the purity of the material used, the loss is
much less compared to using metal cables.
Working of optical fibers
◼ A Fibre Optic Relay System consists of the following
components:
• The Transmitter – It produces the light signals and
encodes them to fit to transmit.
• The Optical Fibre – The medium for transmitting the
light pulse (signal).
• The Optical Receiver – It receives the transmitted light
pulse (signal) and decodes them to be fit to use.
• The Optical Regenerator – Necessary for long-distance
data transmission.
Need of FOC Communication
◼ Fiber optic communication system has emerged as
most important communication system. Compared to
traditional system because of following requirements:
◼ 1. In long haul transmission system there is need of low
loss transmission medium
◼ 2. There is need of compact and least weight
transmitters and receivers.
◼ 3. There is need of increase dspan of transmission.
◼ 4. There is need of increased bit rate-distrance product.
◼ A fiber optic communication system fulfills these
requirements, hence most widely accepted
Block Diagram of OFCS
Losses in optical fibers
◼ Attenuation loss
◼ Dispersion loss
◼ Waveguide loss
Splices and Connectors
◼ To connect to fibers mechanically or by fusion
◼ Lot of signal loss possible
◼ Very accurate alignment necessary
◼ Most important cost factor
◼ Now being replaced by optical amplifiers
Optical Receivers
◼ Must be very sensitive
◼ Capable of picking up and amplifying signals of
nanowatts
◼ Photodiodes and phototransistors
◼ These devices get ‘turned ON’ by light
◼ Produce photocurrent
Advantages of optical fibers
◼ Wide Bandwidth
◼ Low losses
◼ Immune to Cross talk
◼ Interference Immune
◼ Light weight
◼ Small size
◼ More strength
◼ Security
◼ Long distance transmission
◼ Environment immune
Advantages of optical fibers
◼ Sage and easy installation
◼ Less cost
Disadvantages of optical
fibers
◼ High initial cost
◼ High Maintenance and repairing cost
◼ The fiber joining process is very costly and
requires skilled manpower.
◼ Optical fibers are more susceptible to buckling,
bending and tensile stress than copper cables.
◼ Even though optical fiber cables are inexpensive,
it is still not cost effective to replace every small
conventional connector (e.g. between computers
and peripherals), as the price of optoelectronic
transducers are very high.
Disadvantages of optical
fibers
◼ The amount of optical fiber available to the photo
detector at the end of fiber length depends on
various fiber losses such as scattering,
dispersion, attenuation and reflection.
Queries