One Health Strategic Plan

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

2019–2023
E HEALT
ON H
HUMAN ANIMAL
HEALTH HEALTH
SU ENVIRONMENTAL
T
Y
HEALTH
S TA IL I
IN A B
Federal Ministry of Health
Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Federal Ministry of Environment
One Health Strategic Plan 2019–2023
Copyright ©2019 Federal Ministry of Health, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
and Federal Ministry of Environment
This publication was produced by Federal Ministry of Health, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development and Federal Ministry of Environment
All rights reserved.
Design and Layout by Boboye Onduku/Blo’comms, 2019

ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN
2019–2023
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA

CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS IV
FOREWORD VI
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VII
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IX
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Country Profile: Nigeria 1
1.1.1 Geography and Population 1
1.1.2 Economic Activities 1
1.1.3 Administrative Structure 1
1.1.4 Human and Animal Health Systems in Nigeria 3
1.1.5 Biodiversity and Wildlife Resources 5
2. ONE HEALTH SITUATION ANALYSIS 7
2.1 Zoonoses 7
2.1.1 Burden of Zoonoses in Africa 7
2.1.2 Burden of Zoonoses in Nigeria 7
2.1.3 Prioritisation of Zoonotic Diseases in Nigeria 8
2.2 Antimicrobial Resistance 8
2.3 Environmental Health 10
2.4 Surveillance 11
2.4.1 Surveillance for Zoonotic Diseases in Nigeria 11
2.5 AMR Surveillance 17
2.6 IHR 2005 Enactment and Implementation 19
2.7 Nigeria IHR Core Capacities Assessment 19
2.7.1 Key JEE Findings 19
2.7.2. Core Capacities Assessment Strengths 22
2.7.3 Areas that Need Improvement 24
2.7.4 Key Priority Actions Recommendations as it Relates to
One Health 24
2.7.5 SWOT Analysis of One Health in Nigeria 25
II FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

CONTENTS
3. ONE HEALTH IN NIGERIA 29

3.1 Nigeria Centre for Disease Control 29
3.2 Department of Veterinary and Pest Control, Federal Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Development 30
3.3 National One Health Coordinating Structure 32
3.1.1 National One Health Steering Committee 32
3.1.2 National One Health Technical Committee 33
3.1.3 National One Health Coordinating Unit (NOHCU) 34
4. ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN 36
4.1 Vision, Mission, Goals and Core Values of One Health 36
4.1.1 Vision 36
4.1.2 Mission 36
4.1.3 Goals 36
4.1.4 Core Values 36
4.1.5 Themes and Thematic Goals 37
4.1.6 Guiding Principles 37
5. FIVE-YEAR STRATEGIC PLAN FOR ONE HEALTH IN NIGERIA 38
6. ONE-YEAR IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 46
7. MONITORING & EVALUATION FRAMEWORK FOR THE ONE HEALTH
STRATEGIC PLAN 54
REFERENCES 62
CONTRIBUTIONS 63
III FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AEFI Adverse Events Following Immunization

AFENET African Field Epidemiology Network
ARIS Animal Resource Information System
AU-IBAR African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources
BEP Bio-security Engagement Program
BLIS Basic Laboratory Information System
DVPCS Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
EID Emerging Infectious Disease
EPR Epidemic Preparedness and Response
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FCT Federal Capital Territory
FEC Federal Executive Council
FMARD Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
FMoH Federal Ministry of Health
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GHSA Global Health Security Agenda
GIS Global Implementation Solutions
IDSR Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response
IHR International Health Regulations
IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature
JEE Joint External Evaluation
NADIS National Animal Disease Information and Surveillance
NCDC Nigeria Centre for Disease Control
NCH National Council on Health
NFELTP Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program
NUC National University Commission
IV FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

INTRODUCTION
OIE Office Internationale des Epizooties /

World Organization for Animal Health
PHEIC Public Health Emergency of International Concern
POE Points of Entry
PPP Purchasing Power Parity
REDISSE Regional Disease Surveillance System Enhancement
RRT Rapid Response Team
SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SMS Short Message Service
SORMAS Surveillance Outbreak Response Management and Analysis System
STI Sexually Transmitted Infection
SWOT Strength Weakness Opportunities and Threats
TADs Transboundary Animal Diseases
UMB University of Maryland Baltimore
WAHIS World Animal Health Information System
WHO World Health Organization
V FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

FOREWORD
One Health is an approach to designing and implementing programs, policies,

legislations and research in which multiple sectors plan, communicate and work together
to achieve better public health outcomes for the human, animal, and environment
sectors. The world is confronted with a recurrent epidemics and other public health
events that impact negatively on human health but whose origin may be traced to non-
human sources. Disease occurrence and spread is related to environmental factors,
animal health, climate change and other human activities such as travel, urbanisation
and globalisation. Diseases at the human-animal ecosystem interface (e.g. zoonotic
diseases, water/food borne diseases, vector borne diseases) continue to pose threats to
humans and animals with increasingly significant morbidity and mortality. Worse still, of
the estimated 1400 diseases known to affect man, 60% are of animal (zoonotic) origin.
Similarly, of the emerging infectious diseases reported globally, 75% are of zoonotic
nature. In Nigeria, catastrophic effects of zoonotic diseases such as Ebola, Lassa fever,
Dengue, rabies and yellow fever have been reported in the last 5 years. The increased
burden of zoonotic diseases is a result of increasing human population growth and
therefore increased need for food (need for farming and animal as sources of food),
human encroachment on ecosystems that are high risk for diseases transmission, closer
integration with animals /wildlife and rapid urbanisation. It is therefore imperative that
we embrace the One Health approach to confront the ever-increasing disease burden
affecting Africa in general and Nigeria in particular.
Many microbes co-exist with animals and humans. Considering the impact of the
human-animal-ecosystem interface on health, the need for a coordinated multi-sectoral
approach to address the attendant health risks associated with such interface has been
emphasized. A One Health approach is known to be important in most spheres of public
health such as food safety, control of zoonoses, antimicrobial resistance, surveillance,
outbreak response and human resource strengthening. In Nigeria, some strides have
been made in implementing a One Health approach and these include the successful
control of epidemic-prone diseases like H5N1 avian influenza, Ebola virus diseases,
Monkey pox, Lassa fever and yellow fever. The Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory
Training Program, a public health workforce development strategy, is also an important
intervention aimed at promoting the One Health approach which continuously builds
the capacity of medical doctors, veterinarians, laboratory scientists and environmental
scientists especially in outbreak control and research.
In line with the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA), the Federal Government has
VI FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

FOREWORD
taken the initiative leveraging on the gains already made, by institutionalising One
Health within the structures of relevant MDAs. It is envisioned that One Health-focused
projects like the Regional Disease Surveillance System Enhancement (REDISSE) will make
invaluable contribution to this process. For the timely prevention and control of zoonoses
and other emergencies, the Federal Government recognises the need to join forces
across sectors vis a vis sharing of epidemiological data including laboratory information
or public health events. It is against this backdrop that that the NCDC, in collaboration
with other Ministries, Departments and Agencies, has developed a 5-year strategic
plan and a 1-year implementation plan for One Health in Nigeria (2019-2023). This
plan was jointly developed with Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services in
the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Federal Ministry of Health,
Federal Ministry of Environment, Academia, development partners, the private sector
as well as non-governmental organisations. The plan addresses some of the gaps
identified in the Joint External Evaluation of the IHR core capacities. The plan reflects
the shared commitment to enhance multi-sectoral collaborations in addressing human-
animal ecosystem public health challenges. If successfully implemented, the plan will
institutionalise One Health, address zoonotic diseases, enhance food safety and security,
improve livelihoods of many Nigerians and keep Nigeria heathier and safer. We call
upon you all to support the implementation of the One Health strategy.
HONOURABLE MINISTER OF HEALTH
HONOURABLE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
HONOURABLE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT
VII FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control wishes to thank all those who contributed to
the successful completion of the five-year strategic plan for the implementation of One
Health in Nigeria.
We are grateful for the financial support from the Global Implementation Solutions and
the invaluable support from our other partners who contributed to the development of
this plan. These include the WHO, US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, US
Department of State, Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, and
African Field Epidemiology Network.
We also appreciate individuals and organisations that provided expert opinion, essential
inputs and valuable comments on the initial drafts that preceded the final document.
These include experts from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, University of Ibadan
Nigeria and University of Jos, Nigeria.
A full list of contributors to this plan is provided after the references.
Chikwe Ihekweazu
DR. CHIKWE IHEKWEAZU
DIRECTOR GENERAL, NIGERIA CENTRE FOR DISEASE CONTROL (NCDC)
VIII FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Nigeria, with a population of nearly 200 million and an annual estimated growth rate
of 2.6% is faced with an increasing infectious and non-communicable disease burden.
Among the infectious diseases are zoonotic diseases. Successful control of zoonotic
diseases calls for a multi-sectoral approach to prevention and control. Multisectoral
“One Health” approach is also required for other public health threats at the human-
animal- ecosystem interface. These include food safety and security, antimicrobial
resistance and emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases with consequent spill over
from animals to humans and vice versa. Therefore, a robust One Health approach is
required in tackling these health issues. One Health is an approach to designing and
implementing programs, policies, legislations and research in which multiple sectors
plan, communicate and work together to achieve better public health outcomes for all
the sectors.
A jointly developed One Health strategic plan will allow human, animal (including
wildlife), environment and other expertise to work collaboratively to prevent, detect and
respond to emerging and re-emerging diseases from this interface. Nigeria conducted
its Joint External Evaluation for International Health Regulations core capacities in June
2017 with strengths identified in the One Health space.
These included successful control of zoonotic diseases such as H5N1 Avian influenza,
Ebola, Yellow fever, Monkey pox and Lassa fever. A multidisciplinary surveillance and
outbreak response capacity building program in the field epidemiology and laboratory
training program has been implemented since 2008 and has trained close to 400 field
epidemiologists in the human, animal and laboratory health sectors. Over 1000 public
health officers have completed the ‘frontline’ FETP. In July2017, NCDC convened a
multi-sectoral group of experts that prioritised zoonotic diseases in Nigeria using a pre-
defined international criterion for zoonosis prioritization.
The prioritisation helps focus the limited resources on “the highest burden conditions”.
The implementation of Regional Disease Surveillance System Enhancement (REDISSE)
project being financed by the government through a credit facility from the World Bank
and domiciled in NCDC is also being implemented through a One Health approach. A
One Health approach was also used for an antimicrobial resistance (AMR) situational
analysis and development of an AMR National Action Plan. Despite these progress
in the One Health space, there still exists gaps in zoonotic disease surveillance and
outbreak response. Additionally, a coordinated institutionalised long-term plan for One
Health was identified as a gap that needed to be addressed in the JEE. NCDC therefore
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
convened its One Health stakeholders from MDAs in health, agriculture, environment,
academia, development partners, private sector and non-governmental organisations
to undertake a situation analysis and develop an implementation plan for One Health
in Nigeria.
The Nigeria One Health initiative with the coordination of NCDC has the vision of creating
a nation of healthy people and animals living in a balanced ecosystem. The mission
is to build a strategic, dynamic and functional platform that advances human, animal
and environmental health through multidisciplinary and inter-sectoral collaboration.
This would be achieved through creating partnerships, leadership and coordination,
using a skilled workforce with an emphasis on research, innovation and development.
The plan will be implemented through five thematic areas, namely - surveillance and
response, training and research, governance and leadership, communication and
resource mobilization.
If successfully implemented the plans will lead to:
• A sustainable and institutionalised One Health platform at all government levels
• A strategic, integrated, safe and secure research agenda and sustained capacity for
implementation of OH initiative in Nigeria
• Increased awareness of OH for all stakeholders
• Enhanced Government and other stakeholders’ commitment and support for the OH
platform
• Effective prevention, detection and response to public health threats through the OH
approach
Additionally, implementation of the One Health strategy will lead to strengthening the
IHR core-capacities, Office Internationale des Epizooties’ guidelines on PHEICs, and
eventually lead to a safer, healthier Nigeria. The plan will also realise the goals of the
National Action Plan for Health Security (NAPHS) which include National Action Plan
on Antimicrobial Resistance amongst others in alignment with the NCDC Strategy and
Implementation Plan: Idea to Reality, 2017-2021and existing plans for the Department
of Veterinary and Pest Control, FMARD and Federal Ministry of Environment.
X FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

1.0 Introduction
1.1 Country Profile: Nigeria

1.1.1 Geography and Population
Nigeria is located in West Africa along the Atlantic Ocean’s Gulf of Guinea. The
country’s land borders are with Republics of Benin to the west, Cameroon to the
east, Chad to the northeast, and Niger to the north. It has a land area of 356,667
square miles (923,768km2) and a coastline area of 530miles. It is the most populous
country in Africa with a population of about 196 million (2018) and a projected
annual population growth rate of 2.6%.
The country has two major seasons each year: dry season from October to March
and the rainy season from April to September. Natural disasters with outstanding
health emergencies are not frequent in Nigeria except for seasonal flooding and
consequently, internally displacement of persons. Adverse effects of diseases are
often exaggerated by low socioeconomic status, low level of education, less than
optimal health care services, poor transportation and communication.
1.1.2 Economic Activities

Nigeria is a culturally diverse middle-income, mixed economy and an emerging
market, with expanding manufacturing, financial, service, communications,
technology, and entertainment sectors. It is ranked as the 21st largest economy
in the world in terms of nominal GDP, and the 20th largest in terms of purchasing
power parity. It is the largest economy in Africa; its re-emergent manufacturing sector
became the largest on the continent in 2013. As a regional power, the Nigerian
economy represents about 55% of West Africa’s GDP (African Development Bank,
2013), and accounts for 64 percent of GDP based on purchasing power parity
(PPP) valuation of the fifteen- member countries in the ECOWAS sub-region. It
produces a large proportion of goods and services for the West African sub-region.
1.1.3 Administrative Structure

Nigeria is a federal republic with three tiers of government: Federal (central), State
and Local levels. It is divided into 6 geopolitical zones – North West, North East, North
Central, South West, South East and South South – composed of 36 states and a
federal capital territory. At the state level, the relevant Ministry of Local Government
and Chieftaincy Affairs, or Bureau of Local Government Affairs, is responsible for
the administration of state- level Acts governing local authorities. Local government
1 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

1.0 INTRODUCTION
exists in a single tier across all states. There are 768 local government authorities
(LGAs) and six FCT area councils ToTaling 774 authorities. The Head of State and
Head of Government is the President, who is democratically elected by the people
of Nigeria. The national assembly comprises an elected House of Representatives
and an elected Senate. The Senate and House of Representatives have 109 and
360 members respectively providing legislative functions of the government.
SOKOTO
KATSINA
JIGAWA YOBE
ZAMFARA
KEBBI BORNO
KANO
KADUNA BAUCHI
GOMBE
NIGER ADAMAWA
PLATEAU
KWARA FCT
NASARAWA
OYO
TARABA
EKITI KOGI
OSUN
BENUE
ONDO
OGUN
EDO ENUGU
RA
LAGOS
ANAMB
EBONYI GEOPOLITICAL ZONES

CROSS NORTH EAST
DELTA IMO ABIA RIVER
NORTH WEST
AKWA NORTH CENTRAL
RIVERS
IBOM
BAYELSA SOUTH EAST
SOUTH WEST
SOUTH SOUTH
Map of Nigeria showing the 36 states and the Federal Capital
Territory (FCT) Abuja and the six geopolitical zones

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1.4 Human and Animal Health Systems in Nigeria

The Nigeria’s National Health Act (2014) and Animal Disease Control Act provides
the legal framework for regulation, development and management of both National
Health System and Animal Health sub-sectors setting standards in rendering the
health services in the Nigerian federation. The acts are an embodiment of human
and animal health emergency laws and provide rights and access to any public
health emergency at the three tiers of the government.
1.1.4.1 Human Health Structure
In 2015, FMoH estimated a ToTal of 34,176 health facilities in Nigeria of
which 88.1% are primary health care facilities, 11.7% secondary and 0.2%
tertiary. Of these, 33% are owned by the private sector, which provides
60% of health care in the country. While 60% of the public primary health
care facilities are located in the northern zones of the country, they are
mainly health posts and dispensaries that provide only basic curative
services (NSDPH, 2018). Nigeria has started moving from the first to the
second stage of epidemiological transition since some non-communicable
diseases like cancers and hypertension have started appearing among the
list of major causes of morbidity and mortality in the country. Since health
is on the concurrent list, each of the three tiers of government has its roles
and responsibilities regarding health issues.
Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) is a strategy within
the WHO-AFRO region which promotes rational use of resources by
integrating and streamlining common surveillance activities. The core
functions of surveillance and response in the IDSR are to detect (identify
cases and events), notify (report cases/events/conditions to next level),
process (analyse and interpret findings), establish (investigate and confirm
cases/events/conditions) prepare for response, respond (institute control
measures), inform (communicate and provide feedback), and finally assess
(evaluate and improve the surveillance and response system).
Health facilities e.g. dispensaries, health centres, clinics hospitals (both
private and public) constitute the first level of surveillance reporting.
However, the front-line health facility staff report to Disease Surveillance and
Notification Officers (DSNOs) at the LGA level. The DSNOs in turn submit
data to the state level, (the state epidemiologists and state DSNOs) who

1.0 INTRODUCTION
collate the aggregate data for the state and send data to the Surveillance
Department of Nigeria Centre for Disease control (NCDC). The IDSR is
therefore implemented at these levels: health facilities, LGA, State, and
National.
The laboratory is an integral component of surveillance, especially for the
purpose of case confirmation through identification of causative organisms
or pathogens, management and public response/interventions.
The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) manages the National
Reference Laboratory in Gaduwa, Abuja, and supports a network of public
health laboratories across the country.
1.1.4.2 Animal Health Structure
The organization of the veterinary services in Nigeria mirrors the administrative
and political organization of the national (federalised) territory : (a) the
federal level is in charge of the development of policies and implementation
of protocols, monitoring and coordination of development programmes,
national disease control, and development of relevant legislation, (b) the
state veterinary services are in charge of disease control, provision of clinical
services, livestock product quality control, meat inspection, agricultural
extension services and development of regulations, and (c) local government
veterinary services mainly participate as mobilization and extension agents
in operational actions in close coordination with the State Area Veterinary
Officers, livestock farmers, traditional institutions, law enforcement agents
and other stakeholders to facilitate delivery of services, disease reporting,
control of livestock diseases and pests.
The Federal Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services (FDVPCS)
of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD) is
composed of five divisions and has field offices at state capitals for ease of
collaboration with the state Director of Veterinary Service (DVS).
At the federal level, the National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI) is
the reference laboratory for the diagnosis and investigation of livestock
diseases that collaborates with international reference laboratories. NVRI
is recognised as a Regional laboratory for West and Central African
countries for avian influenza and trans-boundary animal diseases (TADs).

1.0 INTRODUCTION
It is also involved in the production and testing of vaccines for the control
of animal diseases in the country and conducts research and training in
relevant veterinary fields. Two other federal institutions are involved in
veterinary services missions: (a) NAFDAC: National Agency for Food Drug
Administration and Control and is in charge of registration and control
of veterinary medicines and biological products and (b) NAQS: Nigeria
Agricultural Quarantine Services in charge of the border control and
quarantine service.
Nigeria has nine accredited faculties of veterinary medicine (Abeokuta,
Abuja, Ibadan, Maiduguri, Makurdi, Nsukka, Sokoto, Umudike and Zaria).
Three colleges of animal health and production located in Ibadan, Kaduna,
and Vom also provide training for the veterinary paraprofessionals.
A private veterinary sector is in place, but there is currently no provision for the
delegation or regulation, nor is there appropriate clarity about government
responsibilities towards this private sector (animal health accreditation or
sanitary mandate). Private veterinarians are mainly involved in the supply
and distribution of veterinary drugs, vaccines, equipment and livestock
feeds, and in the provision of routine clinical services, preventive care for
livestock, and consultancy services.
1.1.5 Biodiversity and Wildlife Resources

Nigeria occupies a unique geographic position in Africa and its highly varied
climate and other geographic features endow the country with one of the richest in
biodiversity on the continent.
According to the 2006 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Nigeria
possesses more than 5,000 recorded species of plants, 22,090 species of animals,
including insects and 889 species of birds, and 1,489 species of microorganisms.
Nigeria is known as a global hotspot for primate species, with a great diversity
found especially in the Gulf of Guinea forests of Cross-River State and adjacent
parts of Cameroon. Some important endemic birds and mammals include three
monkey species, the white-throated monkey (Cercopithecus erythrogaster), Sclater’s
guenon (Cercopithecus sclateri) and the Niger Delta red colobus (Procolobus
pennantii epieni) and three birds, the Anambra waxbill (Estrilda poplipaia), the
Ibadan malimbe, (Malimbus ibadanensis) and the Jos indigo-bird (Vidua maryae).
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The most endangered gorilla subspecies on earth, the Cross-River gorilla (Gorilla
gorilla diehli) with an estimated population of less than 250 individuals is found
only in a couple of protected areas of the Nigeria/ Cameroon border.
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened
Species (i.e. of globally threatened species) includes 148 animals and 146 plants
that are found in Nigeria. Of these, 26 animals and 18 plants are classified as
endangered and another three animals and 15 plants are critically endangered
worldwide.
In general, since the beginning of the last century, biological resources in Nigeria
have been subjected to increasing pressures of habitat loss, over harvesting,
pollution and the introduction and invasion by alien species. Consequently, their
productive potential for present and future generations is threatened. Improvement
in the quality of life for the people will require long-term economic growth which
is itself dependent upon improved management and conservation of the natural
resource base. Several obstacles to sustainable management of biodiversity include
financial and human resource constraints, lack of awareness among the general
public and decision makers, inadequate legal structures at the national level, and
ineffective cooperation between countries in the sub-region.
Sustainable management of biodiversity and wildlife in Nigeria requires a careful
juxtaposition between the needs of a large and growing human population today
and the long-term sustainability of the natural resources that people ultimately
depend upon for the future.

2.0 One Health Situation
Analysis
2.1 Zoonoses
2.1.1 Burden of zoonoses in Africa
Weak surveillance and paucity of scientific data makes it difficult to quantify the true
burden of zoonotic diseases in most African countries. Research however identifies
some countries in East and West Africa: Ethiopia, Tanzania, Nigeria, Togo and
Mali as the nations that bear the greatest burden of neglected zoonoses not only in
Africa but globally.Parts of Africa are also considered potential hotspots for zoonotic
emergence because of high wildlife biodiversity, rapid human population growth,
change in land use and recurrent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases of
zoonotic origin. Besides the public health burden, zoonotic outbreaks in Africa
have serious impact on economies of affected countries due to production losses,
implications on livestock trade and international travel. Outbreaks of Rift Valley
fever in the horn of Africa, viral haemorrhagic fevers in West and East Africa and
anthrax in Southern Africa are classic examples.
2.1.2 Burden of Zoonoses in Nigeria

Nigeria is considered to have one of the highest burdens of endemic diseases
globally and one of the four countries that contributes 44% of the world’s poorest
livestock keepers. Diseases like anthrax, zoonotic tuberculosis and rabies are
widespread among livestock keepers, but their neglected nature provides a false
perception of low public health importance. Besides the burden of endemic
diseases, the country has also experienced epidemics of zoonotic origin like Ebola
Virus Disease, avian influenza and Lassa fever and is considered to have one of the
highest risks of emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin based on a spatial
model to describe the global spatial patterns of zoonotic emerging infectious
disease.
Despite the huge burden of endemic zoonosis and increased risks of emergence
of novel zoonotic diseases, there is little awareness about zoonosis, even among
health professionals in Nigeria. While there is no single intervention that can
address all zoonoses, it is now increasingly recognized that the establishment of
inter-sectoral collaborative mechanisms is the most efficient strategy to address
existing and emerging zoonoses. However, the coordination mechanisms in place
are more administrative in nature and not always effective in promoting diffusion of
knowledge across sectors. In the aftermath of H5N1 outbreak of 2008, there has

2.0 ONE HEALTH SITUATION ANALYSIS
been a felt need for a flexible space outside formal structures that promote technical
dialogue between human, veterinary, and wild life health sectors and inform policy
discussions in the formal sector.
2.1.3 Prioritisation of zoonotic diseases in Nigeria

Zoonotic diseases represent critical threats not only to global health security but also
to economies of developing countries. However, in the resource-poor settings of most
developing countries like Nigeria, where HIV, malaria and respiratory illnesses are the
main cause of mortality, inadequate resources are dedicated to the control of zoonotic
diseases. There is therefore a need to ensure that the limited resources are channeled
to address the most important problems to achieve the greatest outcomes in improving
human and animal health. Effective mitigation of the impact of endemic and emerging
zoonotic diseases of public health importance requires multi-sectoral collaboration
and interdisciplinary partnerships. A multi-sectorial zoonotic disease prioritisation
workshop was therefore conducted to develop a priority zoonotic disease list through
collaborative decision-making process in July 2017. From this process, the top 10
priority zoonotic diseases in Nigeria agreed are:
Table 1: Agreed list of priority zoonotic diseases in Nigeria (July 2017)
1. Rabies
2. Avian influenza
3. Ebola
4. Swine influenza
5. Anthrax
6. Tuberculosis
7. African Trypanosomiasis
8. Lassa fever
9. Escherichia coli O157
10. Brucellosis
“Yellow fever, Monkey pox”
After prioritisation of zoonotic disease in July 2017, Nigeria started recording cases of Monkey pox which
became an emerging zoonotic public health events in the country and re-emergence of Yellow fever.
2.2 Antimicrobial Resistance

Globally, the threat from antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has continued to grow and
compromises effective treatment. The impact is particularly felt by vulnerable patients, who
bear the consequences of associated higher costs, worsened illness, greater disability and
increased mortality. Though estimates show that the burden is largely borne by low-income
countries like Nigeria, the magnitude of its impact on human health, food safety and
international trade of food animal products remains unknown.
The 68th World Health Assembly (WHA) in May 2015 adopted the Global Action Plan,
in collaboration with the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the World
Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) to control AMR. It also requested Member States
through WHA Resolution 68.7, to participate in an integrated global programme for
the control of antimicrobial resistance. The goal of the Global Action Plan is to, “ensure
continuity of successful treatment and prevention of infectious diseases with effective and
safe medicines that are quality-assured, used in a responsible way and accessible to
all who need them”. Using several criteria including all-cause mortality, healthcare and
community burden, prevalence of resistance, 10-year trend of resistance, transmissibility,
the WHO prioritised 10 pathogens for global surveillance.
These pathogens are in three categories: critical, high and medium priority. The most
critical group includes multidrug resistant bacteria that pose a particular threat in hospitals,
nursing homes, and among patients using medical devices such as catheter. The high and
medium bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoea and Salmonella are those that cause more
common diseases and are becoming increasingly resistant to last-line antibiotics.
The report of the Nigerian AMR situation analysis conducted in 2017 showed that,
communicable diseases requiring antimicrobial therapy, accounted for 66% of ToTal
morbidity in 2015. Several of the “priority bacteria” listed by WHO as posing the greatest
threat to human health, are prevalent in healthcare settings in Nigeria. This is of grave
concern as these bacteria which are resistant to multiple antibiotics, can spread resistance
genes to other bacteria. In addition, susceptibility testing is rarely performed due to limited
laboratory capacity.
Nigeria constitutes a large market for pharmaceuticals (60% of the volume consumed
in Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) sub-region). Furthermore,
manufacturers and importers have vertical drug distribution channels for wholesalers,
retailers and hospitals, with limited regulatory capacity. A Rational Drug Use survey
conducted in 12 developing countries reported that, Nigeria had the highest number of
medicines prescribed (3.8 drugs/ encounter) and third highest prescription of antibiotics.
Regarding irrational medicine use behavior in the country, about 46.7% to 71.1% of

children aged five years and were given antibiotics without prescription, while only
68.3% of adults used antibiotics following a doctor’s prescription. Factors contributing
to the irrational use of antibiotics include the lower education level of caregivers, health
insurance status of patients, and prescribers’ characteristics such as longer years of
practice and lack of specialization. Resistant bacteria are commonly recovered from
livestock, food animals and their products as well as vegetables. The high levels of
antibiotic residues in food animals and the low recovery of resistant organisms from
wildlife, point to antimicrobial use in agricultural and veterinary practices as principal
drivers of resistance. Resistant bacteria have also been recovered from presumed potable,
soil, natural, wastewater sites and at aquaculture sites. This illustrates that antimicrobial
resistance is highly prevalent in the country and a ‘One Health’ approach to resistance
containment is Nigeria’s best option.
2.3 Environmental Health

This is the branch of public health concerned with all aspects of the natural and built
environment affecting human health. On the other hand, environmental protection is
concerned with protecting the natural environment for the benefit of human health and
the ecosystem. Environment and the factors associated with it are other parts of the
causes of many epidemic diseases both in the developed and developing nations. In
Nigeria, environmental health problems arise from population pressure on housing, poor
environmental sanitation, coupled with lack of safe water and basic housing facilities.
Despite the deplorable state of environmental health (lack of safe water, bad housing
condition, and so on), there is no reliable and timely means of surveillance or any
monitoring system.
Currently, environmental health surveillance has not commenced but there is a proposal to
use a similar structure to the IDSR for environmental surveillance in Nigeria. It is proposed
that environmental health officers (EHOs) stationed at the local government routinely
collect environmental data; send to their state environmental officer (SHO) who compiles
data for all the LGAs in the state before passing on the information to the national office
Since 2010, major outbreaks of lead toxicity have been observed in northern Nigeria
related to the processing of lead rich ore for the extraction of gold. Lead is a naturally
occurring metal which though has beneficial uses, can be toxic. Exposure to lead is
particularly harmful to children because their bodies are still developing, lead can cross

the placenta and be passed through breast milk while adults are most often exposed by
work activities, consuming food or water contaminated by lead.
In Nigeria’s Niger Delta region, the key environmental issues relate to the petroleum
industry through oil spillage. Oil spillage has a major impact on the ecosystem into which
it is released and may constitute ecocide. Immense tracts of the mangrove forests, which
are especially susceptible to oil, have been destroyed. Spills in populated areas often
spread out over a wide area, destroying crops and aquacultures through contamination of
the groundwater and soils. The consumption of dissolved oxygen by bacteria feeding on
the spilled hydrocarbons also contributes to the death of fish. In agricultural communities,
often a year’s supply of food can be destroyed instantaneously. Due to the nature of oil
operations in the Niger Delta, the environment is growing increasingly uninhabitable.
People in the affected areas complain about health issues including breathing problems
and skin lesions; many have lost basic human rights such as health, access to food, clean
water, and an ability to work. In 2017, there were reports of chlorine gas poisoning in both
Jos and Kano following gas explosions in both cities. Signs of acute chlorine gas poisoning
are primarily respiratory including sneezing, nose irritation, burning sensation, and throat
irritation. Chronic exposure may lead to pulmonary problems like acute wheezing attacks,
chronic cough with phlegm, and asthma.
Large populations of Nigerians live in poverty and do not have access to basic amenities
such as food, safe water, sanitation and proper hygiene with resultant increased
susceptibility to water-borne infections. Thus, there is an urgent need to invest more in
environmental health and ensure every Nigerian has access to potable water, proper waste
disposal mechanisms and proper environmental sanitation. This would go a long way in
preventing spread of diseases.
2.4 Surveillance
2.4.1 Surveillance for Zoonotic disease
2.4.1.1 Human health
The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) is the country’s national
public health institute responsible for carrying out disease surveillance
activities. This function includes surveillance of zoonotic diseases in human
such as acute haemorrhagic fever syndrome, anthrax, Lassa fever, yellow
fever, plague, and rabies using the national Integrated Disease Surveillance

and Response (IDSR) strategy. Event-based surveillance is also conducted at

the national level to capture events using both automated and moderated
search engines.
Reporting of zoonotic diseases within the country’s surveillance system
is conducted immediately (for epidemic- prone diseases), weekly or
monthly, with set reporting timelines against which timeliness of reporting
is measured. IDSR routine data on the 41 priority diseases is collected on
a weekly and monthly basis and forwarded to LGAs using SMS or paper
forms. The LGAs collate and forward to the state also by SMS and paper
form for weekly reporting or via the new Surveillance Outbreak Response
Management and Analysis System (SORMAS) database tool. The states enter the
data using customised excel spreadsheet. NCDC has piloted and is rolling out
an electronic based diseases surveillance and outbreak management SORMAS
platform. This system will improve timeliness and quality of surveillance and
effective management of disease outbreaks.
Among the IDSR priority diseases, the following prioritised zoonotic diseases
are included:
1. Epidemic prone diseases

a. Ebola, Yellow fever, Dengue, Lassa fever, Avian influenza
2. Other major diseases, events or conditions of public health importance

a. Human rabies, Tuberculosis, Leptospirosis, Human African
Trypanosomiasis, Typhoid Fever, Human Influenza, Schistosomiasis
3. Diseases or events of international concern

a. Human influenza due to a new subtype, any public health event of
international or national concern such as infectious zoonotic diseases
or food borne diseases e.g. anthrax, plague, human influenza due to
new subtype
Reference laboratories exist for all priority diseases at the federal government
level and in academic institutions. Each laboratory deals with specific (not all)
priority diseases such as the national influenza reference laboratory NCDC,
Gaduwa and the three reference laboratories for Lassa fever at NCDC, Irrua
and Lagos. Generally, the laboratory capacity and networks are weak and
NCDC has a robust plan to strengthen public health laboratories in the country.

Gaps still exist in linking surveillance and laboratory information on disease

surveillance in the country.
The public health workforce is enhanced by the participation of surveillance
officers, State Epidemiologists, DSNOs and laboratorians in the frontline
and advanced programs of the NFELTP. Since the training approach is
multidisciplinary with a focus on One Health, medical doctors, veterinarians,
laboratory scientists and environmental scientists are included in the various
levels of epidemiology training. The training emphasises acquisition of
necessary competencies in disease surveillance, investigation, analysis,
evaluation, communication, management and critical appraisal / research.
Trainees and graduates of the program have supported outbreak response to
several zoonotic outbreaks including Lassa fever, monkey pox, rabies, yellow
fever, dengue, Ebola virus disease among others.
Priority diseases, conditions and events for Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR), 2018
EPIDEMIC PRONE DISEASES DISEASES TARGETED OTHER MAJOR DISEASES, EVENTS
FOR ERADICATION OR OR CONDITIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
ELIMINATION IMPORTANCE
1. Cholera 1. Buruli ulcer 1. Acute viral hepatitis
2. Measles 2. Drancunculiasi (Guinea 2. Diabetes mellitus
Worm)
3. Meningococcal meningitis 3. Leprosy 3. Diarrhoea with dehydration less
than 5 years of age
4. Viral haemorrhagic fever 4. Lymphatic filariasis 4. HIV/AIDs (new cases)
Lassa Fever, Dengue)
5. Yellow fever 5. Neonatal tetanus 5. Hypertension
6. Noma 6. Injuries (Road traffic accidents)
7. Onchocerciasis 7. Malaria
8. Poliomyelitis1 8. Malnutrtion in children under 5
years of age
1
Disease specified by IHR 9. Maternal deaths
(2005) for immediate
notification
10. Mental Neurological & Substance
Abuse (MNS) disorders (Epilepsy,
Schizorpherinia, depression, etc.)
11. Human Rabies
12. Severe pneumonia in less than 5
years of age

EPIDEMIC PRONE DISEASES DISEASES TARGETED OTHER MAJOR DISEASES, EVENTS

FOR ERADICATION OR OR CONDITIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
ELIMINATION IMPORTANCE
13. STIs
14. Sickle Cell Disorder
15. Trachoma
16. Human African Trypanosomiasis
17. Tuberculosis
18. Schistosomiasis
19. SARI
20. Diarrhoea with blood
21. Whooping cough (Pertussis)
22. Diphtheria
Diseases or events of international concern 23. Snake bites
1. Human influenza due to a new subtype1 24. Soil Transmitted Helminths
2. SARS1 25. Adverse Events Following
Immunization (AEFI)*
3. Smallpox1 26. Asthma
4. Any public health event of international or national 27. Typhoid Fever
concern (infectious, zoonotic, food borne, chemical, radio
nuclear, or due to unknown condition–Anthrax, Plague)
1 *
Disease specified by IHR (2005) for immediate notification All serious AEFIs shall be reported
immediately
2.4.1.2 Animal Health

Zoonotic disease surveillance in animal is coordinated by the Department of
Veterinary and Pest Control Services under the Federal Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Development (FMARD). Trans-boundary Animal Diseases (TADs)
and potential zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza, rabies, brucellosis,
bovine tuberculosis and anthrax in animals are reported regularly through the
National Animal Disease Information and Surveillance (NADIS) system. The
system needs significant strengthening. The animal disease reporting forms are
designed on MS Excel for data entries and analysis periodically. Reports from
surveillance points such as abattoirs, live bird and livestock markets, control
posts, animal health facilities and wild life parks are captured and reported

monthly, biannually and annually. Immediate notification is also conducted

within 24 hours of confirmation of diseases or events that have high negative
impact on public health and livestock production such avian influenza, rabies,
anthrax etc.
The country has adopted the Animal Resource Information System (ARIS) which
was developed by the African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources
(AU-IBAR) and being used by the surveillance officers for reporting animal
diseases in all the states of the federation. The system is efficient and adaptable
for country-specific real time surveillance activities. ARIS data is generated
from veterinary facilities in hard copies and forwarded to the State Director
of Veterinary Services (DVS). Epidemiology Officers collate and key into ARIS.
Reports are validated by the Director of Veterinary Services before sending
to AU-IBAR and OIE through the ARIS and World Animal Health Information
System (WAHIS) platform respectively. Neither event-based nor syndromic
surveillance is well established in the animal health sector.
There is no routine sharing of surveillance information about zoonotic diseases
between the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture. The laboratory
system in the National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI) is integrated with
the animal surveillance system but laboratory confirmation of outbreaks of
zoonotic diseases is limited.
Furthermore, laboratory information or specimens related to zoonotic diseases
are not routinely shared between the NCDC and FMARD.
The animal health sector in Nigeria is largely rudimentary since a majority of
the ownership is solely in the hands of pastoralists who still practice an extensive
animal management system with little or no veterinary care. Compounding this
problem is limited government funding for the sector. Issues related to animal
health are often on ad-hoc basis due to a lack of an organized structure leading
to several unreported disease outbreaks. Resulting from this therefore, animals
with diverse diseases are potentially imported into or exported out of the country
due to porous borders and this is accentuated by limited implementation of
existing regulatory policies and guidelines by relevant government agencies.
Due to these situations, diverse populations and species of animals in the
country are infected with several diseases leading to high morbidity and
mortalities (sometimes resulting in reproductive and production losses) which

ultimately result in huge economic losses. Overall, failure in surveillance of

animal health results in human health problems leading to challenges of food
security and food safety as well as problems bordering on zoonotic disease
spill-over to human populations.
Disease suspicion: Surveillance agent

Private vet, Animal owner/ Local Govt Veterinary Officer,
farmer, Wildlife/Park ranger, State Area Veterinary Officer
Community Leader, Animal
health superintendent, etc.
NADIS/Epidemiology Unit
Zonal Coordination
State Director of VS
FDLPCS Field Office
Disease Desk Officer
SDT
Laboratory Director–LPCS
NVRI NADIS –Epidemiology Unit
(VTH) Relevant Division/project
OIE, FAQ, AU-IBAR Minister of Agriculture

World/Regional other stakeholders and Rural Development
Reference laboratory
FMH, FMINO, FMST NEMA,

Police, Army, Customs Other
Immigration Donors

2.5 AMR Surveillance

The Honourable Minister of Health, on November 26, 2016, approved the establishment
of Nigeria’s National AMR Coordinating Body at the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control
(NCDC). A National AMR Technical Working Group (AMR-TWG) was created, comprising
stakeholders from human health, animal health, food animal production and environment
sectors. The AMR-TWG was tasked with conducting a situation analysis of AMR in Nigeria.
Several gaps were identified from the situation analysis which include:
1. Poor public awareness and weak coordination of AMR awareness activities by
government and partners such asvertical disease control programmes.
2. Poor One Health coordination of animal and human national disease surveillance
systems.
3. Non-existence of a national AMR laboratory surveillance system and no dedicated
funding for AMR control activities.
4. Non-existence of a national IPC coordinating bod and poor budgetary support for IPC
activities in health facilities.
5. Lack of antimicrobial stewardship in both private and public sectors.
6. Studies on the health and economic impact of AMR inNigeria are non-existent with
poor coordination of research on antibiotic use.
Following the identification of these gaps, the AMR-TWG decided on a governance
structure for Nigeria. This included the need for a Steering Committee that will support and
guide for AMR control activities. The committee will include representatives of Ministries,
Departments and Agencies (MDAs), regulatory bodies, the private sector, academia from
human, animal, environmental health and food safety institutions and partners.
ONE-HEALTH AMR
STEERING COMMITTEE
AMR-TWG AMR
Secretariat
Awareness AMR Research
AMR Antimicrobial
Surveillance Stewardship
PC and
Biosecurity

The focus areas were developed based on identified priority gaps. The
strategic interventions used a ‘One Health’ approach, aimed at implementing
proposed actions by strengthening and utilizing existing national systems and
creating new structures where they do not exist.
Strategic Interventions
Increase • Increase awareness of AMR among Nigerians

Awareness
• Improve knowledge of AMR and related topics
• Strengthen institutional capacities for AMR detection

Build AMR
surveillance • Build One Health laboratory infrastructure
• Contribute to Global AMR surveillance
• Strengthen IPC in healthcare facilities and communities
Prevent • Promote food safety and biosecurity at farms

infections
• Improve environmental sanitation
• Increase the use of vaccines in humans and animals
• Improve access to quality antimicrobial agents

Ensure rational
antimicrobial • Promote One Health antimicrobial stewardship
use
• Strengthen regulatory agencies across all sectors
• Promote use of innovative investment channels

Invest in
research • Incorporate One Health AMR research into training
• Encourage development of antibiotic alternatives and new

AMR diagnostics

2.6 IHR 2005 Enactment and Implementation

The International Health Regulations (IHR) is a set of regulations adopted by 194 WHO
Member States to govern surveillance of public health emergencies of international
concern. They were enacted in 2005 and came into force on 15 June 2007 and are
legally binding for WHO Member States. In 2006, the Resolution AFR/RC56/R2 of the
Regional Committee for Africa in Addis Ababa called for the implementation of the IHR
(2005) in the context of the IDSR.
IHR 2005 has an expanded scope to include all public health emergencies of International
concern (including zoonoses). Successful implementation of IHR requires the fulfilment of 8
core capacities: legislation, policy and coordination, surveillance, preparedness, response,
risk communications, laboratory and human resources.
2.7 Nigeria IHR Core capacities assessment

The Joint External Evaluation (JEE) is an assessment of a country’s capacity to prevent,
detect, and respond to public health threats as part of the International Health Regulations
(IHR 2005) monitoring and evaluation framework. Nigeria JEE was conducted in June
2017.
2.7.1 Key JEE Findings
Nigeria has made commendable progress in bio-surveillance for vertical diseases
such as polio, TB, HIV/AIDS; response to PHEICs like Ebola, Lassa fever, meningitis,
and cholera. Nigeria has several Points of Entry (PoEs) that are already involved
in commendable routine (screening, have holding areas) and emergency actions.
However, additional investments are required to attain higher IHR compliance which
include finalisation of the legislative approval for the Nigeria Centre for Disease
Control (NCDC) which has recently been achieved; strengthening laboratory
capacity, especially specimen shipping, transportation and referral; formulating,
costing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating all hazard national action
plan for health security aligned with sector strategies; strengthening inter-sectoral
collaboration for emergency response particularly between human and animal
health, the environmental sectors and security agencies; scaling up, enhancing
and sustaining the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) nation-
wide at all levels (Federal State, LGA, health facilities), capitalising on the polio
investments; and developing and implementing a comprehensive public health
workforce strategy.
The following observations were made on the country’s capacity to handle public
health threats including Zoonotic Events (ZE):
Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacity in Nigeria, June 2017
TECHNICAL INDICATORS SCORE

AREAS
National Legislation, laws, regulations, administrative requirements,
P.1.1 1
legislation, policies or other government instruments in place are
policy and sufficient for implementation of IHR (2005)
financing P.1.2 The State can demonstrate that it has adjusted and 1
aligned its domestic legislation, policies and administrative
arrangements to enable compliance with IHR (2005)
IHR P.2.1 A functional mechanism is established for the coordination 2
coordination, and integration of relevant sectors in the implementation of
communication IHR
and advocacy
Antimicrobial P.3.1 Antimicrobial resistance detection 2
resistance
P.3.2 Surveillance of infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant 2
pathogens
P.3.3 Health care-associated infection (HCAI) prevention and 2
control programmes
P.3.4 Antimicrobial stewardship activities 2
Zoonotic P.4.1 Surveillance systems in place for priority zoonotic diseases/ 2
diseases pathogens
P.4.2 Veterinary or animal health workforce 3
P.4.3 Mechanisms for responding to infectious and potential 1
zoonotic diseases are established and functional
Food safety P.5.1 Mechanisms for multisectoral collaboration are established 2
to ensure rapid response to food safety emergencies and
outbreaks of foodborne diseases
Biosafety and P.6.1 Whole-of-government biosafety and biosecurity system is in 1
biosecurity place for human, animal and agriculture facilities
P.6.2 Biosafety and biosecurity training and practices 1
Immunization P.7.1 Vaccine coverage (measles) as part of national programme 3
P.7.2 National vaccine access and delivery 4
National D.1.1 Laboratory testing for detection of priority diseases 3
laboratory
D.1.2 Specimen referral and transport system 1
system
D.1.3 Effective modern point-of-care and laboratory-based 2
diagnostics
D.1.4 Laboratory quality system 2


AREAS
Real-time D.2.1 Indicator- and event-based surveillance systems 3
surveillance D.2.2 Interoperable, interconnected, electronic real-time reporting 2
system
D.2.3 Integration and analysis of surveillance data 3
D.2.4 Syndromic surveillance systems 3
Reporting D.3.1 System for efficient reporting to FAO, OIE and WHO 3
D.3.2 Reporting network and protocols in country 2
Workforce D.4.1 Human resources available to implement IHR core capacity 3
development requirements
D.4.2 FETP or other applied epidemiology training programme in 4
place
D.4.3 Workforce strategy 2
Preparedness R.1.1 National multi-hazard public health emergency preparedness 1
and response plan is developed and implemented
R.1.2 Priority public health risks and resources are mapped and 1
utilised
Emergency R.2.1 Capacity to activate emergency operations 2
response R.2.2 EOC operating procedures and plans 2
operations
R.2.3 Emergency operations programme 3
R.2.4 Case management procedures implemented for IHR relevant 2
hazards.
Linking R.3.1 Public health and security authorities (e.g. law enforcement, 1
public health border control, customs) are linked during a suspect or
and security confirmed biological event
authorities
Medical counter R.4.1 System in place for sending and receiving medical 1
-measures countermeasures during a public health emergency
and personnel R.4.2 System in place for sending and receiving health personnel
1
deployment
during a public health emergency
Risk R.5.1 Risk communication systems (plans, mechanisms, etc.) 1
communication
R.5.2 Internal and partner communication and coordination 3
R.5.3 Public communication 2
R.5.4 Communication engagement with affected communities 3
R.5.5 Dynamic listening and ruMoUr management 3
Points of entry PoE.1 Routine capacities established at points of entry 1
PoE.2 Effective public health response at points of entry 1


AREAS
Chemical CE.1 Mechanisms established and functioning for detecting and 1
events responding to chemical events or emergencies
CE.2 Enabling environment in place for management of chemical 2
events
Radiation RE.1 Mechanisms established and functioning for detecting and 3
emergencies responding to radiological and nuclear emergencies
RE.2 Enabling environment in place for management of radiation 3
emergencies
2.7.2. Core Capacities Assessment Strengths

• Nigeria Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) in the Ministry of
Health/NCDC is well established and routinely includes information of human
cases of limited number of zoonotic diseases.
• The National Animal Disease Information System (NADIS) is established in the
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.
• Surveillance for avian influenza among poultry is established.
• Surveillance and public health management of dog bites, including testing of dogs
for rabies, is available.
• Situational awareness reports were produced. These include quarterly newsletter
by FMARD and Nigerian Agricultural Quarantine services and the Weekly
Epidemiological Report by NCDC.
• The NFELTP within NCDC/FMoH is well established and has trained many
veterinarians in the FET advanced and frontline training programs
• Public health training of veterinarians is also conducted by McArthur Foundation
at the Ahmadu Bello University.
• Veterinarians trained in public health, including graduates of NFELTP programs,
are employed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development at the national
and state levels.
• Joint field investigations of outbreaks of zoonotic diseases, including Lassa fever
and rabies, have been conducted, particularly by the NFELTP, and have included
veterinarians.
• A policy document and a response plan exist for avian influenza and rabies

guidelines have been developed and are awaiting approval.

• A National Action Plan on AMR, with a One Health approach, was developed,
approved, and submitted to WHO in May 2017.
• An AMR National Reference Laboratory, though interim, has been designated and
nine sentinel laboratories for AMR surveillance among selected pathogens have
been identified.
• The National Action Plan on AMR includes surveillance for human infections
caused by AMR pathogens.
• Nigeria is enrolled in the WHO GLASS surveillance network for AMR.
• A situation analysis which details the most common human pathogens, and
prevalence of resistance patterns of these pathogens, has been conducted.
• Passage of the National Policy for Food Safety and its Implementation Strategy in
2016.
• Creation of the National Food Safety Management Committee (NFSMC) and the
InterMinisterial Committee on Food Safety.
• Outbreak investigations by NCDC are robust and timely, although a multisectoral
response system for foodborne diseases and food safety emergencies is not
established.
• A laboratory inspection system including EQA is available but restricted to private
laboratories.
• NCDC plays an important role in the capacity enhancement of the laboratory
testing for the priority diseases in the country.
• The surveillance systems are able to detect public health threats.
• The animal health sector conducts surveillance on select notifiable diseases.
• Weekly surveillance epidemiological reports are produced at national level and
disseminated in real time.
• Existence of surveillance units in human (IDSR) and animal health (NADIS) sectors.
• Existence of IHR NFP and OIE delegates in the FMoH and Ministry of Agriculture.
The focal points are linked to learning package and best practices as provided by
WHO, OIE and FAO.
• The country has demonstrated ability to identify a potential PHEIC and file a report
to WHO and similarly to the OIE for relevant zoonotic disease within 24 hours of
confirmation and similarly to the OIE.

2.7.3 Areas that Need Improvement

• The highest priority zoonotic diseases for surveillance have not been formally
identified through a One Health approach involving input from both the Ministry
of Health and Ministry of Agriculture.
• A robust surveillance system for the top priority zoonotic diseases in animals is
lacking in the Ministry of Agriculture.
• There is no routine forum or formal mechanism for sharing of results, surveillance
data, reports or laboratory specimens between the Ministry of Agriculture and the
Ministry of Health.
• Given the large size of Nigeria, more veterinarians at central, state and district
levels need to be trained in public health through the FETP advanced and
Frontline programs.
• To meet the goal of having a trained veterinarian at all LGA/district levels, field
epidemiology training is particularly needed for veterinarians from district and
state levels.
• Policy documents and response plans for selected priority zoonotic diseases are
needed.
• Enhanced capacity for timely and coordinated inter-sectoral outbreak response
and field investigations for priority zoonotic diseases is needed
• Inter-sectorial collaboration on food safety and food-borne diseases is
inadequate. Overall need for food safety capacity building in the public health,
food safety and agriculture and animal health sectors at central, state and district
levels.
• Foodborne disease surveillance, monitoring of contaminants in the food
chain, and outbreak/ emergency investigation and response capacities need
strengthening.
• Laboratory infrastructure, equipment and expertise for food safety is inadequate
• Data on antimicrobial use, including prescription patterns, are lacking - for
both humans and food animals. The enforcement of the need for a rational
prescription for antimicrobial use in humans is lacking. There is no requirement
that antimicrobials used in animals be available only by prescription and therefore
antimicrobials are widely available, over the counter, for use in animals.
2.7.4 Key Priority Actions Recommendations as it Relates to One Health

• Establishment of a One Health platform for intersectoral collaboration of outbreak
responses that involve the human and animal sectors.

• Adopt measure behaviors, policies and/or practices that minimize the transmission
of zoonotic diseases from animals into human populations.
• Enhance collaboration between Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture at
the national, state and local government levels.
• Strengthen linkage between public health and animal health laboratories.
• Enhance surveillance of zoonotic diseases by holding a meeting of appropriate
stakeholders to identify the top priority zoonotic diseases to include in zoonotic
disease surveillance system
• Put in place a robust surveillance system for the highest priority zoonotic diseases
in animals which is lacking in the Ministry of Agriculture.
• There should be routine forum or formal mechanism for sharing of results,
surveillance data, reports or laboratory specimens between the Ministry of
Agriculture and the Ministry of Health.
• Mechanisms for responding to infectious and potential zoonotic diseases
established and functional.
• Policy documents and response plans for selected priority zoonotic diseases are
needed.
• Enhance capacity for timely and coordinated intersectoral outbreak response and
field investigations for priority zoonotic diseases is needed.
• Develop integrated zoonotic disease surveillance system
• Strengthen laboratory detection for priority zoonotic diseases/pathogens
• Strengthen technical capacity for animal health workforce (Zoonotic disease
control, communications, RDTs, etc)
• Develop risk mapping for highest priority zoonotic diseases using One Health
approach
• Build technical capacity for zoonotic disease among Disease Surveillance and
Notification Officers and Animal Surveillance Officers at LGA level
2.7.5 SWOT Analysis of One Health in Nigeria

THEMATIC STRENGTHS AND OPPORTUNITIES WEAKNESS AND THREATS
AREAS
Surveillance • Availability of IDSR and • Inadequate logistics for surveillance
and laboratory NADIS platforms for disease officers to carry out their duties
surveillance reporting (inadequate funding)
• Poor inter-sectoral collaborations on
surveillance activities Weak RRT at
LGA levels

SWOT Analysis of One Health in Nigeria

AREAS
Surveillance • Availability of laboratories and • Inadequate funding for laboratory
and laboratory equipment to handle some maintenance and stocking of
disease agents consumables
• Availability of trained laboratory • Poor training of low-level surveillance
personnel officers
• Availability of rapid response • Inadequate surveillance tools
teams from LGA to National • Inadequate tools for data
levels management
• Availability of disease • Lack of human resources for
surveillance officers/agents equipment maintenance in the
• Availability of trained field laboratories
epidemiologists and the NFELTP • Poor quality management system in
training. the laboratories
• Availability of interested partners • Poor, late sample transportation
supporting surveillance of priority system
diseases e.g. SORMAS, WHO, • Poor, late and incomplete reporting
UMB, AFENET • Poor harmonisation of data (parallel
• Collaboration with partners on programmes and reporting systems)
training of Lab staff and supply • EPR committee meets only during
of consumables, external quality outbreaks
assurance • Donor fatigue
• Research opportunities • Global economic recession
• Networking of Laboratories • Insecurity and political instability in
through tools like BLISS and ARIS the country
used to connect the human and • Poor border control
animal Labs and exchange of • Emerging and re-emerging zoonotic
information Incoming REDISSE disease
program
Training and • Existing One Health problems • Inadequate infrastructure
research (diseases, pathogens, AMR, • Poor funding
environmental risk factors, • Poor enabling environment for
biosafety, biosecurity issues) research (lack of motivation,
Human Resource incentives)
– Availability of trainers and • High turn-over/brain drain
trainees • Poor collaboration among
– Mobilise during emergencies researchers/institutions/
– Universities
• Poor collaboration between
– Research institutes and other
researchers and policy makers
tertiary institutions
• Poor uptake of research findings
– NFELTP
• Research expertise • Brain drain/high staff turn-over
– Existing capacity • Professional quackery
– Laboratory network • Insecurity/internal-external conflict

AREAS
• Partnership and technical • Donor fatigue/lack of program
support ownership
• (WHO, OIE, UNICEF, BEP, • Inter-professional rivalry/conflicts/
UNEP, FAO, etc.) strife
• International professional • Political instability/lack of
exchanges government goodwill
• Available market for indigenous • Competing demands for limited
research ideas and products resources
• Availability of research questions
• More platforms for evidence-
based training
• Previous, demonstrable success
stories
Governance • Existence of human • Lack of continuity of government
and leadership health, animal health and policies
environmental health in • Lack of institutionalisationof One
the concurrent list of the Health platform at the three tiers of
government government
• Existence of three tiers of • Legislative process is expensive and
governance structure that cumbersome
involves the LGAs, State and • Corruption
Federal • Insecurity
• Existence of legislation and • Professional rivalry
policy on human health, animal • Labour unrest
health and environmental health • Loss of interest
• Establishment of NCDC that • Lack of sustainability plan
anchors One Health • Imposition of leadership
• Inauguration of One Health
committee –AMR at the federal
level
• Nigeria is a signatory to GHSA
• Acceptance of One Health
concept by the academia
• Introduction of monitoring
system by the government to
address corrupt practices
• International and regional
initiative on One Health concept
• Strong linkages between health,
agriculture and environment


AREAS
Resource • Existence of natural resources • Poor ownership by government
mobilisation e.g. oil • Duplication of roles/ functions by
and • Presence of well-trained human partners
communication
resource • Weak PPP in healthcare sector
• History of successful • Absence of budget lines/ poor
collaboration in healthcare funding
delivery (Public-Private • Mismanagement of resources
Partnership) • Brain drain
• Vibrant private sector • Poor micro economic policies
• Large population in country and • Inconsistency in government policies
a growing democracy • Changing donor priorities
• Large population in the • Political instability/ insurgency
Diaspora • Global economic recession
• REDISSE: regional disease • Corruption
surveillance system • Competition for funding from other
enhancement developing countries
• Presence of multiple • Poor international image
stakeholders/donors
• Increasing incidence of
emerging diseases/ trans-
boundary animal diseases with
funding support
• Consistent private sector
involvement in healthcare
• Potential for future partnerships
with global institutions in
education and research
• Membership/ influence in
ECOWAS/ AU
• Increasing foreign direct
Investment

3.0 One Health in Nigeria
One Health is a multidisciplinary approach that implements programs, policies and

research intersectorally – working at the local, regional, and global levels – with the
goal of achieving optimal health outcomes, recognising the interconnection between
people, animals, plants, and their shared environment.
Many One Health efforts have been implemented in Nigeria across disease surveillance,
outbreak response and research. These include the response to H5N1 Avian influenza,
Lassa fever, monkey pox, Ebola, rabies and the multi-disciplinary FETP training. Many
of these efforts have partially involved the NCDC and DVPCS and therefore have
not been institutionalised and sustained. In March 2018 with support from Global
Implementation Solutions (GIS), NCDC and DVPCS jointly convened a One Health
key stakeholders meeting in Nigeria. The stakeholders were drawn from government
ministries, departments and agencies, development partners, academia, private sector
and non-governmental organization. There was recognition that OH was the guiding
principle for the new World Bank Regional Disease Surveillance Systems Enhancement
(REDISSE), NAPHS and the National AMR Action Plan. These efforts needed to be
expanded to an NCDC lead full-fledged One Health program. During the five-day
meeting, the zoonosis disease priority list was reviewed and a situation analysis for OH
implementation in Nigeria conducted. A 5-year strategic plan was developed with a
one-year implementation plan.
3.1 Nigeria Centre for Disease Control

The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) was established in the year 2011 in
response to the challenges of public health emergencies and to enhance Nigeria’s
preparedness and response to epidemics through prevention, detection, and control
of communicable diseases. Its core mandate is to detect, investigate, prevent and
control diseases of national and international public health importance. The mission
for the NCDC next five years (2017-2021) is ‘to protect the health of Nigerians through
evidence-based prevention, integrated disease surveillance and response activities,
using a One Health approach, guided by research and led by a skilled workforce.’ The
core functions of the NCDC include:
• Prevent, detect, and control diseases of public health importance
• Coordinate surveillance systems to collect, analyses and interpret data on diseases
of public health importance
• Support States in responding to small outbreaks and lead the response to large
disease outbreaks

3.0 ONE HEALTH IN NIGERIA
• Develop and maintain a network of reference and specialsed laboratories

• Lead Nigeria’s engagement with the international community on diseases of public
health relevance
• Conduct, collate, synthesize and disseminate public health research to inform policy
3.2 Department of Veterinary and Pest control, Federal

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
The Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services (DVPCS) functions as the policy
adviser to the Government on all animal health, safety and wholesomeness of food of
animal origin for human consumption and pest control services. The Department draws
its mandate from the Animal Diseases Control Act NO. 10 of 1988 and the World
Organization for Animal Health (Office Internationale des Epizooties-OIE) standards,
recommendations and guidelines for animal health and welfare.
It is involved in the prevention, control and eradication of trans-boundary animal
diseases and pests, control of vector and vector-borne diseases, zoo-sanitary certification
services, provision of veterinary public health services, food safety services and zoonotic
diseases control to guarantee healthy national herd, wholesomeness of foods of animal
origin, international trade in livestock and livestock products and the general economic
well-being of the populace. The foregoing is achieved through:
• Building a strong herd-health that will guarantee increased productivity and output
of all species of livestock in Nigeria;
• Guaranteeing the provision of wholesome food of animal origin to meet local
demands and for export
• Ensuring optimum utilisation of the ecosystem for livestock production with minimal
damage
• Carrying out effective surveillance on animal diseases and develop early warning
early raction system
• Encouraging private sector participation in all aspects of animal health services
including marketing
• Certification of animal and animal products for trade (import/export)
• Developing manpower and vocational skills for all stakeholders in the animal health
sub-sector
• Effective control and management of vectors of animal diseases and transboundary
animal pests
• Ensuring that animal health systems are founded on good governance enabled by

the appropriate legislation and the necessary means to enforce it

• Ensure and coordinate the registration of poultry and livestock farms in line with zoo-
sanitary requirements
• Establishment of a network covering the whole country based on a tripod composed
of official veterinarians, private veterinarians/para-veterinarians/community animal
health workers and animal producers which ensure effective surveillance
• Ensuring early detection of an outbreak to enable a rapid response to potentially
serious health events
• Facilitating the provision of bio-security and bio containment measures for infected
farms to prevent pathogens from spreading and enabling them to be eliminated
• Ensuring rapid and fair financial compensation measures for producers whose
animals have had to be culled due to health reasons
• Provision of vaccination for healthy animals whenever appropriate
• Ensuring good initial training and continuing education for all professionals
• Ensuring continuous applied research on control methods since pathogens are
constantly adapting
• Strengthening and expansion of Veterinary Public Health Services to cover Meat
Inspection Services, Milk Hygiene, Public Health Education, Environmental Hygiene
and Laboratory Services to ensure the consumption of quality and safe Animals and
Animal commodities
• Liaison with international and regional organisations (OIE, WTO, FAO, AU-IBAR,
ECOWAS, Codex Alimentarius etc) on all matters relating to animals and animal
health
National One Health

Steering Committee
National One Health DG NCDC

Technical Committee
National One Health

Coordinating Unit
Human Health Animal Health Environmental Health

Desk Officer Desk Officer Desk Officer
Institutional/operational framework of National One Health Coordination Unit (NOHCU)

3.3 National One Health Coordinating Structure

The proposed One Health Platform will have three structures namely: National One Health
Steering Committee (NOHSC), National One Health Technical Committee (NOHTC)
and National One Health Coordination Unit (NOHCU) that are involved in providing
leadership oversight in the planning, implementation and monitoring of One Health
related activities in the country.
The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) will host the National One Health
Coordination Unit (NOHCU) and coordinate the implementation. The unit will be
coordinated by the global health security unit of the department of surveillance. The unit
will be responsible in providing technical support to ensure OH approach to emergency
preparedness and response. The DG NCDC will have oversight responsibilities of the
operations of the Unit.
3.1.1 National One Health Steering Committee

The National One Health Steering Committee(NOHSC) will be constituted to
provide leadership at the highest level of government for an early resolution of
One Health public health crisis in the country.
The membership of the Committee comprises the following:
• Minister of Federal Ministry of Health (Chair)
• Minister of Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (co-chair)
• Minister of Federal Ministry of Environment
• Minister of Federal Ministry of Finance
• Minister of Federal Ministry of Information
• DG of NCDC (Secretary)
• The Director of Public Health (FMoH)
• The Director of the Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services, FMARD
Terms of reference
The Committee shall meet at least biannually and shall have the following
functions:
a. Provide overall oversight and supervision to the OH technical committee
b. Review and approve proposed activities by the OH technical committees
c. Provide high-level support for implementation of OH activities in the
country
d. Focus on policy issues related to the national One Health

e. Provide leadership at the highest level of government for an early

resolution of public health crisis in the country
f. Provide technical assistance to neighboring countries as directed by Mr.
President
g Report back regularly to Mr. President and the FEC on the implementation
of the integrated One Health Strategic Plan
Meeting
• The National One Health Steering Committee will hold meetings twice
a year but may hold additional extraordinary meetings as necessary if
convened by the Chairman/Co-Chairman
• The quorum required is one third
• Notice of meetings to be provided at least two weeks before the scheduled
date
3.1.2 National One Health Technical Committee

The National One Health Technical Committee (NOHTC) with representatives
from the relevant ministries and agencies as well as development partners will be
constituted to supervise the operation of NOHCU.
The membership of the Committee comprises of the following:
• DG NCDC (Chair)
• Chief Veterinary Officer (Co-Chair)
• Four (4) representatives from NCDC (Director of Surveillance; Director Prevention
and Policy Coordination, Director, Emergency Preparedness and Response and
Director of Laboratory)
• One representatives from the Federal Ministry of Health
• One representatives from the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development
• One representative from NVRI
• One representatives from the Federal Ministry of Environment
• One representative from NEMA
• One representative from ONSA
• One representative from NESREA
• Representatives from the following partners: WHO, FAO, CDC, AFENET
• A representative from the academia
Terms of reference
The Technical Committee will have the following functions:
a. Support advocacy efforts to provide funds and other support for OH
activities
b. Collaborate with the communication committee for effective dissemination
of information on the status of the outbreak and its management
c. Ensure the successful implementation of the integrated plan by monitoring
its implementation and reviewing the plan as may be necessary
d. Establish liaison with development partners to coordinate national and
international efforts to contain disease outbreaks
e. Support multi-sectoral collaboration in management of public health
emergencies
f. Provide oversight and technical support to ensure OH approach to
emergency preparedness and response
g. Report back regularly to NOHSC on the implementation of the One
Health activities
h. Ensure inter-ministerial cooperation and coordination
i. Ensure that Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) is signed for the
operational framework of NOHCU among the implementing MDAs
Meetings
• The National One Health Technical Committee will hold meetings
quarterly but may hold additional extraordinary meetings as necessary if
convened by the Chairman/Co-Chairman
• The quorum required is one third
• Notice of meetings to be provided at least two weeks before the scheduled
date
3.1.3 National One Health Coordinating Unit (NOHCU)

The National One Health coordination unit will have a National One Health
coordinator – a senior technical officer from NCDC with qualification in public
health, or veterinary public health and other relevant disciplines in One Health.
The unit will have animal health desk, human health desk and environmental
health desk in the implementation of One Health related activities with the relevant
technical working groups. In addition, the unit will liaise with other relevant sectors
to provide technical support in the containment of disease outbreaks and to ensure

effective inter-agency collaboration under the supervision of the DG NCDC.

Membership of National One Health Coordination Unit comprise the following;
• One Health Coordinator from NCDC assisted by
• Desk officers in human health, veterinary public health, environment health and other
disciplines related to One Health.
Terms of Reference
a. Provide secretariat support to the technical and steering committees
b. Support the development of interoperable, multi-sectoral system capable
of preventing, detecting and responding promptly to infectious disease
outbreaks
c. Enhance collaborations between animal, human and environment sectors for
control of endemic zoonoses and outbreak response.
d. Prepare annual work plans
e. Coordinates regular stakeholders meeting to share information
f. Develop quarterly and annual progress reports on OH activities
g. Facilitate liaison between NCDC as the IHR/NFP and relevant MDAs
h. Facilitate the utilisation of OH approach in outbreak response activities
i. Review and prepare technical information and documentation
j. Ensure replication and implementation of the same OH structures at state
and local government levels

4.0 One Health Strategic
Plan
4.1 Vision, Mission, Goals and Core Values of One
Health
4.1.1 Vision
To be a nation of healthy people and healthy animals living in a balanced ecosystem
4.1.2 Mission
To build a strategic, dynamic and functional platform that advances human, animal
and environmental health through multidisciplinary and intersectoral collaboration
4.1.3. Goals
• A sustainable and institutionalised One Health platform at all government levels

• A strategic, integrated, safe and secure research agenda and sustained capacity
for implementation of OH initiative in Nigeria
• Increased awareness on One Health for all stakeholders
• Enhanced Government and other stakeholders’ commitment and support for OH
platform
• Effective prevention, detection and response to public health threats through the
One Health approach
4.1.4 Core Values

1. Partnerships – Working together to advance human, animal and environmental
health
2. Accountability – Acknowledging and accepting responsibility for One Health
activities by all stakeholders
3. Integrity – Promotion of ethical values and standards in OH activities
4. Equity – Fair and just actions that promote good health and preserve natural
resources for future generations
5. Coordination – Bringing together all stakeholders in OH to work harmoniously
6. Innovation- Adoption of new and improved approaches and processes for
addressing OH issues
7. Sustainability – Ensure continuous availability of resources, capacities and
processes for the OH approach.

4.0 ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN
4.1.5 Themes and Thematic Goals

The strategic plan is divided into the following thematic areas and goals:
1. Surveillance and Laboratory
a. Thematic Goal: Effective prevention, detection and response to public health
threats through the One Health approach
2. Training and Research
a. Thematic Goal: A strategic, integrated, safe and secure research agenda and
sustained capacity for implementation of OH initiatives in Nigeria
3. Governance and Leadership
a. Thematic Goal: A sustainable and institutionalised One Health platform at all
government levels
4. Communication
a. Thematic Goal: Increased awareness on One Health for all stakeholders
5. Resource Mobilisation
a. Thematic Goal: Enhanced Government and stakeholder commitment and
support for the One Health platform
4.1.6 Guiding Principles

The following principles will guide the implementation of this plan:
1. Prevention and control of public health events including zoonoses is a national
public good and requires strong political and financial commitment at all levels of
government
2. Sustainable utilisation of existing institutions and whenever possible drawing on
lessons learned
3. Use of a multidisciplinary approach to realise technical, political, and regulatory
frameworks to effectively manage public health events including zoonoses.
4. Recognition and respect for cultural diversity and human rights.

5.0 Five-Year Strategic Plan
for One Health in Nigeria
GOAL 1: Sustainable and institutionalised One Health platform at all
government levels
STRATEGIC STRATEGY ACTIVITIES MONITORING YR YR YR
OBJECTIVE INDICATORS 1 2-3 4-5
1. To constitute Develop a draft 1. Define the structure for Structure defined x
standing of the structure the committee
coordination to be validated
committee by by appropriate
3rd Quarter of government
2019 for the officials
establishment
of One Health
platform
2. To develop an Engage in 1. Perform situation Situation analysis x
institutional country experts analysis of OH in Nigeria performed
framework to perform 2. Develop a concept note Concept note x
on operation- situation analysis on operationalisation of developed
alisation of and facilitate OH
One Health in community x
3. Adopt and implement MoU signed
Nigeria by the involvement and
a set of inter-agency Consultative meetings
4th Quarter of buy–in
Memorandum of held
2019 Compose a legal Understanding (MoU)
and technical to define areas for
team to develop collaboration and
concept note and coordination on One
MoU Engage Health activities in the
stakeholders to 1st Quarter of 2020.
attend meeting x x
4. Conduct consultative
meetings of stakeholders
quarterly
3. Institutionalise Engage the 1. Develop a joint Council Council memo x
One Health states through memo on One Health developed
concept among the National 2. Presentation of the Memo presented x x
line Ministries Councils memo at the National
in 36 States (NCARD, NCH Councils (NCARD, NCH
and the FCT and NCE) to and NCE) Memo presented to x x
replicate One
3. Presentation of the Council of States
Health at states
approved memo to the
and LGA levels
Council of States
4. To develop an Create 1. Decide on target groups Target groups /focal x
advocacy and awareness and identify focal points person identified
sensitisation among political within the groups
plan for the key class for buy-in (stakeholders) Advocacy message x
stakeholders by 2. Develop and test the developed
2nd Quarter of advocacy messages
Relevant groups and x
2020
3. Engage relevant groups associations engaged
and associations
5.0 FIVE-YEAR STRATEGIC PLAN FOR ONE HEALTH IN NIGERIA
GOAL 2: A strategic, integrated, safe and secure research agenda and

1. To have a 5-year Engage relevant 1. Draft list of relevant List drafted x
OH research OH stakeholders OH stakeholders to be
agenda for (institutions, involved/ engaged in the
Nigeria by the researchers and process establishment
1st Quarter subject matter 2. Develop agenda and Agenda and x
of 2019 using templates to be used for template
expert) to develop
the Nigeria the development of the developed
OH research
prioritised OH research agenda
agenda
zoonotic disease 3. Organise a 3-day 3-day residential x
list residential retreat for the retreat conducted
relevant stakeholders to
draft the research agenda
4. Share the e-draft research E-draft agenda x
agenda with a wider shared
stakeholder forum (local
and international) for
review and comments/
inputs
5. Conduct a half-day Research agenda x
launch of the research launched
agenda
6. Two-day TWG meeting Two-day technical x
to prepare for the launch meeting held
and subsequently revise
agenda
7. Set up OH research Research fund and x
fund and board that will board established
support and manage OH
grants
2. To promote Engage relevant 1. Development of pre Pre-service x
incorporation stakeholders -service curriculum curriculum
of OH into to develop and developed
the curriculum advocate for 2. Advocacy visits to NUC Visit documented x x
of medical, OH curriculum
veterinary and inclusion Visit documented
3. Advocacy visits to x x
environmental regulatory bodies (MDCN,
health and VCN, EHORCON, MLSCN)
life science
x
disciplines in 4. Conduct a three-day Three-day
NUC by 4th workshop on curriculum curriculum
review targeting relevant review workshop
Quarter of 2019
OH stakeholders conducted


3. To develop and Use existing 1. Liaise with relevant Number of x
implement by resources in stakeholders (e.g. meetings held
4th Quarter of the universities NFELTP and associated with stakeholders
2020, a One- and relevant universities) to identify
Health modular suitable resource persons
institutions to
in-service training to establish the training
enhance the
for all levels program
of personnel capacity of OH
2. Conduct one-week Retreat conducted x
within medical, retreat to develop
veterinary and curriculum and training
environmental materials for the modular
health sectors at training
Federal, State and
3. Engage experts to collate Training modules x
LGA
and review drafts of reviewed
training modules and
methodology
4. Pilot training for 20 Training for 20 x
participants among participants
relevant OH stakeholders conducted
5. Train 200 participants per Training for 200 x x
year with the developed participants
module conducted
6. Develop sensitisation x
Sensitisation plan
plan to be used at the developed
meeting with policy
makers
4. To establish Engage OH 1. Convene a two-day Two-day meeting x

a platform researchers meeting of researchers held
to enhance and policy and policy makers
harmonious makers to foster in different relevant
collaboration collaboration institutions sensitise them
between on research on OH research agenda
researchers and harmonization and facilitate agreement
policy makers on an annual meeting for
for effective researchers and policy
dissemination makers
and uptake of
research findings
by the 4th
Quarter of 2019

GOAL 3: Increased awareness of One Health for all stakeholders

STRATEGIC STRATEGY ACTIVITIES MONITORING INDICATORS YR YR YR
OBJECTIVE 1 2-3 4-5
1. Improve Planning and 1. Put in place communication and Advocacy strategy x x
public instituting advocacy strategies in place and Document preparation
perception communication conduct conferences, workshops, for communication and
seminars at national, state and its dissemination via
and and advocacy conferences, workshops,
awareness strategies for local government level
seminars
• Set up a media fellowship to
in zoonotic OH Media fellowship x x
showcase the human face of
diseases Number of media
One Health
and the • Develop a dissemination plan documentaries produced
One on how to spread and create Developed plans available
Health Utilisation of awareness Number of print media
approach the different • Design the materials (fliers, documentaries disseminated
social media handbills, posters, social media Number of press releases x x x
at all levels to etc.) to spread the One Health Number of approved press
sensitise on awareness releases
One Health • Write and disseminate press
Number of locations where
releases on One Health releases have been made
Number of media houses
that aired the messages
Number of town x x
Utilise contact 2. Plan and carry out town hall
person at meetings with community hallmeetings conducted
community level stakeholders
3. Design, develop, test, produce Number of IEC materials x x x
and distribute IEC materials in distributed
English, local languages, Pidgin
English and on One Health
4. Develop and disseminate Number of standard x x
standardised messages on One messages developed and
Health via multimedia platforms number disseminated
e.g. Facebook, Whatsapp etc. Availability of standard
messages in various
platforms
5. Engage policy makers, legislators, Number of meetings x x x
traditional leaders, community held with policy makers,
members in dialogue on One legislators etc
Health
6. Engagement of professional Number of bodies engaged/ x x x
bodies/organisations in associations/organisations
disseminating information on One
Health e.g. CSOs, faith-based
groups
Communication 7. Identify and engage a brand x
Brand champions identified
advocacy Plan champion to represent OH at all
levels
8. Develop a schedule for regular x x
Number of developed
dissemination of radio jingles,
schedules
TV adverts, SMS messages, short
plays, role plays on One Health

2. Build capacity Integrate OH 1. Identify health related Number of x x x
for sustainable communication programmes on health-related
communication activities at media platforms for programmes
activity at all tiers all levels of use in information identified
of government government dissemination
and among other
stakeholders Conducting ToT 2. The classes and Documentation
for effective categories of ToTs for and outcome of ToT
succession OH use on OH
training 3. Build capacity of media Number of media x x x
personnel for One personnel trained/
Health reporting sensitised
Communication/ 4. Build capacity of Number of x x x
training plan technical officers technical officers
for One Health trained
communication
packaging
5. Minimum number of
lecturers/instructors at
Conduct capacity institutions trained Number of
Building capacity lecturers/instructors
at the institutions trained on,
among lecturers/ inventory of the
instructors for institutions and
One Health lecturers instructors
with OH expertise
3. To develop and Use existing 1. Identify key stakeholders Number of x
standardise a com- dat bases and and experts to develop stakeholder
munication plan professional key One Health identified
bring together a groups messages
group of multi-sec- Workshop held for x
Workshop
torial technical/ 2. Conduct 5-day 5 days
agenda, using
communication workshop to adapt One
the prioritised
experts to develop Health key messages
zoonotic diseases
and standardise a
list and list of
One Health vocab-
known and
ulary and message
potential funding
plan within the first Number of x x x
three months Identified list of 3. Produce and
disseminate printed messages printed
key stakeholders
and partners copies of key messages
for all stakeholders
Journals,
quarterly reports

GOAL 4: Enhanced Government and other stakeholders’ commitment and

support for OH platform
1. To design and Community 1. Develop a One Health Brochure produced x x x
implement needs profile/brochure that
(operationalise) assessment, use details successes and
a framework of community priority focus areas
for coordinating informants 2. Conduct a stakeholder x x x
Stakeholder analysis
Donor/ analysis to review and conducted
private sector Identify available/potential
contributions donors and private sector
2. Identify and organisations
create linkages Mapping conducted
3. Conduct a mapping of x x x
among partners
animal, environmental
on One Health
and human health
resource
infrastructure, and
resources
3. To increase Engage 1. Conduct quarterly Quarterly meetings x x x

stakeholder stakeholders meetings of stakeholders conducted
participation and establish 2. Institute rapid coordinated Functional team with x x x
and ownership guidelines for and functional their TOR
in management OH resource x x x
3. Multidisciplinary OH Number of monthly
of resources for
managment teams with their TOR feedback conducted
One Health
Organise 4. Provide monthly feedback Workplans harmonise x
a system on OH activities to all
stakeholders
to ensure
availability of 5. Harmonise OH activities in
OH resource workplans of governments
and partner organisations
6. Set up PPP office x
4. Mobilise greater Advocacy and 1. Conduct advocacy for the Advocacy meetings x
goverment lobbying for creation of a government briefs and progress
commitment in One Health budget allocation for OH reports.
sustained annual funding
budgetary 2. Conduct advocacy for Advocacy meeting x
provision for increased donor funding briefs and progress
One Health to support One Health reports.
and increase activities
donor funding
to support One
Health activities

GOAL 5: Effective prevention, detection and response to public health threats

through the One Health approach
1. To have To weave the existing 2. Update the situational Situational analysis x
in place systems into an analysis updated
integrated integrated platform
3. Stakeholders meeting to Stakeholder x x
surveillance and bridge gaps
harmonise the different meeting
system for where they exist.
surveillance systems to held
human, animal
fit into the One Health
diseases and
platform
environmental
hazards 4. Convene stakeholders Stakeholders x x
meeting to adopt and meetings
validate report of the in held
country subject matters
Minutes of x x x
experts
meetings, validated
report
2. To strengthen Situation analysis of 1. Mapping of public Mapping conducted x

laboratory human, animal and health laboratories in
capacity to environmental labs the country
diagnose x
Enhancement and • Conduct needs Needs assessment
priority conducted
zoonotic diseases assessment of public
zoonotic
specific integration health laboratories in
diseases and
of lab diagnostics the country
public health
capacity informed by
issues in • Validate report of the Validation conducted x
situation analysis
human and needs assessment
animal and Proportion of labs
• Enhance the x x
environmental with improved
laboratory physical
threats in 40% infrastructure
infrastructure,
of the states
equipment, reagents
and consumables,
quality management
systems to sustain an
integrated national
laboratory network
(develop sub activities)
• Train laboratory staff Number of x x x
to detect in a safe, laboratory staff
secure and timely trained
manner priority
Training report, list x x x
zoonotic diseases
of participants
threats

GOAL 5: Effective prevention, detection and response to public health threats

through the One Health approach
STRATEGIC STRATEGY ACTIVITIES MONITORING INDICATORS YR YR YR
OBJECTIVE 1 2-3 4-5
3. Ensure an Identify and 1. Identify and incorporate Surveillance x x
effective multi- train animal all relevant stakeholders stakeholders identified
sectoral EPR health and into multi-sectoral EPR Surveillance stakeholders x x
committee environmental committee and RRT at all incorporated into
and RRT in the health teams levels multisectoral EPR
States and LGAs into multi 2. Map out potential hazard Mapping done x x
in all States and sectoral EPR area
3. Identification and Identification process x x
FCT committees at
maintenance of available conducted
all levels
resources including medical
counter-measure and
stockpiling at all levels of
government (sub activity for
RRT)
4. Prepositioning of Availability of emergency x x x
emergency supplies (drugs, supplies in strategic
PPE, medical consumables) locations
for public health emergency
response
5. Integrate animal and Integrated EOC at all x x x
environmental emergencies levels of government
into public health
emergency operation centre
at all levels of government
4. To increase Increase 1. Conduct assessment of Assessment conducted x
reporting of number of reporting in the human,
disease from reporting animal and environmental
healthcare portals/outlets surveillance system
facilities sites, tools, 2. Strengthen and improve Improved reporting x
including logistics consistency, completeness attributes at all levels
private health and timeliness in reporting
facilities to from the local and State
levels
80% within
2 years of 3. Develop a framework for Framework for x x x
implementation multi sectoral coordination multisectorial
in reporting and coordination developed
of the One
communication that will
Health platform
enable information sharing
4. Integrate human, animal Integrated database x x x
and environmental sector available
data into a central data
base

6.0 One-Year
Implementation Plan
government levels
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE STRATEGY ACTIVITIES
1. To constitute standing\ Develop a draft of the 1. Define the structure for the
coordination committee structure to be validated by committee
by quarter of 2019 for the appropriate government
establishment of One Health officials
platform
2. To promote incorporation of OH To develop an institutional 1. Perform situation analysis of OH
into the curriculum of medical, framework on in Nigeria
veterinary and environmental operationalisation of One
2. Develop a concept note on
health and life science disciplines Health in Nigeria by the 4th
operationalisation of OH
at NUC. quarter of 2019.
3. Conduct consultative meetings of
stakeholders quarterly
4. Adopt the framework
5. Adopt and implement a set of

inter-agency Memorandum
of Understanding to define
areas for collaboration and
coordination on One Health
activities in the 1st quarter of
2019.

government levels
MONITORING RESPONSIBLE
SUB-ACTIVITIES VERIFICATION Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
INDICATORS AUTHORITY
1. Development of inclusion Structure Copy of document x NCDC

criteria for selection defined defining the structure
of members of the
committee
2. Define TOR for the TOR developed x NCDC
committee
3. Inaugurate the Committee x NCDC
committee inaugurated

6.0 ONE-YEAR IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

government levels
1. Procure the services of a Situation analysis Report of situation x
Team of Consultants performed analysis
2. Review and validate the Concept note Copy of concept NCDC
drawn-up concept note developed note
3. Plan consultative Four consultative Minutes of the NCDC
meeting. Communicate meetings held consultative
to stakeholders. Hold meetings
meetings
4. Review of the framework Framework Copy of framework
by the TWG adopted guidelines
5. Presentation for
adoption to the higher
Management level
6. Adopt an existing MoU
into a template
7. Compose a legal team
to review an agreed
template for the
proposed MoU
8. Draft the MoU
9. Signing of MoU by MoU signed Copy of signed MoU x The three
FMoH, FMARD and line
FMEnv Ministries

1. Provide a framework for Promote collaborative 1. Develop structure for research

collaborative research research between experts work
between human, animal and in human, animal and 2. Adopt a framework to enhance
environmental health sectors environmental health coordination of research activities
on priority zoonotic diseases in
3. Provide links for funding and
Nigeria
collaboration
4. Develop thematic areas for
research on One Health


1. Conduct surveys to A standardised Increased knowledge A A NCDC

obtain baseline data One Health and capacity to tackle (OHTWG)
based on One Health for research the zoonotic priority
priority zoonotic diseases contigency diseases that affect
in Nigeria plan/strategy. Nigeria.
2. Promote participation in
One Health conferences
3. Develop a One Health
journal to boost research
activities

2. To Identify novel animal Provision of guidelines/protocol 1. Formation of One Health

reservoirs for priority zoonotic on coordinated research within research groups within and
diseases in Nigeria and among institutions. among institutions
2. Identify gaps
3. Identify areas of
collaboration for One Health
research
4. Identify available institutions
for research purposes
5. Plan pet project to enhance
to enhance strategic objective
3. To identify and describe animal- Promote the development of 1. Formation of One Health
human-environment interphase tools and resources to improve structure across all level
for priority zoonotic diseases in the scope, scale and sensitivity
Nigeria of zoonotic disease surveillance
in Nigeria.
4. Mapping of animal reservoirs of Serological testing of animal 1. Identify laboratories to be

priority zoonotic pathogens in species for zoonotic diseases in used for testing
Nigeria Nigeria.
Develop research proposals 1. Collate available data on

exploring animal-human- available animal reservoirs in
environment interphases for Nigeria
priority zoonotic diseases in
Nigeria e.g Brucellosis, Anthrax


1. Review guidelines/ Guidelines/ Improved A A A NCDC

protocol to suit identified protocols on understanding of the (OHTWG)
gaps Delay in the coordinated risk factors for the
adoption of the draft research on animal to human
national One Health zoonotic diseases transmission of
Strategic Plan. zoonotic diseases.
1. Carry out One Health Sharing of Established research A A A
research at interphasal Research findings collaborations among
level with relevant the academia,
stakeholders governmental and
2. Describe the role of each
non-governmental
level of interphase
agencies.
1. Conduct seroprevalence Publications X X X

of priority zoonotic of findings in
disease in Nigeria scientific journals.
1. To identify ecological Presentation X X X
nicheof animal reservoirs in scientific
for different priority conferences.
zoonotic disease
1. Improve public perception Utilisation of the 1. Identify a communication focal person

and awareness in communication plan
2. Design, develop, test, produce and distribute
zoonotic diseases and the
IEC materials in English, local languages,
One Health approach
Pidgin English and on One Health
3. Design, develop, test, produce and distribute
IEC materials in English, local languages,
Pidgin English and on One Health
4. Develop and disseminate standardised
messages on One Health via multimedia
platforms e.g. Facebook, Whatsapp etc.
5. Engage policy makers, legislators, traditional
leaders, community members in dialogue on
One Health
6. Engagement of professional bodies
organisations in disseminating information
on One Health e.g. CSOs, faith-based
groups

1. Write a TOR A TOR and letter of x NCDC
Publish online communication appointment x (Secretariat of
focal person OHTWG)
Recruit x
identified
Appointment x
2. Identify thematic areas Number of Number of approved x
press releases press releases
Develop content Number of Number of media x
locations. where houses that aired the
releases have messages
been made.
Obtain approval Transcript of x
and release press releases
3. Identify and invite media Number of Copies of IEC
Identify target audience IEC materials materials available
in English and in English and local
Develop technical content
Local languages languages
Identify language experts distributed
Translate content into other
languages
Identify channels for
dissemination
Testing of IEC materials
4. Identify thematic areas Copies of Number of x
Develop technical content standard standard messages x
messages disseminated
Identify language experts x
developed
Translate content into other Availability of x
languages standard messages
Identify channels for in various platforms x
dissemination
Testing of IEC materials x
5. Identify relevant stakeholders
Number of Minutes and
Advocacy to stakeholders meetings attendance list x
held with
Share information and IEC on x
policy makers,
One Health
legislators, etc.
Identify and discuss x
community involvement
and need for community
mobilisers
6. Identify relevant stakeholders Number Minutes of
Advocacy to stakeholders of bodies engagement
engaged/ meeting with
Share information on One
associations associations, bodies,
Health
organisations organisations
Identify and discuss
organisational roles in One
Health

2. Build capacity for sustainable Integrate 1. Identify health related programmes on

communication activity at all tiers One Health media platforms for use in information
of government and among other communication dissemination
stakeholders activities at all levels
2. Build capacity of media personnel for One
of government
Health reporting
3. Build capacity of technical officers for One
Health communication packaging
3. To develop and standardise Stakeholder 1. Identify key stakeholders and experts to
a communication plan engagement develop key OH messages
bring together a group of
multi-sectorial technical/ 2. Conduct five-day workshop to adapt One
communication experts to develop Health key messages
and standardise a One Health
vocabulary and message plan
within the first three months
Number of Relevant audio and X

health related visual materials
programmes
identified
1. Identify the participants/ key Number of media Training reports, X
media personnell personnel trained list of participants,
and sensitised pictures
2. Conduct a capacity needs X
assessment
3. Conduct 2-day training of X
participants
4. Identify technical officers Number of Training reports, X
technical officers list of participants,
trained pictures

Number of List of stakeholders X

stakeholders
identified
Workshop held for Workshop report X
5 days
1. Testing of the messages will Number of Copy of tested X
be a sub-activity in the OP messages tested message
2. Produce and disseminate Number of Report of message
printed copies of messages printed test, pictures and
key messages for all list of stakeholders
stakeholders who participated
Copies of printed
messages available
Printed copy of X
brochure
GOAL 4: Enhanced government and other stakeholders’ commitment and

1. To design and implement IIdentify and create 1. Develop a One Health Profile/brochure that
(operationalise) linkages among details successes and priority focus areas
a framework for partners on OH
2. Conduct a stakeholder analysis to review and
coordinating donor/ resource
Identify available potential donors and private
private sector
sector organisations
contributions
3. Conduct a mapping of animal, environmental
and human health infrastructure, and resources
2. To increase stakeholder Engage 1. Conduct quarterly meetings of stakeholders
participation and stakeholders and
2. Ensure monthly feedback on OH activities to all
ownership in management establish guidelines
stakeholders
of resources for OH for OH resource
management 3. Harmonise OH activities in workplans of
governments and partner organisations
3. Mobilise greater Advocacy and 1. Conduct quarterly meetings of stakeholders
Government commitment lobbying for OH
2. Ensure monthly feedback on OH activities to all
in sustained annual funding
stakeholders
budgetary provision for
OH and increase donor 3. Harmonise OH activities in workplans of
funding to support One governments and partner organisations
Health activities
4. Conduct advocacy for increased donor funding to
support One Health activities

GOAL 4: Enhanced government and other stakeholders’ commitment and

SUB-ACTIVITIES MONITORING VERIFICATION Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 RESPONSIBLE
1. Identify priority focus x
areas and successe
2. Design a brochure Brochure produced Printed copy of x
brochure
3. Identify communication x
technical resource
persons
4. Conduct a 3-day x
workshop to develop
One Health brochure/
advocacy briefs
5. Conduct a one-day Stakeholder analysis Number x
meeting conducted of private
organisations,
donors
identified,
analysis report
6. Identify target Mapping conducted Report of x
communities resource
mapping
7. Advocacy visits to x
community gatekeepers
8. Participatory community x
needs assessment to
map resources
1. Quarterly meetings Minutes of quarterly x
conducted meetings
2. Number of monthly Feedback report x
feedback conducted
3. Workplans harmonised Copies of harmonised x
workplans
1. Advocacy meetings Advocacy reports
conducted
2. Advocacy meetings Advocacy reports x
conducted Report of message x
test, pictures and list
of stakeholders who
participated

7.0 Monitoring & Evaluation
Framework for the One
Health Strategic Plan
The implementation plan for the One Health (OH) strategic plan has activities, indicators,
means of verification, time frame, and responsible party. The monitoring and evaluation
plan will be based on the existing fields in the workplan. The plan will be evaluated twice
a year (by the end of the 2nd and 4th quarters of the calendar year). The evaluation will
be based on the yearly workplan.
All activities will be adjudged to be either completed, ongoing, pending, or planned
Completed
This refer to activities that have been completed based on the indicators and means of
verification as at the time the evaluation is being carried out.
Ongoing
Ongoing activities are those that have commenced, but their timelines have passed or
is extended based on a compelling need to do so.
Pending
This refer to activities that have not commenced even though their timelines have
elapsed.
Planned
These are activities whose timelines has not been reached and thus there is no basis for
starting them.
Reporting
The report of the evaluation will be based on the goals of the plan. For each goal,
the proportion of activities under each goal that are classified as completed, ongoing,
pending, or planned will be documented. Responsible persons will be interviewed to
document why activities were pending or ongoing (for those whose timelines elapsed).
This will enable identification of challenges and bottlenecks to implementation of the
plan.
The midyear evaluation will be conducted by the NOHCU at the end of the second
quarter, while the end of year evaluation will be conducted by an independent consultant
at the end of the year.

STRATEGIC STRATEGIC MONITORING RESPONSIBLE
STRATEGY ACTIVITIES SUB-ACTIVITIES VERIFICATION Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
GOAL OBJECTIVES INDICATORS AUTHORITY
GOAL 1: 1. To Development of
Sustain- constitute inclusion crite- Copy of docu-
Structure
able and standing Develop ria for selection ment defining x NCDC
defined
institu- coordination a draft of of members of the structure
tionalised committee the struc- 1. Define the the committee
One Health by 3rd ture to be structure for Define TOR for TOR devel-
platform at Quarter of validated by the commit- x NCDC
the committee oped
all govern- 2019 for the appropriate tee
ment levels establish- government
ment of officials Inaugurate the Committee
x NCDC
One Health committee inaugurated
platform.
2. To promote To develop Perform Procure the
Situation Report of
incorpora- an institu- situation services of a
analysis situation X
tion of OH tional frame- analysis of OH Team of
performed analysis
into the work on in Nigeria Consultants
curriculum operation- Develop a
of medical, alisation of Review and
concept note
veterinary One Health validate the Concept note Copy of
on operation- x NCDC
and envi- in Nigeria drawn-up developed concept note
alisation of
ronmental by the 4th concept note
OH
health and Quarter of
Conduct Plan consulta-
life science 2019.
consultative tive meeting. Four consul- Minutes of the
disciplines
meetings of Communicate tative meet- consultative x NCDC
at NUC
stakeholders to stakeholders. ings held meetings
quarterly Hold meetings
Review of the Copy of
Adopt the Framework
framework by Framework x OHTWG
framework adopted
the TWG Guidelines
Presentation for
adoption to the
x
Adopt and higher manage-
implement ment level
a set of Adopt an exist-
inter-agency ing MoU into a x
Memorandum template
of Under- Compose a
standing to x The three
legal team to Copy of signed
define areas MoU signed line minis-
Review an MoU
for collabo- tries
ration and agreed tem-
x
coordination plate for the
on One Health proposed MoU
activities in Draft the MoU x
the 3rd Quar- Signing of
ter of 2019. MoU by FMoH,
x
FMARD and
FMEnv

STRATEGIC STRATEGIC STRATEGY ACTIVITES SUB-ACTIVITIES MONITORING VERIFICATION Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 RESPONSIBLE
GOAL 2: 1. Provide a 1.Promote col- 1. Develop 1. Conduct surveys · A stan- · Increased A A NCDC
A strategic, framework laborative structure for to obtain base- dardised knowledge (OHTWG)
integrated, for col- research research work line data based One and capacity
safe and laborative between 2. Adopt a on One Health Health to tackle the
secure joint research experts in framework for priority zoo- research zoonotic pri-
zoonotic between human, ani- to enhance notic diseases contigency ority diseases
research human, mal and en- coordination in Nigeria plan/strat- that affect
agenda and animal and vironmental of research 2. Promote egy. Nigeria.
sustained environ- health activities participation
capacity for mental 3. Provide links in One Health
imple- health for funding conferences
mentation sectors on and collabo- 3. Develop a One
of OH priority ration Health journal
initiatives zoonotic 4. Develop to boost re-
in Nigeria diseases in thematic search activities
Nigeria areas for
research on
One Health
2 .To Iden- 1. Provision 1. Formation of 1. Review · Guidelines/ · Improved A A A
tify novel of guide- One Health guidelines/ Protocols understand-
animal lines or research protocol to suit on coor- ing of the risk
reservoirs protocol on groups within identified gaps dinated re- factors for
for priority coordinated and among Delay in the search on the animal
zoonotic research institutions adoption of the zoonotic to human
diseases in within and 2. Identify gaps draft national diseases. transmission
Nigeria among 3. Identify areas One Health of zoonotic
institutions. of collabora- Strategic Plan. diseases.
tion for One
Health rese
arch
4. Identify
available
institutions
for research
purposes
5. Plan pet
project to
enhance to
enhance
strategic
objective
3 To iden- 1.Promote the 1. Formation of 1. Carry out One · Sharing of · Established A A A
tify and develop- One Health Health research Research research col-
describe ment of structure at interphasal findings laborations
animal-hu- tools and across all level with among the
man-en- resources levels 2. Describe the relevant academia,
vironment to improve role of each stakehold- governmental
interphase the scope, level of interph ers and non-gov-
for priority scale and ase ernmental
zoonotic sensitivity agencies.
diseases in of zoonotic
Nigeria. disease
surveillance
in Nigeria.

STRATEGIC STRATEGIC STRATEGY ACTIVITES SUB-ACTIVITIES MONITORING VERIFICATION Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 RESPONSIBLE
GOAL 2: 4. Mapping 2. Serological 1. Identify Conduct · Publica- X X X
A strategic, of animal testing of laboratories seroprevalence tions of
integrated, reservoirs animal to be used for of priority zoo- findings in
safe and of priority species for testing notic disease in scientific
secure joint zoonotic zoonotic Nigeria journals.
zoonotic pathogens diseases in
research in Nigeria. Nigeria.
agenda and 2. Collate avail-
sustained able data on
capacity for available ani-
imple- mal reservoirs
mentation in Nigeria
of OH
initiatives
in Nigeria
3. Develop To identify · Presen- X X X
research ecological tation in
proposals nicheof animal scientific
exploring reservoirs for confer-
animal-hu- different pri- ences.
man-en- ority zoonotic
vironment disease
interphases
for priority
zoonotic
diseases in
Nigeria e.g
Brucellosis,
Anthrax

STRATEGIC STRATEGIC STRATEGY ACTIVITIES SUB-ACTIVITIES MONITORING VERIFICATION Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 RESPONSIBLE
GOAL 3: 1. Improve Utilisation Identify a Write a TOR A communica- TOR and x NCDC
Increased public per- of the communi- Publish online tion focal per- letter of x (Secretariat of
awareness ception and commu- cation focal son identified appointment OHTWG))
Recruit x
on One awareness nication person
Health for all in zoonotic plan Appointment x
stakeholders diseases Write and Identify themat- Number of Number of x NCDC (Sec-
and the disseminate ic areas press releases approved retariat of
One Health press releases press releases OHTWG))
approach on One Health Number of lo- Number of x
cations where media houses
releases have that aired the
been made messages
Develop content Transcript of x
Obtain approval press releases x
and release
Identify and x
invite media
Design, Identify target Number of IEC Copies of IEC x NCDC (Sec-
Develop, test, audience materials in materials retariat of
produce and Develop techni- English and available x OHTWG))
distribute IEC cal content Local languag- in English
materials in es distributed and local
Identify lan- x
English, local languages
guage experts
languages,
Pidgin English Translate con- x
and on One tent into other
Health languages
Identify x
channels for
dissemination
Testing of IEC x
materials
Develop and Identify themat- Copies of stan- Number of x NCDC (Sec-
disseminate ic areas dard messages standard retariat of
standardised developed messages OHTWG))
messages on disseminated
One Health Develop techni- x
via multime- cal content
dia platforms
Identify lan- x
e.g. Facebook,
guage experts
Whatsapp etc.
Translate con- x
tent into other
languages
Identify x
channels for
dissemination
Testing of IEC x
materials

GOAL 3: 1. Improve Utilisation Engage policy Identify rele- Number of Minutes and x NCDC
Increased public per- of the com- makers, legisla- vant stakehold- meetings attendance (Secretariat
awareness ception and munication tors, traditional ers held with list of OHTWG))
on One awareness plan leaders, commu- Advocacy to policy makes, x
Health for all in zoonotic nity members in stakeholders legislators etc
stakeholders diseases dialogue on One
Share infor- x
and the Health
mation One
One Health
Health/ IEC
approach
Identify and Number of x
discuss commu- community
nity involve- Mobilised
ment and need
for community
mobilisers
Engagement Identify rele- Number Minutes of x
of professional vant stakehold- of bodies engagement
bodies/or- ers engaged/ meeting with
ganisations in Advocacy to associations/ associations, x
disseminating stakeholders organisations bodies, or-
information on ganisations
Share informa- x
One Health e.g.
tion One Health
CSOs, faith-
and IEC
based groups
Identify and x
discuss organ-
isational roles
in One Health
2. Build Integrate Identify Number of Relevant au- x NCDC
capacity for OH com- health related health-re- dio and visual (Secretariat
sustainable munication programmes on lated materials of OHTWG))
commu- activities media plat- programmes
nication at all forms for use identified
activity at levels of in information
all tiers of govern- dissemination
government ment Build capacity of Identify the Number Training x
and among media personnel participants of media reports, list of
other for One Health and key media personnel participants,
stakehold- reporting personnel trained and pictures
ers sensitised
Conduct a x
capacity needs
assessment
Conduct 2-day x
training of
participants
Build capacity of Identify techni- Number of Training x
technical officers cal officers technical offi- reports, list of
for One Health Conduct a cers trained participants, x
communication 3-day work- pictures
packaging shop

GOAL 3: 3. To devel- Stakeholder Identify key Number of List of stake- x NCDC
Increased op and engage- stakeholders stakeholders holders (Secretariat
awareness standardise ment and experts to identified of OHTWG))
on One a commu- develop key
Health nication OH messages
for all plan bring Conduct 5-day Workshop held Workshop x
stakeholders together a workshop to for 5-day report
group of adapt One
multi-sec- Testing of the Number of Copy of tested x
Health key
torial messages will messages message
messages
technical/ be a sub-activi- tested
communica- ty in the OP
tion experts Produce and Number of x
to develop disseminate messages
and stan- printed copies printed and
dardise a of key mes- disseminated
One Health sages for all
vocabulary stakeholders
and mes- Report of x
sage plan message test,
within the pictures and
first three list of stake-
months holders who
participated
Number of Copies of x
messages printed
printed messages
available

STRATEGIC STRATEGIC MONITORING RESPONSIBLE
STRATEGY ACTIVITIES SUB-ACTIVITIES VERIFICATION Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
GOAL 4: Identify priority
Enhanced focus areas and X
government successes
and other Design a bro-
stakeholders’ X
chure
commitment Develop a One
and support Health Profile/ Identify commu-
brochure that nication/tech- Brochure Printed Copy of
for OH X
platform details successes nical resource produced brochure
and priority persons
focus areas Conduct a 3-day
workshop to NCDC
develop One (Secretariat
X of OHTWG))
Health bro-
chure/ advocacy
1. To design and briefs
implement Identify and
(operationalise) create link- Conduct a stake-
a framework for ages among holder analysis
Number of
coordinating Do- partners on to review
Stakeholder private organi-
nor/ private sector OH resource and Identify Conduct a one-
analysis sations, donors X
contributions available/poten- day meeting
conducted identified,
tial donors and
analysis report
private sector
organisations
Report of
Identify target Mapping
resource X
communities conducted
Conduct a mapping
mapping of Advocacy visits
Advocacy Advocacy
animal, envi- to community X
reports reports The three line
ronmental and gatekeepers
ministries
human health Participatory
infrastructure, community Need Community
and resources needs assess- assessment resources X
ment to map conducted mapping
resources
Conduct quar- Minutes of
Quarterly meet-
terly meetings of quarterly X
ings conducted
stakeholders meetings
Engage Ensure monthly
2. To increase Number of
stakeholders feedback on OH Feedback
stakeholder monthly feed- X
and establish activities to all report NCDC
participation and back conducted
guidelines stakeholders (Secretariat
ownership in
for OH Harmonise OH of OHTWG))
management of
resource activities in
resources for OH Copies of
management workplans of Workplans
harmonised X
governments harmonised
workplans
and partner
organisations
Conduct
advocacy for
3. Mobilise greater the creation of Advocacy meet- Advocacy
Government a government ings conducted reports
commitment in budget alloca-
sustained annual tion for OH
Advocacy and
budgetary provi- Advocacy The three line
lobbying for X
sion for OH and reports Ministries
OH funding Conduct advoca-
increase donor report of
funding to sup- cy for increased
Advocacy meet- message test,
port One Health donor funding
ings conducted pictures and
activities to support One X
Health activities list of stake-
holders who
participated
REFERENCES
1. FETP: Field Epidemiology Training Programme conference publications

2. Grace D, Mutua F, Ochungo P, Kruska R, Jones K, Brierley L, Lapar ML, Said M,
Herrero M, Pham-Duc P, Elich Tao N, Akuku I, Ogutu F, 2012. Mapping of poverty and
likely zoonoses hotspots.
3. Molyneux D, Hallaj Z, Keusch GT, McManus DP, Ngowi H, Cleaveland S, Ramos-
Jimenez P, Gotuzzo E, Kar K, Sanchez A, Garba A, Carabin H, Bassili A, Chaignat CL,
Meslin F-X, Abushama HM, Willingham AL, Kioy D, 2011. Zoonoses and Marginalised
infectious diseases of poverty: Where do we stand? Parasites & Vectors 106.
4. Van Doorn HR, 2014. Emerging infectious diseases. Medicine 42: 60-63.
5. Jones K, G Patel N, Levy M, Storeygard A, Balk D, L Gittleman J, Daszak P, 2008.
Global Trends in Emerging Infectious Diseases.
6. Althaus CL, Low N, Musa EO, Shuaib F, Gsteiger S, 2015. Ebola virus disease
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Ducatez MF, Olinger CM, Owoade AA, De Landtsheer S, Ammerlaan W, Niesters
8. HGM, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM, Muller CP, 2006. Multiple introductions of
H5N1 in Nigeria. Nature 442: 37.
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correlates of emerging zoonotic diseases. NAture Science/541467-8

CONTRIBUTIONS
NAME DESIGNATION/ORGANISATION
1. Chikwe Ihekweazu DG, NCDC
COORDINATION
2. Olubunmi Ojo Director Surveillance, NCDC
3. Oyeladun Okunromade AD Surveillance, NCDC
4. Patrick Nguku Regional Coordinator, AFENET
5. Kaitlin Sandhaus CEO, Global Implementation Solutions, GIS
CONTRIBUTIONS
6. Elsie Ilori DD Surveillance, NCDC
7. Joshua Obasanya Director P&PC, NCDC
8. John Oladejo Director HEPR, NCDC
9. Emmanuel Agogo DD, P& PC, NCDC
10. Adesola Yinka-Ogunleye Epidemiologist, NCDC
11. Abiodun Egwenu Epidemiologist, NCDC
12. Eze Ugochukwu Lagos University Teaching Hospital
13. Damilola Kolade D. NCDC
14. Dada Augustine AFENET
15. Ajani Oyetunji AFENET
16. Mahmood Dalhat AFENET
17. Muhammad S.Balogun Resident Advisor, AFENET
18. Ndadilnasiya Endie Waziri National Coordinator, NSTOP/AFENET
19. Charles Akato Field Coordinator, AFENET
20. Aboyowa Edukugho Field Coordinator, AFENET
21. Junaid Kabir Prof, ABU Zaria
22. Oyeronke Oyebanji Technical Assistant, NCDC
23. Tony Johanuw Head of AI Lab, NVRI
24. Asabe Dzikwi-Emenna HOD Vet Public Health, UNIJOS
25. Mathew Muturi Global Implementation Solutions, GIS
26. Daniel Duvall Program Director, US-CDC

CONTRIBUTIONS
S/NO NAME DESIGNATION/ORGANISATION

27. Kamaldeen Khadeejah State Epidemiologist, Kwara SMoH
28. Aishatu Abubakar Sadiq State Epidemiologist, Kaduna SMoH
29. Denleye Abiodun A. Lagos State University
30. Tayo Babatobi University of Ibadan
31. Tura Galgalo GIS
32. Simeon Cadmus University of Ibadan
33. Sunday Omilabu University of Lagos
34. Grace Kia, S.N ABU Zaria
35. Jarlath U. Umoh Awka Ibom State University (AKSU)
36. E.C Okolocha ABU Zaria
37. Lami H. Lombin UNIJOS
38. Abdulrazaq Habib Bayero University, Kano
39. Adebola Olayinka WHO/NCDC
40. Ope Adejoro NCDC/Tony Blair Institute
41. James Balami I. DD PH, FMoH
42. Alabi Olaniran CVO, FMARD
43. Ntadoru Godu CCE, FMoH
44. Dooshima Kwange CVO, FMARD/VPCS
45. Eric Cook SNL Sandia
46. Columba Teru Vakuru DD FMARD/VPCS
47. Godson Ana University of Ibadan
48. Enem Simon University of Abuja
49. Ify Nwadiuto State Epidemiologist, Rivers SMoH
50. Rita AD, FMEnv

NOTES

NOTES

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FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA

ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

Design and Layout by Boboye Onduku/Blo’comms, 2019

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA

II FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

3. ONE HEALTH IN NIGERIA 29

III FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

AEFI Adverse Events Following Immunization

IV FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

OIE Office Internationale des Epizooties /

V FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

One Health is an approach to designing and implementing programs, policies,

VI FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

HONOURABLE MINISTER OF HEALTH

HONOURABLE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

HONOURABLE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT

VII FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

A full list of contributors to this plan is provided after the references.

VIII FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

IX FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

X FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

1.1 Country Profile: Nigeria

1.1.2 Economic Activities

1.1.3 Administrative Structure

1 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

EBONYI GEOPOLITICAL ZONES

2 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

1.1.4 Human and Animal Health Systems in Nigeria

3 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

4 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

1.1.5 Biodiversity and Wildlife Resources

6 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

2.1.2 Burden of Zoonoses in Nigeria

7 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

2.1.3 Prioritisation of zoonotic diseases in Nigeria

2.2 Antimicrobial Resistance

9 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

2.3 Environmental Health

10 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

11 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

and Response (IDSR) strategy. Event-based surveillance is also conducted at

1. Epidemic prone diseases

2. Other major diseases, events or conditions of public health importance

3. Diseases or events of international concern

12 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

Gaps still exist in linking surveillance and laboratory information on disease

13 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

EPIDEMIC PRONE DISEASES DISEASES TARGETED OTHER MAJOR DISEASES, EVENTS

2.4.1.2 Animal Health

14 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

monthly, biannually and annually. Immediate notification is also conducted

15 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

ultimately result in huge economic losses. Overall, failure in surveillance of

Disease suspicion: Surveillance agent

OIE, FAQ, AU-IBAR Minister of Agriculture

FMH, FMINO, FMST NEMA,

16 FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ONE HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN

2.5 AMR Surveillance

Awareness AMR Research