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Module 5 - Part 1

A regulated power supply converts unregulated AC power to constant DC. It has 4 main blocks: [1] A step-down transformer reduces AC voltage; [2] A rectifier (half-wave or full-wave bridge) converts AC to pulsing DC; [3] A filter capacitor smooths the DC output; [4] A voltage regulator (zener diode) maintains a constant output even if input or load change. The zener diode regulates voltage by maintaining a constant reverse breakdown voltage as its current varies. Line and load regulation specifications indicate how well the output voltage is maintained with changing input/load conditions.

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SUSEELA V K RSET
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8 views

Module 5 - Part 1

A regulated power supply converts unregulated AC power to constant DC. It has 4 main blocks: [1] A step-down transformer reduces AC voltage; [2] A rectifier (half-wave or full-wave bridge) converts AC to pulsing DC; [3] A filter capacitor smooths the DC output; [4] A voltage regulator (zener diode) maintains a constant output even if input or load change. The zener diode regulates voltage by maintaining a constant reverse breakdown voltage as its current varies. Line and load regulation specifications indicate how well the output voltage is maintained with changing input/load conditions.

Uploaded by

SUSEELA V K RSET
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASICS OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

MODULE – 5 PART – 1

RECTIFIERS AND POWER SUPPY

Ms. Neethu Radha Gopan, Asst Professor, Dept. of ECE, RSET


Syllabus
Block diagram of a dc Power Supply

➢ A regulated power supply can convert unregulated AC Power supply (230 V, 50 Hz)
provided by the wall outlet to a constant DC (direct current or voltage). A regulated
power supply is used to ensure that the output remains constant even if the input
changes.
➢ The basic building blocks of a regulated DC power supply are as follows:

1. A step down transformer


2. A rectifier
3. A DC filter
4. A regulator
1. Transformer- A step down transformer will step down the voltage from the ac
mains to the required voltage level. The output of the transformer is given as
input to the rectifier circuit.
2. Rectifier- Rectifier is an electronic circuit consisting of diodes which carries out
the rectification process. Rectification is the process of converting an
alternating voltage or current into unidirectional pulsating DC. There are two
basic types of rectifier circuits:
(i) Half-wave rectifier
(ii) Full-wave rectifier - Center-tapped & Bridge full- wave rectifier
3. DC Filter- It reduces the amount of ripples present in the rectified output.
4. Regulator-The output voltage or current will change or fluctuate when there is
change in the input from ac mains or due to change in load current at the output
of the regulated power supply or due to other factors like temperature changes.
This problem can be eliminated by using a regulator. A regulator will maintain
the output constant even when there are changes at the input or any other
changes occur.
1. Half Wave Rectifier
➢ A halfwave rectifier circuit uses only one diode for the transformation.
➢ It allows only one-half cycle of an AC voltage waveform to pass while blocking
the other half cycle.
➢ Let the voltage across the secondary be v = 𝑣𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)
➢ During the positive half cycle of the input, the secondary winding of the upper end
(A) is positive with respect to the lower end (B). The diode is forward biased and
conducts. Hence the positive half cycle is obtained as output across the load.
➢ During the negative half cycle, the secondary winding of the upper end is negative
with respect to the lower end. The diode is under reverse bias condition and there
is no current flow through the diode. Hence no output is obtained across the load.
2. Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
➢ A bridge rectifier is a type of full-wave rectifier that uses four diodes
connected together in a closed-loop bridge configuration to convert AC into
DC.
➢ It can rectify both half-cycles of an AC input sine wave.
➢ During the positive half cycle of the AC input, diodes D2 and D4 conduct in
series which allows electric current to pass, but diodes D1 and D3 are reverse
biased which block electric current. Hence the positive half cycle is obtained
at the output.
➢ During the negative half cycle of the AC input, diodes D1 and D3 conduct in
series which allows electric current to pass through the load in the same
direction as that of the previous cycle. Hence positive half cycle appears at the
output. During this cycle, D2 and D3 are reverse biased.
➢ In this way, AC is converted to pulsating DC.
Capacitor Filter

➢ Filters ideally eliminates the fluctuations in the output voltage of a half wave and full
wave rectifier and produces a constant level DC voltage.

Capacitive Filter with Half Wave Rectifier


➢ When AC voltage is applied, during the positive half cycle, the diode D is
forward biased and allows electric current through it.
➢ During the conduction period, the capacitor charges to the maximum value of
the supply voltage.
➢ When input begins to decrease below its peak, the capacitor retains its charge
and diode becomes reverse biased as the cathode becomes more positive than
the anode.

➢ During the remaining part of the cycle, the capacitor can only discharge through
the load resistor at a rate RC (time constant).
➢The larger the time constant, the slower the capacitor will discharge.
➢During the next cycle, the diode will become will become forward biased when the

input voltage exceeds the capacitor voltage.


➢The diode conducts and the capacitor again charges to the maximum value.
Capacitive Filter with Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

AC
Supply
Voltage Regulator

➢ Zener diode is a silicon semiconductor with a p-n


junction that is specifically designed to work in the
reverse biased condition.
➢ When forward biased, it behaves like a normal
signal diode, but when the reverse voltage is
applied to it, the voltage remains constant for a
wide range of currents.
➢ Due to this feature, it is used as a voltage regulator.
➢ A regulator is a circuit that will maintain the output
constant even when there are changes in the input
or any other changes in the load.
Zener Diode Voltage Regulator Working

➢ There is a series resistor connected to the circuit in order to limit the current into
the diode, so that the Zener diode does not overheat.
➢ The Zener diode is connected parallel to the load.
➢ The zener diode is connected with its cathode terminal connected to the positive
terminal of the DC supply so it is reverse biased and will be operating in its
breakdown condition.
1. Assume input changes and load is constant (𝐼𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡).
➢ If input voltage changes, current 𝐼𝑧 + 𝐼𝐿 changes. Hence the current through the Zener 𝐼𝑧
changes. The resistor Rs limits the current through the diode. If Vi increases, 𝐼𝑧
increases. If Vi decreases 𝐼𝑧 decreases. The voltage across the Zener remains constant for
current between 𝐼𝑧 (max) and 𝐼𝑧 𝑚𝑖𝑛 . Thus output remains fairly constant.
2. Assume the load changes and input is constant (𝐼𝑧 + 𝐼𝐿 is constant).
➢ If load changes (𝐼𝐿 changes), the current through the zener adjusts to maintain constant
𝐼𝑍 + 𝐼𝐿 .
➢ If 𝐼𝐿 increases, 𝐼𝑍 decreases to maintain constant 𝐼𝑧 + 𝐼𝐿 . When 𝐼𝐿 decreases, 𝐼𝑧
increases to maintain constant 𝐼𝑧 + 𝐼𝐿 .
➢ The voltage across the Zener remains constant for current between 𝐼𝑧 (max) and 𝐼𝑧 𝑚𝑖𝑛 .
Thus output remains fairly constant.
Voltage Regulation

➢ Two basic categories of voltage regulation are:


1. Line Regulation
2. Load Regulation
➢ The purpose of line regulation is to maintain a nearly constant output voltage when the
input voltage varies.
➢ How well a regulator performs line regulation can be determined by the formula below.
∆𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕
Line Regulation = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
∆𝑽𝒊𝒏

➢ The purpose of load regulation is to maintain a nearly constant output voltage when the
load varies.
➢ How well a regulator performs load regulation can be determined by the formula
below.
𝑽𝑵𝑳 −𝑽𝑭𝑳
Load Regulation = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎% , 𝑉𝑁𝐿 − 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 & 𝑉𝐹𝐿 − 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑽𝑭𝑳
END OF MODULE - 5 PART - 1

THANK YOU!!!!

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