Algebra and Trigonometry 8th Edition Aufmann Solutions Manual 1

513 Chapter 7 Applications of Trigonometry Section 7.
1 513
Algebra and Trigonometry 8th Edition Aufmann Nation

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Chapter 7 Applications of Trigonometry

Section 7.1 Exercises 7. Solve the triangles.
1. No. There is an infinite number of triangles with the
given angles.
2. Answers will vary.
3. The SSA case may yield no solution, one solution or
two solutions.
B = 180 -110 -32
4. It is an example of AAS case.
5. Solve the triangles. B = 38
b = a c = b
sin B sin A sin C sin B
12 = a c = 12
sin 38 sin110 sin 32 sin 38

a = 12 sin c = 12 sin 32 
110 sin 38 
sin 38 c » 10
C = 180 -42 -61
a »18
C = 77
8. Solve the triangles.
b = a c = a
sin B sin A sin C sin A
b = 12 c = 12
sin 61 sin 42 sin 77 sin 42

b = 12 sin 61  c = 12 sin
sin 42 77
b » 16 A = 180 -78 - 28
sin 42
6. Solve the triangles. c » 17 A = 74
b = c a = c
sin B sin C sin A sin C
514 Chapter 7 Applications of Trigonometry Section 7.1 514
b 44 a = 44
=
sin 28 sin 78 sin 74 sin 78

b = 44 sin a = 44 sin 74 
28 sin 78 
A = 180 -125 - 25 a » 43
sin 78
A = 30 b » 21
c = b a = b 9. Solve the triangles.
sin C sin B sin A sin B
c = 5.0 a = 5.0
sin125 sin 25 sin 30 sin 25
c = 5.0 sin a = 5.0 sin

125 30
sin 25 sin 25 a = b
c » 9.7 a » 5.9
sin A sin B
22 = 16
sin132 sin B
b a c b
sin B = 16 sin = =
132 
22 sin B sin A sin C sin B
sin B » 0.5405 41.4 = a c = 41.4

sin108.5 sin 31.4 sin 40.1 sin108.5
B » 33
a = 41.4 sin c = 41.4 sin
C » 180 -33 -132 31.4 40.1
C » 15 sin108.5 sin108.5
a » 22.7 c » 28.1
a = c
sin A sin C
22 » c
sin132 sin15

c » 22 sin 15 
sin132 
c » 7.7
10. Solve the triangles. C = 180 - 68.5 -39.2
C = 72.3
b = a c = a
b = 154 c = 154
sin 39.2 sin 68.5 sin 72.3 sin 68.5

b c 
=  
sin B sin C b = 154 sin 39.2 c = 154 sin 72.3

 
6.0 = 3.0 sin 68.5 sin 68.5
sin 82 sin C b » 105 c » 158
sin C = 3 sin 13. Solve the triangles.

82.0
6.0
sin C » 0.4951
C » 29.7
A » 180.0 -82.0 - 29.7 c = a


A » 68.3
sin C sin A
a = b
14.5 17.2
sin A sin B =
sin C sin141.1
a » 6.0 
sin 68.3 sin 82.0
s n C = 14.5 sin 141.1 » 0.5294
17.2
i
a = 6.0 sin C » 32.0
68.3
sin 82.0
a » 5.6 B » 180 -141.1 -32.0

11. Solve the triangles. B » 6.9
b = a
sin B sin A
b » 17.2 

sin 6.9  sin141.1 

C = 180 -31.4 -108.5 b = 17.2 sin 6.9 »


C = 40.1 3.3 sin141.1
14. Solve the triangles. A = 180 -69.2 -36.9

A = 73.9
b= a c
= a
b = 166 c = 166
A = 180 -54.25 - 41.50 sin 36.9 sin 73.9 sin 69.2 sin 73.9

A = 84.25 b = 166 sin c = 166 sin69.2 
36.9 sin 73.9 

b = a c » 162
sin 73.9
b » 104
sin B sin A
b 24.75 17. Solve the triangles.

=
sin 54.25 sin 84.25
b = 24.75 sin
54.25
sin 84.25
c = b
b » 20.19
c = a sin C sin B
sin C sin A 87.2 = 12.1

c = 24.75 sin114.2 sin B
sin 41.50 sin 84.25 

sin B = 12.1sin 114.2 » 0.1266
c = 24.75 sin 87.2
41.50 B » 7.3
sin 84.25
c » 16.48
A » 180 -114.2 -7.3

A » 58.5
c = a
sin C sin A
87.2 » a
sin114.2 sin 58.5
B = 180 -98.5 -33.8 
a = 87.2 sin 58.5 »

B = 47.7 
81.5 sin114.2 
a = c b = c
18. Solve the triangles that exist.
sin A sin C sin B sin C
a = 102 b = 102
sin 33.8 sin 98.5 sin 47.7 sin 98.5
a = 102 sin b = 102 sin

33.8 47.7 a = c
sin 98.5 sin 98.5 sin A sin C
a » 57.4 b » 76.3 24.42 = 16.92
sin 54.32 sin C

sin C = 16.92 sin 54.32 »
0.5628
24.42
C » 34.25
B = 180 -54.32 -34.25 20. Solve the triangles that exist.
B = 91.43
b= a
sin B sin A
b » 24.42 

sin 91.43  sin 54.32 
sin 32 = h
 14
b = 24.42 sin 91.43 »
 h =14 sin 32
30.05 sin 54.32 
h » 7.4
Since h < 9.0, two triangles exist.
b = c
sin B sin C
9.0 = 14
sin 32 sin C

sin C = 14 sin 32 =
0.8243
9
sin 64.2 = h
75.5 C = 56 or 124
h = 75.5sin 64.2
For C = 56
h » 68
Since h < 75.5, two triangles exist. A = 180 -32 -56 = 92
a = 9.0
sin 92 sin 32
c = a 9 sin 92
sin C sin A a=  »17

71.6 sin 32
= 75.5
sin 64.2 sin A
For C = 124

sin A = 75.5 sin 64.2 =
A = 180 -124 -32 = 24
0.9493
71.6 a = 9.0
A » 71.7 or 108.3

sin 24 sin 32

For A = 71.7 
B =180 -71.7 -64.2 = 44.1 a = 9 sin 24 »


b 6.9 sin 32 
= 71.6
sin 44.1 sin 64.2

b = 71.6 sin 44.1 = B = 180 -108.3 -64.2 = 7.5

55.3 sin 64.2 
For
A = 108.3
Since b > c, one triangle exists.
b = 71.6 b c
sin 7.5 sin 64.2 =
sin B sin C

b = 71.6 sin 7.5 9.25 = 5.44
» 10.4
sin 64.2 sin sin C
sin C = 5.44 sin 8 »

0.5832
9.25
C = 35.7
A = 180 -82.6 - 23. Solve the triangles that exist.

3
A = 61.
a = b
sin A sin B
a = 9.25
sin sin
82.6  h
a = 9.25 sin sin 30 =

2.4
sin 82.6
a » 8.21 h = 2.4 sin 30

h » 1.2
Since h > 1, no triangle is formed.
sin 31 = h
12 sin 22.6 = h
 13.8
h = 12 sin 31
h = 13.8sin 22.6
h » 6.2 h » 5.30
Since h < 11, two triangles exist. Since h < 5.55, two solutions exist.
a = c a b
sin A sin C =
sin A sin B
11 = 12 13.8 = 5.55
sin 31 sin C sin A sin 22.6
 
sin C = 12 sin 31 = sin A = 13.8 sin 22.6 
5.55
0.5619
11
C = 34 or 146 sin A = 0.9555
A » 72.9 or 107.1
For C = 34
   
For A = 72.9
B = 180 -34 -31 = 115   
C = 180 - 72.9 - 22.6

b 11
= C = 84.5
sin115 sin 31
c 5.55
 For C =146
b = 11sin 115 »

19 sin 31  B = 180 -146 -31 = 3
= sin 22.6
si 
n c = 5.55 sin 84.5 
8 sin 22.6 
4. c » 14.4
5 
For A = 107.1
b = 11   
C = 180 -107.1 - 22.6
sin 3 sin 31

 C = 50.3
b = 11sin 3 c
 = 5.55
» 1.1 sin 31 
sin 50.3 sin 22.6

c = 5.55 sin 50.3 
sin 22.6 
c » 11.1
25. Solve the triangles that exist. Since h < 2.84, two solutions exist.
b = c
sin B sin C
3.50 = 2.84
sin B sin
sin B = 3.50 sin 37.9

sin14.8 = h 2.84
6.35 sin B = 0.7570
h = 6.35sin14.8 B» or
h » 1.62 49
For B = 49.2
Since h < 4.80, two solutions exist.
A = 180 - 49.2 -
c = a A=
sin C sin A
a 2.84
6.35 = 4.80 =
sin 92.9 sin
37.9
sin C sin14.8
a = 2.84 sin
sin 37.9
sin C = 6.35 sin
14.8 a » 4.62
4.80 For B = 130.8
sin C = 0.3379
A = 180 -130.8 -3
C » 19.8 or 160.2
For C = 19.8 A=
a 2.84
B = 180 -19.8 -14.8 =
sin1 sin 37.9
= 145.4 a = 2.84 sin 11.3
b 4.80 sin
= 37.9
sin145.4 sin14.8 a » 0.906
 27. Solve the triangles that exist.

b = 4.80 sin145.4 
sin14.8 
b »10.7

For C = 160.2 
B = 180 -160.2 -14.8
= 5.0 sin 47.2 = h
b 4.80 8.25
=
sin 5.0 sin14.8 h = 8.25sin 4
 h » 6.05
b = 4.80 sin 5.0 
sin14.8 Since h > 5.80, no triangle is formed.
b » 1.64 28. Solve the triangles that exist.
sin 37.9 = h sin 52.7 = h

3.50 16.3
h = 3.50 sin h = 16.3sin 57.2
h » 13.70
h » 2.15 Since h >12.3, no triangle is formed.
29. Solve the triangles that exist. a = c

sin A sin C
10.3 = 14.1
sin 20.5 sin C

sin C = 14.1sin 20.5 
10.3
sin C = 0.4794
Since b > a, one triangle exists.
C » 28.6 or 151.4
a = b
sin A sin B For C = 28.6
12.10 = 62.75
B = 180 - 28.6 - 20.5
sin A sin10

B = 130.9
sin A = 12.10 sin 103.45 »
b = 10.3
0.1875
62.75
A sin130.9 sin 20.5

= 10.
C = 180 -10.81 - 
b = 10.3 sin130.9 
103.45 sin 20.5 
C = 65.74 b » 22.2
c = b
sin C sin B For C = 151.4
c 62.75
= B = 180 -151.4 - 20.5
sin sin103.45
65.7
c = 62.75 sin B = 8.1

65.7 b = 10.3
sin103.45
c » 58.82 sin 8.1 sin 20.5
30. Solve the triangles that exist. 31. Solve the triangles that exist.
sin 49.22 = h
24.62
h = 24.62 sin 49.2
h » 18.64
Since h > 16.92, no triangle is formed.

b = 10.3 sin 8.1 
sin 41.2 = h
sin 20.5 31.5
b » 4.1 h = 31.5sin 41.2
32. Solve the h » 20.7
triangles that
exist. Since h < 21.6, two solutions exist.
a = b
sin A sin B
sin 20.5 = h
14.1 31.5 = 21.6
h =14.1sin 20.5
sin A sin 41.2

h » 4.9 sin A = 31.5 sin 41.2 
21.6
Since h <10.3, two solutions exist. sin A = 0.9606
A » 73.9 or 106.1
For A = 73.9 35. a = 155 yd, c = 165 yd, A = 42.0

C = 180 - 73.9 - 41.2
c = a
C = 64.9 sin C sin A
c = 21.6 165 = 155
sin 64.9 sin 41.2 sin C sin 42.0
c = 21.6 sin sin C = 165 sin 42.0 


64.9 155
sin 41.2 æ ö
c » 29.7 C = sin-1 ç165 sin 42.0 ÷÷ = 45.4
For A = 106.1 155 ø
C = 180 -106.1 - 41.2    


B =180 -42.0 -45.4 = 92.6
C = 32.7 
c b a
= 21.6 =
sin B sin A
sin 32.7 sin 41.2
b = 155
c = 21.6 sin sin 92.6 sin 42.0
32.7 
sin 41.2 b = 155 sin 92.6 = 231

c » 17.7
yd sin 42.0 
33. Find the distance. 36.
b = 365 yd, A = 11.2 , C = 22.9
B = 180 -11.2 - 22.9 = 145.9
a. c = b
sin C sin B
c = 365
sin 22.9 sin145.9

B = 180 - c = 365 sin 22.9 = 253
+ 64.9 ) 
B = 75.7 yd sin145.9 
b. a = b
a = b sin A sin B
sin A sin B
a 105 a = 365
=
sin sin sin11.2 sin145.9
7

a = 105 sin a = 365 sin 11.2 = 126
39. 
sin 75. yd sin145.9 
a » 68.8 miles 37. Find the distance.
34. Find the distance.
C = 180 - B = 180 - 67 - c = b
(59.0 + 77.2 )
C= sin C sin B
B =8
43.8
b c c = 220
=
sin B sin C sin sin
x = 7620 c = 220 sin

3
sin sin sin 82
x = 7620 sin c » 110 feet
sin
x » 10, 700 feet
38. Solve Example 6 using Law of Sines. 41. Find the length of the guy wire.
CAB = 180 -27. A= c = a

= 152. 21
sin C sin A
ACB =180 -152.8 -23.9 = B = 180 - 90 -
3.3 c = 35
32
AC AB CD AC B= sin101 sin 2
= =
sin ABC sin ACB sin CAD sin ADC C = 180 - 58 - c = 35 sin 10
21
AC sin 2
= 17.5 CD = 123.2 C
=1
sin sin sin sin c » 96 feet
3.3 9
AC = 17.5 sin CD = 123.2 sin 42. Find the lengths of the other two sides.
23.
sin sin 9
» 123.2 m » 56.3 m
Responses will vary.
39. Find the length of the new runway.
C =180 -54 -
4
C = 79
ABC =180 -3 c = a
b= a
= 177 sin B sin A sin C sin A
b = 320 c = 320
AC = BC sin sin sin sin
47
sin ABC sin CAB
b = 320 sin c = 320 sin 7
4
AC = 3550 sin sin 54
54
sin177 sin b » 290 feet c » 390 feet
AC = 3550 sin 1 » 43. Find the height of the hill.

4840 ft sin
40. Find the height of the kite.
A=
B = 180 - 90 -
ABC = 180 -
75
78
B =1
=
102 C = 180 -15 -
5
ACB = 180 -102 -
C =1 sin 70 =
62 sin 62 = h h
= b = a b
16 sin B sin A
AC = AB
sin ABC sin ACB AC
b 12 h = b sin 70
AC 30 h = AC sin =
= sin1 sin
sin102 sin16
h = 30 sin 10
62
sin 12
1 sin
(
h = 12 sin 15 )sin
b= sin
AC = 30 sin sin16 sin
10 h » 33 feet
sin16 h » 94 feet
44. Find the distance. 46. Find the closest distance.
= A = 90 -55
B = 65 + A=
35
C = 90 - 25
B=
A = 180 -50 -65 C=
65
B = 180 -35 -65
A=
C = 180 -65 -73 B=
80
C = 42 c = b sin 35 =
h
b = c sin C sin B
sin B sin C c = 8 h = cc sin 35
sin sin
80
b = 20
8sin h = 8sin 65 sin
65 3
sin sin c= sin 80
73 sin
80
h » 4.2 miles
b = 20 sin
73 47. Find the distance.
sin
b » 29 miles
A = 120 -6
A=5
 = 360 - =
332 B = 38 +
= B = 10
= C = 180 -103 -5
C = 82 - 2 C=
C= b c
=
A = 28 +
36
sin B sin C
A=
b 450
B = 180 -64 - =
sin sin
22
B= b = 450 sin 103
sin
a = b b » 1200 miles
sin A sin B
a = 8.0 48. Find the distance.
sin sin 62
a = 8.0 sin 6
sin 62
a » 8.1 miles
A = 40 - 52. Use the results of Problems 50 and 51.

15
A= a -b sin A -sin B
25
B = 180 -90 - b = sin B
4
a +b sin A + sin B
B= b sin B
C = 180 - 25 - a -b = sin A -sin B

50
C a +b sin A+ sin B
=1
d 53. Using the figure below,

= 12
sin A sin C
d = 12 sin 25
sin1
d » 5.3 feet
3 = cos  , 5 = sin 
d1 d2
d = 3 , d = 5
A = 180 -67 - 1
cos  2
sin 
68
A = 45 L = d1 + d 2
B=
L( ) = 3 + 5
67 +1
B= cos  sin 
C = 180 - 45 - The graph of L is shown.

7
C= The minimum value of L is approximately 11.19 m.
c = b
sin C sin B
c = 300
sin sin
50. c = 300 sin 57

sin
c » 260 meters
a
=
b
Prepare for Section

7.2
sin A sin B
a = sin A P1. Evaluate.
b sin B
2 2 
a -1 = sin A -1 (10.0) + (15.0) - 2(10.0)(15.0) cos110.0 » 20.7
b sin B
a -b = sin A -sin B P2. Find the area of the triangle.
b sin B
A = 1 bh = 1 (6)(8.5) = 25.5 in.2
2 2
51. a = b
sin A sin B P3. Solve for C.
a = sin A 2 2 2
b sin B c = a + b - 2ab cos C
a +1 = sin A +1 c 2 - a 2 -b 2 = -2ab cos C

b sin B
a + b = sin A + sin B
b sin B
2 2 2 7. Find the third side of the triangle.

cos C = c - a -b
-2ab
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C
æ 2 2
C2 =
ö cos-1ç c - a - ÷ 2 2 2
b ÷
-2ab ø c = 9.0 + 7.0 - 2(9.0)(7.0) cos 72
2
æ 2 2 2ö c = 130-126 cos 72
C = cos-1 ç a + b - c ÷
2ab ø c = 130-126 cos 72
P4. Find the semiperimeter. c » 9.5

P = 6 + 9 +10 = 25 8. Find the third side of the triangle.
semiperimeter = 1 (25) = 12.5 m a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos A

2
a 2 = 12 2 + 22 2 - 2(12)(22) cos 55
P5. Evaluate.
a 2 = 628-528cos 55
s = a +b +c = 3 + 4+5 = 6
2 2 a = 628-528 cos 55
a » 18
6(6- 3)(6- 4)(6-5) = 6(3)(2)(1) = 6
9. Find the third side of the triangle.
P6. State the relationship.
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C
2 2 2
c = a +b 2 2 2
c = 1378 + 2411 - 2(1378)(2411) cos118.2
Section 7.2 Exercises

c 2 = 7, 711,805- 6, 644, 716 cos118.2
1. It is an example of SAS case.
c = 7, 711,805- 6, 644, 716 cos118.2
2. Responses will vary. c » 3295
3. The area of a triangle is the produce of the lengths of
any two sides and the sine of the included angle.
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos A
4. Yes, the Pythagorean Theorem is a special case of the
a 2 = 64.52 + 71.4 2 - 2(64.5)(71.4) cos 25.9

Law of Cosines. If C = 90 , then 2
a = 9258.21- 9210.6 cos 2

2 2 2 2 2 2
c = a + b - 2ab cos C simplifies to c = a + b . a = 9258.21-9210.6 cos 2
5. Find the third side of the triangle. a » 31.2

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 -bc cos A
a 2 = 53.4 2 + 71.4 2 - 2(53.4)(71.4) cos b 2 = a 2 + c 2 -2ac cos B
2 b 2 = 25.9 2 + 33.4 2 - 2(25.9)(33.4) cos84.0
2
a = 7949.52 - 7625.52 cos 2
a = 7949.52 - 7625.52 cos b = 1786.37 -1730.12 cos
a » 33.0 b = 1786.37 -1730.12 cos

6. Find the third side of the triangle. b » 40.1
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2ac cos B 12. Find the third side of the triangle.
b 2 = 2432 + 2052 - 2(243)(205) cos c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C

52.4
c 2 = 14.22 + 9.302 - 2(14.2)(9.30) cos 9.2
2
b = 101, 074 -99, 630 cos 52.4 2
b = 101, 074 - c = 288.13-264.12 cos 9.2

99, 630 cos 52.4
b » 201 c = 288.13- 264.12 cos 9.2
c » 5.24
13. Find the third side of the triangle. 18. Find the specified angle.
2 2 2
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 -2ac cos B cos A = b + c - a
2bc
b 2 = 122 2 + 55.9 2 - 2(122)(55.9) cos 2 2 2
cos A = 132 +160 -108
2(132)(160)
b 2 = 18,008.81-13,639.6 cos
b = 18, 008.81-13,639.6 cos 31, 360

cos A =
b » 90.7 42, 240
14. Find the third side of the triangle. (

A = cos-1 31360 » )
a 2 = b2 + c 2 - 2bc cos A 42240
a 2 = 444.82 + 389.62 - 2(444.8)(389.6) cos 19. Find the specified angle.
78.44 2 2 2
2 cos B = a + c -b
a = 349, 635.2 - 346,588.16 cos 78.4 2ac
2 2 2
a = 349, 635.2 - 346,588.16 cos cos B = 80 +124 -92
78.4
2(80)(124)
a » 529.3
13, 312
15. Find the specified angle. cos B =
19,840
a 2 + b2 - c2
cos C =
2ab
(
B = cos-1 13312 » )
47.9
23 + 29 2 - 42 2
2 19840
cos C =
2(23)(29) 20. Find the specified angle.
2 2 2
cos C = -394 cos B = a + c -b
1334 2ac
2 2 2
166 +139 -124
(
1334 )
C = cos-1 -394 » 10 cos B =
2(166)(139)
31, 501
16. Find the specified angle. cos B =
46,148
2 2 2
cos A = b + c - a (
B = cos-1 31501 » )
2bc
4.89 + 7.752 -5.252
2
46148
cos A =
2(4.89)(7.75)
21. Find the specified angle.
cos A = 56.4121
75.795 a 2 + c 2 -b 2
cos B =
2ac
(
A = cos-1 56.4121 » ) 19.2 + 29.12 -14.32
2
41 cos B =
75.795 2(19.2)(29.1)
17. Find the specified angle. cos B = 1010.96
1117.44
2 2 2
cos C = a + b - c (
B = cos-1 1010.96 » )
2ab
25
82.152 + 61.452 - 72.842 1117.44
cos C =
2(82.15)(61.45)
22. Find the specified angle.
cos C = 5219.0594 2 2 2
10, 096.235
cos A = b + c - a
2bc
2 2 2
æ
C cos-1 5219.0594 58.87 cos A = 3.2 + 5.9 - 4.7
= çè10, 096.235 ø÷ » 2(3.2)(5.9)
cos A = 22.96
37.76
( )
A = cos-1 22.96 »
37.76
23. Find the specified angle. 27. Solve the triangle.

2 2 2 2 2 2
cos B = a + c -b b = a + c - 2ac cos B
2ac
2 2 2 b = 9 2 + 52 - 2(9)(5) cos 39°
cos B = 32.5 + 29.6 - 40.1 b»6
2(32.5)(29.6)
b c
cos B = 324.4 =
1924 sin B sin C
6 5
B = cos-1 324.4 »
8
( ) =
1924 sin 39 sin C

æ ö
24. Find the specified angle. C = sin-1ç 5sin 39 ÷ ÷
6 ø
2 2 2
cos C = a + b - c C » 32
2ab
2 2 2
cos C = 112.4 + 96.80 -129.2 A = 180 -39 -32
2(112.40)(96.80)
A = 109
cos C » 0.2441
C » 75. 28. Solve the triangle.
25. Solve the triangle. a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos A
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos A a = 1232 +152 2 - 2(123)(152) cos 95.1°
a » 204
a = 27.4 2 + 41.4 2 - 2(27.4)(41.4) cos 27.6°
a » 21.3 b = a
sin B sin A
b = a 123 204
sin B sin A =
sin B sin 95.1
27.4 = 21.3 ö
æ
sin B sin 27.6 B = sin-1 ç123 sin 95.1 ÷
204
-1 æ 27.4 sin 
B = sin ç ÷ B » 36.9
27.6 ö÷
21.3 ø
B » 36.6 C = 180 -95.1 -36.9
C = 180 - 27.6 -36.6 C = 48.0
C = 115.8 29. Solve the triangle.

26. Solve the triangle. a 2 + c 2 -b 2
cos B =
2ac
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C 2 2 2
cos B = 205 +157 -321
c = 15452 +1282 2 - 2(1545)(1282) cos121.22° 2(205)(157)
c » 2467 -36, 367

cos B =
67, 370
b = c
çæ ÷
-36,
sin B sin C B = cos-1 » 12
367 ö÷
1282 = 2467 67,370 ø
sin B sin121.22 b a
=
-1 æ1282 sin sin B sin A
B = sin
ö ç ÷
121.22 ÷
2467 ø 321 = 205 ç ÷

B » 26.39 sin124.4 sin A
 æ ö
A = 180 - 26.39 -121.22 A = sin-1 205 sin 124.4 ÷
321 ø
A = 32.39
A » 31.8
C = 180 -31.8 -124.4 32. Solve the triangle.

C = 23.8 a 2 + b2 - c2
cos C =
2ab
30. Solve the triangle.
24 2 + 452 - 632
2 2 2 cos C =
cos B = a + c -b 2(24)(45)
2ac
15.2 +18.52 - 21.32
2 cos C = -1368
cos B = 2160
2(15.2)(18.5)
cos B = 119.6 (
C = cos-1 -1368 » 129
2160 )
562.4
a = c
B = cos-1 119.6 »( ) sin A sin C
24 = 63
562.4
b = a sin A sin129
sin B sin A æ ö
A = sin -1 24 sin 129 ÷
21.3 ç
= 15.2 63
A » 17
æ 
A sin-1 15.2 sin 77.7
= ç ÷   
21.3 ø B = 180 -17 -129
A » 44.2 B = 34
C = 180 - 44.2 -77.7 33. Find the area of the triangle. Round using the rules of
C = 58.1 significant digits.
31. Solve the triangle. K = 1 bc sin A
2
2 2 2
cos B = a + c -b 1
K = (12)(24) sin10
2ac 2
11352 +1462 2 -17252 K » 140 square units
cos B =
2(1135)(1462)
34. Find the area of the triangle. Round using the rules of
450, 044
cos B =
3,318,740 significant digits.
æ 450,044 ö÷ K = 1 ac sin B
B = cos-1ç » 2
è3,318, 740ø÷ 82.2
1
K = (32)(25) sin1
b = a 2
sin B sin A K » 320 square units
1725 = 1135
æ1135 sin significant digits.
A = sin -1
ö ç ÷
82.21 ÷
çè 1725 ø A = 180 - 47.2 - 6
A » 40.68 A = 70.
C = 180 - 40.68 -82.21 2

K = a sin B sin C
C = 57.11 2 sin A
2
K = 22.4 sin 47.2 sin 62.4
2 sin 70.
K » 173 square units
K = 1 ab sin C
2
significant digits.
1
K = (22.4)(26.9) sin 8
A = 180 -102 - 27 2
A=5 K » 299 square units
2 40. Find the area of the triangle. Round using the rules of
K = a sin B sin C
2 sin A significant digits.
2
K = 8.5 sin 102 sin 2 K = 1 ab sin C
2 sin 2
K » 21 square units 1
K = (9.84)(13.4) sin
37. Find the area of the triangle. Round using the rules of 2
K » 20.6 square units
significant digits.
s = 1 (a + b + c) significant digits.
2
1
s = (16 +12 +14) C = 180 -116 -34
2
s = 21 C = 30
2
K = s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) K = c sin A sin B

2 sin C
K = 21(21-16)(21-12)(21- 2
14) K = 8.5 sin 116 sin 3
2 sin
K = 21(5)(9)(7)
K » 81 square units K » 36 square units

significant digits.
significant digits.
A = 180 -76.3 -
B = 180 - 62.15 - 47.2
A = 60.9
B = 70.6
2
2 K = c sin A sin B
K = b sin A sin C 2 sin C
2 sin B 2
2 K = 17.9 sin 60.9 sin 42.8
K = 12.52 sin 62.15 sin 47.25 2 sin
2 sin
39. Find the area of the triangle. Round using the rules of significant digits.
significant digits.
s = 1 (a + b + c)
a = b
sin A 2
sin B
22.4 = 26.9 s = 1 (3.6 + 4.2 + 4.8)

2
sin A sin
s = 6.3
sin A = 22.4 sin
54.3
26.9 A » 42.5
sin A » 0.6762
C =180 - 42.5 -54.3
K = s(s - a)(s -b)(s - c) K = 6.3(6.3- 3.6)(6.3- 4.2)(6.3- 4.8)
K = 6.3(2.7)(2.1)(1.5)
C= K » 7.3 square units
83.
44. Find the area of the triangle. Round using the rules of 47. Find the distance from the ball to first base.
significant digits.
s = 1 (a + b + c )
2
s = 1 (10.2 +13.3+15.4)
2
s = 19.45 a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos A
K = s(s - a)(s -b)(s - a 2 = 26 2 + 902 - 2(26)(90) cos 45
c) 2
K = 19.45(19.45-10.2)(19.45-13.3)(19.45- a = 8776 - 4680 cos 45

15.4) a = 8776 - 4680 cos 45
K = 19.45(9.25)(6.15)(4.05)
K » 66.9 square units a » 74 feet
45. Find the distance. 48. Find the wing span.
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2ac cos B
b 2 = (105.6)2 + (105.6)2 - 2(105.6)(105.6) cos109.05
= b2 = 22302.72 - 22302.72 cos109.0
3
= b = 22302.72 - 22302.72 cos109.0

72
B = 72 + 32 b » 172.0 feet

B = 10 49. Find the angle.
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2ac cos1
b 2 = 3202 + 5602 -
2(320)(560) cos104
b 2 = 416, 000- 358, 400 cos10
b = 416, 000- 358, 400 cos10

b » 710 miles a 2 = 263, 056- 249,600 cos
46. Find the length of the third side.
a 2 = b2 + c 2 - 2bc cos A
a 2 = 3002 + 4162 - 2(300)(416)
cos 72
Let b = the length of the diagonal on the right side of
the box.
Let a = the length of the diagonal on the Let c = the length of the diagonal on the top of the box.
front of the box. a 2 = (4.75)2 + (6.50) 2 = 64.8125
a = 64.8125
a = 263, 056 - 249,600 b 2 = (3.25) 2 + (4.75) 2 = 33.125
cos
b = 33.125
a » 430 feet
c 2 = (6.50)2 + (3.25)2 = 52.8125

 =C a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos A
2 2 2
cos C = a + b - c a 2 = 1802 + 2202 - 2(180)(220) cos120
2ab
2
a = 120, 400
cos  = 64.8125 + 33.125 -
52.8125 a » 350 miles
2 64.8125 33.125
cos  = 45.125
52. d 2 = 1362 +162 2 - 2(136)(162) cos
2 64.8125 33.125
2
æ d = 44, 740- 44, 064 cos 78
 = cos-1ç ÷
45.125 ö÷
çè 2 64.8125 33.125 ÷ø d = 44, 740- 44, 064 cos 78
 » 60.9 d » 189 miles

50. Find the depth of the submarine. 53. Find the length of one side.
2 2 2 A = 36 a 2 = 402 + 402 - 2(40)(40) cos 60

cos A = b + c - a 6
2bc A = 60 a 2 = 1600
2 2 2
(615) + (499) -(629)
cos A = = 231585 a = 40 cm
2(615)(499) 613770
54. Find the angle.
(
A = cos-1 231585 » )
6
613770
2 2 2
cos B = 224 +182 -165
2(224)(182)
sin A = x cos B » 0.6877
499
B»
sin 67.8 = x
499 46.5
499 sin 67.8 = x 55. Find the distance.
x » 462 feet
51. Find the distance between ships after 10 hrs.
b = (18 mph)(10 hours) = 180 miles c = (22

mph)(10 hours) = 220 miles A = 318 -198
A = 120
C = 90 +
C = 10
180(5280)
a= ⋅ 10
3
6
0
0
a = 2640 feet
2 2 2
c 2 = 26402 + 4002 - cos A = b + c - a
2(2640)(400)(cos104 ) 2bc
2 2 2
c 2 » 7, 640,539 cos A = 402.046592 +181 - 225
2(402.046592)(181)
c » 2800 feet
56. Find the distance. æ143, 777.4621 ö÷

A = cos-1ç
è145,540.8663ø÷
A»
 = 180-(108.5 +8.9)
 = 62.6°
The distance is 402 mi and the bearing is S62.6°E.
 = 270 - 254 58. Use the figure below.
 = 16
A = 16 + 90 +
32
A = 13
b = 4 ⋅ 16 = 64
miles
c = 3⋅ 22 = 66 miles a. 162 = 4 2 + c 2 - 2(4)(c) cos A
a 2 = b2 + c 2 - 2bc cos A b. 162 = 4 2 + c 2 -2(4)(c) cos A
a 2 = 64 2 + 662 - 0 = c 2 -(8cos A)c - 240

2(64)(66) cos1
a 2 = 8452 - 8 cos A (-8 cos A)2 -4(1)(-240)

8448 cos13 c=
2(1)
a » 120 miles
57. Find the distance and bearing. 8 cos A + 64 cos2 A +

960
c=
2
8cos(55) + 64 cos 2 (55) + 960

c. c =
2
c » 18 cm
d. a = b
sin A sin B
b 2 = 83, 386 -81, 450 cos163.9
B = 108.5+ (180 -124.6)

B = 163.9°
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 -2ac cos B
b 2 = 2252 +1812 -
2(225)(181) cos163.9
16 = 4
sin 55 sin B C = 180 -55-11.8 = 113.2°
B = sin-1 4 sin 55 a = c
sin A sin C ( )
» 11.8° 16 = c
1
6 sin 55 sin113.2
b = 83, 386-
81, 450 cos163.9 c = 16 sin 113.2 » 18 cm
b » 402.046592 sin 55
b » 402 mi They are the same.
59. Find the area. 62. Find the cost.
s = 1 (324 + 412 + 516)

2
s = 626
K = 626(626- 324)(626- 412)(626- 516)
s = 1 (a + b + c) 2
2 K » 66,710 ft
1
s = (236 + 620 + 814) cost = 4.15(66,710)
2 cost » $277, 000
s = 835
63. Find the cost.
K = s(s - a)(s -b)(s -c)
K = 835(835- 236)(835-620)(835-814)
K = 835(599)(215)(21)
K = 2, 258, 244,975
K » 47,500 square meters
60. Find the exact area. s = 1 (680 + 800 +1020)
2
s = 1250
K = 1250(1250 - 680)(1250-800)(1250-
1020)
K » 271,558 ft 2
271, 558
Acres =
s = 1 (8 +10 +12) 43,560
2
Acres » 6.23
s = 15
64. Find the number of acres.
K = 2 s(s - a)(s -b)(s - c)
s = 1 (420 + 500 + 540)
K = 2 15(15-8)(15-10)(15-12) 2
s = 730
K = 30 7 square feet
61. Find the cost. K = 730(730- 420)(730-500)(730-540)
K » 99, 445
99, 445
Acres =
4840
Acres » 20.5
65. Determine whether triangles ABC or DEF have
correction dimensions.
s = 1 (185+ 212 + 240)
2 For ABC,
s = 318.5
13.0 -16.1
» -0.2981
K = 318.5(318.5-185)(318.5- 212)(318.5- 240) 10.4
K » 18,854 ft 2 (
sin 53.5 -86.5
2
)
» -0.3022
cost = 2.20(18,854)
cost » $41,000
cos 2( )
40.0
Triangle ABC has correct dimensions.

For DEF, P3. Solve.

17.2 - 21.3 » -0.1798 - 3
22.8 tan  =
3
(
sin 52.1-59.9 ) 3
2 tan  =
» -0.0820 3
cos ( )
68.0 æ ö
2 3
 = tan-1 ç ÷ = 30
3
Triangle DEF has an incorrect dimension.
P4. Solve.
b 2 + c 2 - a 2 = b 2 + 2bc + c 2 - a 2 - 2bc
66. cos A =
2bc 2bc cos  = -17
338
( )2 2
= b + c - a - 2bc -1 æ -17 ö 
2bc 2bc  = cos »157.6

èç 338 ÷ø
(b + c - a )(b + c + a )
= -1
2bc P5. Rationalize the denominator.
67. Find the volume. 1 ⋅ 5= 5
V = 18K, where K = area of triangular base 5 5 5
V = 1 (4)(4)(sin 72 )(18) P6. Rationalize the denominator.

2
V » 140 in3 28 = 28 = 14 ⋅ 17 = 14
17
68. Show that the area is K = rs. 68 2 17 17 17 17

1. The dot product of two vectors is a scalar.
2. The projection of v onto w is a scalar.
3. Yes, the vector a, b is perpendicular to the vector
-b, a .
K = 1 ar
BOC
2 4. a. Yes, v and u are parallel.
K AOC 1
= br
2 b. The unit vector is u.
K AOB 1
= cr c. The magnitude of v is greater than the magnitude of
2
u only if v ³1.
K = K BOC + K AOC + K AOB
5. Find the amount of work.

K = 1 ar + 1 br + 1 cr
2 2 2 W = F⋅ s F s cos 
1
K = r(a + b + c) = 
2 P1. Evaluate.
K = rs where s = 1 (a + b + c)
1
2 2
Prepare for Section 7.3
= 16 3 cos 0 6. Explain how to use the dot product to determine
= 48 ft-lb whether v and w are orthogonal.
v and w are orthogonal provided v ⋅ w = 0.
2 2
( 3) ( 54) 9
25
16
25
25
25
1 7. Find the components, then write the vector.
a = 5-1 = 4
+ - = + = =
5 b = 4-2 = 2
P2. Use a calculator to evaluate. A vector equivalent to P P is v = 4, 2 .

10 cos 228 » -6.691
1 2
8. Find the components, then write the vector. 16. Find the components, then write the vector.
a = 3- 4 = -1 a = 3-3 = 0
b = -2 - 2 = -4 b = 0-(-2) = 2
A vector equivalent to P1P2 is v = -1, -4 . A vector equivalent to P1P2 is v = 0, 2 .
9. Find the components, then write the vector. 17. Find the magnitude, direction, and the unit vector.
a = -3- 2 = -5
v = (-3)2 + 4 2  = tan-1 = tan-1 4
4
b = 5-1 = 4 -3 3
A vector equivalent to P1P2 is v = -5, 4 .
v = 9 +16 »
53.
v =5  = 180 - 
10. Find the components, then write the vector.
 » 180 -
a = 3-(-1) = 4  » 12
b = 3- 4 = -1
u = -3 , 4
A vector equivalent to P1P2 is v = 4, -1 . 5 5
11. Find the components, then write the vector. A unit vector in the direction of v is u = - 3 , 4 .
5 5
a = 5 - (-7) = 12
b = 8-11 = -3 18. Find the magnitude, direction, and the unit vector.
A vector equivalent to P1P2 is v = 12,-3 v = 62 +102  = tan-1 10 = tan-1 5

. 6 3
12. Find the components, then write the vector. v = 36 +100  » 59.
a = -72 -18 = -90 v = 2 34  = 59.

b = 31- (-39) = » 11.7
70
A vector equivalent to P1P2 is v = -90, 70 . 6 , 10 = 3 34 , 5 34

u=
2 34 2 34 34 34
A unit vector in the direction of v is

a = 7.9 - 2.5 =
5.4
b = -6.5 -3.1 = -9.6

u = 3 34 , 5 34 .
34 34
A vector equivalent to P1P2 is v = 5.4,-9.6 .
19. Find the magnitude, direction, and the unit vector.

8
a= 7-1 =3 ( ) 2
8
b = - 11 - - 3 = - 13
6 4 12
2 2 -15
v = 8 + (-15)  = tan -1 -1
= tan 1.875
A vector equivalent to P1P2 is v = 8
v = 64 + 225
»
v = 289 = 17  = 360 - 
 » 360 -
3 ,- 13 .
8 12  »2
15. Find the components, then write the vector. u = 8 , -15

17 17
a = 2-2 = 0
b = 3-(-5) = 8 A unit vector in the direction of v is u = 8 , -15 .

17 17
A vector equivalent to P1P2 is v = 0, 8 .
20. Find the magnitude, direction, and the unit vector. 24. Find the magnitude, direction, and the unit vector.
56 v = (-6) 2 +(2) 2  = tan-1 2 = tan-1 1

v = (-33) 2 + 56 2  = tan-1 = tan-1 56
-33 33 -6 3
v = 1089 + 3136 »
v = 
36 + 4 »
59.5
v = 4225 = 65  = 180 -  v = 40  =180 -

 » 180 - = 2 10  »180 -18.4
59.5 » 6.3  »161.6
u = -33 , 56
 » 12
65 65
-6 , 2 3 10 10
u= = - ,
A unit vector in the direction of v is u = - 33 , 56 . 2 10 2 10 10 10
65 65
A unit vector in the direction of v is
21. Find the magnitude, direction, and the unit vector.
v = 36 2 + 77 2  = tan -1 77 = tan -1 u = - 3 10 , 10 .
77
36 36 10 10
v = 1296 + 5929 » 25. Perform the indicated operations.
v = 7225 = 85 = 3u = 3 -2, 4 = -6, 12

64.
u = 36 , 77 26. Perform the indicated operations.

85 85
-4v = -4 -3, -2 = 12, 8
A unit vector in the direction of v is u = 36 , 77 .
85 85 27. Perform the indicated operations.
22. Find the magnitude, direction, and the unit vector. 2u - v = 2 -2, 4 - -3, -2
v = (-9) 2 + (-40) 2  = tan -1 -40 = tan-1 = -4, 8 - -3, -2

40 = -1, 10
v = 81+1600 -9 9
v = 61 = 41  » 77. 28. Perform the indicated operations.
 =180 - 4v - 2u = 4 -3, -2 - 2 -2, 4
 »180 +77.3
»
u = -9 , -40 257.3
= -12, -8 - -4, 8
41 41
= -8, -16
A unit vector in the direction of v is u = - 9 ,- 40 . 29. Perform the indicated operations.

41 41
23. Find the magnitude, direction, and the unit vector. 2 u + 1 v = 2 -2, 4 + 1 -3, -2
3 6 3 6
v = 52 + (-2) 2  = tan-1 -2 = tan-1 4
= - , 8 1
+ - ,- 1
2
5 5 3 3 2 3
v = 25 + 4  » 21.8 = - 11 , 7
v = 29  = 360 - 6 3
» 5.4  » 360 - 30. Perform the indicated operations.

21
3 u - 2v = 3 -2, 4 - 2 -3, -2
 »3 4 4
u= 5 , -2 = 5 29 ,- 2 29
29 29 29 29 = - 3 , 3 - -6, -4
2
A unit vector in the direction of v is = 9, 7

2
5 29 2 29
u= ,- .
29 29
31. Perform the indicated operations. 39. Perform the indicated operations.
u = (-2) 2 + 4 2 = 20 = 2 5 2 v + 3 u = 2 (-2i + 3j) + 3 (3i - 2j)

3 4 3 4
32. Perform the indicated operations. ( ) (

= - 43 i + 2j + 94 i - 23 j )
4 v = -3, -2 ⋅ -2,
u⋅
= -4 + 9 i + 2- 3 j
= (-3)(-2) + (-2)(4) ( 3 4 ) ( 2 )
= -2 = 11 i + 1 j
12 2
33. Perform the indicated operations.
u v cos 60 = (-2) 2 + 4 2 (-3) 2 + (-2) 2 cos 60
v = (-2) 2 + 32 = 13
= 20 13 1 = 2 5 13 1
2 2 41. Perform the indicated operations.
= 65 » 8.06
u⋅ v = (3i - 2 j)⋅ (-2i + 3
j)
34. Perform the indicated operations. = (3)(-2) + (-2)(3)
-2u = -2(3i - 2j) = -12
= -6i + 4j 42. Perform the indicated operations.

u v cos 30 = 32 + (-2) 2 (-2) 2 + 32 cos 30
4v = 4(-2i + 3j)
3
= -8i +12j = 13 13
2
36. Perform the indicated operations. 13 3

=
2
3u + 2v = 3(3i - 2j) + 2(-2i + 3j)
43. Find the horizontal and vertical components and write
= (9i - 6j) + (-4i + 6j)
= (9 - 4)i + (-6 + 6)j an equivalent vector in the form v = a1i + a 2 j .
= 5i + 0j a1 = 5cos 27 » 4.5
= 5i a2 = 5sin 27 » 2.3
37. Perform the indicated operations. v = a1i + a2 j » 4.5i + 2.3j
6u + 2v = 6(3i - 2j) + 2(-2i + 3j) 44. Find the horizontal and vertical components and write
= (18i -12j) + (-4i + 6j)
an equivalent vector in the form v = a1i + a 2 j .
= (18- 4)i + (-12 + 6)j
= 14i - 6j a1 = 4 cos127 » -2.4
a2 = 4 sin127 » 3.2
v = a1i + a2 j » -2.4i + 3.2j
1 u - 3 v = 1 (3i - 2j) - 3 (-2i + 3j)
2 4 2 4 45. Find the horizontal and vertical components and write
(3
2 ) (
= i-j - - 3 i+ 9 j
2 4 ) an equivalent vector in the form v = a1i + a 2 j .
( ) (
= 3 + 3 i + -1- 9 j ) a1 = 4 cos  » 2.8
2 2 4 4
13
= 3i - j a2 = 4 sin  » 2.8
4 4
v = a1i + a2 j » 2.8i + 2.8j
46. Find the horizontal and vertical components and write

 = sin-1 0.8 = sin-1 0.8
2.6 2.6
an equivalent vector in the form v = a1i + a2 j .
 » 17.9
a1 = 2 cos 8 » -1.8 heading =  = 90 - 
7
a2 = 2 sin  » -0.9
8  » 90 -17.9
7  » 72.1
v = a1i + a2 j » -1.8i -0.9j
49. Find the ground speed and course.
47. Find the ground speed.
heading = 96 direction angle = -6
heading = 124 direction angle = -34
heading = 37 direction angle = 53

wind from the west direction angle = 0
AB = 50 cos 53 i + 50sin 53 j
» 30.1i + 39.9j
AB = 45i AD = 225cos(- )i + 225sin(-6 )j
AD = 340 cos(-34 )i + 340sin(- » 223.8i - 23.5j
34 )j
AC = AB + AD
AD » 281.9i -190.1j
» 30.1i + 39.9j+ 223.8i - 23.5j
AC = AB + AD
» 253.9i +16.4j
AC = 45i + 281.9i -190.1j
AC » 327i -
190j AC = (253.9)2 + (16.4)2 » 250
AC = 3272 + (-190)2
AC » 380 mph  = tan-1 16.4

253.9
The ground speed of the plane is = tan-1 16.4
253.9
approximately 380 mph.
»4
48. Find the heading of the boat.  = 90 - 
 » 90 - 4
 » 86
The ground speed of the plane is about 250 mph at a
heading of approximately 86 .
50. Find the course. 52. Find the angle of the ramp.
heading = 327 direction angle =
123
 = 
sin  = 120
heading = 60 direction angle = 30 800
 » 8.6
F1
53. a. sin
22.4 =
345
F1 = 345sin 22.4
F1 » 131 lb
F
b. cos 22.4 = 2
345
F2 = 345cos 22.4
F2 » 319 lb
F1
54. a. sin 31.8 =
345
AB = 18cos123 i  = tan-1
17.1 F1 = 811sin 3
+18sin123 j
-6.3 F1 » 427 lb
AB » -9.8i +15.1j
-1 17.1
AD = 4 cos 30 i + 4 sin = tan
6.3 F
30 j b. cos 31.8 = 2
 » 70 345
AD = 3.5i + 2j
=
AC = AB + AD 270 + 70
= -9.8i +15.1j+ 3.5i + 2j = F2 = 811cos 3

= -6.3i +17.1j 340 F2 » 689 lb
AC = (-6.3)2 + (17.1)2 »18 55. Determine whether the forces are in equilibrium, if not
determine the additional force required for equilibrium.
The course of the boat is about 18 mph at a heading of
F1 + F2 + F3
approximately
= (18.2i +13.1j) + (-12.4i + 3.8j) + (-5.8i -16.9j)
51. Find the magnitude of the force.
= (18.2 -12.4 -5.8)i + (13.1+ 3.8-16.9)j
=0
The forces are in equilibrium.
56. Determine whether the forces are in equilibrium, if not
sin 5.6 = F
3000 F1 + F2 + F3
F = 3000sin 5.6 = (-4.6i + 5.3j) + (6.2i + 4.9j) + (-1.6i -10.2j)
F » 293 lb = (-4.6 + 6.2 -1.6)i + (5.3+ 4.9 -10.2)j
=0
The forces are in equilibrium.
57. Determine whether the forces are in equilibrium, if not 62. Find the dot product of the vectors.
determine the additional force required for equilibrium. v⋅ w 2, 4 ⋅ 0, 2

=
F1 + F2 + F3 = 2(0) + (4)2
= (155i - 257j) + (-124i +149j) + (-31i + 98j) = 0+8
= (155-124 -31)i + (-257 +149 + 98)j =8
= 0i -10j 63. Find the dot product of the vectors.
The forces are not in equilibrium. F4 = 0i +10j v ⋅ w = (i + 2j) ⋅ (-i
+ j)
= 1(-1) + 2(1)
determine the additional force required for equilibrium. = -1+ 2
F1 + F2 + F3 =1
= (23.5i +18.9j) + (-18.7i + 2.5j) + (-5.6i -15.6j) 64. Find the dot product of the vectors.
= (23.5-18.7 -5.6)i + (18.9 + 2.5-15.6)j v ⋅ w = (5i + 3j) ⋅ (4i -
= -0.8i + 5.8j 2j)
The forces are not in equilibrium. F4 = 0.8i -5.8j = 5(4) + 3(-2)
= 20-6
= 14
65. Find the angle. Round to the nearest tenth.
F1 + F2 + F3 = (189.3i + 235.7j) + (45.8i - 205.6j)
cos  = v ⋅ w
+ (-175.2i -37.7j) + (-59.9i + 7.6j)
v w
2, -1 ⋅ 3, 4
cos  =
= (189.3+ 45.8-175.2 - 2 + (-1) 2 32 + 42
2
59.9)i
+ (235.7 - 205.6- 37.7 + 7.6)j 2(3) +(-1)4

cos  =
=0 5 25
The forces are in equilibrium. cos  = 2 » 0.1789

5 5
60. F1 = ( F1 cos144 ) i + ( F1 sin144 )j »
= (6223cos144 ) i + (6223sin144 ) j 79.7
» -5034i + 3658j 66. Find the angle. Round to the nearest tenth.
F1 + F2 + F3 = 0 cos  = v ⋅ w
v w
F2 = -F1 - F3
-1, 7 ⋅ 3, -2
cos  =
= -(-5034i + 3658j) -(0i -9450j) (-1)2 + 7 2 32 + (-2)2
= 5034i + (-1)3 + 7(-2)
cos  =
5792j 50 13
F2 = F2 cos 49 + F2 sin 49
cos  = -17 = -0.6668

F2 = 5034 cos 49 + 5792 5 2 13
sin 4
 =131.8
» 3300 + 4370
» 7670 lbs
61. Find the dot product of the vectors.
v⋅ w 3, -2 ⋅ 1, 3
=
= 3(1) + (-2)3
= 3-6
= -3
67. Find the angle. Round to the nearest tenth. 71. Find projw v .
cos  = v ⋅ w projw v = v ⋅
v w
w
(5i - 2 j) ⋅ (2i + 5j) w
cos  =
6, 7 ⋅ 3, 4 18 + 28 46
projw v = = =
52 + (-2) 2 2 2 +52 2 2 25 5
3 +4
5( 2) +(-
cos  = 72. Find projw v .
2)(5)
29 29
cos  = 0 =0 projw v = v ⋅
29 29 w
w
 = 90
-7, 5 ⋅ -4, 1
projw v = = 28 + 5= 33
Thus, the vectors are orthogonal. 2 2 17 17
(-4) +1
= 33 17 » 8.0
17
cos  = v ⋅ w
v w 73. Find projw v .
(8i + j) ⋅ (-i + 8j)
cos  = vw⋅
82 +12 (-1)2 +82 projw v =

w
8(-1) + (1)(8)
cos  = -3, 4 ⋅ 2, 5 -6 + 20 14
65 65 projw v = = =
2 2 + 52 29 29
cos  = 0 =0
65 65 = 14 29 » 2.6
29
 = 90  
74. Find projw v .

Thus, the vectors are orthogonal.
69. Find the angle. Round to the nearest tenth. projw v = v ⋅
w
cos  = v ⋅ w w
v w
2, 4 ⋅ -1, 5
projw v = = -2 + 20= 18
(5i + 2 j) ⋅ (-5i - 2 j) (-1 + 5)2 2 26 26
cos  =
52 + 2 2 (-5) 2 + (-2) 2 =
9 26
» 3.5
13
5(-5) + 2(-2)
cos  =
29 29 75. Find projw v .
cos  = -29 = -1 v⋅ w
29 29 projw v =
w
 =180
( )( )
2i + j ⋅ 6i + 3j
proj v = = 12 + 3= 5

w
cos  = v ⋅ w 2
6 +3 2 45 5
v w
= 5 » 2.2
(3i - 4 j) ⋅ (6i -12 j) 76. Find projw v .

cos  =
32 + (-4) 2 62 + (-12) 2 projw v = v ⋅ w
3( 6) +(-4)(- w
cos  =
12) (5i + 2 j)⋅ (-5i +-2 j) -25 - 4 -29
projw v = = =
25 180
66 = 0.9839 29 29
cos  = (-5)2 + (-2)2
5 180
= - 29 » -5.4
 = 10.3
77. Find projw v . W = F⋅ s

W= F s cos 
projw v = v ⋅
w
w W = (50)(6)(cos 48
(3i - 4 j)⋅ (-6i +12 j) -18 - 48 W » 201 foot-pounds
projw v = = = - 11
(-6)2 +122 180 5 83. Find the sum geometrically.
11 5
=- » -4.9
5
78. Find projw v .
projw v = v ⋅
w
w
(2i + 2 j)⋅ (-4i - 2 j)
projw v = = -8 - 4 = -6
(-4)2 + (-2)2 20 5
6 5
=- » -2.7
5
Thus, the sum is 6, 9 .
79. Find the work done.
W = F⋅ s 84. Find the sum geometrically.
W= F s cos 
W = (75)(15)(cos 3 )
W » 954 foot-pounds
W = F⋅ s
W= F s cos 
W = (100)(25)(cos
42 )
W » 1858 foot-pounds
Thus, u + v - w = -4 .
5,
85. Find the vector.
W = F⋅ s
W= F s cos 
W=
(75)(12)(cos 30 )
W » 779 foot-pounds The vector from P1(3, 1) to P2(5, 4) is equivalent to
82. Find the work done. 2i - 3j.

86. Find the vector. 90. w = 4i + j
4, 1 ⋅ a, b = 0
4a + b = 0
a =-1 b
4
Let b = 4
a = -1
Thus, u = -1, 4 is one example.
91. Let u = ci + bj, v = ci + dj, and w = ei + fj.
The vector from P1(2, 4) to P2(3, 7) is equivalent
( u ⋅ v ) ⋅ w = é(ai + bj)⋅ ( ci + dj)ù ⋅ (ei + fj)
ë û
to -1, 3 .
= (ac + bd ) ⋅ (ei +
87. Is v perpendicular to w? Why or why not? fj)
ac + bd is a scalar quantity. The product of a scalar

and a vector is not defined. Therefore, no,
( u ⋅ v ) ⋅ w does not equal u ⋅ ( v ⋅ w ) .
92. Let v = a, b and w = c, d .
v ⋅ w = a, b ⋅ c, = ac + bd
d
w ⋅ v = c, d ⋅ a, = ca + db = ac + bd
b
v ⋅ w = (2i -5j) ⋅ (5i Therefore, v ⋅ w = w ⋅ v.

+ 2j)
= 10-10
=0 93. Let v = a, b and w = d , e

cv = ca, cb
The two vectors are perpendicular.
88. Is v perpendicular to w? Why or why not? c ( v ⋅ w ) = c a, b ⋅ d = c (ad + be) = cad + cbe

,e
(cv ⋅ w ) = ca, cb ⋅ d , = cad + cbe

e
Therefore, c ( v ⋅ w ) = (cv ) ⋅ w.
94. Let  be the angle between vectors v and w.

v⋅ w v w cos 
v⋅ w 5, 6 ⋅ 6, =
= 5
v ⋅ w is positive if cos  is positive.
= 30 + 30
= 60 ¹ 0 cos  is positive when 0 < <
The vectors are not perpendicular. 90 an acute angle.

v ⋅ w is negative if cos  is negative.
89. v = -2, 7
cos  is negative when 90 <  <180
-2, 7 ⋅ a, b = 0
This is an obtuse angle.
-2a + 7b = 0
95. Neither. If the force and the distance are the same, the
a=7b
2 work will be the same.
Let b = 2
a =7
Thus, u = 7, 2 is one example.

Mid-Chapter 7 Quiz
c. projw u = u ⋅
1. Find b. w
w
3, 5 ⋅ 4, 1
C = 180 - 71.2 - 62.7 projw u = = 12 + 5 = 17 = 17
4 2 +12 17 17
C = 46.1
d. u ⋅ v 3, 5 ⋅ -2,
b = c 7
=
sin B sin C = 3(-2) + 5(7)
b = 18.5 = -6 + 35
sin 62.7 sin 46.1 = 29
b = 18.5 sin 5. Find the area of the triangle.

62.7
sin 46.1 K = 1 bc sin A
2
b » 22.8 in. 1
K = (15.4)(16.5) sin 3
2
B = 74.2 + (180 -95.5)
K » 72 m2
B = 158.7°
6. Find the angle between the vectors.

b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2ac cos B
b 2 = 67.2 2 + 43.52 - 2(67.2)(43.5) cos158.7 cos  = v ⋅ w
v w
b 2 = 6408.09 -5846.4 cos1 (3i + 5j) ⋅ (-6i + 5j)
cos  =
b = 6408.09 -5846.4 32 + 52 (-6) 2 + 52
cos1
b » 108.8812637 3(-6) + 5(5)

cos  =
b » 109 mi 34 61
3. Find A. cos  = 7 = 0.1537
2074
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2ac cos B  = 81.2
b = 21.2 2 + 32.52 - 2(21.2)(32.5) cos105.5° 7. Find the magnitude of the force.
b » 43.2890804
b » 43.3 sin 9.5 = F
725
2 2 2 F = 725sin 9.5
cos A = b + c - a
2bc F » 120 lb
2 2 2
cos A = 43.2890804 + 32.5 - 21.2 8. Find the work.
2(43.2890804)(32.5)
W = F⋅ s
(
A = cos-1 2480.754482
2813.790226 ) W= F s cos 
A»
= 5, 29
4. a. 3u + 2v = 3 3, 5 + 2 -2, 7
= 9, 15 + -4, 14
W = (65)(45)(cos 35 ) Prepare for Section 7.4
W » 2396 foot-pounds P1. Simplify.
b. u = 32 + 52 = 34 (1+ i)(2 + i) = 2 + 3i + i 2 = 1+ 3i
P2. Simplify.
2 + i ⋅ 3 + i = 6 + 5i + i 2 = 5 + 5i = 1 + 1 i
3-i 3+ i 9 -i 2 10 2 2
P3. Find the conjugate. 8. Graph the complex number and find the absolute value.
2 – 3i
P4. Find the conjugate.
3 + 5i
P5. Find the solutions using the quadratic formula.
-1 12 - 4(1)(1) -1 -3 1 3 2 2
x= = =- i z = 4 + (-4)
2(1) 2 2 2
= 32
P6. Solve.
=4 2
x2 + 9 = 0
9. Graph the complex number and find the absolute value.
x 2 = -9
x= 3i
1. The absolute value of the product is 1.
2. Describe the graph.
2 2
The graph is a circle, with center at the origin of the z= ( 3) + (-1)
complex plane and a radius of 5. = 3+1 = 4
=2
3. Write the conjugate of 4(cos 60 + i sin 60 ) .
4(cos 60 -i sin 60 )
4. Responses will vary.

5. Explain the relationship between the trigonometric
form of a complex number and the polar form.
They are exactly the same.
2
2
6. Determine if the method is valid. z= 1 + ( 3) =2
No. cis is not a number. 11. Graph the complex number and find the absolute value.
2
z = 02 + (-2) = 2
2 2
z = (-2) + (-2) 12. Graph the complex number and find the absolute value.
= 8 =2 2
2 2
z = (-5) + 0 = 5
 = tan-1 -1
3
= tan-1 1 = 30
3
 = 360 - 30 = 330
z = 2 cis 330
2 2
z = 3 + (-5)
18. Write the complex number in trigonometric form.
= 34
2
14. Graph the complex number and find the absolute value. r = 12 + ( 3 )
r=2
3
 = tan-1
1
= tan-1 3 = 60
 = 60
z= (-5)2 + (-4)2 z = 2 cis 60

= 41 19. Write the complex number in trigonometric form.
15. Write the complex number in trigonometric form. r = 0 2 + 52
r = 12 + (-1) 2 r =5
r= 2  = 90
 = tan-1 -1 z = 5 cis 90

1
20. Write the complex number in trigonometric form.
= tan-1 1
2
=4 r = 0 2 + (-7)
 = 360 - = r=7
31
z = 2 cis 31  = 270
16. Write the complex number in trigonometric form. z = 7 cis 270
2 2 21. Write the complex number in trigonometric form.
r = (-4) + (-4)
r = 32 2
r = (-17) + 0 2
r=4 2 r = 17
 = tan-1 -4  = 180
-4
-1
= tan 1 = z = 17 cis 180
45 22. Write the complex number in trigonometric form.
 = 180 + 45
 
= 225
z = 4 2 cis 225
17. Write the complex number in trigonometric form. r = 112 + 0 2
r = 11
2 2  = 0
r= ( 3) + (-1)
r=2 z = 11 cis 0
23. Write the complex number in trigonometric form. 27. Write the complex number in standard form.
r= (-3 3 )
2
+ (3)
2 z = 2(cos 45 + i sin 45 )
æ 2 2
r=6 z
= 2ç + i
è2 2 ÷ø
 = tan-1 3 z = 2 +i 2
-3 3
28. Write the complex number in standard form.
- 3 
=
1
tan = 30  
3 z = 3(cos 240 + i sin 240 )
 =180 -30 = 150 æ 1 3

z = 3çèç- - i
2 2 ø÷
z = 6 cis 150
z = - 3- 3 3i
24. Write the complex number in trigonometric form. 2 2
2 2 29. Write the complex number in standard form.

r= (5 2 ) + (-5 2 )
r = 10 z = cos 315 + i sin 315
2 2
5 2 z= - i
 = tan -1 2 2
-5 2
= tan-1 1 =
45 z = 5(cos 120 + i sin 120 )
 = 360 - 45 = 315

æ 1 3i
z =5 - +
z = 10 cis 315 çè 2 2
25. Write the complex number in trigonometric form. z=-5+5 3i

2 2
2 2
r = (-2) + (-2 3 ) 31. Write the complex number in standard form.
r=4
z = 6 cis 135
 = tan-1 -2 z = 6(cos 135 + i sin 135 )

3
-2
 æ
1
= tan- 3 = 60 z = 6 ç- 2 + 2 i ÷
çè 2 2 ø
 = 180 + 60 = 240 z = -3 2 + 3i 2
z = 4 cis 240 32. Write the complex number in standard form.
26. Write the complex number in trigonometric form. z = cis 315

z = cos 315 + i sin 315
2 2
r= ( 2 ) + (- 2 )
z= 2- 2i
r=2 2 2
 = tan-1 - 2
2 z = 8 cis 0
-1
= tan 1 = z = 8(cos 0 + i sin 0 )
45 z = 8(1+ 0i)
 = 360 - 45 = 315 z =8
z = 2 cis 315
34. Write the complex number in standard form. 41. Write the complex number in standard form.
z = 5 cis 90 z = 9 cis 11
z = 5(cos 90 + i sin 90 ) 6
z = 5(0 +i) z = 9 cos  + i sin 11
( 11
)
6 6
z = 5i æ 3 1 ö÷
z = 9 ç - i÷
35. Write the complex number in standard form. 2 2 ø
z = 2 cos 5 + i sin 5

( ) z=9 3-9i
6 6 2 2
æ ö 42. Write the complex number in standard form.

z = 2 ç- 3 + 1 i ÷÷ø
è 2 2
z = cis 3
z = - 3 +i 2
36. Write the complex number in standard form. z = cos  + i sin 3
3
2 2
z = 4 cos 5 + i sin 5

( ) z = 0-
3 3
i z = -i
æ ö
z = 4 ç 1 - 3 i÷÷ 43. Multiply, write answer in trigonometric form.
èç 2 2 ø
z = 2 - 2i 3 z1 z2 = 2 cis 30 ⋅ 3 cis 225
z1 z2 = 6 cis(30 + 225 )
z1 z2 = 6 cis 255
z = 3 cos 3 + i sin 3
( ) 44. Multiply, write answer in trigonometric form.
2 2
z = 3(0-i) z1 z2 = 4 cis 120 ⋅ 6 cis 315
z = -3i z1 z2 = 24 cis(120 + 315 )
38. Write the complex number in standard form. z1 z2 = 24 cis 435
z1 z2 = 24 cis 75
z = 5(cos  + i sin  )
z = 5(-1+ 0i) 45. Multiply, write answer in trigonometric form.

z = -5 z1 z2 = 3(cos 122 +i sin 122 )⋅ 4(cos 213 +i sin
213 )
z1 z2 =12[cos(122 +213 ) +i sin(122 +213 )]
z = 8 cis 3 z1 z2 =12(cos 335 +i sin 335 )
4
= 8 cos 3 + i sin 3
z1 z2 =12 cis 335
(
4 4 )
46. Multiply, write answer in trigonometric form.
æ 2 i 2 z1 z2 = 8(cos 88 + i sin 88 )⋅ 12(cos 112 + i sin
z 8 112
= çè- 2 + 2 ÷ø = 96[cos(88 +112 ) + i sin(88 +112 )]
z = -4 2 + 4i 2 = 96[cos 200 + i sin 200 ]

= 96 cis 200
47. Multiply, write answer in trigonometric form.

z = 9 cis 4
3 z1 z2 = 5 cos 2 + i sin 2 ⋅ 2 cos 2 + i sin 2
( ) ( )
= 9 cos 4 + i sin 4
3 3 5 5
(3 3 ) é
z z = 10 êcos(2  2
+ )
+ i sin 2
(  2 ù
+ )ú
1 2
æ 3 5 3 5
z 9 1 i 3
z z = 10 cos 16 + i sin 16

= ç- - ÷
2 2 ø 1 2 ( 15 15 )
z =-9 - 9 3 i z z = 10 cis 16
2 2 1 2
15
48. Multiply, write answer in trigonometric form. 53. Divide, write answer in standard form, round answer to

z z = 5 cis 11 ⋅ 3 cis
3 decimal places.
4
1 2
12 3
z1 27(cos 315 + i sin 315 )
=
z1 z2 = 15 cis 11 + 4
z  
( )
12 3 2 9(cos 225 + i sin 225 )

z z = 15 cis 9
z1
= 3 [cos(315 - 225 ) + i sin(315 - 225 )]
1 2 z2
4

 z1  
z1 z2 = 15 cis = 3(cos 90 + i sin 90 ) = 3(0 + i) = 3i

4 z2
49. Multiply, write answer in trigonometric form. 54. Divide, write answer in standard form, round answer to
z1 z2 = 4 cis 2.4 ⋅ 6 cis 4.1 3 decimal places.
z1 z2 = 24 cis (2.4 + 4.1)  
z1 9(cos 25 + i sin 25 )
z1 z2 = 24 cis 6.5 =
z2 3(cos 175 + i sin 175 )
50. Multiply, write answer in trigonometric form. z1
= 3 [cos(25 -175 ) + i sin(25 -175 )]
z1 z2 = 7 cis 0.88⋅ 5 cis 1.32 z2
z1
z1 z2 = 35 cis (0.88 +1.32) = 3(cos 150 -i sin 150  )
z2
z1 z2 = 35 cis 2.2 z1 æ 3 1i 3 3 3i
2 3
= - - =- -
51. Divide, write answer in standard form, round answer to z çè 2 2 ÷ø 2 2
3 decimal places. 55. Divide, write answer in standard form, round answer to
z1  3 decimal places.
= 32 cis 30 
z2 4 cis 150 
2 2
z1
12 cos ( + i sin )
z1 3 3
= 8 cis(30 - =
z2 4 cos 11 + i sin 11
150 ) 6 ( 6 )
z2
z1  
120= 8 cis( -
z1 é 2 11 2 11 ù
z2 z2
= 3 cos
êë ( 3 - 6 ) + i sin ( 3 - 6 )úû
= 3 cos 7 -i sin 7
z1 z1
= 8 (cos 120 -i sin
120 )
( )
z2 z2 6 6
æ 1 i 3 z1 é 3 ù
z1
=8 - = -4 -4i 3 = 3 ê- - -1 i ú ( )
- z2 2 2
z2 çè 2 2 ÷ø
z1
52. Divide, write answer in standard form, round answer to =-3 3 + 3 i
z2 2 2
3 decimal places.
56. Divide, write answer in standard form, round answer to
z1 
= 15 cis 240  3 decimal places.
z2 3 cis 135
 
z1
= 5 cis (240 -135 ) =
(
z1 10 cos 3 + i sin 3 )
z2
5 cos  + i sin
( 
4)
z2
z1  4
= 5 cis 105
= 2 cos  -  + i sin  - 
z1 é ù
z2
z1
( z2 )
êë 3 4 ( ) 3 4 úû
 
= 5 (cos 105 + i sin 105 )
 + i sin 
z2
z1 )
(
= 2 cos
z2 12 12
z1 z1
» 5 ( -0.2588 + 0.9659i) » 2(0.9659 + 0.2588i)
z2 z2
z1 z1
» -1.294 + 4.830i » 1.932 + 0.518i
z2 z2
57. Divide, write answer in standard form, round answer to z1 z2 = 2(cos300 + i sin 2(cos 45 + i sin
300 ) ⋅ 45 )
3 decimal places. z1 z2 = 2 2[cos(300 + 45 + i sin(300 + 45 )]

z1 z1 z2 = 2 2(cos 345 + i sin 345
= 25 cis 3.5
z2 5 cis 1.5 z1 z2 » 2.732 -0.732i
z1
= 5 cis (3.5-1.5) 60. Perform indicated operation, write answer in standard
z2
z1 form, round constants to 4 decimal places.
= 5 cis 2
z2 For z1 = 3 -i
z1
= 5 (cos 2 + i sin 2)
z2 r1 = ( 3)2 + (-1) 2  = tan-1 -1 = 30
z1 3
» 5 ( -0.4161+ 0.9093i) r1 = 2 1 = 330
z2
z1
» -2.081+ 4.546i z1 = 2(cos 330 + i sin 330 )
z2
For z2 = 1+ i 3
58. Divide, write answer in standard form, round answer to
3 decimal places. 2 3
r2 = 12 + ( 3 )  = tan-1 =
1
z1 r2 = 2 2 = 6
= 18 cis 0.56
z2 6 cis 1.22
z1 z2 = 2(cos 60 + i sin
= 3 cis (0.56-1.22) 60 )
z2
z1 z1 z2 = 2(cos 330 + i sin 330 ) ⋅ 2(cos 60 + i sin
= 3 cis ( -0.66)
z2 60
z1 z1 z2 = 4[cos(330 + 60 + i sin(330 + 60 )]
= 3 (cos 0.66-i sin 0.66)
z2 z1 z2 = 4(cos 390 + i sin 390 )
é ù
z1 z2 = 4 ê 3 + i ú = 2 3 + 2i
2 2
z1
» 3 (0.7900-0.6131i) 61. Perform indicated operation, write answer in standard
z2
z1 form, round constants to 4 decimal places.
» 2.370-
1.839i z2 For z1 = 3-3i
59. Perform indicated operation, write answer in standard
r1 = 32 + (-3) 2  = tan-1 -3 = 4
form, round constants to 4 decimal places. 3
r1 = 3 2 1 = 315
For z1 = 1-i 3
z1 = 3 2(cos 315 + i sin 315 )

2 1
r1 = 12 + ( 3 )  = tan-1 - 3 = 
For
 z2
r1 = 2 60
=1+ i
1 = 300 r2 = 12 +12  = tan-1 1 =
1
z1 = 2(cos 300 + i sin r1 = 2 1 = 4
30 )
For z2 =1+ i z2 = 2(cos 45 + i sin 45 )
 z1 z2 = 3 2(cos315 +i 2(cos45 +isin45

2 2 -1 1 
sin315 )⋅ )
r2 = 1 +1  = tan = 45
1 z1 z2 = 6[cos(315 + 45 ) +i sin(315 + 45 )]
r2 = 2
 2 = 45 z1 z2 = 6(cos 360 +i sin 360 )
z1 z2 = 6 +0i
z2 = 2(cos 45 +i sin z1 z2 = 6
45 )
62. Perform indicated operation, write answer in standard 64. Perform indicated operation, write answer in standard
form, round constants to 4 decimal places. form, round constants to 4 decimal places.
For z1 = 2 + 2i For z1 = 1+ i
2 2 -1 2  2 2 -1 1 
r1 = 2 + 2  = tan = 45 r1 = 1 +1 1 = tan = 45
2 1
r1 = 2 2 r1 = 2
1 = 45 1 = 45
z1 = 2 2(cos 45 + i sin 45 z1 = 2(cos 45 + i sin

45
For z2 = 3 -i For z2 =1-i
-1 -1
r2 = ( 3)
2
+ (-1) 2  = tan-1 -1 = r2 = 12 + (-1)2  2 = tan = 45
1
30
3
r2 = 2 r2 = 2  2 = 315
 2 = 330
z2 = 2(cos 315 + i sin 315

z2 = 2(cos 330 + i sin
330 )
z1 2 (cos 45 + i sin 45
z1 z2 = 2 2(cos45 +i sin45 )⋅ 2(cos330 +i =
z2 2(cos 315 + i sin 315 )
sin33
z1 z2 = 4 2[cos(45 +330 ) +i sin(45 +330 )] z1

= cos(45 -315 ) + i sin(45 -315
z2
z1 z2 = 4 2(cos 375 +i sin 375 )
z1
z1 z2 »5.4641+1.4641i = cos 270 -i sin 270 = 0-i(-1) = 0 +1i
= i z2
form, round constants to 4 decimal places.
form, round constants to 4 decimal places.
For z1 = 1+ i 3
For z1 = 2 -i 2
r1 = 12 + ( 3) 2 1 = tan-1 3 = 60

1 r1 = ( 2)2 + ( 2 )2  = tan-1 - = 45
r1 = 2  2
1 2
1 = 60 r1 = 2 1 = 315
z60
1 = )2(cos 60 + i sin
z1 = 2(cos 315 + i sin 315

For z2 = 1-i 3 For z2 =1+ i
 
- 3  = tan 1 = 45
2 2 -1  2 2 -1
r2 = 1 + ( 3)  = tan = 60 r2 = 1 +1 2
1 1
r2 = 2  = 300 r2 = 2  2 = 45
2
z2 = 2(cos 300 + i sin z2 = 2(cos 45 + i sin 45 )

300
z1 z1 2(cos 315 + i sin 315

2(cos 60 + i sin =
= 60
z2 2(cos 300 + i sin z2 2(cos 45 + i sin 45 )

300 z
z1 1 = 2[cos(315 -45 + i sin(315 -45 )]

= cos(60 -300 ) + i sin(60 - z2
300 ) z1
z2
z1 3 = 2(cos 270 + i sin 270

= cos 240 -i sin 240 = - 1 + z
i
z2 2 2 2
z1
= 2[0 + i(-1)] = 2(0-1i) = 0- 2i = - 2i
z2
or -i 2
66. Perform indicated operation, write answer in standard z3 = 4(cos 300 + i sin
form, round constants to 4 decimal places. 300
For z1 = 1+ i 3 z1 z2 z3 = 2(cos 330 + i sin

330
⋅ 2 2(cos 45 + i sin 45 )
⋅ 4(cos 300 + i sin 300 )
r1 = 12 + ( 3) 2 1 = tan-1 3 = 60
1 z1 z2 z3 = 16 2[cos(330 + 45 + 300 )
r1 = 2 1 = 60 + i sin(330 + 45 + 300 )]
z1 = 2(cos 60 + i sin z1 z2 z3 = 16 2(cos 675 + i sin 675 )

60 )
z1 z2 z3 = 16 2(cos 315 + i sin 315 )
For z2 = 4 -4i æ ö
2 2 -1 -4 z1 z2 z3 = 16 2 ç 1 - 1 i ÷ = 16 -16i
r2 = 4 + (-4)  2 = tan 4 = 45 2 2
r2 = 4 2 2 = 68. Perform indicated operation in trigonometric form,

315
z2 = 4 2(cos 315 + i sin write answer in standard form.

315 For z1 = 1-i
z1 2(cos 60 + i sin 60 )
=
1
z2 4 2(cos 315 + i sin

r1 = 12 + (-1) 2  = tan-1 -1 = 45
315 1
z1
= 2 [cos(60 -315 ) + i sin(60 - r = 2 
315 )]
z2 4 1 1 = 315
z1
= 2 [cos( -255 + i sin( - z1 = 2(cos 315 + i sin 315 )
255 )]
z2 4
z1 For z2 = 1+ i 3
» -0.0915 + 0.3415i
z2
 3 = 60
2
r2 = 1 + ( 3)
2
 2 = tan-1
67. Perform indicated operation in trigonometric form, 1
write answer in standard form.
r2 = 2 2 = 6
For z1 = 3 -1 z2 = 2(cos 60 + i sin 60 )
For z3 = 3 -i
r1 = ( 3)2 + (-1) 2 1 = tan-1 - =
1 30
3
r1 = 2 1 = 330 r3 =
2
( 3) + (-1) 2
3 =
tan-1 -
1 =
3
r3 = 2
z1 = 2(cos 330 + i sin 3 = 330
330 ) z3 = 2(cos 330 + i sin
For z2 = 2 + 2i 330
 z1 z2 z3 = 2(cos 315 + i sin 315 )

2 2 -1 2 
r2 = 2 + 2  2 = tan = 45
2 ⋅ 2(cos 60 + i sin 60 )
r2 = 2 2
2 = 45 ⋅ 2(cos 330 + i sin
330 )
z2 = 2 2(cos 45 + i sin 45
z1 z2 z3 = 4
2[cos(315 + 60 + 330 )
+ i sin(315 + 60 + 330 )]
For z3 = 2 - 2i 3
z1 z2 z3 = 4 2(cos 705 + i sin 705 )
2
r3 = 2 + (-2 3) 2
 3 = tan -1 -2 3 = z1 z2 z3 = 4 2(cos 345 + i sin 345 )
60
r3 = 4 2 z1 z2 z3 » 5.4641-1.4641i
3 =
300
69. Perform indicated operation in trigonometric form, z1 = 4(cos 300 + i sin 300 )

For z2 = 1-i 3
For z1 = 3 + i 3
2 2 -1 - 3
r2 = 1 + (- 3)  2 = tan =6
3 = 45 1
r1 = ( 3) + ( 3)2 2
1 = tan -1
r2 = 2
3 2 =
300
r1 = 6
1 = 45
z2 = 2(cos 300 + i sin 300 )
z1 = 6(cos 45 + i sin
For z3 = 4 3 + 4i
45 )
For z2 = 1-i 3
r3 = (4 3)2 + 4 2  3 = tan-1 1 =
3
r2 = 12 + (- 3) 2  2 = tan-1 - 3 = r3 = 8
6 3 =
r2 = 2 1
2 = z3 = 8(cos 30 + i sin
300 30 )
z2 = 2(cos 300 + i sin z1

300 ) z2 z3
For z3 = 2 - 2i 4(cos 30 +i sin 300 )⋅ 2(cos 30 +i sin
-1 -2 =
300
2 2
r3 = 2 + (-2)  3 = tan = 8(cos 30 +i sin 30 )
4
2
r3 = 2 2 3 = z1
= 4 ⋅ 2[cos(300 + 300 - 30 )
315
z2 z3 8
z3 = 2 2(cos 315 + i sin + i sin(300 + 300 - 30 ]
315 )
z1 z1
= (cos 210 + i sin 210 ) = - 3 - i
z2 z3 z2 z3 2 2
6 (cos 45 +i sin 45 ) 71. Perform indicated operation in trigonometric form,

=
2(cos 30 +i sin 300 )⋅ 2 2(cos 315 +i sin write answer in standard form.
315
For z1 = 1- 3i
z1 6 (cos 45 + i sin 45 )
=
z2 z3 4 2[cos(300 + 315 ) + i
sin(300 + 315 )] r = 12 + (-3) 2  = tan-1 -3 » 71.57
z1 6 (cos 45 + i sin 45 ) 1 1
= 1
z2 z3 4 2(cos 255 + i sin r1 = 10 1 = 288.43 
255
z1
= 3 [cos(45 - 255 ) + i sin(45 - 255 )] z1 = 10(cos 288.4 + i sin 288.4 )
z2 z3 4
z1 æ ö
= 3 (cos 210 -i sin 210 ) = 3ç- 3 + i ÷÷ For z2 = 2 + 3i
z2 z3 4 4 2 2 ÷ø
2 2 -1 3 
r2 = 2 + 3  2 = tan » 56.31
=-3+ 3 i 2
8 8 r2 = 13  2 = 56.31
70. Perform indicated operation in trigonometric form,
z2 = 13(cos 56.3 + i sin 56.3 )

For z3 = 4 + 5i
For z1 = 2 - 2i 3
2 2
 = tan1 5 » 51.34
r3 = 4 + 5 3
2 2 -1 -2 3 4
r1 = 2 + (-2 3) 1 = tan =
60 r3 = 41 3 = 51.3
r1 = 4 2
1 =
30
z3 = 41(cos 51.3 + i sin 51.3
z1 z2 z3 = 10(cos 288.4 + i sin 73. z = r(cos  + i sin  ) z = r(cos  -i sin  )

288.4
⋅ 13(cos 56.3 + i sin z ⋅ z = r(cos  + i sin  ) ⋅ r(cos  -i sin  )

56.3 ) z ⋅ z = r(cos  + i sin  ) ⋅ r[cos(- ) + i sin(- )]
⋅ 41(cos 51.3 + i sin z ⋅ z = r 2 [cos( - ) + i sin( - )]
51.3 )
z1 z2 z3 = 10 13 41[cos(288.43 + 56.31
⋅ ⋅ z ⋅ z = r 2 (cos 0 + i sin 0)
+ 51.34 ) + i
sin(288.43 + 56.31 + 51.34 )] 2 2 2
z1 z2 z3 » 73.0(cos 396.08 + i sin z ⋅ z = or a + b

r
396.08 )
z1 z2 z3 = 73.0(cos 36.08 + i sin 74. z = r(cos  + i sin  ) z = r(cos  -i sin  )

36.08 )
z1 z2 z3 » 59.0 + 43.0i
z = r(cos + i sin  )
72. Perform indicated operation in trigonometric form, z r(cos  -i sin  )
write answer in standard form. = cos + i sin 
cos(- ) + i sin(- )
For z1 = 2 -5i = cos( +  ) + i sin( +  )
= cos 2 + i sin 2

2
r1 = 2 + (-5)
2
1 = tan-1 -5 »
2 68.198
(2 cis 60 )6 = 26 (cis 60 )6
75.
r1 = 29 1 =
291.80 26 (cis 60 +60 +60 +60 +60 +60 )
z1 = 29 cis ë û
291.8014 = 26 écis 6(60 )ù
For z2 = 1-6i
= 26 (cis 360 )

2 2 -1 -6  =64(cos360 +isin360 )
r2 = 1 + (-6)  2 = tan » 80.5377
1
=64 +0i
r2 = 37
 2 = 279.4623
76. (3 cis 45 )4 = 34 (cis 45 )4
z2 = 37 cis
= 34 (cis 45 + 45 + 45 + 45 )
279.4623
ë û
For z3 = 3+ 4i = 34 écis 4(45 )ù


2 2 -1 4  = 34 (cis 180 )
r3 = 3 + 4  3 = tan » 53.1301
3  
r3 = 5 z3 = 5 53.1301 z3
cis z1 z2
3 = 53.1301 = + i sin180 )
8
1
(
c
o
s
1
8
0
=
-
8
1
+
0
i
Prepare for
Section 7.5
P1. Simplify.
2
æ 2 2i 2 2 2 2
+ = + 2 i+ i = i
= 29 cis 291.8014 ⋅ 37 cis
279.4623 ç
2 2 ÷ 4 4 4
5 cis
53.1301 çè ø
= 29 ⋅ 37 cis (291.8014 + 279.4623 - P2. Find the real root.
53.1301
5 x 3 -8 = ( x - 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 4)
= 29 ⋅ 37 (cos 518.1336 + i sin 2
518.1336 )
5 ( x + 2 x + 4) yields 2 complex solutions
» -6.0800 + 2.4400i ( x - 2) yields 1 real solution

The real root is 2.
P3. Find the real root. 7. Find the indicated power.
x 5 - 243 = ( x -3)( x 4 + 3x 3 + 9x 2 + 27x [5(cos10 + i sin10 )]3

+ 81) ( x 4 + 3x 3 + 9x 2 + 27x + 81) yields 4 = 53 [cos(3⋅ 10 ) + i sin(3⋅ 10 )]
complex solutions = 125[cos 30 + i sin 30 ]
( x -3) yields 1 real solution æ 3 1 ö÷
= 125 ç +i ÷
The real root is 3. 2 2ø
P4. Write 2 + 2i in trigonometric form. 125 3 125

= + i
2 2
r = 22 + 22 = 2 2 8. Find the indicated power.
 = tan-1 2 [3(cos 45 + i sin 45 ]4

2
= 34 [cos(4⋅ 45 ) + i sin(4⋅ 45 )]
= tan-1 1 = 45
= 81(cos1 + i sin180 )
 = 45
= 81(-1+ 0i)
z = 2 2 cis 45 or 2 2 cis 

= -81+ 0i = -81
4
9. Find the indicated power.
P5. Write in standard form.
æ ö [cis(15 )]4 = cis(4⋅ 150 )
2(cos150 + i sin150 ) = 2ç- 3 + 1 i÷÷ = - 3 + i
 
= cos + i sin 600
2 2 ø
= cos 240 + i sin 2
P6. Find the absolute value.
2 2 =-1 - 3 i
æ 2 æ 2 ÷ö 2 2 2 2
1
z = çè ÷ + èç- = + =
2 ø 2 ÷ø 4 4 10. Find the indicated power.
Section 7.5 Exercises [2cis(330 )]4 = 24 cis(4 ⋅ 330 )

1. Determine the number of solutions. = 16(cos1320 + i sin1320 )
There is just 1 solution, since z is to the power of 1. = 16(cos 240 + i sin 240 )
2. Determine the number of solutions. = -8-8i 3
There are 6 solutions since z is to the power of 6. 11. Find the indicated power.
3. Yes, the student is correct.
[2cis (120 )]6 = 26 cis (6⋅ 2
4. The statement is true. 3)
5. Find the indicated power. = 64(cos 720 + i sin
8 8 720 )
[2(cos 30 + i sin 3 ] = 2 [cos(8⋅ 3 +i
sin(8⋅ 3 )] = 64(cos 0 + i sin 0 )
= 256(cos 240 + i sin = 64
240 ) 12. Find the indicated power.
= -128-128i 3 [4cis(150 )]3 = 43 cis(3⋅ 5 6 )

6. Find the indicated power. = 64(cos 450 + i sin 450 )
= 64(cos 90 + i sin 90 )
(cos 60 + i sin 60 )3 = cos(3⋅ 60 ) + i
sin(3⋅ 60 )
= cos18 +i
sin180 = 64(0 +1i) = 0 + 64i
= -1+ 0i = 64i
= -1
13. Find the indicated power. 16. Find the indicated power.
z = 3 -i z = 2 - 2i 3
2
r= ( 3) + (-1) 2  = tan-1 -1 = r = 2 2 + (-2 3)2  = tan-1 -2 3 = 60
2
r=2 30 r=4
3  = 300 
 = 360 -30 = 
330
z = 2(cos 3 + i sin 330 ) z = 4(cos 300 + i sin

4
( 3 -i) = [2(cos 330 + i sin 330 )] 4 300 )
(2 - 2i
4
= 2 [cos(4⋅ 330 ) + i 3)3 = [4(cos 300 + i sin
sin(4⋅ 330 ] 30 )]3
= 16(cos1320 + i sin1320 ) = 43[cos(3⋅ 300 )+i
= 16(cos + i sin 24 ) sin(3⋅ 300 )]
= 64(cos 900 + i sin 90 )
= 64(cos180 +i
sin18 )
æ 1 3 = -64 + 0i = -64
16
= ç- - ÷ø
2 2 17. Find the indicated power.
= -8 -8i 3
z = 2 + 2i
z = 1-i r = 22 + 22  = tan-1 2 = 45
2
r=2 2
 = 45
r = 12 + (-1)2  = tan-1 -1 =
45
1
r= 2 z = 2 2(cos 45 + i sin 4 )
 = 315
7
(2 + 2i) = [2 2(cos 45 + i sin 45 ]7
z = 2(cos 315 + i sin
= 1024 2[cos(7 ⋅ 45 + i sin(7 ⋅ 45 )]
31 )
(1-i)8 = [ 2(cos 315 + i sin

= 1024 2(cos 315 + i sin 315 )
315 )]8
= 1024 -1024i
= ( 2)8 [cos(8⋅ 31 ) +i
sin(8⋅ 31 ] 18. Find the indicated power.
= 16(cos 2520 + i sin 2520 z = 2 3 - 2i
= 16(cos + i sin )
= 16 - 0i = 16

r = (2 3)2 + (-2)2  = tan-1 -2 = 30
z = 1+ i 2 3
r=4 
 = 330
r = 12 +12  = tan-1 1 =
45 z = 4(cos 330 + i sin 330 )
r= 2 1 5
(2 3 - 2i) = [4(cos 330 + i sin 33 )]5
 = 45
5
z = 2(cos 45 + i sin = 4 [cos(5⋅ 330 ) + i sin(5⋅ 330 )]
= 1024(cos1650 + i sin1650 )
45 ) (1+ i)4 = [ 2(cos 45 + i sin
= 1024(cos 210 + i sin 210 )
45 ]4
= -512 3 -512i
= ( 2) 4 [cos(4 ⋅ 4 +i
sin(4 ⋅ 45 ]
= 4(cos180 + i sin18 )
= -4 + 0i = -4
19. Find the indicated power. 22. Find all the indicated roots.
z = 2 +i 2 16 =16(cos 0 + i sin 0 )
2 2
æ    
w =161/2 çcos 0 + 360 k + i sin 0 + 360 k ÷ k = 0,1
2 2 k
r = ( 2 2)2 + ( 2 2)2  = tan-1 = 45 2 2
2 2  
r =1 w0 = 4(cos0 + i sin 0 )
=
4
= 4 + 0i = 4
z = cos 45 + i sin æ    ö
4 w1 = 4çcos 0 + 360  + i sin 0 + 360 ÷
2 2 ÷
6
æ 2 2 ö÷ = (cos
ç -i ÷ )6 45 + i sin çè ø
 
2 2 ø = 4(cos180 + i sin180 )
= cos(6⋅ 45 ) +i = -4 + 0i = -4
sin(6⋅ 45 )
23. Find all the indicated roots.
= cos 270 + i sin
270 64 = 64(cos 0 +i
= 0-1i = -i sin 0 )
z = - 2 +i 2
(
wk = 641/6 cos 0 + 36 k + i sin 0 + 360 k
6 6 )
2 2
k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2 2
r = (- 2 2)2 + ( 2 2)2  = tan-1 = 45 w0 = 2(cos 0 + i sin )
- 2 2 = 2 + 0i = 2
r =1
 = 135
z = cos135 +i 1 ( 6 6 )
sin135
æ 12
2 -i 2 ö÷ = (cos135 w = 2 cos 0 + + i sin 0 + 36
ç- ÷ sin135 )12
+i
= 2(cos 60 + i sin 60 )
2 2 ø 3 ö÷
æ1 +i
= 2ç ÷
çè 2 2 ø
= cos(12 ⋅ 13 ) +i
sin(12 ⋅ 13 = 1+ i 3
= cos1620 + i sin16
+360 ⋅ 2 + i sin 0 +360 ⋅ 2
= cos180 + i sin180 (
w2 = 2 cos 0
6 6 )
= -1+ 0i = -1
21. Find all the indicated roots. = 2(cos120 + i sin120
æ 1
9 = 9(cos 0 + i sin 0 ) 2 i 3
= ç- + ÷
2 2 ø
æ +  
+  = -1+ i 3
wk = 91/2 çcos 0 360 k + i sin 0 360 k ÷ k = 0,1
2 2 ø
 
w0 = 3(cos 0 + i sin 0 ) 3 ( 6 6 )
= 3+ 0i = 3 w = 2 cos 0 + 360 ⋅ 3 + i sin 0 + 360 ⋅ 3
= 2(cos180 + i sin180 )
æ      ö = 2(-1+ 0i)
+ + ÷
0 360 0 360
w = 3çcos + i sin ÷
1 ø = -2 + 0i = -2
2 2
= 3(cos180 + i sin180 ) +360 ⋅ 4 +360 ⋅ 4

(
w4 = 2 cos
0
+ i sin
0
)
= -3+ 0i = -3 6 6
= 2(cos 240 + i sin 24 )

æ 3
2 1 i
= ç- -
2 2 ÷ø
= -1-i 3
w5 = 2 cos 0 + 360 ⋅ 5 + i sin

( + w = cos 180 + 3 + i sin 180 + 36
6 6 5 5
360 ⋅ 5 = cos108 + i sin10
) 1
= 2(cos 300 + i sin 300 )
æ ö » -0.309 + 0.951i
= 2 ç 1 -i 3 ÷÷
çè 2 2 ø 180 + 360 ⋅ 2 180 + 360 ⋅ 2
w2 = cos + i sin
= 1-i 3 5 5
= cos180 + i sin1
= -1+ 0i = -1
32 = 32 cos 0 + i sin 0
( )
w3 = cos 180 +360 ⋅ 3 + i sin 180 +360 ⋅ 3
5 5
wk = 321/5 cos 0 + 360 k + i sin
( +
= cos 252 + i sin 25
5 5
360 k » -0.309 -0.951i
) + 360 ⋅ 4 + i sin 180 + 360 ⋅ 4
w4 = cos 180
k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 5 5
= cos 324 + i sin 324
w0 = 2(cos 0 + i sin )
» 0.809 - 0.588i
= 2 + 0i = 2
(
w1 = 2 cos
0 +3
+ i sin
0 + 360
)
5 5 26. Find all the indicated roots.
= 2(cos 72 + i sin 7 )
-16 = 16(cos180 + i sin180 )
» 2(0.3090 + 0.9511i)
= 0.6180 +1.9021i wk = 161/4 cos 180
( +36 k + i sin 18 + 360 k
)
4 4
w2 = 2 cos 0 +360 ⋅ 2 + i sin
( 5 5
k = 0, 1, 2, 3
0 +360 ⋅ 2 w0 = 2(cos 45 + i sin 45 )

)
= 2(cos144 + i sin144
» 2(- æ ö
= 2 ç 2 + i 2 ÷÷
0.8090 + 0.5878i)
= -1.6180 +1.1756i è 2 2 ø
1
= 2 +i 2
⋅ 3
(
w3 = 2 cos
360 ⋅ 3
0 + 360
+ i sin
0 +
)
5 5
= 2(cos 216 + i sin 21 ) (
w = 2 cos 180
4
+360 + i sin 18 + 360
4 )
» 2(-0.8090-0.5878i) = 2(cos135 + i sin135 )
= -1.6180 -1.1756i æ2 i 2
2
= çè- +
2 2 ÷ø
w4 = 2 cos 0 +360 ⋅ 4 + i sin
( = - 2 +i 2
5 5
0 +360 ⋅ 4
)
= 2(cos 288 + i sin +360 ⋅ 2 + i sin 180 +360 ⋅ 2
28 ) (
w2 = 2 cos 180
4 4 )
» 2(0.3090- = 2(cos 225 + i sin 22 )
0.9511i)
= 0.6180 -1.9021i
25. Find all the indicated roots. æ 2 i 2

2
= çè- -
2 2 ÷ø
-1 = 1(cos180 + i sin180 )
= - 2 -i 2
)(
w 1/5 180 +360 k + i sin 1 +
k =1
360 k cos
4 4
5 5 w3 = 2 cos 180 + 360 ⋅ 3 + i sin 180 + 360 ⋅ 3
( )
k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
= 2(cos 315 + i sin 31 )
w0 = 1(cos 36 + i sin æ ö
= 2 ç 2 -i 2 ÷÷
36 )
» è 2 2 ø
0.809 + 0.588
i
= 2 -i 2

1 = cos 0 + i sin 0
(
w0 = 21/8 cos 45 + i sin
4 4 )
= 21/8 (cos11.25 + i sin11.25 )
w = cos 0 +36 k + i sin + k = 0, 1, 2 » 1.070 + 0.213i
360 k
k
3 3
 
w 0 + i sin æ
w1 = 21/8 çcos
45 + 360 + i sin 45
 
+360 
0 = cos ÷
0 ø
3 3 4 4
= cos 0 + i =2 1/8
(cos101.25 + i sin101.25
sin 0
» -0.213-1.070i
= 1+ 0i = 1
w = cos 0 + 36 +  
+ i sin w 2
1/8 æ
cos 45+ i sin 45 + 360 ⋅ 2
3 360 ⋅ 2
1
3 3 2 = çç + ÷
è 4 4 ø
= cos120 +i
sin120 = 21/8 (cos191.25 + i sin191.25
» -1.070-0.213i
=-1 + 3 i
2 2
æ       ö
0 
0 +360 45 + 360 ⋅ 3 45 + 360 ⋅ 3 ÷÷
⋅w 2= cos + 360 ⋅ 2 + i sin w = 21/8 çcos + i sin
3
2
3 3 4 4
= cos 240 + i sin = 21/8 (cos 281.25 + i sin 281.25

240 » 0.213-1.070i
=-1 - 3 i 30. Find all the indicated roots.
2 2

-1+ i = 2(cos135 + i sin135 )
i = cos 90 + i sin
9
1/5
( 135 + 360 k 135 +
90 +36 k + wk = ( 2 ) cos + i sin
w = cos
36 k
k
+ i sin k = 0,1,2 360 k
5 5 )
3 3 k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
 
w0 = cos 90 + i sin 90  æ  135 ö÷
3 3 w0 = 21/10 çcos 135 + i sin
÷
5 5 ø
= cos 30 + i sin
30 = 21/10 (cos + i sin
27 )
= 3+1i » 0.955 + 0.487i
2 2 135+ 360
æ  i sin
   w = 21/10 cos 135 + 360 + ÷÷
çè
w1 = cos 90+ 360 + i sin 90 + 360
1 ø
5 5
3 3 1/10
= cos150 + i sin15
= 2 (cos 99 + i sin 99 )
=- 3+1i
» -0.168 +1.059i
2 2 1/10 æ 135 + 360 ⋅ 2  + 360

135  ö
w =⋅ 22÷ çcos + i sin
2
5 5
w = 90+ 360⋅ 2 + i sin 90+ 1/10
cos
360 ⋅ 2
2
3 3 = 2 (cos171 + i sin171
= cos 270 + i sin » -1.059 + 0.168i
= 0-i = -i 135 + 360 ⋅ 3
(
w3 = 21/10 cos
360 ⋅ 3
+ i sin
1 +

) 5 5
1/10
=2 (cos 243 + i sin 24 )
1+ i = 2(cos 45 + i sin
45 ) » -0.487 -0.955i
1/4
w = ( 2 ) cos 45 ( +36 k + i sin +
æ       ö
k
360 k
) 135 + 360 ⋅ 4 135 + 360
4 4 w
⋅ 4= 21/10 çcos + i sin
4 ÷
k = 0, 1, 2, 3 5 5
= 21/10 (cos 315 + i sin 31 )

» 0.758-0.758i

(
w0 = 4 2 cos 12
2
+ i sin 12
2 )
2 - 2i 3 = 4(cos 300 + i sin k = 0, 1, 2
300 ) = 4 2(cos 60 + i sin 60 )
w = 41/3 cos 300

( +36 k + i sin 300 +
) » 2 2 + 2i 6
360 k
k
3 3
æ 120+ 360  ö
w = 4 2 çcos + i sin 120 + 360 ÷÷
) (
w0 =4
300
1/3
cos 30 + i sin 1
2 2 ø
3 3
= 4 2(cos 240 + i sin 240 )

= 41/3 (cos100 +i
sin100 )
» -0.276 +1.563i » -2 2 - 2i 6
æ    ö 34. Find all the indicated roots.

w = 41/3 çcos 300 + 360 + i sin 300 + 360 ÷÷
1 ø
3 3 -1+ 3i = 2(cos120 + i sin12 )
= 41/3 (cos 220 wk = 21/ 2 cos 120 + 360 k + i sin 12 + 360 k

220 )
+ i sin
( )
2 2
» -1.216-1.020i k = 0, 1
w2 = 41/3 cos 30 + 360 ⋅ 2 + i sin 300 +

( 3 3 (
w0 = 21/ 2 cos 12
2
+ i sin 12
2 )
360 ⋅ 2
)
= 41/3 (cos 340 + i sin = 21/ 2 (cos + i sin 60 )
34 )
2 6
»1.492 -0.543i = + i
2 2
2 2
120 +3 1 + 360
-2 + 2i 3 = 4(cos120
sin120 )
+i w1 = 21/2
(cos + i sin )
= 21/2 (cos
wk = 41/3 cos( 120 +360 k
+ i sin
1 + + i sin 24 )
36 k
)
3 3 2- 6i
k = 0, 1, 2 =-
2 2
æ  ö 35. Find all the roots.

w = 41/3 çcos 120 + i sin 120 ÷÷
0
3 3 ø
x3 + 8 = 0
= 41/3 (cos 40 +i x3 = -8
sin 40 )
Find the three cube roots of –8.
» 1.216 +1.020i
w1 = 41/3 cos (
120 +360
+ i sin
120 + æ     ö
360
) 3 3 xk = 81/3 çcos 180 + 360 k + i sin + 36 k÷
180
3 3
= 41/3 (cos160 +i k = 0, 1, 2
sin160 )
æ  ö
» -1.492 + 0.543i
3 3
w0 = 2 çcos 180 + i sin 180
+ 360 ⋅ 2 + i sin è ÷ø
w2 = 41/3 cos 120
( 3 3 = 2(cos 60 + i sin 60 )
120 + 360 ⋅ 2
) = 2 cis 60
= 41/3 (cos 280 + i sin 280 )

3 3
» 0.276-1.563i

(
w1 = 2 cos 180 +360 + i sin 18 + 360
)
= 2(cos180 + i sin180 )
-16 +16i 3 = 32(cos120 +i
sin120 ) = 2 cis 180
wk = 321/2 cos 120( +360 k + i sin 12 +

+ 360 ⋅ 2 + i sin 180
2 2 (
w2 = 2 cos 180
3 3
+
360 k
) 360 ⋅ 2
)
k = 0, 1 = 2(cos 300 + i sin 30 )
= 2 cis 300
36. Find all the roots.

5
(
wk = 21/3 cos 90 + 360 k + i sin 90 + 360 k
3 3 )
x -32 = 0
x 5 = 32 ( 3 3 )
= 3 2 cos 90 + 360 k + i sin 90 + 360 k
Find the five fifth roots of 32. k = 0, 1, 2
32 = 32(cos 0 + i sin 0 )
0 w = 3 2 cis = 3 2 cis 30
0 + 360 k + 90
wk = 321/5 cos
360 k
( + i sin 3
) 1
5 5 w = 3 2 cis 90 + 36 = 3 2 cis
k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 150
3
w2 = 3 2 cis 90 +360 ⋅ 2 = 3 2 cis

w0 = 2 cis = 2 cis
0
5 270
3
 
w1 = 2 cis 0 + 360 = 2 cis 72
5 x 3 - 27 = 0
3
0+ 360⋅ 2 x = 27
w = 2 cis = 2 cis
144
2
5 Find the three cube roots of 27.
 
w = 2 cis 0 + 360 ⋅ 3 = 2 cis 27 = 27(cos 0 + i sin 0 )
216
3
5
 
w = 2 cis 0 + 360 ⋅ 4 = 2 cis
k ( 3 3 )
288
w = 3 cos 0 + 36 k + i sin k = 0, 1, 2
0 + 360 k
4
5
w = 3 cis 0 = 3 cis 0
37. Find all the roots. 0
3
4
x +i = 0 0 + 360 = 3 cis 1
w1 = 3 cis
4
x = -i
3
2
Find the four fourth roots of –i. w = 3 cis 0 + 360 ⋅ 2 = 3 cis
24
-i = (cos 270 + i sin 270 ) 3
wk = cos 270 +360 k + i sin 27 + x 5 + 32i = 0

360 k 5
4 4
k = 0, 1, 2, 3 x = -32i
0 w = cis 27 = cis 67.5

4 Find the five fifth roots of –32i.
-32i = 32(cos 270 + i sin 270 )
w1 = cis 270 + 360 = cis

157.
(
wk = 321/5 cos 270
5
+36 k + i sin 27 + 36
5 ) k
4 k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
w = cis 270 + 360 ⋅ 2 = cis

247.5
2
4
w0 = 2 cis 270 = 2 cis 54
w = cis 270 +360 ⋅ 3 = cis
337.5 5
3
4 w1 = 2 cis 270 +3 = 2 cis 126
5
38. Find all the roots. 2 270 +360 ⋅ 2
w = 2 cis = 2 cis
3
x - 2i = 0 198
5
3
x = 2i 270 360 ⋅ 3
w3 = 2 cis = 2 cis
Find the three cube roots of 2i. 270
5
2i = 2(cos 90 + i sin 9 ) 270 +360 ⋅ 4
w4 = 2 cis = 2 cis
342
5
41. Find all the roots. æ     ö

wk = 21/4 çcos 300 + 360 k + i sin 300 + 360 k ÷
x 4 +81 = 0 4 4
k = 0, 1, 2, 3
x 4 = -81
Find the four fourth roots of –81. w 0 = 4 2 cis 30

4
4
-81 = 81(cos180 + i sin180 ) = 2 cis 75
wk = 811/4 cos 180

( +36 k + i sin 18 + w1 = 4 2 cis 300 + 360
4 4 4
360 k = 4 2 cis 165
)
k = 0, 1, 2, 3
180 w2 = 4 2 cis 300 + 360 ⋅ 2

w
0 = 3 cis = 3 cis
4
45 4
4
180 + 3 = 2 cis 255

w
1 = 3 cis = 3 cis 3
135
4
300 + 360 ⋅ 3
w = 4 2 cis
+ 360 ⋅ 2 = 3 cis 4
w2 = 3 cis 180
= 4 2 cis 345
225
4 44. Find all the roots.
w3 = 3 cis 180 +360 ⋅ 3 = 3 cis
x 3 + (2 3 -2i) = 0
315
4

x 3 = -2 3 + 2i
3
x -64i = 0
Find the three cube roots of -2 3 + 2i.
x 3 = 64i
Find the three cube roots of 64i. -2 3 + 2i = 4(cos150 + i sin150 )
64i = 64(cos 90 + i sin 9 )

wk = 41/3 cos 150
( +360 k + i sin 1 + 36 k
)
3 3
wk = 64 1/3
( cos 90 +36
3
k + i sin
3
+ k = 0, 1, 2
360 k
)
k = 0, 1, 2 w0 = 3 4 cis 15
3
w 0= 4 cis = 3 4 cis 50
3
= 4 cis 30 w1 = 3 4 cis 150 +360
3
w1 = 4 cis = 3 4 cis 170
90 +360
3
2
= 4 cis 150
3
= 4 cis 270
w2 = 4 cis
90 +360 ⋅ 2
3
w = 4 cis = 3 4 cis 290
150 +360 ⋅ 2
3 45. Find all the roots.
x 3 + (1+ i 3) = 0
x 4 -(1-i 3) = 0
x 3 = -1-i 3
4
x = 1-i 3
Find the three cube roots of -1-i 3.
Find the four fourth roots of 1-i 3.
-1-i 3 = 2(cos 240 + i sin 24
1-i 3 = 2(cos 300 + i sin
30 )
47. Let z = a + bi. Then z = a -bi by definition.

wk = 21/3 cos 240( + 360 k + i sin 24 +
3 3
Substitute a = r cos  and b = r sin  .
360 k
) Thus z = rcos - ri sin  = r(cos  -i sin  )
k = 0, 1, 2
w0 = 3 2 cis
24 48. 1= 1 = cos- i sin
3
= 3 2 cis z r(cos +isin ) r(cos +isin )(cos -isin )

8
= cos- i sin = cos- i sin

w1 = 3 2 cis r(cos2  -i 2 sin 2  ) r(cos2  +sin 2  )
240 + 360 -1 -1
3
z =r (cos -isin )
= 3 2 cis
20
49. z = r(cos +isin )

w2 = 3 2 cis
240 +360 ⋅ 2 z = r 2 (cos2 +isin 2 )
2
3 1 = 1
3
= 2 cis 320 2 2
46. Find all the roots. z r (cos2 +isin 2 )
= cos 2- i sin 2

x 6 -(4 -4i ) = 0 r (cos2 +isin 2 )(cos2 -isin 2 )
2
x 6 = 4 -4i = cos 2- i sin 2 = cos 2- i sin 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Find the six sixth roots of 4 - 4i. r (cos 2 -i sin 2 ) r (cos 2 +sin 2 )
z-2 = r-2 (cos2 -isin 2 )

4 - 4i = 4 2(cos 315 + i sin
315 ) 50. Exercises 48 and 49 imply that
1/6
w = (4 2 )
36 k
(cos 315 +36 k + i sin 3 +
) z-n = r-n (cos n -i sin n ).
k
6 6
k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
z = 1-i 3 = 2(cos 300 + i sin 300 )
1/6
w 0 = (4 2 ) cis 31 z-4 = 2-4 [cos 4(300 ) -i sin 4(300 )]
6
-4 1
1/6 z = 16 (cos1200 -i sin1200 )
= (4 2 ) cis
16
52.5
2
6
1/6
w1 = ( 4 2 ) cis 315 +360
= (4 2 )
1/6
cis 172.5
6
1/6 1/6
= (4 2 ) cis 112.5 w = ( 4 2 )3 cis 315 + 360 ⋅ 3
6
1/6 1/6
w = ( 4 2 ) cis = (4 2 ) cis 232.5
315 +360 ⋅ 2
1/6 -4 1
w = ( 4 2 ) cis z = (cos120 -i sin12 )
315 +360 ⋅ 4 -4 1 [cos(-12
4
6 z = 16
+ i sin(-120 )]
z-4 = 161 cis ( -12 )
51. For n = 2, the two square roots of 1 are

1 and –1.
The sum of these roots is
1 + (–1) = 0.
For n = 3, the three cube roots of 1 are
(from exercise 23)
1, - 1 + 3 i and - 1 - 3 i .
1/6 2 2 2 2
= (4 2 ) cis
292.5
1/6
w = ( 4 2 ) cis
315 + 360 ⋅ 5 1- 1 + 3 i - 1 - 3 i = 0 .
5 2 2 2 2
6
1/6
= (4 2 ) cis 352.5
For n = 4, the four fourth roots of 1 are The product of these roots is
1, –1, i, and –i. æ 1 3i æ 1 3 i÷ö æ 1 3 i÷ö æ 1 3 i÷ö

1 1
⋅ (- )⋅ ç- + ÷⋅ ç-
- ÷⋅ ç
+ ⋅
÷ ç - ÷
The sum of these roots is 2 2 ø 2 2 ø çè 2 2 ø èç 2 2 ø
=-1
1-1+ i -i = 0
For n ³ 2 , the product of the nth roots of 1 is –1 if n is
For n = 5, the five fifth roots of 1 are
even and 1 if n is odd.
1, cis 72 , cis 144 , cis 216 , cis 288
Exploring Concepts with Technology
1. Find the force using WolframAlpha.
1+ cis 72 + cis 144 + cis 216 + cis 288 = 0
a = A cos 97.5 , sin 9
For n = 6, the six sixth roots of 1 are
b = B cos10.1 , sin10.1
3 3 3 1 3
1, –1, - 1 + i , -1 - i , 1+ i, - i
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 a + b + c = 0, 0
The sum of these roots is 0, 0 = A cos 97.5 , sin 97.5

+ B cos10.1 , sin10.1 + 0,-58
1-1- 1 + 3 i - 1 - 3 i + 1 + 3 i + 1 - 3 i = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Using WolframAlpha, A » 57.16 and B » 7.57832 .
For n ³ 2 , the sum of the nth roots of 1 is 0.
The force exerted by cable A is about 57.2 lb.
52. For n = 2, the two square roots of 1 are
The force exerted by cable B is about 7.58 lb.
1 and –1.
2. a. Find the resultant force using WolframAlpha.
The product of these roots is
F1 = 4250 cos 0 , sin
1⋅ (-1) = -1 .
F2 = 3640 cos 32.4 , sin 32.4
For n = 3, the three cube roots of 1 are
Using WolframAlpha, F1 + F2 » 7323.35, 1950.41 .
(from exercise 27)
The resultant force is approximately 7323, 1950 .

1, - 1 + 3 i and - 1 - 3 i .
2 2 2 2 b. Find the magnitude and direction angle of resultant.
The product of these roots is From WolframAlpha, vector length is approximately
1
æ 1 3i æ 1 3 i ö÷ 1 7578.63 and the angle is 14.1933º.
⋅+ç- ÷-⋅ ç- ÷= .
2 2 ø 2 2 ø The magnitude is approximately 7578 lb, and the
For n = 4, the four fourth roots of 1 are direction angle is approximately 14.9º.
1, –1, i, and –i. c. Find the magnitude and direction angle for all.
The product of these roots is F1 = 4250 cos 0 , sin
1⋅ (-1)⋅ (i ) ⋅ (-i ) = -1 F2 = 3640 cos 32.4 , sin 32.4
For n = 5, the five fifth roots of 1 are F3 =1420 cos8.0 , sin
1, cis 72 , cis 144 , cis 216 , cis Using WolframAlpha,
288
The product of these roots is
F1 + F2 + F3 » 8929.53, 2148.04
1⋅ (cis 72 ) ⋅ (cis 144 ) ⋅ ( cis 216 ) ⋅ ( cis vector length » 8989.93 .

288 ) = 1 angle » 13.8239
For n = 6, the six sixth roots of 1 are The magnitude is approximately 8989 lb, and the
1, –1, - 1 + 3 i , - 1 - 3 i , 1 + 3 i , 1 - 3 i
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 direction angle is approximately 13.8º.
3. Find the force using WolframAlpha. 2 2 2

cos B = 12 + 20 -15
( )(
2 12 20 )
F1 = 1280 cos119 ,
sin1 cos B » 0.6646
F2 = 945 cos153 , B»
4
sin153
2 2 2
Using WolframAlpha, F1 + F2 , the magnitude is cos C = 12 +15 - 20
2 (12)(15)
approximately 2130 lb, and the direction angle is cos C » -0.0861
approximately 133º. C»
95
4. Find the work using WolframAlpha.
A = 180 - 48 -
Enter 25{cos 35 , sin 35 }.{425, 0}.
A=3
The work is approximately 8703 ft-lb.
4. Solve the triangle. [7.2]
Chapter 7 Review Exercises
2 2 2
  
cos C = 24 + 32 - 28
C = 180 -34.1 -104.5 = 41.4 2(24)(32)
cos C » 0.5313
a = c b = c
sin A sin C sin B sin C C »5
a 155 b 155
= = 322 + 282 - 24 2
sin104.5 sin 41.4 sin 34.1 sin 41.4 cos A =
2(32)(28)
a = 155 sin b = 155 sin cos A » 0.6875

104.5 34.1 A»
sin 41.4 sin 41.4 47
a » 227 b » 131
B » 180 -58 - »
C = 180 - 44.4 -37.7

C = 97.9
c 2 = 22 2 +182 - 2 ( 22)(18) cos 35
a = b a = c c 2 » 159
sin A sin B sin A sin C

58.5 b 58.5 c c = 159
= =
sin 44.4 sin 37.7 sin 44.4 sin 97.9 c » 13
b = 58.5 sin c = 58.5 sin 18 159

37.7  97.9
sin 44.4 =
sin 44.4 sin A sin 35
b » 51.1 c » 82.8 sin A = 18 sin 35
159
3. Solve the triangle. [7.2] sin A » 0.8188
A»
B » 180-35 -5
B »9
565 Chapter 7 Applications of Trigonometry Chapter Review Exercises 565
6. Solve the triangle. [7.2] 9. Solve the triangle.
c = b
2 2 2 sin C sin B
a = 102 +150 -
2 (102)(150) cos
54.4 = 32.5
a 2 » 28645 sin121.5 sin B
a = 28645 çæ ÷ ö
B = sin-1 32.5 sin 121.5 ÷
a » 169 54.4 ø
B » 30.6
150 = 28645
sin C sin    
A = 180 -30.6 -121.5 = 27.9
82
sin C = 150 sin c = a

28645
sin C sin A
sin C » 0.8776
54.4 = a
C» sin121.5 sin 27.9
61
B » 180 -61 -8 
a = 54.4 sin 27.9 
B »3 sin121.5
a » 29.9
10 = 8
sin C sin105
 h
sin C = 10 sin sin 45.2 =

71.4
105
8
sin C »1.207 h = 71.4 sin 45.2

h » 50.7
No triangle is formed.
Since h < 71.4, two triangles exist.
a = b
sin A sin B
61.5 = 71.4
sin 45.2 sin B

sin B = 71.4 sin 45.2 =
0.824
110 = 80 61.5
B » 55.5 or 124.5
sin B sin For B = 55.5
sin B = 110 sin C = 180 - 45.2 -55.5 = 79.3

5
80 c = 71.4
sin B »1.1263 sin 79.3 sin 55.5

No triangle is formed. c = 71.4 sin 79.3 =

85.1 sin 55.5
For B = 124.5 K = 1 bc sin A

2
C = 180 - 45.2 -124.5 = 10.3 1
K = (8.0)(12) sin
c 71.4 2
=
sin10.3 sin 55.5 K » 46 square units

c = 71.4 sin 10.3 = 15. Find the area of the triangle. [7.2]

15.5 sin 55.5 
11. Find the area of the triangle. [7.2]
s = 1 (a + b + c)
2
1 50 = 75
s = (24 + 30 + 36)
2 sin B sin15
s = 45
sin B = 50 sin 1
K = s ( s - a )( s -b)( s - c ) 75
sin B » 0.1725
K = 45(45- 24)(45-30)(45-36)
B
»1
K = 127,575
A » 180 -10 -
A » 155
K » 1 (50)(75) sin1
2
s = 1 (a + b + c)
2 K » 790 square units
1
s = (9.0 + 7.0 +12)
2 16. Find the area of the triangle. [7.2]
s = 14
K = s ( s - a )( s -b)( s - c )
K = 14 (14 -9.0)(14 -7.0)(14 -12)
K = 980
K » 31 square units 18 = 25
sin B sin
sin B = 18 sin 68
25
sin B » 0.6676
B»
42
C » 180 - 42 -
K = 1 ab sin C C »7
2
K » 1 (18)( 25) sin
K = 1 (60)( 44) sin 4 2
2
15 = 32 22. Find the magnitude and direction. [7.3]
sin B sin110
2 2 -1 -3 -1 1
sin B = 15 sin
v = 6 + (-3)  » tan = tan
6 2
1
32
sin B » 0.4405
v = 36  » 26.6
+9
B» v » 6.7  » 360 -
 »3
C » 180 -110 -
2
C» 23. Find the magnitude and direction. [7.3]

4
α = tan-1 3 = tan-1 3
2
K » 1 (15)(32) sin u = (-2) + 32
-2 2
44
2
u = 4+9 α » 56.
u » 3.6 θ » 180 -56.
θ » 123.
24. Find the magnitude and direction. [7.3]
 = tan-1 -7 = tan-1 7
2 2
u = (-4) + (-7)
-4 4
u = 16 + 49  » 60.
K = 1 bc sin A u » 8.1  » 180 + 60.

2
1 »2
K = (18)(22) sin
25. Find the unit vector. [7.3]
2
2
w = (-8) + 52
19. Find the components of each vector. Write an
w = 89
equivalent vector. [7.3]
-8 , 5 8 89 5 89
u = = - ,
Let P1P2 = a1i + a2 j. 89 89 89 89
a1 = 3-(-2) = 5 A unit vector in the direction of

a2 = 7 -4 = 3
8 89 5 89
w is u = - , .
A vector equivalent to P1P2 is v = 5, 3 . 89 89
Let P1P2 = a1i + a2 j.

20. Find the components of each vector. Write an
equivalent vector. [7.3]
26. Find the unit 2 2
w = 7 + (-12)
vector. [7.3]
w = 193
a1 = -3-(-4) = 1 u= 7 , -12 = 7 193 , - 12 193
193 193 193 193

a2 = 6- 0 = 6
A unit vector in the direction of

A vector equivalent to P1P2 is v = 1, 6 .
7 193 , - 12 193 .
w is u =
21. Find the magnitude and direction. [7.3] 193 193
2
v = (-4) + 2 2  » tan-1 2 = tan-1 1
-4 2
v = 16  » 26.6
+4
v » 4.5  » 180 - 26.6

 » 153.4
27. Find the unit vector. [7.3] 33. Find the distance from A to C. [7.1]
From the drawing, we find A.
v = 52 +12
v = 26 A = 360 -84.5 - 222. = 53.
From the drawing, the angle formed from the north
u = 5 i + 1 j = 5 26 i + 26 j
26 26 26 26 line, vertex B and point C is
A unit vector in the direction of NBC = 360 - 332.4 = 27.6

We make a drawing by extending the north lines,
v is u = 5 26 i + 26 j.
26 26 which are parallel, at both A and B. We find the angle,
28. Find the unit vector. [7.3] 42.1º, by subtracting 180º from 222.1º.
2
v = 32 + (-5)
v = 34
u = 3 i - 5 j = 3 34 i - 5 34 j
34 34 34 34
A unit vector in the direction of

Next we see that alternate interior angles of 42.1º are
v is u = 3 34 i - 5 34 j. formed. Therefore, we can find angle B and then C.
34 34
B = 27.6 + =
29. Perform the indicated operation. [7.3]
C = 180 - A- B = 180 -53.4 -6 =5
v - u = -4,-1 - 3, 2 = -7,-3
b = c
30. Perform the indicated operation. [7.3] sin B sin C
b = 345
2u -3v = 2 3, 2 -3 -4,-1 sin 69.7 sin 56.9
= 6, 4 - -12,-3 
b = 345 sin 69.7
= 18, 7 sin 56.9
b » 386
The distance between A and C is about 386 miles.
-u + 1 v = -(10i + 6j) + 1 (8i -5j)
2 2 34. Find b. [7.1]
(
= (-10i -6j) + 4i - 5 j
2 ) C = 180 -85.0 -
C=
(
= (-10 + 4) i + -6 - 5 j
2 ) b = c
sin B sin C
= -6i - 17 j
2 b = 285
sin 62.1 sin 32.9
285 sin 62.1
2 v - 3 u = 2 8i -5j - 3 10i b=
( ) ( sin 32.9
+ 6j)
3 4 3 4
b » 464 ft
(3 3) (
= 16 i - 10 j - 15 i + 9 j
2 2 )
( ) ( )
= 16 - 15 i + - 10 - 9 j
3 2 3 2
= 32 - 45 i + -20 - 27 j
6 6
13
=- i- 47 j
6 6
35. v = 400 sin 20 i + 400 cos [7.3] 42. Find the angle between the vectors. [7.3]
204 j v » -162.7i -365.4j -5, 2 ⋅ 2,-
4 cos  =
w = -45i
(-5)2 + 2 2 2 2 + (-4)2
R = v+w
R » -162.7i -365.4j- 45i cos α = -10 -8
R » -207.7i -365.4j 29 20
cos  » -0.7474
2
R » (-207.7) + (-365.4 )
2  =1
R » 420 mph 43. Find the angle between the vectors. [7.3]
The ground speed is approximately 420 mph. (6i -11j)⋅ (2i + 4 j)

cos  =
2
62 + (-11) 22 + 42
36.  = sin-1 40 [7.3]
320
 »7 cos  = 12 - 44
157 20
37. Find the dot product of the vectors. [7.3] cos  » -0.5711
u⋅ v 3, 7 ⋅ -1, cos  » 1
= 3
= (3)(-1) + (7)(3) 44. Find the angle between the vectors. [7.3]
= 18 (i -5j)⋅ (i
+ 5j)
cos  =
38. Find the dot product of the vectors. [7.3] 2
12 + (-5) 12 + 52
v ⋅ u = -8, 5 ⋅ 2,
-1 cos  = 1- 25
= (-8)(2) + (5)(-1) 26 26
= -21 cos  » -0.9231
39. Find the dot product of the vectors. [7.3] 
» 157
v ⋅ u = (-4i - j)⋅ (2i + j)
= (-4)(2) + (-1)(1) 45. Find projw v . [7.3]
= -9
projw v = v ⋅
40. Find the dot product of the vectors. [7.3] w
w
-2, 5 ⋅ 5, 4
projw v =
u ⋅ v = (-3i + 7j) ⋅ (-2i 2 2
+ 2j)
5 +4
= (-3)(-2) + (7)(2) -10 + 20 = 10
=
= 20 41 41
41. Find the angle between the vectors. [7.3] = 10 41
41
7,-4 ⋅
2,3 cos  = 46. Find projw v . [7.3]
2
7 2 + (-4)
14 + (-12) 2 2 + 32
cos  =
65 13 projw v = v ⋅
w
w
cos  » 0.0688 (4i -7 j)⋅ (-2i -
projw 5j)
» v=
86 (-2)2 + (-5)2
= -8 + 35 = 27
29 29
= 27 29
29
47. w = F S cos  [7.3] 51. Write the number in trigonometric form. [7.4]
w = 60⋅ 14 cos 38 z = - 3 + 3i
w » 662 foot-pounds
2
r= (- 3 ) + 32 = 12 = 2 3
48. Find the modulus and the argument, and graph. [7.4]
2
 = tan-1 3 = tan-1 3
r = 22 + (-3) = 13
- 3 3
 = tan-1 -3 = tan-1 =
3 6
2 2  = 180 -
 »5
 = 12
 » 360 -
5 z = 2 3 cis 12
 »3 52. Write the number in standard form. [7.4]
z = 5(cos 315 + i sin 315 )
æ ö
z = 5ç 2 - i 2 ÷
÷
2 2 ø
49. Find the modulus and the argument, and graph. [7.4] z= 5 2 -5 2i
2 2
2 2 53. Write the number in standard form. [7.4]

r = (-5) + ( 3 )
r = 28 » 5.29 z = 6 cos 4 + i sin 4
( )
3 3
3 = tan-1 æ ö
 = tan-1 z = 6 ç-1 - i 3 ÷
3 ÷
-5 5 2 2 ø
 z = -3- 3i 3
» 19
 » 180 -1 54. Multiply the numbers, write in standard form. [7.4]

 » 16 z1 z2 = 5 cis 162 ⋅ 2 cis
z1 z2 = 10 cis (162 + 63 )
z1 z2 = 10 cis 225
z1 z2 = 10 (cos 225 + i sin 225 )
æ ö
z z = 10 ç- 2 - 2 i ÷÷
1 2 è 2
50. Write the number in trigonometric form. [7.4] 2 ø
z = 2 - 2i z1 z2 = -5 2 -5 2i
or -5 2 -5i 2
2
r = 22 + (-2)
55. Multiply the numbers, write in standard form. [7.4]
r= 8 =2 2
z1 z2 = 3 cis 12 ⋅ 4 cis 126
 = tan-1 -2 = tan- z1 z2 = 12 cis 12 +126 )
(
1
1 z1 z2 = 12 cis 138
2
 = 45 z1 z2 = 12 (cos138 + i sin138 )
 = 360 - 45 z1 z2 » -8.918 +8.030i
 = 315
z = 2 2 cis 315
56. Multiply the numbers, write in standard form. [7.4] 62. Find the indicated power, write in standard form. [7.5]
z1 z2 = 7 cis 2 ⋅ 4 cis (3 cis 45 )6 = 36 cis 6⋅ 45

 = 729 cis 270
3 4
z1 z2 = 28 cis 2 + 
( )
3 4 = 729 (cos 270 + i sin 270 )
11
z z = 28 cis = 729 (0 -1i ) = 0 -729i
1 2
12
z1 z2 = 28 cos  + i sin 11
( 11
) 63. Find the indicated power, write in standard form. [7.5]
12 12
8
z1 z2 » -27.046 + 7.247i
(cis 11 ) = cis 8⋅ 11 = cis 44 = cis 2
6 6 3 3
= cos 2 + i sin 2
57. Multiply the numbers, write in standard form. [7.4]
3 3
z1 z2 = (3 cis 1.8) ⋅ (5 cis 2.5)
z1 z2 = 15 cis (1.8 + 2.5) = - 1 + 3 i or - 1 + i 3

2 2 2 2
z1 z2 = 15 cis 4.3
64. Find the indicated power, write in standard form. [7.5]
z1 z2 = 15(cos 4.3+ i sin 4.3)
7 7
1-i 3 = 2 cis 300 = 27 cis 7 ⋅ 300
z1 z2 » -6.012 -13.742i ( ) ( )
58. Divide the numbers, write in trigonometric form. [7.4] = 128 cis 2100 = 128 cis 300
z1 =128 (cos 300 + i sin 300 )
= 6 cis
æ ö
z2 2 cis = 128ç - 1 3 i÷
15
çè 2 2
z1
= 3 cis (50 -
150 )
z2 = 64 - 64i 3
z1 65. Find the indicated power, write in standard form. [7.5]
= 3 cis ( -100 or 3 cis 260
z2
(-2 - 2i )10
59. Divide the numbers, write in trigonometric form. [7.4]
10
= ( 2 2 cis 225 ) = 32,768 cis 10⋅ 2
z1
= 30 cis 165 = 32,768 cis 22
z2 10 cis
z1 = 32,768 (cos 2250 + i sin 2250 )
= 3 cis (165 -55 )
z2 = 0 + 32,768i
z1 = 32,768i
= 3 cis 110
z2
66. Find all the roots, write in trigonometric form. [7.5]
60. Divide the numbers, write in trigonometric form. [7.4]
27i = 27 cis 90
z1
= 40 cis 66 = 5 cis (66 -125 ) 1/3
90 +36 k
z2 8 cis wk = 27 cis k = 0, 1, 2
3
1
z1
= 5 cis (-59 ) or 5 cis 301
z2
w0 = 3 cis 90
3
61. Divide the numbers, write in trigonometric form. [7.4] = 3 cis 30
z1 90 +36
= 3 -i w1 = 3 cis
z2 1+ i 3
2 cis = 3 cis 150
=
3
2 cis 45
w2 = 3 cis 90 + 300
= 2 cis (330 - ⋅ 2
45 ) 3
= 2 cis = 3 cis 2
285
3 -i = 2 cis 1+ i = 2 cis 45
33
67. Find all the roots, write in trigonometric form. [7.5] 60 +36
w1 = cis
5
8i = 8 cis
= cis
+
w 81/4 cis k
90k = +360 = 4 8 cis 60 + 360 ⋅ 2
36 k
4 4 w2 = cis
5
k = 0, 1, 2, 3 = cis
156
w0 = 4 8 cis 90 w3 = cis
60 +360 ⋅ 3
5
4
= 4 8 cis = cis 22
w1 = 4 8 cis 90 +360 w4 = cis 60 +360 ⋅ 4

5
4
= 4 8 cis = cis 30
1 Chapter 7 Test
w2 = 4 8 cis 90 +360
⋅ 2 1. Solve the triangle. [7.1]
4
= 4 8 cis 20
w3 = 4 8 cis 90 + 360
⋅ 3
4
= 4 8 cis 2
68. Find all the roots, write in trigonometric form. [7.5] B = 180 -11.2 - 65.5

B = 103.3
w = 2561/4 k = 0, 1, 2, 3
120 +36 k a = c b c
cisk =
4
sin A sin C sin B sin C
w
120= 4 cis
0
4 a = 16.2 b = 16.2
= 4 cis 30 sin 65.5 sin11.2 sin103.3 sin11.2

 
a = 16.2 sin 65.5


b = 16.2 sin 103.3


w1 = 4 cis sin11.2  sin11.2
120 + 360
4
a»
3=4 cis 120 w = 4 cis 75.9
120 +360 ⋅ 3
w2 = 4 cis 4 2. Solve the
120 + 360 ⋅ 2 = 4 cis 30 triangle. [7.1]
4
= 4 cis 210
b » 81.2
69. Find all the roots, write in trigonometric form. [7.5]
sin 58.8 = h
47.5
2 æ 3 ö2 h = 47.5sin 58.8
( 21 ) çè 2 ÷ø
1
4
3
4
1
h » 40.6
+ç ÷ = + =
z = 1 cis 60 Since h < 47.5, two triangles exist.
a b
1 cisk 6 + =
1/5
w (1)
60 = +360 cis
k =
360
k
5 5 sin A sin B
42.5 = 47.5
k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
sin 58.8 sin B

w 0 = cis 60 sin B = 47.5 sin 58.8 =
5
= cis 0.956
42.5
1
B » 72.9 or 107.1

Chapter 7 Test 573
For B = 72.9 6. Find the area. [7.2]
C =180 -58.8 -72.9 = 48.3
c = 47.5
sin 48.3 sin 72.9

s = 1 (a + b + c )
c = 47.5 sin 48.3 = 2

37.1 sin 72.9  s = 1 (17 + 55 + 42) = 57
For 2
B =107.1
K = s(s - a)(s -b)(s -c)

C = 180 -58.8 -107.1 = 14.1
c 47.5 K = 57(57-17)(57 -55)(57 - 42)
=
sin14.1 sin 72.9 K » 260 square units

c = 47.5 sin 14.1 7. Write an equivalent vector. [7.3]

= 12.1 sin 72.9  a1 = 12 cos 220 » -9.2
3. Solve the triangle. [7.2] a2 = 12 sin 220 » -7.7
v = a1i + a2 j
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2ac cos B
v = -9.2i -7.7j
b = 36.52 + 42.42 - 2(36.5)(42.4) cos51.5°
8. Find 3u – 5v. [7.3]
b » 34.7
3u -5v = 3(2i -3j) -5(5i
2 2 2
cos A = b + c - a + 4j)
2bc
2 = (6i - 9j) -(25i + 20j)
cos A = 34.7 + 42.4 2 -36.52
2(34.7)(42.4) = (6- 25)i + (-9 - 20)j
= -19i - 29j
A = cos (
-1 1669.6
2942.56 )
9. Find the dot product. [7.3]
A»
u ⋅ v = (-2i + 3j) ⋅ (5i + 3j)
C = 180 -55.4 -51.5 = 73.1 = (-2 ⋅ 5) + (3⋅ 3) = -10 + 9
4. Find B. [7.2] = -1
2 2 2 10. Find the smallest angle between the vectors. [7.3]
cos B = a + c -b
2ac 3, 5 ⋅ -6, 2
cos  = u ⋅ v
=
2 2 2
cos B = 24.75 + 31.45 - 42.25 u v 32 + 52 (-6)2 + 2 2
2(24.75)(31.45)
cos  = -18 +10 = -8

cos B = -183.3975 34 40 34 40
1556.775

(
B = cos-1 -183.3975 » ) »1
96.77
1556.775 11. Write in trigonometric form. [7.4]
5. Find the area. [7.2] z = -3 2 + 3i
z = (-3 2 )2 + 32 = 3 3
 = tan-1 3 = tan-1 2
-3 2 2
K = 1 ab sin C »
35
2  » 180 -35
K=1  » 145
(7)(12)(sin110
2 z » 3 3 cis 1
574 Chapter 7 Applications of Trigonometry Cumulative Review Exercises 574
12. Write in standard form. [7.4] 16. Find the roots, write in standard form. [7.5]
z = 5 cis 3 27i = 27(cos 90 + i sin 90 = 27
z = 5(cos 315 + i sin cis
315 )
æ ö w = 271/3 cis k = 0, 1, 2
z = 5çè 2 - 2 i ÷÷ø k
90 +360 k
2 2 3
z=5 2-5 2i w
0 = 3 cis
90 = 3 cis
2 2
30
3
3 3 3
= + i
13. Simplify, write in standard form. [7.5] 2 2
w1 = 3 cis 150
z=1+ 3i
2 2
=-3 3 + 3i
2 2
r = (1 2)2 + ( 3 2)2 = 1
w2 = 3 cis 270
3 2 = 0-3i or -3i
 = tan-1 = 60
12
17. Find the distance. [7.3]
z = cos 60 + i sin
6
æ1
+i 3 3
= (cos
)3 60 + i sin
çè 2 2 ÷ø
= cos(3⋅ 6 ) +i
sin(3⋅ 60 )
= cos180 + i sin180 A = 142 -6 =7
= -1+ 0i = -1
14. Simplify, write in trigonometric form. [7.4] R 2 = 24 2 +182 - 2(24)(18) cos 77

z1 R » 27 miles
= 25 cis 115
z2 10 cis 210 18. Find the ground speed and course. [7.3]
z1 From the x-axis, the plane makes the angle
= 2.5 cis (115 - 21 )
z2
90 -84.5 =
z1
= 2.5 cis ( -9 ) or 2.5 cis 265
z2
plane = 145cos5.5 i +145sin 5.5 j
15. Simplify, write in standard form. [7.5]
» 144.3i +13.9j
z = 2 -i From the x-axis, the wind makes the angle
2 2
z = 2 + (-1) = 3 90 -68.4 =
21.6
wind = 24.6 cos 21.6 i + 24.6 sin
21.6 j
» 22.9i + 9.1j
 = tan-1 -1 = tan-1
2
2 2 plane + wind » 144.3i +13.9j+ 22.9i + 9.1j
 » 35.264 » 167.2i + 23.0j
 » 360 -
35.2644 plane + wind = (167.2)2 + (23.0) 2 » 169
 » 324.73
z » 3 cis  = tan-1 23.0

167.2
324.7356
z 5 » ( 3)5 cis (5⋅ 324.7356 )

= tan-1 23.0
z 5 » 9 3(cos 1623.678 + i 167.2
sin1623.678 )  » 7.
z 5 » -15.556-1.000i
 = 90 -  Cumulative Review Exercises

 » 90 - 1. Find ( f  g)( x) . [2.6]
 » 82.
( f  g)( x) = f [ g( x) ] = f ëé x 2 +1ûù = cos( x 2 +1)
The ground speed of the plane is about 169 mph at a
heading of approximately 82.2º. 2. Find f -1 ( x) . [4.1]
19. Find the roots, write in trigonometric form. [7.5] f ( x) = 2x +8

2 + 2 i = 1(cos 45 + i sin 45 ) y = 2x +8
2 2 x = 2 y +8
x -8 = 2 y
wk = cos 45 +36 k + i sin 4 + 360 k
5 5 x -8 = y
k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 2
  f ( x) = 1 x - 4
-1
2
w0 = cos 45 + i sin 45 
5 5 3. Convert to degrees. [5.1]
= (cos 9 + i sin
= cis 3 æ180 ö÷ = 270

ç ÷
2  ø
45+ 360 45+ 360
w = cos + i sin
1
5 5 4. Find sin  , cos  , tan  . [5.2]
= (cos 81 +i
sin 81 ) hyp = 32 + 4 2 = 25 = 5
= cis 8
   sin  = 3 , cos  = 4 , tan  = 3

w = cos 45 + 360 ⋅ 2 + i sin 45 + 5 5 4
360⋅ 2 5. Find c. [5.2]
2
5 5
= cos153 + i sin1 cos 26.0 = 15.0
c
= cis 1
   c = 15.0 » 16.7 cm
w = cos 45 + 360 ⋅ 3 + i sin 45 + cos 26.0
360⋅ 3 6. Graph.
3
5 5
= cos 225 + i sin 22 y = 3sin  x
= cis 2
  
w = cos 45 + 360 ⋅ 4 + i sin 45 +
360⋅ 4
4
5 5
= cos 297 + i sin 2
= cis 29
20. Find the cost. [7.2]

S = 1 (112 +165+140) = 208.5
2
7. Find the amplitude, period and phase
shift. [5.7] (
4 cos 2x -
2 )
y 
= 0 £ 2x -  £ 2
2
K = 208.5(208.5-112)(208.5-165)(208.5-  £ 2x £ 5
140)
K » 7743 2 2
cost » 8.50(7743)  £ x £ 5
4 4
amplitude = 4, period =  , phase shift = 
cost » $66,000
4
8. Write in the form k sin ( x +  ) . [6.4] 14. Solve. [6.6]
sin x - cos x sin 2x = 3 sin x

a = 1, b = -1 2 sin x cos x - 3 sin x = 0
sin x(2 cos x - 3) = 0

k = 12 + (-1) 2 = 2
sin x = 0 2 cos x - 3 = 0

sin  = 1 , cos  = -1 ,  = 7 or - 
2 2 4 4 x = 0,  3
cos x =
2
sin x - cos x = 2 sin x + 7 or 2 sin x - 
( ) ( ) x =  , 11
4 4 6 6
The solutions are 0,  ,  , 11 .

9. Determine whether the function is odd, even, or
neither. [5.4] 6 6
15. Find the magnitude and direction angle. [7.3].
y = sin x is an odd function.
4
10. Verify the identity. [6.1] v = (-3) 2 + 4 2  = tan-1 = tan-1 4
-3 3
1 -sin x = 1-sin 2 x v = 9 +16 »
53.
sin x sin x
2
v =5  = 180 - 
= cos x  » 180 -53.1
sin x
= cos x cos x
 » 126.9
sin x magnitude: 5, angle: 126.9
= cos x cot x
16. Find the angle between the vectors. [7.3]
11. Evaluate. [6.5]
cos  = v ⋅ w
(
tan sin -1
( ))
12 = tan (67.38 ) = 12
13 5
v w
2, -3 ⋅ -3, 4
12. Express in terms of a sine function. [6.2] cos  =
2 2 2 2
2 + (-3) (-3) + 4
sin 2x cos 3x -cos 2x sin 3x = sin(2x - 3x) 2(-3) + (-3)(4)
= sin(-x) or -sin x cos  =
13 25
13. Solve. [6.6] cos  = -18 » -0.9985
5 13
2 cos2 x + sin x -1 = 0  = 176.8
2(1-sin 2 x) + sin x -1 = 0 17. Find the ground speed and course. [7.2]
2 sin 2 -sin x +1 = 0 AB = 415(cos 42i + sin 42j) » 308.4i + 277.6j
(2 sin x +1)(sin x -1) = 0 AD = 55[cos(-25 )i + sin(-25 )j] » 49.8i -
23.2j
2 sin x +1 = 0 sin x -1 = 0
AC = AB + AD
sin x = - 1 sin x = 1

2 AC = 308.4i + 277.6j+ 49.8i - 23.2j
AC » 358.2i + 254.4j
x = 7 , 11
x=
2
6 6 AC = 358.22 + (254.4) 2
The solutions are  , 7 , 11 .

AC » 439 mph
2 6 6
( 358.2 )
 = 90 - = 90 - tan-1 254.4 » 54.6
18. Find A. [7.1]

a = b
sin A sin B
sin A = a sin B
b

= 42 sin 32 =
0.4364041
51
A = sin-1 (0.4364041) » 26
19. Simplify. [7.5]
z = 1-i
r = 12 + (-1) 2  = tan-1 -1 = 45

1
r= 2  = 315 
z = 2(cos 315 + i sin 315 )

8
(1-i) = [ 2(cos 315 + i sin 31 )]8
= ( 2)8 [cos(8⋅ 315 ) + i sin(8⋅ 315 ]
= 16(cos 2520 + i sin 252 )
= 16(cos 0 + i sin 0
= 16- 0i = 16
20. Find the square roots. [7.5]
i = cos 90 + i sin 90
90 + 360 k +
w = cos + i sin k = 0, 1
36 k
k
2 2
 
w0 = cos 90 + i sin 90 
2 2
= cos 45 + i sin 45
= 2+ 2i
2 2
   
w1 = cos 90 + 360 + i sin 90 + 360 
2 2
= cos 225 + i sin 2
=- 2- 2i
2 2

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513 Chapter 7 Applications of Trigonometry Section 7.

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Chapter 7 Applications of Trigonometry

sin B sin A sin C sin B

sin 38 sin110 sin 32 sin 38

sin B sin A sin C sin A

sin 61 sin 42 sin 77 sin 42

sin C sin B sin A sin B

c = 5.0 sin a = 5.0 sin

22 sin B sin A sin C sin B

sin B » 0.5405 41.4 = a c = 41.4

sin 39.2 sin 68.5 sin 72.3 sin 68.5

sin B sin C b = 154 sin 39.2 c = 154 sin 72.3

6.0 = 3.0 sin 68.5 sin 68.5

sin 82 sin C b » 105 c » 158

sin C = 3 sin 13. Solve the triangles.

A » 180.0 -82.0 - 29.7 c = a

a » 5.6 B » 180 -141.1 -32.0

C = 180 -31.4 -108.5 b = 17.2 sin 6.9 »

14. Solve the triangles. A = 180 -69.2 -36.9

36.9 sin 73.9 

b 24.75 17. Solve the triangles.

sin C sin A 87.2 = 12.1

sin 41.50 sin 84.25 

A » 180 -114.2 -7.3

a = 87.2 sin 58.5 »

a = 102 sin b = 102 sin

sin 54.32 sin C

B = 180 -54.32 -34.25 20. Solve the triangles that exist.

sin 24 sin 32

B =180 -71.7 -64.2 = 44.1 a = 9 sin 24 »

sin 64.2 sin sin C

sin C = 5.44 sin 8 »

A = 180 -82.6 - 23. Solve the triangles that exist.

a = 9.25 sin sin 30 =

a » 8.21 h = 2.4 sin 30

24. Solve the triangles that exist.

C = 180 - 72.9 - 22.6

sin B = 3.50 sin 37.9

 27. Solve the triangles that exist.

sin 37.9 = h sin 52.7 = h

29. Solve the triangles that exist. a = c

sin A sin B For C = 28.6

A sin130.9 sin 20.5

sin C sin B For C = 151.4

c = 62.75 sin B = 8.1

c » 58.82 sin 8.1 sin 20.5

For A = 73.9 35. a = 155 yd, c = 165 yd, A = 42.0

c = 21.6 165 = 155

sin 64.9 sin 41.2 sin C sin 42.0

c = 21.6 sin sin C = 165 sin 42.0 

For A = 106.1 155 ø

C = 180 -106.1 - 41.2    

x = 7620 c = 220 sin

x = 7620 sin c » 110 feet

CAB = 180 -27. A= c = a

39. Find the length of the new runway.

AC = 3550 sin 1 » 43. Find the height of the hill.