This document provides information about various components and processes involved in a thermal power plant that uses coal as its fuel. It discusses coal reserves and types in India, the layout of coal handling and preparation systems, pulverizer mills, dust collection mechanisms like electrostatic precipitators, draught systems, condensers, cooling towers, ash disposal methods, and pulverized coal firing systems like unit and central systems. It also introduces fluidized bed combustion as an alternative to pulverized coal firing that allows lower grade coal to be used more efficiently with reduced emissions.
This document provides information about various components and processes involved in a thermal power plant that uses coal as its fuel. It discusses coal reserves and types in India, the layout of coal handling and preparation systems, pulverizer mills, dust collection mechanisms like electrostatic precipitators, draught systems, condensers, cooling towers, ash disposal methods, and pulverized coal firing systems like unit and central systems. It also introduces fluidized bed combustion as an alternative to pulverized coal firing that allows lower grade coal to be used more efficiently with reduced emissions.
This document provides information about various components and processes involved in a thermal power plant that uses coal as its fuel. It discusses coal reserves and types in India, the layout of coal handling and preparation systems, pulverizer mills, dust collection mechanisms like electrostatic precipitators, draught systems, condensers, cooling towers, ash disposal methods, and pulverized coal firing systems like unit and central systems. It also introduces fluidized bed combustion as an alternative to pulverized coal firing that allows lower grade coal to be used more efficiently with reduced emissions.
This document provides information about various components and processes involved in a thermal power plant that uses coal as its fuel. It discusses coal reserves and types in India, the layout of coal handling and preparation systems, pulverizer mills, dust collection mechanisms like electrostatic precipitators, draught systems, condensers, cooling towers, ash disposal methods, and pulverized coal firing systems like unit and central systems. It also introduces fluidized bed combustion as an alternative to pulverized coal firing that allows lower grade coal to be used more efficiently with reduced emissions.
PLANT COAL RESERVES IN INDIA TYPES OF COAL COAL MINES COAL MINES THERMAL POWER PLANT-LAYOUT COAL HANDLING LAYOUT UNLOADING TRANSFER-BELT CONVEYOR TRANSFER-SCREW CONVEYOR TRANSFER-BUCKET ELEVATORS COAL STORAGE-OUTDOOR or DEAD STORAGE COAL STORAGE-CLOSED or LIVE STORAGE COAL PREPARATION PULVERIZER MILLS Ball mill Hammer mill SMOKE AND DUST REMOVAL
• Produced due to incomplete combustion
of coal • Dust Particles are ash particles called fly ash & mixed with carbon ash material called cinders. • Fly ash < 1µ • Gas borne particles (Dust particles) > 1µ • Cinders > 100µ SMOKE AND DUST REMOVAL
• Smoky atm. is less healthful than smoke
free air • Smoke will create an economic loss due to loss of heating value
• Smoke corrodes the metal and darken
the paints • Buildings/Cloth/Furnitures becomes dirty. DUST COLLECTORS
• Mechanical dust collectors
a) Dry type b) Wet Type
• Electrical Dust Collectors
a) Electrostatic Precipitator MECHANICAL DUST COLLECTORS (DRY TYPE) CYCLONE DUST COLLECTOR WET DUST COLLECTOR (PACKED TYPE SCRUBBER) SPRAY TYPE SCRUBBER ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
Electric field ionises the dust particles that pass through
it attracting them to the electrode of opposite charge. DRAUGHT Purpose # To Supply required amount of air to the furnace for the combustion of fuel # To remove gaseous products of combustion
* Draught: Difference b/w abs. gas pressure at any point in a gas flow passage and atm. Pressure. Unit: mm of water * Draught: + ve…………. If Patm < Pgas * Draught: - ve…………. If Pgas < Patm Types of Draught 1. Natural draught 2. Mechanical draught i) Induced draught ii) Forced draught iii) Balanced draught NATURAL DRAUGHT • Only chimney is used to create necessary draught
• Used in small capacity boilers
• Reduces efficiency as it allows hot flue gases to leave C.C @ high temperature. BALANCED DRAUGHT CHIMNEY CHIMNEY
• Steel or Brick &
Concrete • Net area of chimney depends on * Draught to be produced * Volume of gases to be discharged CHIMNEY
• Provided with * lighting conductor * Aircraft warning lights * Various means of access & inspection CHIMNEY
• Brick & Concrete –
Chimney • Concrete Chimney: 50 Years-Life STACK • Made up of Steel
• Life - 15 Years
ADVANTAGES: • Lower cost • High efficiency • Easy construction • Less space • Light in weight CONDENSER
Device in which exhaust steam from steam
turbine is condensed and heat energy from steam is taken up by the cooling water. TYPES OF CONDENSERS In-direct contact or Surface condensers • Down flow condenser • Central flow condenser • Evaporation condenser Direct contact or Jet condensers • Low level jet condenser • High level jet condenser • Ejector jet condenser DOWN FLOW CONDENSER CENTRAL FLOW CONDENSER EVAPORATION CONDENSER LOW LEVEL JET CONDENSER HIGH LEVEL JET (BAROMETRIC) CONDENSER EJECTOR CONDENSER COOLING TOWERS COOLING TOWERS
• Atmospheric cooling tower • Natural draught cooling tower • Forced or Induced draught cooling tower ATMOSPHERIC COOLING TOWER NATURAL DRAUGHT COOLING TOWER FORCED DRAUGHT COOILNG TOWER INDUCED DRAUGHT COOLING TOWER ASH DISPOSAL • Ash is produced about 20% of the total coal burnt • Ash is too hot, dusty, irritating & accompanied by poisonous gases
Reason for quenching
• Reduces the temperature • Reduces corrosive action of the ash • Reduces the dust accompanying the ash • Will disintegrate the clinkers ASH HANDLING EQUIPMENT
Handling of ash includes
• Removal from furnace
• Loading on the conveyors • Delivered to the fill • Disposed off LAYOUT OF ASH HANDLING SYSTEM TYPES OF ASH HANDLING SYSTEM
• Mechanical system
• Pneumatic system
• Hydraulic system
• Steam jet system
MECHANICAL ASH HANDLING SYSTEM MECHANICAL ASH HANDLING SYSTEM PNEUMATIC ASH HANDLING SYSTEM HYDRAULIC ASH HANDLING SYSTEM WATER JET ASH HANDLING SYSTEM PULVERISED COAL FIRING
ADVANTAGES:
• Easy to burn & low grade coal can be burnt
• Powdered coal has more heating surface area. • Requires low % of excess air • Rate of combustion is easily adjusted • System is free from clinker formation. • Use of highly preheated air (700˚F) which promotes rapid combustion. • Higher temperature is produced in furnace. PULVERISED COAL FIRING
DISADVANTAGES:
• Requires additional equipment to pulverise the coal
• Powdered coal produces fly ash which requires separate fly ash removal system. • Pulverised coal furnace is limited to 70-100 microns • More chances of explosion as coal burns like gas • Suitable to burn particular type of coal • Furnace should be designed carefully • Water cooled furnace wall is necessary as flame temperature is high. PULVERISED COAL FIRING (UNIT or DIRECT SYSTEM) PULVERISED COAL FIRING UNIT SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES:
• System is simple & cheaper than central system
• Coal transportation system is simple
• There is direct control of combustion from
pulverising mill. PULVERISED COAL FIRING (BIN or CENTRAL SYSTEM) PULVERISED COAL FIRING CENTRAL SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES:
• Pulverising mill grinds the coal at a steady rate
irrespective of boiler feed. • Always some coal is in reserve & occasional breakdown of coal supply will not affect coal feed to burner • Small capacity pulverising system is enough for given boiler capacity. PULVERISED COAL FIRING CENTRAL SYSTEM
DISADVANTAGES:
• Initial cost of the system is high
• Coal transportation system is complicated
• System requires more space.
FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION (FBC) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2RGOTC d36E • Pulverised coal firing is limited to 70-100 micron
• Furnace is designed to burn particular type
of coal with same efficiency
• Combustion temperature > 1650 ˚C creates
slag formation on super heater/evaporator
• Formation of SO2 & NOx
FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION
• Air supplied at high
velocity so that solid coal remain in suspension while burning
• Bed temperature: 800-
900 deg C – ideal for sulphur retention • Addition of dolomite reduces SO2 level of about 15%. FBC ADVANTAGES
• FBC can burn low grade coal (with 70 % ash),
municipal waste
• Cheaper method
• Improved desulphurization & lower Nox
• 10% saving in operating cost & 15% in capital cost
• Particle size is preferred upto 50 mm.
ATMOSPHERIC FBC SYSTEM
• Burning is efficient because of turbulence. PRESSURISED FBC SYSTEM
