The Problem and Its Background
The Problem and Its Background
The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
The coronavirus disease (COVID) 2019 crisis has had a major adverse effect
on not only the world's economic, psychological, and social aspects, but also notably
on the educational sector. The virus, which initially surfaced in December 2019,
spread like wildfire and eventually forced all levels of educational institutions to
switch to remote learning as part of the new normal education. So, the way that
Globally, according to UNICEF (2020), more than 1.5 billion students of all
ages are impacted by the closures of schools and universities. Shutdowns have
particularly impacted youth. Global educational systems were once again challenged
to come up with innovative solutions to immediately sustain education efforts with the
(UNESCO, 2020), but this does not take into account providing answers to the
unprepared and may have unanticipated effects both during and after the crisis
Colleges and universities across the globe ventured into different practices
such as distance education, online teaching, remote learning, blended learning, and
caused by the sudden occurrence of a crisis. Emergency remote education does not
mean going away from the traditional arrangement of the instructional process nor
‘obligation’ in this time of crisis (Bozkurt et al., 2020). Furthermore, it enables the
making the most of available resources including a wide range of technologies that
offer capabilities for remote learning. It is also emphasized that, in this case, it is the
best term to describe education during this interruption and is not the same as those
distance education practices long before (Bozkurt et al., 2020). Considering current
COVID-19 crisis, World Bank (2020) emphasized that education systems must make
delivery modalities to ensure that students are engaged and can continue their
learning. On the other hand, the sudden shift of educational delivery also presents
the other side of the coin for most students who are already disadvantaged long
Philippines. As a result, universities all around the nation are obliged to immediately
close. Just a few months ago, classes at some institutions began, and since then,
remote learning has faced a number of difficulties that Filipino university students
have found challenging to overcome (Mateo, 2020). The fact that not every student
can provide for and adapt to the quick technological advancements of the modern
digital age further complicates this narrative (Alvarez, 2020), especially for poor
nations like the Philippines where education was already plagued by issues prior to
the pandemic.
The digital divide among Filipino students is revealed in this Philippine setting
by remote learning (Santos, 2020). The current state of online learning could very
well create challenges and worsen already existing inequalities. For instance, a
cross-sectional study conducted across the country found that out of 3, 670 Filipino
medical students surveyed, 32% and 22%, respectively, had difficulties adjusting to
new learning styles and did not have access to reliable internet access (Baticulon et
al., 2020). Some people could find it challenging to invest in an instructional device
that makes it simple to access online classes and submit assignments right away
(Santos, 2020). Despite the efforts to make education accessible for all, many
difficulties are still confronting Filipino university students in the practice of distance
education.
was conducted out to examine how the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the global
This study attempts to present some evidence in the context of a developing country
resolved, conclusions can be reached that may later create opportunities for
appropriate actions.
students. This is a very serious issue as it affects the students’ welfare and
students’ academic performance, personal, social, and financial status. Now, the
research about issues related to effects of this pandemic on the whole education
system will help to improve the understanding of the short and long term issues as
well as approaches that could be used to overcome and help in managing the
Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored on the following theories:
human behavior and what makes humans feel fulfilled. The theory maps different
motivations onto a pyramid, with each level representing a different human need.
These include physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-
he distinguished from the other four levels of his hierarchy, which he called
deficient demands range from disease and famine to loneliness and self-doubt. Self-
actualization demands, however, have the potential to make you happier without
having any negative effects on you. Therefore, addressing the other four core needs
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs psychological theory links with the study since
the challenges of covid-19 was directly affecting the areas of the hierarchy of needs,
this need including physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-
actualization and this was being triggered since the outbreak of covid-19. This
personal, social, academic and even the financial state, understanding the theory of
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs could help the students deal with every challenge
brought by the covid-19 pandemic. As the theory encourages to reach the level of
self-actualization to which the study concluded the benefit of reaching the highest
level in able to take full advantage of their talents while still being mindful of their
their experiences, and as a result, modify their behavior. It is based on the idea that
the more often a learner reflects on a task, the more often they have the opportunity
to modify and refine their efforts. Kolb argues that effective learning is seen as the
learner goes through the cycle, and that they can enter into the cycle at any time.
This theory suggests that without reflection, people would continue to repeat their
mistakes.
The theory explains that experience is the effective way of learning and you
will come up with a better response once you reflect through experience. In that
sense, this theory strongly supports the present study to deal with the different
which suggests that people experience stress when they feel the threat of resource
loss, a real net loss of resources, and/or a lack of gained resources after resource
investment. Two types of resources are examined by this theory. On the one hand,
individuals' external resources are object resources for university student, laptop for
taking online courses, living expenses, social resources/family help, and condition
resources such as stable internet and digital support offered by the university. On the
other hand, individuals' internal resource includes personal resources such as self-
efficacy and self-control during distance learning and energy resources or the time
students' well-being as they need to follow fully or partially online courses, they are
forced to reduce the social activities to the minimum level, and they should try to
manage daily life in the new normal. Simultaneously, COVID-19 remains an
university life are likely to decrease student well-being. Applying the CoR theory to
the current pandemic, Ojo et al. (2020) found that individual reaction and subsequent
response to the crisis varies. Some people can bounce back easily and shortly while
some people will develop the symptoms such as depression or other psychiatric
disorders. Students who are able to optimize the resource gains, cope with changes
in daily life, and manage their emotions are more likely to perceive the crisis
positively. This in turn not only shows their current level of resilience but additionally
enables them to develop their resilience capability. Within this dynamic process, their
resilience has served to reduce the stress (Vinkers et al., 2020). In this vein, while
students are balancing the resource gains which is the university support and
resource loss which is the change-related stressors, they show different levels of
Conceptual Framework
This part consists the conceptual framework that researchers have designed
was used in describing the conceptual framework of the study. This will serve as a
reference point/structure for the discussion of the related literature, methodology and
results. This place an important role in guiding the researchers in the entire process
Figure 1 depicts the schematic paradigm of the study which shows the
chronological steps to be done accordingly by the group in attaining the output. The
first box includes the data that is going to be needed in the study. The input basically
focuses on the profile of the respondents which includes the age, sex, year level,
parent’s occupation and average monthly family income; and the different factors
affecting the students. The process includes the data gathering and how the
researchers will handle the data collected. Lastly, the output are the results of
previous studies which served as basis for the researchers and the key to further
PROCES
S
Conceptual Framework
INPUT OUTPUT
Profile of respondents:
1. age
2. sex
3. year level 1. Data collection of
4. parents’ occupation students’ profile. A proposed plan to
5. average monthly 2. Administering further enlighten the
family income questionnaires. people on the
3. Organization of challenges of COVID-
Factors affecting the students’ responses. 19 Pandemic to
students: 4. Statistical analysis students and its
1. academic of data. potential practices
performance during future crisis.
2. personal
3. social
4. financial
1.1 age;
1.2 sex;
2. What are the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic to the Values Education
2.1 personal;
2.2 academic;
2.4 financial?
5. Based on the findings of the study, what are the potential practices that can
social, financial.
This study will primarily focus on the effects and challenges of COVID-19
during the Academic Year 2022-2023. In particular, this study will determine the
profile of the values education students-respondents in terms of age, sex, year level,
parent’s occupation and average monthly family income; determine the effects of
NwSSU.
This study will not cover other problems that are not necessarily connected on
the same questionnaires to answer. The result of this study will be applicable only to
the respondents of this study and will not be used as a measure to effects of COVID-
19 pandemic to the academic performance of the students who do not belong to the
population of this study. The main source of data will be the questionnaire, which is
This research will look into the various challenges that values education
students at Northwest Samar State University face. Moreover, the results of the
Students. The findings of the study would benefit the students as this focus
on the effects and challenges of COVID-19 pandemic to them. Students can use the
result of the study as their basis in helping and managing themselves and by raising
Teachers. The results of the study would benefit teachers, professors, and
instructors as it will be their basis on how to manage and implement the lessons
when there is another crisis, which will happen. It will help them realize what they
should do to help the students understand the lesson and to be an effective teacher
administrators as this will serve as their basis or way for them to provide, develop,
and implement school systems and policies that will ensure the well-being of the
students during a crisis/future crisis. The study will be used as basis for
counselors as this will help increase their understanding on how to support and
counsel students who are dealing with the different effects and challenges that
brought to them by the COVID-19 pandemic. They are part of a school support team
who provide support and help regarding the students’ academic, social, emotional,
Parents. This study is beneficial for the parents of the students as this will
provide the information regarding the effects and challenges of COVID-19 pandemic
that affects their children in general. More so, the result of the study will give them
the proper knowledge and increase their awareness and understanding as to how
they will be able to guide or what help they could give to their children.
Local Government Officials. The result of the study will be beneficial to the
local government officials of Calbayog City because this will serve as their basis on
how to control and manage the COVID-19 pandemic that affected different sectors of
the society especially in education. More so, this study will give them the proper
this could be the primary source of information for future researchers who plan to
conduct research related to the topic. This study also gives inspiration and
Definition of terms
average (CGPA) (Talib, 2012). Operationally, this term refers to the challenges of
students when it comes to finding signals for their submissions and completing their
activities.
skill, energy, and determination to deal with or achieve, especially something you
have never done before and will enjoy doing (Merriam Webster, 2014).
Operationally, this term refers to the situations or factors that affects the students
sneezes, or talks. It may also be spread by touching a surface with the virus on it
and then touching one’s mouth, nose, or eyes, but this is less common. The most
common signs and symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, and trouble breathing
(National Cancer Institute NCI Dictionaries). Operationally, this term refers to the
independent variable of the study that affects the dependent variables. It is the main
schools use to meet the learning needs of students. It has also been determined that
distance learning is an effective approach at the college, university, and high school
level parents' perspective (Hannum et. al., 2008). Operationally, this term refers to
the new modality the school implemented when school students are required to
credit (Merriam Webster, 2014). Operationally, this term refers to the monthly income
are more cases of a disease than expected spread over several countries or
term refers to the main cause of the challenges that affected the students.
Personal. Conceptually, this term refers to the ways in which each participant
varies from the other, and how this could affect the results e.g. mood, intelligence,
the mental health of every students that is affected in the wake of COVID-19 time.
policy for doing something (Lutkevich, 2017). As such, potential practices is the
action that must follow any preliminary thinking for something to actually happen.
Operationally, this term refers to the approaches that will be implemented for
Social. Conceptually, this term refers to the interaction of the individual and
the group, or the welfare of human beings as members of society social institutions.
Webster 2022). Operationally, this term refers to effects on the way the students
educational practice which entails that moral or political values as well as norms,
among students (Thornberg, 2019). Operationally, this term refers to the major
This section of the study includes the various literature, professional opinions,
and findings drawn from a number of books, brochures, and other papers that are
Related Literature
After the historic disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic, most schools are
back open worldwide but education is still in recovery assessing the damage done
and lessons learned. As per the views of UNESCO (2020), the pandemic affected
more than 1.5 billion students and youth with the most vulnerable learners were hit
hardest. Some gains already made towards the goals of the 2030 Education Agenda
were lost.
continue classes remotely. While this ensured that classes could remain in session,
it exposed the vulnerability of the higher education system. Neither college students,
nor many faculty members, were prepared for the dramatic change in dynamics.
Professors were forced to abruptly shift their lectures and coursework online. With
this came the concern about academic misconduct, student motivation, and
continued quality of education (McDaniel, C., Suffern, C., Joo, J., & Alamuddin, R.,
2020; Ezarik, M., 2021). Further, courses now relied on students having access to
technology, Wi-Fi, and study spaces at home. Students struggled to adapt as some
balancing the responsibilities of their home lives (Gallagher, S., & Palmer, J., 2020;
Germann (2019) discussed the opportunities to close the schools during the
pandemic influenza to stop the spreading and duration of possible lockdowns before
the vaccines are implemented. Faherty, (2019) worked on the topic of school and its
opportunities for distance learning for missing days, but not the weeks or months as
it is happening in 2020.
All private basic education institutions are facing lot of challenges brought by
the effect of covid-19 pandemic. The government order on the stoppage of face-to-
face classes until vaccine is available has impacted on the enrolment data of the
basic private education institutions. The decrease on the number of enrolment is due
to economic downturn as parents who can afford high fees in the private schools lost
their jobs during the pandemic. In addition, the sudden shift on the teaching and
learning modality added burden and pressures to the school owners (Ancheta et al.,
2020).
The global pandemic and school wide closures mandated in 2020 have no
precedent; while the United States has historically experienced many natural
disasters and economic crises, none have required widespread transition to remote
learning nor has the technology infrastructure been previously available to support
this mandate.
There is no consensus on whether virtual learning is as effective for K–12
model. Prior comparisons of online and traditional public schools have shown mixed
environments, a growing body of research suggests that online schooling can come
with an “online penalty” for struggling and vulnerable learners (Dynarski, 2018).
transmitted, it has altered human behaviours, relations and lifestyles, and had
across the world. It has likewise exacerbated poverty, discrimination and inequalities
in many parts of the world, not only through how COVID-19 appears to be affecting
poorer communities more than the rich, but also as a consequence of the measures
taken by states to control the spread of the virus, primarily by curtailing freedom of
Simbulan (2020) stated that the leading universities and colleges in the
Philippines, particularly those affiliated with the ASEAN University Network – such as
research and service. Everyone, from the operations and support service units, to
confines of their homes, teachers and administrators were put to the task of revising
and adapting course syllabi and requirements as they shifted to alternative or remote
teachers had access to electronic devices and reliable Internet connections, learning
managements systems such as Canvas, Moodle, Blackboard, and applications like
Google Hangouts, Zoom and Skype, were used. Also, concerns regarding the
mental health of both students and teachers affected by the uncertainty, became
Schools globally were fully closed for an average of 79 teaching days, while
the Philippines has been closed for more than a year, forcing students to enroll in
outcomes. At the same time, children who fall behind in learning during the early
years often stay behind for the remaining time they spend in school, and the gap
widens over the years. The number of years of education a child receives also
negative psychological effects, effectively raising concerns for the mental health of
many. These effects were brought along by changes in daily routines, heightened
levels of uncertainty and insecurity, financial struggles, and social isolation (Mayo
Clinic Staff, 2021; World Health Organization, 2022; Hamel, L., Kearney, A.; Brodie,
M., 2022). U.S. adults were more likely to report symptoms of insomnia, stress,
anxiety, and depression during the pandemic. Further, some turned to substance
abuse to cope with stress about the pandemic (World Health Organization, 2022;
illness rose, professionals pushed to meet the growing needs of many communities.
Remedies, such as healthy eating habits, healthy sleeping habits, and increased
physical exercise were recommended to help combat mental strain. While this was
effective for some, gaps in care remained as many experiencing severe effects could
not get the professional help needed (World Health Organization, 2022; Mayo Clinic
Staff, 2021).
Remote learning took away the socialization aspect of college for many
students. With the lack of peer interactions and communication, many students
experienced the effects of social isolation. Social isolation has shown both direct and
indirect effects on one’s ability to learn. Studies have concluded that social isolation
impacts students learning abilities (Filho, W. L., et al., 2021; Ivanec, T. P., 2022; US
The COVID-19 pandemic greatly impacted the global economic system. Due
well-being have disrupted the lives of many. With the loss of jobs, many families
concentrated among households with incomes below $100,000 (The President and
Fellows of Harvard College, 2020). As of 2019, only 30.7% (100.8 million) of the US
population earned $100,000+. This means the other 69.3% (227.1 million) citizens
felt the full financial impact of the pandemic. Within these criteria, 46% of households
reported an adult household member either losing their job, getting furloughed, or
burdens. Finally, 48% of families reported using up all, or the majority of, their saving
during the pandemic (The President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2020;
Kopestinsky, A., 2022). With the loss of essential wages, many families were unable
not able to afford necessary healthcare. Of these members, 57% reported negative
President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2020). Without the necessary financial
resources, many families were put in positions with no financial freedom, impacting
both adult household members and their children.
due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Public institutions have repeatedly had many tuition
negative direction for the average American household. In the 2010-2022 school
year period, tuition rose by 14% for public institutions. According to the College
Board, student borrowing declined by 5%, or $324, after the pandemic. This is
directly correlated with the decline in student enrollment (PEW Research Center,
2021; DePietro, A., 2021). Key barriers to college enrollment were listed as financial
need and uncertainty of the pandemic. Enrollment for the fall 2019 semester was
approximately 2.6 million students. Of those first-year students, 26.1% did not return
for the next year. Rather than returning to campus for the fall 2021 semester, many
students opted to continue their education later (PEW Research Center, 2021;
stress, anxiety and depression among the general population during the COVID‐19
pandemic and found that the prevalence of anxiety was 31.9% and depression to be
33.7% (Salari et al., 2020). Young adults were shown to be vulnerable, in the context
30,383 students from 62 countries, during the first wave of COVID‐19 crisis and
worldwide lockdown in early 2020. Results indicated that although most students
tended to be satisfied with the support provided by their universities for the transition
to online learning, deficient computer skills and the perception of a higher workload
prevented them from perceiving their own improved performance in the new teaching
by school closures (IAU, 2020). According to Dodd et al. (2021), the COVID-19
learning experience. The most common difficulties were that students found it
difficult to communicate with other students and teachers online, making online
learning more challenging than face-to-face learning. Although instructor and student
engagement, and perceptions of success all declined (Daniels, Goegan, and Parker,
2021).
across the world have migrated to remote learning modality as a measure against
developing countries. The present study highlights the need to describe the
wake of the COVID-19 crisis. School closures are detrimental to all students who
need live instructional time and additional support to reach their academic potential,
but this is particularly important for the most vulnerable student populations.
Related Studies
Previous studies related to this study were already made and thoroughly
investigated. Some of them will be tackled in this part.
COVID-19 on Student Well-Being and the Mediating Role of the University Support:
Evidence from France, Germany, Russia, and the UK” it was found that a major
crisis negatively impacts student well-being and their concerns about their studies.
Student well-being is decreased by their concerns for their degree completion but not
by their concerns for future job prospects. In turn, concerns for future job prospects
affect student well-being over time. These results suggest that in a “new normal,”
The study of Plakhotnik et al. (2021) is related to the current study because
both study aimed to identify how the students cope with changes related to COVID-
19 immediately such as adopt fully online learning environments and different types
of stress that appeared simultaneously. The difference is that this study uses
usefulness of the CoR theory in helping universities and students to understand the
emotional responses and impacts on student well-being of the sudden and dramatic
changes to the learning experience of an unexpected global crisis. While the study
depends more on the results from the questionnaire to determine what approaches
between summer vs. school obesogenic behaviors of children: the structured days
hypothesis” it was stated that prolonged school closures and confinement at home
might have the negative influences on kids mental and physical health. The
lasting.
The study of Brazendale (2017) is related to the current study because the
study also focuses on the mental effects of prolonged school closures to the
students. It differs to the current study because this study focuses on the difference
between summer and school obesogenic behaviours of the students while the
current study tackles about the effects of prolonged school closures due to COVID-
19 pandemic.
students’ learning in higher education in Afghanistan” it was noted that the COVID-
Afghanistan. The study found that the majority of the respondents indicated that they
have not experienced constant online teaching and learning during the COVID-19
pandemic in Takhar University, Afghanistan. It also revealed that almost all of the
respondents agreed that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected their
learning and they felt that they did not study for years.
The study of Noori (2021) is related to the current study as it tackles how the
students' learning was negatively impacted more than any country around the world
because the resources were limited and students did not experience stable teaching
and learning activities. The study discussed students experienced unstable Internet,
awareness, lack of linguistic skills, lack of full-time power supply, preparation issues
for online teaching were the major barriers to teaching and learning during the
However, this study included the educational leaders while our study focuses only on
students.
Covid-19 Pandemic” it was found that students at Eastern Visayas State University-
Ormoc City Campus have identified many barriers in adaptation to online learning in
the COVID-19 pandemic, regardless of location or demographic subgroups. The
student's perceived capacity for online learning was not statistically significant by
personal problems and problems with the technical and online system.
The study of Bahian (2020) is related to our study because both study aimed
to identify the online learning barriers of the students during the COVID-19
pandemic. Both examined the difference between student’s capacities for online
learning, student’s online learning barriers, and some of the student’s demographic
Continuity Amid and Beyond the Pandemic” it was noted that the study explored the
challenges and issues in teaching and learning continuity of public higher education
in the Philippines as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was found out that during
school lockdowns, the teachers made adjustments in teaching and learning designs
guided by the policies implemented by the institution. Most of the students had
difficulty complying with the learning activities and requirements due to limited or no
modality recalibrate the curriculum, capacitate the faculty, upgrade the infrastructure,
The study of Dayagbil et al. (2021) is related to the current study because it
recalibrating the curriculum, capacitating the faculty, and upgrading the infrastructure
crisis. The difference is that this study uses the exploratory mixed-method
of qualitative methods.
Current State of Education in the Philippines” it was noted that Education in the
distance learning method triggered by school closures harms the learning process
and opportunities of Filipino students. It was also noted that one of the major keys to
The study of Castro (2022) is related to the current study as both intended to
what acts could be done to reduce the adverse effects of the pandemic on the
education sector. Both study aimed to present some possible actions and
approaches that can be carried for both safe re-opening of schools and continued
distance learning means in an effort to mitigate learning drawbacks for the schooling
learning environments” it was noted that most students are not having enough
training for an online learning environment to align their activities, jobs, and families
with their studying. It also found that students lack appropriate training for many
online learning competencies; low level of readiness for online learning management
systems.
The study of Parkes is related to the current study because it also studies the
focus on the digital effects while the current study includes the different factors that
was noted that simultaneous learning can provide a lot of assets for social
interaction. The online diversion required amid this savage infection were a) video
associations, d) the lectures are currently on phones and not just PCs, e) the ability
The study of Basilaia (2020) is related to the current study as both intended to
study the effects of transition to online education during COVID-19 pandemic. The
paper studies the capacities to continue the education process at the schools in the
online form of distance learning, study reviews the different available platforms and
indicates the ones that were used by the support of the government, such as online
portal, TV School and Microsoft teams for public schools and the alternatives like
Zoom, Slack and Google Meet, EduPage platform that can be used for online
teaching and learning using virtual distance learning environment, the result found
that virtual environments permit students to create a world that including anything
they can dream up, as well interaction, simulation, and collaboration enable learning
The study of Mnyanyi (2018) is related to the current study because both
focus on the application of open and distance learning to support the attainment of
academic, social, and economic development. The difference is that this study focus
on the challenge of Open and Distance Learning which is how to make education a
lifelong learning process while the current study focuses on the different aspects or
educational systems and institutions” it was noted that COVID-19 is having a serious
impact on the businesses and other sectors. The research has identified the impact
of this pandemic issue of the education system and approaches of the institutions for
offering the learning through other mediums. According to the study, people are
facing serious issues related to learning and looking for new approaches to learning.
The study of Mehtap (2020) is related to the current study because both study
focuses on the difficulties that were experienced by the sudden shift to online
learning. Also, both studies aimed to implement/offer approaches for the betterment
of the educational system to overcome future issues. However, this study focuses in
all aspects of educational system while our study is more on students’ well-being
only.
The studies presented above gave ideas and insights to the researchers to
come up with the study of the challenges of COVID-19 pandemic to students and
some possible actions and approaches that can be carried for future crisis. The
related studies that were mentioned would be a great help to the present
researchers on how they will craft their own study. The related studies have
convinced more the researchers to conduct and finish the current study.
The researchers have gained much important information from the above-
this study. While the aforementioned studies assist the researchers in developing the
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research methodology of the study. It includes the
research design, locale and time of the study, respondents of the study, sampling
statistical statement.
Research Design
descriptive design will be used to describe the effects and challenges of COVID-19
the correlation design will be used in identifying the relationship between the two
different variables.
Secondary Education (BSED) which has five majors (i.e., Mathematics, English,
Filipino, Science, Social Studies, and Values Education). However, the researchers
provides access to the necessary students required as respondents for the study.
The Values Education has a total of 125 enrollees. Using the Universal Sampling
method, the researcher came up with a total of 125 sample size from the Values
Education major. This study will be conducted during the Academic Year of 2022-
2023.
Respondents
Northwest Samar State University as they can provide useful information to test the
hypothesis of this research. Table 1 shows that within 125 respondents which is
students. 48 students came from first year with the percentage of 38.4. While in
third year level is composed of 30 students with the percentage of 24. Lastly, the
respondents.
Respondents F %
Third Year 30 24
Fourth Year 10 8
Sampling Procedure
study will utilize Universal Sampling Method where all the population where chosen
as the respondents of this study. According to (Richard & Margaret, 1990: 125)
universal sampling refers to the selection of sample where not all the people in the
population have the same profitability of being included in the sample and each one
One hundred percent or one hundred twenty five students will be asked to
information and with the data on the effects and challenges of COVID-19 pandemic.
Instrumentation
The researchers aimed to determine the effects and challenges of COVID-19
pandemic to Values Education students and its significant relationship among the
which consist of closed questions which produced data needed in the study. The
On the first part of the questionnaire are the profiles of the respondents. This
includes the age, sex, year level, parent’s occupation, and average monthly family
provide the information asked on the blanks, or put a check (√) on the appropriate
In parts II and III, the Likert Scale is used as indicators that will correspond to
how the respondents will answer certain statements. The following indicators are
stated:
3 – Neutral / Felt
themselves. The construction of the statements in this part were guided from the
study entitled “COVID-19 Student Survey: Online Learning Experiences and
(2020).
statements in this part were guided from the study entitled “Difficulties in Remote
Validation of Instrument
The research instruments have gone through validation procedures from the
Moreover, the constructed questionnaire has gone through pilot-testing before the
actual data gathering. Generally, the research instruments have been validated to
analyze the accuracy and validity of the instruments used to determine the Effects
In gathering the data needed in obtaining the purpose of this study, the
First, the researchers asked the classroom president of each year level of
Values Education for the exact number of enrollees of BSED Values Education in the
AY: 2022-2023 who serves as the respondents of the study. Next, the researchers
provided a letter to the dean of the college of education asking permission to conduct
The questionnaires contain the profile of the respondents and a checkbox that
was answered by the respondents. The respondents are given instruction before
answering the said instrument, about the importance and understood the purpose of
the study and the answer are handled and treated with confidentiality. All the
questionnaires were reviewed by the researchers to make sure that all questions
were answered properly and completely. The questionnaires were distributed and
collected in the same day. Lastly, all the responses given by the respondents were
interpreted and analyzed using the corresponding statistical treatments for each part.
Statistical Treatment
occupation and average monthly family income and the effects of COVID-19
The linear regression and F-test will be used to determine the significant
and the effects of COVID-19 pandemic to the BSED Values Education students in
being that means adhering to the code of conduct that a researcher here has to
follow fabricate, falsity or misinterpret data and this study will cite the literature was
during study.