DISKUSI

15A
LITERASI BAHASA INGGRIS

Teks A dan B untuk no. 1 - 5

TEXT A
Humans spend about a third of their lives asleep, hence, there must be a point to it. Scientists have found
that sleeps helps consolidate memories, fixing them in the brain so we can retrieve them later. Now, new research
is showing that sleep also seem to reorganize memories, picking out the emotional details and reconfiguring
the memories to help you produce new and creative ideas.
“Sleep is making memories stronger’” says Jessica D. Payne of the University of Notre Dame, who co-wrote
the review with Elizabeth Kensinger of Boston College. “It also seems to be doing something which I think
is so much more interesting, and that is reorganizing and restructuring memories.”
Payne and Kensinger study what happens to memories during sleep, and they have found that a person
seems to hang on to the most emotional part of a memory. For example, is someone is shown a scene with an
emotional object, such as a wrecked car, in the fore ground, they’re more likely to remember the emotional object
than, say, the palm tree in the background – particularly if they’re tested after a night of sleep. They have also
measured brain activity during sleep and found that regions of the involved with emotion and memory
consolidation are active.
One of the first thing to go in fast-face society is sleep. That is based on profound misunderstanding
that the sleeping brain isn’t doing anything. In fact, the brain is busy. It’s not just consolidating memories.
It’s organizing them and picking out the most salient information. Payne thinks this is what makes it
possible for people to come up with creative, new ideas.
TEXT B
Sleep not only protects memories from outside interference, but also helps strengthen them, according to
research presented at the American Academy of Neurology’s 59th Annual Meeting in Boston. The study
look at memory recall with and without interference (competing information). Participants were divided
evenly into four groups – a wake group without interference, a sleep group without interference and a sleep
group with interference. All groups were taught the same 20 pair of words in the initial training session.
The wake groups were taught the word pairings at 9 a.m. and then tested at 9 p.m. after 12 hours awake.
The sleep groups were taught the word pairs at 9 p.m. and tested on them the at 9 a.m. after a night of sleep.
Just prior to testing, the interference groups were given a second list of word pairs to remember. The first
word in each pair was the same on both lists, but the second word was different, testing the brain’s ability to
handle competing information, known as interference. The inferences were them tested on both lists.
The study found that people who slept after learning the information performed best, recalling more words.
Those in the sleep group without interference were able to recall 12 percent more word pairings from the first list
than the wake group without interference. With interference, the recall rate was 44 percent higher for
the sleep group.

01. The best topic for both texts would be … (D) Enough sleep is a vital factor for critical
(A) research on memory thinking
(B) experiments on sleep (E) The brain is not active when people are
(C) dangers of lack of sleep sleeping
(D) sleep and creative thinking
(E) impacts of sleep on memories 03. Which of the following best can sum up
both texts?
02. Which of the following statements represents (A) Sleep patterns considerably affect one’s
a fact that can be found in either text? creativity
(A) People who sleep sufficiently tend to be (B) Sleep lead recall abilities to a better performance
more creative (C) The longer people sleep, the better they
(B) Sleep helps enhance one’s memories and memorize
creativity (D) Healthy people usually sleep without
(C) Sleep is highly needed in a busy and interference
modern society (E) Memories and regular sleep patterns affect each
other

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04. Based on the information in both texts, 05. The focus of research in both texts differs,
sufficient sleep …. in that Text A is on ….
(A) is a sole key to memory consolidation (A) protection of healthy sleep routines;
(B) optimally enhances brain functions Text B is on memory strength on vocabulary
(C) will contribute to better learning (B) consolidation of emotion and memory;
(D) implies absence of interference Text B is on protection of healthy sleep routines.
(E) helps long-term memory retrieval (C) sleep pattern with interference; Text B is on the
role of sleep in memory recall
(D) the role of sleep in memory and creativity; Text
B is on interferences and memory recall
(E) on memory strengths on vocabulary; Text B is
on the role of sleep in memory recall
Teks 3 untuk no. 6-9
TEXT 3
The first chest pain may be the last. No tell-tale aches for nearly half of heart patients, cardiologist say.
About 40% of people suffering from heart diseases do not experience any chest pain, consultant and
interventionist cardiologist Dr Simon Lo said. “For some heart disease patients, their first chest pain
would also mean their last. In heart attack cases, death is up to 50%. “But only over 50% of patients have
angina symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath and tiredness, “he said in a briefing during the third
Complex Cardiovascular Intervention (CCI) 2013 meeting at a Batu Ferringhi Hotel on Saturday.
Dr Lo said the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2011 showed that cardiovascular disease was the
number one “killer” in Malaysia contributing to 25.45 % of the total mortality rate in hospitals in 2011. “There are
several risk factors contributing to heart diseases such as age, sexes, race and heredity. Older people have a
higher risk of suffering from heart diseases while 50% of patients are men and the rest are women, he said.
Dr Lo also said that in 2012, there were 136 cardiologists in Malaysia and he expressed hope that it would
increase to 300 within three years. There is also a need for public hospitals to set up more catheter laboratory
(or cath. Lab). “There are currently 13 cath. Labs in public hospitals while private ones have 45,” he said.
Over 100 cardiologist specialists gathered for a two-day meeting to discuss topic related to the latest
heart disease treatment and technology. Dr Lo who was also CCI 2013 organising chairman said the event
was held every two years and its third meeting saw not only local cardiology specialists but also 12
international experts. “We’ re looking at new technologies, new techniques and new devices in this field.
Some of them are still going through researches and have not been launched yet.” Penang Chief Minister Lim
Guan Eng who launched the event said he was told the state received about 300,000 patients a year for
medical treatment and the figure was increasing by about 10% each year.
In Penang, medical tourism is important not just for the industry but also to establish Penang as an
international intelligent city,” he said in his speech. The meeting was jointly organized by Penang Medical
Practitioners’ Society, National Heart Association of Malaysia and Interventional Cardiovascular
Society of Malaysia.

06. The topic for discussion included complex (C) There are risk factors contributing
percutaneous coronary intervention and to heart disease
optical frequency domain imaging. (D) Over 50% of patients have the symptoms
(A) Which of the following is an opinion (E) All answers make no sense
according to text 3?
(A) There are currently 13 public cath. labs 08. What is TRUE according to the text above?
(B) There are 45 private cath. labs (A) Cardiovascular disease is number one
(C) Their first chest pain may be their last killer in Malaysia
(D) 100 cardiologists gathered for a two-day (B) There is only one risk factor contributing
meeting to heart disease
(E) Penang Chief Minister is Dr Lo (C) Penang doesn’t have cath. laboratories
(D) Dr lo was the deputy chief of the gathering
07. What is the most possible reason to make (E) Penang has nothing to worry about mortality
Penang well-known for its medical tourism? related to heart disease
(A) Heart disease cannot be healed
(B) Many people from various states and
countries visit Penang for medication

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09. What does the writer mean by saying there is “no
tell-tale aches for half of the heart patients.”
(A) Doctors will tell the patients about the coming
chest pain
(B) Heart disease patients previously had no
revelatory symptoms
(C) Stories about deaths by heat attack will be
something to tell
(D) Tales of new technologies are worth listening
to
(E) Other people have higher risks of the disease

Teks 4 untuk no. 10-11

TEXT 4
NOT many people realise that there was no cure for coronary heart disease (CHD). Doctors can only
offer symptomatic and prognostic treatments, Penang Adventist Hospital consultant cardiologist
and physician, Dr Chang Sau Kong.
“There is no cure. Once you have CHD, you have to undergo heart treatment for life, he said adding
that other current treatments for CHD are percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or commonly
known as angioplasty and bypass surgery. He said through PCI a procedure to open the narrowed coronary
arteries of the heart, a stent could be inserted to hold the opening in place for proper flood flow.
Dr Chang said there were various stents which were all still in used, namely bare metal stents,
drug eluting stent and bio-engineered stent. “The latest technology is the dual therapy stent which
combines the technologies of the drug eluting stent and the bioengineered stent,” he told a media briefing
on CHD and the latest technology organized by Orbus Reich, a global company that develops and
manufactures medical devices for the treatment of vascular diseases at E & O of Hotel Penang in George
Town recently.
This technology was developed a couple of years ago and launched in various countries around the world
last year. Dr Chang said not all treatments were suitable for all patients and their doctors would be able to perform
them for the proper treatment. He added that each new medical discovery was not without its own problems and
new technology always set out to improve on current complication.
Symptoms of CHD include chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness and palpitations, said Dr Chang. He
said heart disease was becoming more and more frequent in Malaysia because of the affluent lifestyle. “We eat a
lot of unhealthy foods which are available 24 hours a day, and hardly exercise.”
As reported by Heart Foundation of Malaysia, he said 70% of Malaysians suffer from non-communicable
disease such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity and cholesterol.

10. Which is true about text 4? 11. All of the following are Symptoms of
(A) The fact that people preferred junk foods and CHD EXCEPT —
that people avoid exercising contribute a lot to (A) chest pain
the prevalence of heart disease in Malaysia (B) shortness of breath
(B) number of cardiologists based on 2012’s data (C) dizziness
would increase by only 100% in three years (D) palpitations
(C) they keep using old technologies (E) lack of nutritionTeks 5 untuk no. 12 - 20
(D) Patients had many chest pains before
the last one
(E) number one killer in Penang is malnutrition

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TEXT 5
Under the Earth’s topsoil, at various levels, sometimes under a layer of rock, there are deposits of clay. Look
at cuts where highways have been built to see exposed clay beds; or look at a construction site, where pockets of
clay may be exposed. Rivers also reveal clay along their banks, and erosion on a hillside may make clay easily
accessible. What is clay made of? The Earth’s surface is basically rock, and it is this rock that gradually decomposes
into clay. Rain, streams, alternating freezing and thawing, roots of trees and plants forcing their way into cracks,
earthquakes, volcanic action, and glaciers—all of these forces slowly break down the Earth’s exposed rocky crust
into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually become clay.
Rocks are composed of elements and compounds of elements. Feldspar, which is the most abundant mineral
on the Earth’s surface, is basically made up of the oxides silica and alumina combined with alkalis like potassium
and some so-called impurities such as iron. Feldspar is an essential component of granite rocks, and as such it is
the basis of clay. When it is wet, clay can be easily shaped to make a variety of useful objects, which can then be
fired to varying degrees of hardness and covered with impermeable decorative coatings of glasslike material
called glaze. Just as volcanic action, with its intense heat, fuses the elements in certain rocks into a glasslike rock
called obsidian, so can we apply heat to earthen materials and change them into a hard, dense material. Different
clays need different heat levels to fuse, and some, the low-fire clays, never become nonporous and watertight like
highly fired stoneware. Each clay can stand only a certain amount of heat without losing its shape through
sagging or melting. Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for the
differences in texture and appearance between a China-teacup and an earthenware flowerpot.
12. The author’s main point in paragraph 1 is (D) It resembles mountains
that clay deposits … (E) It is a major component of clay
(A) conceal layers of rock
(B) can be found in various places 17. The word “it” in line 11 refers to ….
(C) are usually small (A) iron
(D) must be removed from construction sites (B) feldspar
(E) must be launched from orbiting side (C) granite
(D) clay
13. It can be inferred from the passage that (E) gold
clay is LEAST likely to be plentiful in which
of the following areas? 18. Based on the information in the passage, it can be
(A) In desert sand dunes inferred that low-fire clays are MOST appropriate
(B) In forests for making objects that ….
(C) On hillsides (A) are strong
(D) Near rivers (B) are porous
(E) On the river banks (C) are smooth in texture
(D) are highly decorated
14. The word “accessible” in line 4 is closest (E) are very far away
in meaning to …
(A) buried 19. The phrase “account for” in line 18 is closest in
(B) improved meaning to ….
(C) available (A) reduce
(D) workable (B) explain
(E) memorable (C) combine with
(D) list all of
15. According to the passage, rock breaks down (E) accountant
into clay under all of the following conditions
EXCEPT when …. 20. The passage supports which of the following
(A) it is exposed to freezing and thawing conclusions?
(B) roots of trees force their way into cracks (A) Clay deposits are only found deep in the Earth.
(C) it is combined with alkalis (B) If clay contains too much iron it will melt
(D) natural forces wear away the Earth’s crust when fired.
(C) Only certain types of clay are appropriate
16. Why does the author mention feldspar in line 10? for making China teacups.
(A) It is often used as a substitute for clay. (D) If sufficient heat is applied, all clay will
(B) It is damaged by the oxides in clay. become nonporous.
(C) Its presence indicates inferior clay. (E) metals are solid and waters are liquid

Prosus INTEN - Diskusi - 15 A Literasi Bahasa Inggris 2023 4