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Environment Notes

The document discusses key concepts related to the environment and ecosystems including producers, consumers, decomposers, food chains, food webs, trophic levels, bioaccumulation, biomagnification, the ozone layer, and waste management techniques.

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SCHOOL TOPPER
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3 views

Environment Notes

The document discusses key concepts related to the environment and ecosystems including producers, consumers, decomposers, food chains, food webs, trophic levels, bioaccumulation, biomagnification, the ozone layer, and waste management techniques.

Uploaded by

SCHOOL TOPPER
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENVIRONMENT

Handwritten Notes

Made with
by
- All biological (plants, animals, micro-organisms etc.) and physical (Soil,
Water, air, sunlight etc.) Surroundings around us create our environment.

- All interacting organisms in an area together with non- living constituents


of the environment form an ecosystem.

- It exists in nature without any human interference.


- Example - Pond, River, Forest

- Made by humans for their own interest


- Example - Aquarium, Garden
- Organism which can prepare their own food from simple inorganic
substances like carbon dioxide and water by using sunlight energy in the
presence of chlorophyll.

- Ex. Green plants and certain blue-green algae


- Those organism which consume food prepared by producers are called
Consumers.

- Micro-organism that break down the complex organic compounds


present in dead organism into simpler substances.

- Ex. Certain bacteria and Fungi

- The flow of nutrients and energy from one organism to another at


different trophic levels forms a food chain.

- Food chain represents a single unidirectional transfer of energy.

- Food chain starts with producer.


- Several Interconnected food chains forms a food web.

- Single food chain doesn't naturally occur in an ecosystem.


- The various steps in a food chain at which the transfer of food (or
energy) takes place are called trophic levels.
- Only 10 percent of the energy entering a particular trophic level of
organisms is available for transfer to the next higher trophic level.
- Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of a toxic chemical in the
tissue of a particular organism.

- It occurs in a single organism over lifetime.

- Biomagnification refers to the increase in concentration of harmful


chemical substances in the body of living organism at each trophic
levels of a food chain.

- It expands over different trophic levels.


- Organisms at the higher trophic levels have higher concentration of such
chemicals.

- Eg. In the below case, man will have the highest amount of pesticides

- Ozone molecule is made up of 3 atoms of oxygen combined together


(O₃)

- Ozone layer protects the life on earth from harmful ultraviolet


radiations coming from sun.

- Ultraviolet rays can cause skin cancer.


- Ozone is formed high up in the atmosphere by the action of
ultraviolet radiation on oxygen gas.

- Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is one of the major chemicals that deplete


the ozone layer. CFC is found in coolant, fire extinguisher etc.

- In 1987, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) forged an


agreement among its member countries to freeze CFC production.
- These are Landfills, Incineration, Composting, Sewage
treatment, Recycling etc.
- Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.

- Proper waste disposal methods should be followed.

- Use of clay made cups or paper cups over plastic cups.

- Cloth, Jute or paper cups should be used.

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