Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithm Functions

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Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithm Functions

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uttNEOus equations “Solution: iad i i 5 2 1 2x 29 = Law 3 of Indices sues 24 Taw Lind Deteto BrP i BBottndc (2) x2: 8 BE sche smtancon pans vars z 2, The equation of a curve is given by y = ka’, where a and k are constants. Given that the curve passes through (2, 16), (3, 32) and (5, p), find the values of a, kand p. ‘then x=, where a = -1, 0,1. form a= b? If not, find some counterexamples Sate nen Without using a calculator, simplify each ofthe oo 4 rm (b) following exponential expressions, i a @ ) ‘ rN tx (Y5) +125 oA 5} (v5 @) iss 33+(s45) b) ss, eae Solve each ofthe following equations. ys tanh ethor 7. oe @ tar (ay nea ier 3a" a7 @ tel, aces () x= Eo > GIAPTERS 499 ential and Logarithmic Functions@ soive each ofthe folowing pairs fing equations: Ly equations. 0 ve each of the following. sa en aa ey O~ , w (v2) -@) (@) x= 5 and = Ht 2 “ z 4a 3 d= 5 4, = 256 and 5*x 25?” <1; oF a @ #HPOR ) : 25 ) a4 _195'=0 4 1 @ aen0 (Oe © ax (2) 3g and Eb ual | it uh me rn " 1@© Without using a calculator, siren ofthe (a) 259(125%)=1 and 27° (Ja) gy; fllowing exponential expressions: ae or eae L a eee i © epry ee? 16 ‘The equation ofa curve is given by y= ab, wey a and bare constants. Given that the cure pang, | e Solve each of the following equations. through (1,20, @, 63) and (188) fates bandk. | (a) 2(25") -5 ofa, | 4 8= 10039 eae a it +4=0 8 By using a suitable substitution, solve e Oe ie the following equations. 4 (d) 24+145(4)=3 (isre7eee © ae (@) 788-727-2178) () #14114) =3 Q 1 equation of a curve is given by y=px'+7, where p and q are constants. Ify = 25 whenx=3 and y = 57 when x = 5, find the value ofp andofy Introduction to logarithms 1n Section 6.1, we have learnt how to solve exponential equations where both sides can be converted to the same base by using the equality of indices, eg. 10* = 100. But what ifthe equation is 10* = 50 where 50 cannot be ¢ converted to the same base 10? Since we cannot use equality of indices, we have to learn another method involving a new concept called 1OQaRi000.. A. Why study logarithms? ae ie deabclaldicks One purpose of logarithm isto find the in ex or exponent, i, ERIE, Ore el applications of logarithms will be explor. red in Section 6 6, For example, how do we find» for 10" = 50? 10° = 50 lis in between: 10'=10 10 = From the above, we know that 1 Oand abe bad (6) tog, 27 bof tog ee 1 ye ti Tog, 7 m4 (2) toga i) Hence, given that Ig 2= 0301 (to3 sf), the value of 128, dng) Tog, 15 “ithout using a calculator. Iflog, 2 = @ and to 3=6 aand b. B, 3 = b, express log, 2 in terms of Logarithmic and exponential equations olving logarithmic equations ire methods that involve the Section, we will learn to solve more complicated logarithmic equations, using th sof Logarithms and the Change of Base Formula. 1 makes use of the equality of logarithms: with same base using Method 1 log, (2 -32)- solving logarithmic equation Solve the equation log, (x+4) +10g, (2-*) “solution We will use polya’s Probleni Solving Model to guide us in solving this Stage 1: Understand the problem We need to find the value(s) of x that satisfy t terms in the equation must be defined for these value(s) © yhink ofa plan problem, he equation. Moreover, all the logarithmic ‘hms, ie. combine the tw Te the logaritl ‘To find x, we use the equality of Jogarithms to remove the 18 logarithmic terms on the LHS of the equation: Stage 3: Carry out the plan ) + Log, (2-8) = 108 (c+ 4)(2-%) = 1086 (ee 4a) 227 hms Product Law of Loge arithms log, (x + 4 1; equality of log’ log, 2.~ 3x) Methodpe erntet mie unG IN (11 = y) In vein 9 ‘to part (b) by repeated multiplicat part (b) sing another method? wns cee maybe an equation first. Simplifying exponential expression containing See ‘Pression containing logarithm in its index *Solution Let x = 108”, = as ree fecan also conver the given ‘Then Ig x =lIg 10%”. ‘exponential form into the Igx= (ig 7)(Ig 10) Power Law of Logarithms logarithmic form without using E Bee ioe the Power Law. How do you do ; Ig7 Special Property 2 in Section 6.2F on ree waaetad eic-7 page 114 you prefer? Simplify each of the following. = (a) (b) 2°” From Worked Example 21 and Patiae Now 2s shore that a" =b, wherea>Oand | aes Solve each of the following equations. (a) log, x=64log,3 (b) log, y+ log,,.) 3 (d) 3inp~2log,e=4 log, (x + 2) + log, (x + 4) = log, (2x + 5) In@+8y-y)-Iny-2)=In +) (©) 4log, z= log, 5 (0) Ig (2 +6) -Ig (2-3) =31g2 Solve each of the following equations. ly cach of the following equations, (a) eh '=3 (b) 10 =e'lge 2igx-Ig (x +60) =1 o's? a: Iny=In(y +3) +2 (.) 2+ log, (3x - 1) = log, (3x + 11) GurnRs 495Given that 7* = 2 and 2” = 7, find the value, jhe following. xy without using a calculator, o) et @ a solve each ofthe following pais of simultagay, P equations. in solve In (= 4)=In-e— 4s leving YourSD SNES” (@) Ig(15~6)-Igy=21g3andlog, @x~y419,, terms of € (b) log, (4-56) =0and 2+ 210g, b=log, 36. () 2x4! = 4and log, (34 + 11) -log, p=95 Express 2g, x log, (r- 8) =2288 quadratic i there are no equation in x and explain why there a ee real solutions. cee hv tions. sae rae cre 1257 Ao, yn See = ofx. (©) 3(100*) - 4(10)=5 (4) 3(2*) -2%=8 1 29=3-5N7 Solve the simultaneous equations a © +4 2log, y+ 2 log, x=5 and xy=8. eC AEC ec functions and graphs A. Exponential functions and graphs In Section 6.2, we have learnt that y = a*is equivalent to x Let us consider y = a* first. Table 6.3 shows some values of y = x Zs ie ° ‘5 x 7.16 log, y, where a> anda #1. (corrected to 3 s.f) for some real values of 0.00391 0.198 a 471 8.82 143 ‘Table 6.3 From Table 6.3, we observe that for every input x, there is exactly one output y, Such a relationship between an input x and the output y is called a §488{@816H, which oe have Functions learnt in lower secondary. The equation of the above function is y be represented by a table of values as shown in Tab) aeenatione le 6.3, its equation, or its fe ‘ | or its graph, Ber We will now investigate what the graph of y= a looks like, y = ais the equation of Sertian er an eSPGHTEREAINRTENDD. 17 base a = c, then y = eis the equation of the eee natural exponential function. But what if base a = 1? Then the graph of ph of y = a"= just a horizontal line, so y = 1*is not the equatic i 7” -quation of an ex, . equation of a linear function. This is another reason that ors function, bale gal2 has 2 solutions. From the sketch, the equation e [ Practise Now 2 | 1. (Sketch the graph of y= |B * der to solve the equation 10° 10 000 , a suitable straight line has to beg ran are (i) nor Further Questions 7 peers ‘on the same set of axes as the graph of y = Ig *. Find the equation of the and the number of solutions. lehtng een nD) ra 2, The diagram below s! diagram, solve the equation hows the graph of y= log, x By drawing a suitable line ont 5 or = 3x. Sketch the graph ofeach of the f " J following functions) ()_ sketch the graph of y= 10" ona separate diagram. @) y=5 Be ele p xe » va () (ii) In order to solve the equation x= i ie @ , = 8 a a suitable straight line has to be drawn on the = log, x same set =a ee ea J set of axes as the graph of Y= 79F* 2 the equation of the straight line and the number of solutions. A 130 ‘CHAPTER 6 : aI «€ hs of y=e' for -0.5 (sketch the graph of y= In, (i) In order to solve the equation e* = xe'.a @ 1418) = 10g, x 20d 60) = log, x4 suitable straight line has to be drawn on the 1 a>iied< 4 0,a#1 This equivalence allows us to use logarithmic and exy onential FUNEHIONS to AIG jena that involve growth or decay of quantities. As we look at Pein eran eS Bee eset similarity between the graphs of exponential functions and the graphs thet describe the ‘growth of bacteria. AS wwe look at how we measure very large quantities which follow an exponential pattern (e.g. power released bY ® earthquake) or even the very small quantities (e.g, activity of hydrogen ions), we realise that logarithm forms the bees of units parr such as the Richter scale or the pH scale, In some sense, logarithm serves as a useful computation tool to é ities, Beyond that logait™ and exponential functions help us to see the ‘mathematical ee ce ae