Module 2

Switching Concepts and

Basic Configuration

ITNET02

Basic Routing and Switching

Module Objectives

Module Title: Switching Concepts Basic Configuration

Module Objectives:
▪ Explain how Layer 2 switches forward data.

▪ Explain the characteristics and features used for switch selection

▪ Perform basic Layer 2 switch configuration

Module References:
▪ CCNAv7 SRWE – Modules 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2

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2.1 Switch Operation

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Frame Forwarding
Switching in Networking
Switches are used to connect networking
devices together into a single logical
network
Assuming they are configured correctly
with same network IP addresses, hosts
that are connected to each other through
switches can directly communicate with
each other
Switches can selectively forward data
frames only to relevant network segments
using a learn and forward method – a.k.a.
microsegmentation

192.168.1.0/24
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Frame Forwarding
The Switch MAC Address Table
Two terms are associated with frames entering or
leaving an interface:
• Ingress – entering the interface
• Egress – exiting the interface
A switch forwards based on the ingress interface and
the destination MAC address.
A switch uses its MAC address table, also known as
a Content Addressable Memory (CAM) table, to make
forwarding decisions.
The switch populates the CAM table by recording the
source MAC address of an incoming data frame
along with the port it was received.

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Frame Forwarding
The Switch Learn and Forward Method
▪ A Layer 2 Ethernet switch makes its
forwarding decisions based only on the
Layer 2 Ethernet MAC addresses.

▪ A switch that is powered on, will have an

empty MAC address table as it has not
yet learned the MAC addresses for the
four attached PCs.

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Frame Forwarding
The Switch Learn and Forward Method
▪ To learn MAC addresses – a
switch examines data frame source
address
• Switches examine the source
MAC address of all incoming
frames
• If the source MAC address is
unknown, it is added to the table
along with the port number.
• By default, most Ethernet
switches keep an entry in the
table for 5 minutes.
• If the source MAC address does
exist, the switch updates the
refresh timer for that entry.

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Frame Forwarding
The Switch Learn and Forward Method
▪ To forward the data frames, switches
examine their destination MAC address and
match it with its MAC address table content
• If the destination MAC address is not in
the table (i.e., an unknown unicast), a
broadcast or a multicast the switch will
forward the frame out all ports except the
incoming port.

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Frame Forwarding
The Switch Learn and Forward Method
▪ To forward the data frames, switches
examine their destination MAC address and
match it with its MAC address table content
• If the destination MAC address is not in
the table (i.e., an unknown unicast), a
broadcast or a multicast the switch will
forward the frame out all ports except the
incoming port.
• If the destination MAC address is in the
table, it will forward the frame out the
specified port.

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Frame Forwarding
Switch Forwarding Methods
Switches use software on application-specific-integrated circuits (ASICs) to make
very quick decisions.
A switch will use one of two methods to make forwarding decisions after it receives
a frame:
• Store-and-forward switching - Receives the entire frame and ensures the
frame is valid. Store-and-forward switching is the preferred switching method of
Cisco switches.
• Cut-through switching – Forwards the frame immediately after determining the
destination MAC address of an incoming frame and the egress port.

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Frame Forwarding
Store-and-Forward Switching
Store-and-forward has two primary
characteristics:
• Error Checking – The switch will
check the Frame Check
Sequence (FCS) for CRC errors.
Bad frames will be discarded.
• Buffering – The ingress interface
will buffer the frame while it
checks the FCS. Also allows the
switch to adjust to a potential
difference in speeds between
the ingress and egress ports.

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Frame Forwarding
Cut-Through Switching
• Cut-through forwards the frame
immediately after determining the
destination MAC.
• Fragment (Frag) Free method will check
the destination and ensure that the frame
is at least 64 Bytes. This eliminates runts.

Concepts of Cut-Through switching:

• Appropriate for switches needing
latency to be under 10 microseconds
• Can propagate errors (no FCS
verification) – bad if network is error-
prone
• Cannot support ports different ingress
and egress port speeds

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Switching Domains
Collision Domains
A collision domain is a network segment where
there is possibility of simultaneous transmissions
causing collision of data frames
• In half-duplex (unidirectional) link operation,
there will be a collision domain.
• Collisions are possible.
• There will now be contention for the
hub
bandwidth.
• In full-duplex (bidirectional) link operation, there
is effectively no collision domain.
Switches eliminate collision domains and reduce
congestion because of their microsegmentation
and full-duplex operation capability

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Switching Domains
Broadcast Domains
• A broadcast domain extends across all Layer 1
or Layer 2 devices on a LAN.
• Only a layer 3 device (router) will break the
broadcast domain, also called a MAC
broadcast domain.
• The broadcast domain consists of all devices
on the LAN that receive the broadcast traffic.
• When the layer 2 switch receives the broadcast
it will flood it out all interfaces except for the
ingress interface.
• Too many broadcasts may cause congestion
and poor network performance.
• Increasing devices at Layer 1 or layer 2 will
cause the broadcast domain to expand.
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2.2 Switch Selection

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Switched Networks
Switch Platforms
▪ Selecting the proper switch to meet the
current network requirements is critical
when designing a network.

▪ Various factors to consider when

selecting switches include these:
• Form Factor
• Thickness of the switch (rack units)
• Power consumption
• Port density
• Forwarding rate
• Port Speed
• Buffer sizes

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Switch Hardware
Form Factors
▪ Form factor refers to switch physical hardware design and specification, which in turn affects
its size in terms of the rack units (RU) it occupies

Fixed Configuration Stackable Modular

Switch is a standalone, completely Switch can be connected together Flexible switch that is assembled
assembled unit with built in ports using special cabling to effectively using a chassis, power supply,
be managed as a single large switching circuitry and modular
switch line cards containing ports

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Switch Hardware
Port Density
▪ The port density refers to the number of
ports on a single switch.

▪ Fixed configuration switches support a

variety of port density configurations:
• Cisco Catalyst 3850 24 port and 48 port
switches (see figure)
• Option for 2 or 4 additional ports for
pluggable SFP devices.
▪ Some modular switches can support
over 1,000 switch ports.
▪ Modular switches are usually more
appropriate in large networks in order
to reduce space and power issues.

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Switch Performance
Port Speed and Forwarding Rates
• Port speed refers to bandwidth capability of a single port (e.g. 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps)
• Forwarding rate defines the forwarding capabilities of a switch by rating how much data the
switch can process per second.
▪ Forwarding rate is important when
selecting a switch because if it is too
low, the switch cannot support full wire-
speed communication across all ports.

▪ Access layer switches typically do not

require full wire speed because they
are physically limited by their uplinks to
the distribution layer.
▪ Higher performing switches are
needed at the distribution and core
layers.
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Switch Performance
Buffering Technique
▪ Switches use memory buffering to temporarily store frames before forwarding to the destination
when the egress port is busy. When buffers are full, switches begin dropping data frames
▪ Buffer size and techniques affect how effectively switches can cope with periods of network
congestion

▪ Buffering techniques:
• Port-based Memory Buffering
• Frames are stored in queues that are linked to
specific incoming and outgoing ports.
• A frame is sent to the egress port only when
all the frames ahead of it in the queue of the
ingress port have been successfully
transmitted.
• Possible for a single frame to delay the
transmission of all the frames in memory
because of a busy egress port.

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Switch Performance
Buffering Technique
▪ Switches use memory buffering to temporarily store frames before forwarding to the destination
when the egress port is busy. When buffers are full, switches begin dropping data frames
▪ Buffer size and techniques affect how effectively switches can cope with periods of network
congestion

▪ Buffering techniques:
• Shared Memory Buffering
• deposits all frames into a common memory
buffer that all the ports on the switch share.
• The amount of buffer memory required by a
port is dynamically allocated.
• Frames in the buffer are linked dynamically to
the egress port, allowing a packet to be
received on one port and then transmitted on
another port, without moving to a different
queue.

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Switch Technologies
Other Features
• Power-over-Ethernet (PoE) switches • Multilayer Switching allows switches to
can deliver power to end devices through simultaneously perform both L2 frame
network cabling switching and L3 packet routing

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Switch Selection
Alleviated Network Congestion
To alleviate congestion, look for the following switch features:

Feature Function
Fast Port Speeds Depending on the model, switches may have up to 100Gbps port speeds.
Fast Internal Switching This uses fast internal bus or shared memory to improve performance.
Large Frame Buffers This allows for temporary storage while processing large quantities of
frames.
High Port Density This provides many ports for devices to be connected to LAN with less cost.
This also provides for more local traffic with less congestion.

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2.3 Basic Switch Configuration

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Configure a Switch with Initial Settings
Switch Hardware

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Configure a Switch with Initial Settings
Switch LED Off Green Blinking Amber Blinking Alternating
Green Amber Green/
Amber
SYST Switch is IOS Boot bootloader N/A
off up normal mode
RPS Off/No RPS RPS up but RPS Internal PS N/A
Redudant RPS ready unavailable standby or failed, using
Power fault RPS power
Supply)
The Mode button is used to move between the different modes – STAT, DUPLX, SPEED, and PoE
When the named mode is selected, the status LED associated with each physical port indicates:
STAT No link or Link Up Activity Port Port blocked Link fault
shutdown blocked preventing
preventing loop
loop
DUPLX Half-duplex Full- N/A
duplex
SPEED 10Mbps 100Mbps 1000Mbps N/A

PoE PoE off PoE on N/A PoE PoE off due PoE denied
disabled to fault (over budget)
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26
Configure a Switch with Initial Settings
Switch Boot Sequence
When powered • Load Power on Self Test (POST)
Step 1 • Test hardware (CPU, RAM, Flash)
on, a Cisco switch
goes through the
following five-step • Load boot loader software
boot sequence: Step 2

• Initialize CPU registers and speed, memory mapping and allocation

Step 3 • Initialize flash file system

• Boot loader load OS from flash intro RAM

Step 4 • Switch control transferred to OS

• OS loads the startup configuration (config.text) from flash if available

Step 5

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Configure a Switch with Initial Settings
The boot system Command
• The switch attempts to automatically boot the IOS image specified by the BOOT environment
variable. If this variable is not set, the switch attempts to load and execute the first OS image file
it can find.
• Set the BOOT environment variable to the folder and filename of the OS image to boot using
the boot system command in global configuration mode. Use the command show boot to see
what the current IOS boot file is set to.
• Example:
S1(config)# boot system flash:/c260-lanbasek9-mz.150-2/c260-lanbasek9-mz.150-2.SE.bin

Command Definition

boot system The main command

flash: The storage device

c2960-lanbasek9-mz.150-2.SE/ The path to the file system

c2960-lanbasek9-mz.150-2.SE.bin The IOS file name

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Configure a Switch with Initial Settings
Recovering from a System Crash
• The boot loader provides a command line to access switch maintenance facilities if the
operating system cannot be loaded because of missing or damaged system files.
• The boot loader can be accessed through a console connection only following these steps:

• Unplug the power cord The boot loader can be

Step 1 used for:
• Formatting the flash
• Reconnect power cord of the switch and within 15 seconds,
press and hold the Mode button while SYST LED is flashing • Recovering from
Step 2 green forgotten system
password
• Wait for SYST LED to briefly turn amber and then solid green • Reinstalling a new OS
Step 3 • Release the Mode button

• Boot loader prompt appears on the console session as ‘switch:’

Step 4
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Configure a Switch with Initial Settings
Switch Management Access Configuration
To prepare a switch for remote management
access:
• The switch virtual interface (SVI) must be
configured with an IP address and a subnet
mask.
• Enable the switch SVI
• To manage the switch from a remote network,
the switch must be configured with a default
gateway.

S1(config)# interface vlan 1 Note: If the switch needs to be

S1(config-if)# ip address 172.17.99.2 255.255.255.0 configured for IPv6, first enter the
S1(config-if)# ipv6 address 2001:db8:acad:99::2/64 global config command sdm prefer
S1(config-if)# no shutdown dual-ipv4-and-ipv6 default and
S1(config-if)# exit then reload the switch.
S1(config)# ip default-gateway 172.17.99.1
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Configure a Switch with Initial Settings
Switch Management Access Verification
• The show ip interface brief and show ipv6 interface brief commands are used to
verify the IP address and status of both physical and virtual interfaces.
• For management access to work, interface status and protocol must be ‘up’
• Note: For the protocol status to be ‘up’, a host must be connected to the switch ports

Switch# show ip interface brief

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
…
Vlan1 172.17.99.2 YES manual up up

Switch# show ipv6 interface brief

…
Vlan1 [up/up]
FE80::2E0:F9FF:FE59:4BB
2001:DB8:ACAD:99::2

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Remote Access
Telnet vs Secure Shell
• To allow remote access to the switch CLI, Telnet or Secure Shell (SSH) service can be enabled
• Telnet – Exchanges plaintext data using TCP port 23
• SSH – Exchanged encrypted data using TCP port 22. Strongly recommended for device remote access

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Secure Remote Access
Verify the Switch Supports SSH
• To enable SSH on a Cisco switch, it must be using a version of the IOS software including
cryptographic (encrypted) features and capabilities.
• An IOS filename must include the code “k9” to support cryptographic (encrypted) features
and capabilities such as SSH.
• Use the show version command on the switch to see which IOS the switch is currently
running.
Switch>show version
Cisco IOS Software, C2960 Software (C2960-LANBASEK9-M), Version
12.2(25)FX, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2005 by Cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Wed 12-Oct-05 22:05 by pt_team

ROM: C2960 Boot Loader (C2960-HBOOT-M) Version 12.2(25r)FX, RELEASE

SOFTWARE (fc4)

System returned to ROM by power-on

… © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 33
Secure Remote Access
Configure SSH
Before configuring SSH, the switch must be minimally
configured with a unique hostname and the correct
network connectivity settings.
Step 1: Configure the IP domain S1(config)# ip domain-name mynet.com
Step 2 Generate RSA key pairs - Generating an RSA S1(config)# crypto key generate rsa
key pair automatically enables SSH. S1(config)# ip ssh version 2
S1(config)# username Admin secret p@ss
Notes:
- Set a modulus of at least 768 to use SSH version 2
- To delete the RSA key pair, use the crypto key
zeroize rsa global configuration mode command
Step 3: Enable SSH version 2 (optional but
recommended)
Note: By default, SSH supports both versions 1 and 2
Step 4: Configure user authentication by creating a
username and password pairs

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Secure Remote Access
Configure SSH
Before configuring SSH, the switch must be minimally
configured with a unique hostname and the correct
network connectivity settings.
Step 5: Configure the vty lines S1(config)# ip domain-name mynet.com
• Enable the SSH protocol on the vty lines S1(config)# crypto key generate rsa
S1(config)# ip ssh version 2
• Require local authentication using the local username
S1(config)# username Admin secret p@ss
database.
S1(config)# line vty 0 15
Step 6: Set the maximum idle time of the connection in S1(config-line)# transport input ssh
minutes (optional but recommended) S1(config-line)# login local
Step 7 Set the vty lines’ blocking duration in seconds for S1(config-line)# exec-timeout 2
number of incorrect login attempts within a time period in S1(config-line)# login block-for 600
seconds (optional but recommended) attempts 3 within 60

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Secure Remote Access
Verify SSH is Operational
• show ip ssh - Displays the version and configuration data for SSH on the device that you
configured as an SSH server, use the show ip ssh command.

S1#show ip ssh
SSH Enabled - version 2.0
Authentication timeout: 120 secs; Authentication retries: 3

• show ssh - Displays logged in users

S1#show ssh
Connection Version Mode Encryption Hmac State Username
2 1.99 IN aes128-cbc hmac-sha1 Session Started Admin
2 1.99 OUT aes128-cbc hmac-sha1 Session Started Admin
%No SSHv1 server connections running.

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1.2 Configure Switch Ports

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Configure Switch Ports
Configure Switch Ports at the Physical Layer
• Switch ports can be manually configured with specific
duplex and speed settings.
• Ports can operate in either half- or full-duplex mode
when set to 10 or 100 Mbps
• Ports can operate only in full-duplex mode when set to
1000 Mbps (1 Gbps) and above.
• Recommended when connecting to known devices
(e.g. servers, known workstations, network devices)
• Autonegotiation allows switch ports to automatically
set their speed and duplex mode based on what is
compatible with the connected device
• Enabled by default on Cisco switch ports
• Recommended when the speed and duplex settings of
the device connecting to the port are unknown or may
change.
• Autonegotiation failure creates mismatched settings.
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Configure Switch Ports
Auto-MDIX
• When connecting to switches to devices, using the correct
cable is normally required
• Straight-through cables must be used to connect to devices
such as servers, workstations, or routers.
• Crossover cables must be used to connect to other switches

✓ ✓
or repeaters.
• Automatic medium-dependent interface crossover
(auto-MDIX) allows the switch interface to automatically
detects the required cable connection type (straight-
through or crossover) and configures the connection
appropriately to allow either cable type to communicate
successfully.
• To enable auto-MDIX, the switch port must use auto mode
for its speed and duplex

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Configure Switch Ports
Configure Switch Ports at the Physical Layer (Cont.)

Task IOS Commands

Enter global configuration mode. S1# configure terminal

Enter interface configuration mode. S1(config)# interface FastEthernet 0/1

Configure the interface duplex (full, half or auto). S1(config-if)# duplex auto

Configure the interface speed (10, 100, 1000 or auto). S1(config-if)# speed auto

Enable auto MDIX S1(config-if)# mdix auto

Return to the privileged EXEC mode. S1(config-if)# end

Save the running config to the startup config. S1# copy running-config startup-config
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Configure Switch Ports
Switch Verification Commands
Task IOS Commands

Display interface status and configuration. S1# show interfaces [interface-id]

Display current startup configuration. S1# show startup-config

Display current running configuration. S1# show running-config

Display information about flash file system. S1# show flash

Display system hardware and software status. S1# show version

Display history of command entered. S1# show history

S1# show ip interface [interface-id]

Display IP information about an interface. OR
S1# show ipv6 interface [interface-id]
S1# show mac-address-table
Display the MAC address table. OR
S1# show mac address-table

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Configure Switch Ports
Verify Switch Port Configuration
• The show interfaces command is a commonly used command to check the status and
statistics information on the network interfaces of a switch.
• Upper half shows the interface L1 and L2 status and operational settings
Physical layer: Interface is Data Link layer: Protocol
enabled, a cable is connected keepalives are being received
with a detectable signal
S1>show interface Fa0/1
FastEthernet0/1 is up, line protocol is up (connected)
Hardware is Lance, address is 00d0.d3e1.6301 (bia 00d0.d3e1.6301)
BW 100000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec,
Current speed reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
and duplex Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set
Keepalive set (10 sec)
Full-duplex, 100Mb/s
input flow-control is off, output flow-control is off
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input 00:00:08, output 00:00:05, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
...
© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 42
Configure Switch Ports
Verify Switch Port Configuration
• The show interfaces command is a commonly used command to check the status and
statistics information on the network interfaces of a switch.
• Bottom half of the output shows interface error statistics

S1>show interface Fa0/1

...
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
956 packets input, 193351 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 956 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
0 watchdog, 0 multicast, 0 pause input
0 input packets with dribble condition detected
2357 packets output, 263570 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 0 collisions, 10 interface resets
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred
0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 43
Configure Switch Ports
Interface Input
• “Input errors” are errors in frames that were received on the interface
Error What they are Common causes
Runt Frames Ethernet frames that are shorter than the Malfunctioning NIC
64-byte minimum size Frame collisions
Giants Ethernet frames that are larger than the Noise on the transmission line
maximum allowed size of 1518 bytes
CRC Errors Corrupted frames Noise on the transmission line
Loose, damaged, or incorrect connections

• “Output errors” are errors that prevented the final transmission of frames out the interface
Error What they are Common causes
Collisions messages retransmitted because of an Mismatched duplex setting
Ethernet collision (normal if half-duplex)
Late collisions Collision that occurs after 512 bits of the Cable exceeding standard maximum length
frame have been transmitted Mismatched duplex setting
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Configure Switch Ports
Troubleshooting Network
Access Layer Issues

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Questions?
Module Summary
What did you learn in this module?
• Switches extend broadcast domains, but can eliminate collision domains and
relieve congestion through their full-duplex data transmission and selective
frame forwarding
• Switches selectively forward frames by building a MAC address table and
forwarding frames out a single port if the destination MAC address is known.
• Switches differ in terms of:
• Physical form factor
• Port density
• Port speed
• Forwarding rate
• Buffering technique
• Extra features
© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 47
Module Summary
What did you learn in this module?
• .To prepare a switch for use, the following must be configured:
• Management IP address and default gateway
• SSH service
• VTY line login security measures
• Switch port physical layer settings may be configured: speed, duplex, auto-MDIX
• A switch port set to MDIX-auto can automatically reconfigure its connection to
work regardless if a straight-through or crossover cable is used

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 48