E4-E5 - Text - Chapter 5. OPTICAL TRANSPORT NETWORK (OTN)
E4-E5 - Text - Chapter 5. OPTICAL TRANSPORT NETWORK (OTN)
E4-E5 - Text - Chapter 5. OPTICAL TRANSPORT NETWORK (OTN)
5.2 INTRODUCTION
With the growing demand for services and bandwidth, now telecom operators are
trying to converge their networks in order to reduce Operational Expenses (OPEX), and
also to eliminate additional Capital Expenditures (CAPEX) on multiple parallel networks.
The amount of data traffic relative to voice traffic on optical networks and the total traffic
volume keeps increasing. These factors are the drivers behind emerging, flexible
technologies to supplement the mature, voice optimized, SONET/SDH transport
infrastructure and help manage network complexity. The aim of the optical transport
network (OTN) is to combine the benefits of SONET/SDH technology with the
bandwidth expandability of DWDM. OTN (Optical Transport Network) provides a
vehicle to enable convergence, and for providing a common and SONET/SDH-like
operational model for network operations, administration, maintenance and provisioning
(OAM&P) functionality, without altering the individual services. This newly developed
OTN is specified in ITU-T G.709 Network Node Interface for the Optical Transport
Network (OTN).
Since the 1980s, SONET/SDH has supported a flexible and transparent mix of
traffic protocols including IP, Fiber Channel, Ethernet and GFP by providing protection
and performance monitoring. Whilst deployment of dense wavelength division multiplex
(DWDM) networks during the following decade served to increase existing fiber
bandwidth, it severely lacked the protection and management capabilities inherent in
SONET/SDH technology.
The optical transport network (OTN) was created with the intention of combining
the benefits of SONET/SDH technology with the bandwidth expansion capabilities
offered by dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) technology.
many different protocols including SONET/SDH, video, and storage protocols such as
Fiber Channel.
OTN offers a number of advantages over legacy transport networks and the primary
advantages of OTN include:
● Reduction in transport costs: By allowing multiple clients to be transported on a
single wavelength, OTN provides an economical mechanism to fill optical network
wavelengths.
● Efficient use of optical spectrum: OTN facilitates efficient use of DWDM
capacity by ensuring fill rates are maintained across a network using OTN switches
at fiber junctions.
● Determinism: OTN dedicates specific and configurable bandwidth to each service,
group of services, or each network partition. This means that network capacity and
managed performance (throughput, latency, jitter, and availability) are guaranteed
for each client, and there is no contention between concurrent services or users.
● Virtualize network operations: The ability to partition an OTN-switched network
into private network partitions, also referred to as Optical Virtual Private Networks
(O-VPNs), provides a dedicated set of network resources to a client, independent of
the rest of the network. Each network tenant sees only the resources associated
with that tenant‘s private partition. Other resources associated with other tenants
will not be visible. O-VPNs also ease network evolution because network upgrades
can be tested or introduced in a protected network partition or ‗sandbox,‘ without
the risk of impacting day-to-day network operations in production partitions.
● Flexibility: OTN networks give operators the ability to employ the technologies
needed now to support transport demands while enabling operators to adopt new
technologies as business requirements dictate.
● Secure by design: OTN networks ensure a high level of privacy and security
through hard partitioning of traffic onto dedicated circuits. This segregation of
network traffic makes it difficult to intercept data transferred between nodes over
OTN-channelized links. And because OTN-switched networks keep all
applications and tenants separate, organizations can effectively stop hackers who
access one part of the network from gaining access to other parts of the network.
● Robust yet simple operations: OTN network management data is carried on a
separate channel completely isolated from user application data. This means OTN
network settings are much more difficult to access and modify by gaining
admittance through a client interface port.
● Better Forward Error Correction: OTN has increased the number of bytes
reserved for Forward Error Correction (FEC), allowing a theoretical improvement
of the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) by 6.2 dB. This improvement can be used to
enhance the optical systems in the following areas:
● Increase the reach of optical systems by increasing span length or
increasing the number of spans.
● Increase the number of channels in the optical systems, as the required
power theoretical has been lowered 6.2 dB, thus also reducing the non-
linear effects, which are dependent on the total power in the system.
Uses a fixed frame size and increases Uses a fixed frame rate for a given line rate
frame rate to match the client rate. and increases frame size (or uses
concatenation of multiple frames) as client
size increases
FEC sized for error correction to correct 16 Not applicable (no standardized FEC)
blocks per frame
The G.709 standard defines client payload encapsulation, OAM overhead, FEC,
and a multiplexing hierarchy. These functions deliver optical transport capabilities as
robust and manageable as SONET/SDH, but with greater suitability for current traffic
demands, and data center interconnection circuits in particular.
OTN is asynchronous and thus does not require the complex and costly timing
distribution and verification of SONET/SDH. Instead, OTN includes per-service timing
adjustments to carry both asynchronous (GbE, ESCON) and synchronous (OC-3/12/48,
STM-1/4/16) services. OTN can additionally multiplex these services into a common
wavelength.
Like SONET/SDH, OTN also offers comprehensive OAM, but with standardized
FEC. OAM is used to efficiently manage network resources and services. FEC enables
service providers to extend the distance between optical repeaters, reducing expenses
and simplifying network operations.
SONET/
STS-48/STM-16 OTU1 2,666,057 2,488,320 48.971 ± 20
SDH
SONET/
STS-192/STM-64 OTU2 10,709,225 10,037,629 12.191 ± 20
SDH
Channel
STS-768/STM-
SONET/
256/
SDH/Ethe OTU3 43,018,413 40,150,519 3.034 ±20
Transcoded 40GB
rnet
ASE-R
Up to
Ethernet OTU3e2 44,583,355 41,611,131 2.928 ±20
4 10GBASE-R
±
ODUflex signals are transported over ODU2, ODU3, ODU4
100
Table: 5 OTN Line Rates
Note: ODU0 signals are to be transported over ODU1, ODU2, ODU3, ODU4 or ODUCn
signals, ODU2e signals are to be transported over ODU3, ODU4 and ODUCn signals and
ODUflex signals are transported over ODU2, ODU3, ODU4 and ODUCn signals
Unlike SDH/SONET, the line rate is increased by maintaining the G.709 frame structure
(4 rows x 4080 columns) and decreasing the frame period (in SDH/SONET the frame
structure is increased and the frame period of 125 µs is maintained).
Although OTN and SONET/SDH have similarities but the biggest difference in
respect of frame structure is that SONET/SDH was defined with fixed frame rates, while
OTN was defined with fixed frame sizes.Perhaps the biggest difference is that
SONET/SDH was defined with fixed frame rates, while OTN was defined with fixed
frame sizes.
5.11 CONCLUSION
OTN-based backbones and metro cores offer significant advantages over
traditional WDM transponder-based networks, including increased efficiency, reliability,
and wavelength–based private services. The IP-over-OTN infrastructure also offers better
management and monitoring, reduced hops, increased protection of services, and reduced
costs for equipment acquisition. In addition to scaling the network to 100G and beyond,
OTN plays a key role in making the network an open and programmable platform,
enabling transport to become as important as computing and storage in intelligent data
centre-networking.