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Module 3 - Rectifiers

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Module 3 - Rectifiers

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Mohit Kumar

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Diode Rectifiers and Diode Circuits

Rectifiers
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts AC (alternating current)
to Pulsating DC (direct current), which is in only one direction, a process
known as rectification.

Basic Block Diagram of Regulated power Supply

Need of Rectification
• Every electronic circuit such as amplifiers, needs a DC power source for
its operation.
• This DC voltage has to be obtained from AC supply.
• For this the AC supply has to be reduced or Stepped down first using a
Step down transformer and then converted to dc by using rectifier.

Types of Rectifiers
 Half wave Rectifier
 Full wave Rectifier
 Bridge Rectifier
Half wave Rectifier
 In half wave rectification, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave
is passed, while the other half is blocked.
 Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, it is very
inefficient if used for power transfer.
Half wave Rectifier (Cont...)
Operation
Half wave Rectifier (Cont...)
Parameters of Half Wave Rectifier
The current iL in the diode or load RL is given by

1. Average or dc value of the load current:

Parameters of Half Wave Rectifier (Cont...)
2. RMS value of the load current
The rms value of current flowing through the load RL in a Half –wave rectifier is given by,
Parameters of HW rectifier (Cont...)
3. Ripple factor:
• The pulsating load current iL is the combination of dc and ripple (ac) components. The instantaneous value of
the ripple (ac) component i is the difference between the instantaneous value of iL and the dc value of current
Idc. Therefore, the instantaneous value of the ripple components is given by--
i=iL - Idc
• Therefore , the rms value of the ripple ( ac ) current of Half – wave rectifier is given by,
Parameters of HW rectifier (Cont...)
4. Form Factor:
The ratio of the root mean square value to the average value of an alternating quantity
(current or voltage) is called Form Factor.

5. Peak Inverse Voltage:

It is the maximum voltage that the rectifying diodes has to withstand, when it is reversed-biased.
PIV = Vm for HWR
Diode operates safely if, PIV < Breakdown voltage
Parameters of HW rectifier (Cont...)
6. Rectification Efficiency:
𝑃𝑑𝑐
= 𝑋 100 % 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑑𝑐 2 𝑅𝐿
𝑃𝑖

2𝜋
1
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑣𝑖𝐿 𝑑(𝑤𝑡) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑖𝐿 (𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅𝐿 )
2𝜋 0

= (𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅𝐿 )𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 2

𝐼𝑑𝑐 2 1
= 𝑋 100 %
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 𝑅𝑓
1+𝑅
𝐿

40.6
= 𝑅𝑓
1+𝑅
𝐿
Full wave Rectifier
• For single-phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two
diodes back-to-back (i.e. anodes-to-anode or cathode-to-cathode) can
form a full-wave rectifier.

• In a circuit with a non - center

tapped transformer, four diodes are
required instead of the one needed
for half-wave rectification.
Full wave Rectifier (Center Tapped)
Full wave Rectifier (Center Tapped) (Cont..)

Input output waveform

Full wave Rectifier (Bridge)

Full-wave bridge rectifier.

Conduction path for the positive region of vi.

Full wave Rectifier (Bridge)

Conduction path for the negative region of vi.

Input and output waveforms for a full-wave rectifier.

Parameters of FW rectifier
The current iL in the diode or load RL is given by

1. Average or dc value of the load current: 2. RMS value of the load current

2𝜋
1
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐼𝑚 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 𝑑 𝑤𝑡
2𝜋 0

𝐼𝑚
=
2
Parameters of FW rectifier (Cont...)
3. Ripple factor:

4. Form Factor:
The ratio of the root mean square value to the average value of an alternating quantity
(current or voltage) is called Form Factor.
Parameters of FW rectifier (Cont...)
5. Peak Inverse Voltage:
It is the maximum voltage that the rectifying diodes has to withstand, when it reversed-biased.

PIV = 2Vm for FWR (Center Tapped)

PIV = Vm for FWR (Bridge)

Diode operates safely if, PIV<Breakdown voltage

6. Rectification Efficiency:
𝐼𝑑𝑐 2 1
= 𝑋 100 %
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 𝑅𝑓
1+𝑅
𝐿

81.2
= 𝑅𝑓
1+𝑅
𝐿
5:1

230V 5:1
100 Ohm
230V
Find DC voltage

Centre Tap Rectifier

RMS secondary voltage = 230 x 1/5 = 46V Bridge Rectifier
Max or peak voltage across secondary = 𝟒𝟔 𝟐 = 65V Vm = 65V
Max voltage appearing across half secondary (Vm) = 65/2 = 32.5 V
VDC = IDC x RL = 2Vm/  = 41.4V
IDC = 2Im/ = 2Vm/ RL

VDC = IDC x RL = 2Vm/  = 20.7V

Filter Circuits
• The output from the rectifier section is a pulsating DC.
• The filter circuit reduces the peak-to-peak pulses to a small ripple
voltage.
• The commonly used filters are: Capacitor Filter

As long as the time constant (RLC ) >> the period (T) of the input signal, the capacitor remains almost
fully charged and the load voltage is approximately Vp. The only deviation from a perfect dc voltage is
the small ripple.
• Full-Wave Filtering:

• The Ripple Formula:

The peak-to-peak ripple out of any capacitor-input filter:
𝐼
VR=
𝑓𝐶
where VR = peak-to-peak ripple voltage
I = dc load current
f = ripple frequency
C = capacitance
Question: What is the dc load voltage and ripple in given figure?

Solution :
120 V
rms secondary voltage: V2 = = 24V
5
24 V
Peak secondary voltage: Vp = = 34V
0.707
Assuming ideal diode and small ripple, the dc load voltage is: VL = 34V
V 34 𝑉
To calculate ripple, we first need to get the dc load current: IL = RL = 5𝑘Ω
= 6.8mA
L
Question: What is the dc load voltage and ripple in given figure?
Solution :Since, the transformer is 5:1; the first secondary voltage is still 34 V.
Half this voltage is the input to each half-wave section.
Assuming an ideal diode and small ripple, the dc load voltage is: VL = 17V
VL 17 𝑉
To calculate ripple, the dc load current: IL = = =3.4mA
RL 5𝑘Ω
3.4mA
So, VR = = 0.283𝑉 𝑝 − 𝑝
(120 Hz)(100սF)

Because of the 0.7 V across the conducting diode, the actual dc load voltage will be closer to 16
V than to 17 V.
Regulators
• A voltage regulator regulates the voltage, regardless of the adjustments
in the input voltage or connected load.

 Zener Diode as a voltage regulator:

The zener diode is used to provide an output reference voltage that is stable
despite changes in input voltage
– Used as a reference in regulated power supplies
– The zener diode is designed for operation in the reverse breakdown region,
where the voltage remains almost constant over a wide range of reverse current
values
Zener Diode

Zener diode equivalent circuit

Diode V-I characteristic

To find minimum RL
R = 220 i. Find VL. IL, IZ, and IR if RL = 180
Vz = 10V ii. Repeat if RL = 470
Pz max = 400 mW iii. Find RL that will establish max power
Vi = 20 V iv. Find the min. RL to ensure that Zener diode is ON.

Iz = 0
i. = 9V
IL = IR = 20/ (220+180) = 50mA