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TISSUE CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE (SHAPE)
- group of cells with similar structure and function that have • Squamous - cells are flat or scalelike.
similar extracellular substances located between them • Cuboidal- cells are cube-shaped and about as wide as
Histology- microscopic study of tissue structure they are tall.
• Columnar -tall and thin, like a column and the cells tend to
MAJOR TYPES OF TISSUE be taller than they are wide
EPITHELIUM/EPITHELIAL TISSUE
• lines the different organs and used for protection and CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE (SIMPLE)
covering SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
• covers the body (external and internal surfaces). STRUCTURE: Single layer of flat, often hexagonal cells; the
• lines cavities, such as the digestive tract, airways, and nuclei appear as bumps when viewed in cross section because
blood vessels. the cells are so flat
• forms most glands FUNCTIONS: Diffusion, filtration, some secretion,
• most epithelia have a free surface and a basal surface and some protection against friction
• may consist of a single layer or multiple layers LOCATION: Lining of blood vessels and the heart, lymphatic
• classified according to the no. of cell layers and cell shape vessels, alveoli of the lungs, portions of the kidney tubules,
lining of serous membranes of body cavities (pleural,
pericardial, peritoneal)

FUNCTIONS:
1. Protecting underlying structures
e.g. Skin (outer layer), oral cavity
2. Acting as a barrier
e.g. Skin prevents many toxic molecules and
microorganisms from entering the body.
3. Permitting the passage of substance
e.g. Lungs SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
4. Secreting substances STRUCTURE: Single layer of cube-shaped cells; some cells
e.g. Sweat glands, mucous glands have microvilli (kidney tubules) or cilia (terminal bronchioles of
5. Absorbing substances the lungs)
e.g. Small intestine FUNCTIONS: Active transport and facilitated diffusion result in
secretion and absorption by cells of the kidney tubules;
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE (LAYER) secretion by cells of glands and choroid plexuses; movement
Simple epithelium of particles embedded in mucus out of the terminal bronchioles
• single layer of cells by ciliated cells
• each cell extending from the basement membrane to the LOCATION: Kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, choroid
free surface plexuses of the brain, lining of terminal bronchioles of the
Stratified epithelium lungs, and surfaces of the ovaries
• more than one layer of cells
• only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the
basement membrane.
Pseudostratified epithelium
• special type of simple epithelium
• appears to be stratified but is not.
• one layer of cells attached to the basement membrane
• pseudo- means false

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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
STRUCTURE: Single layer of cells; some cells are tall and thin
and reach the free surface, and others do not; the nuclei of
these cells are at different levels and appear stratified; the cells
are almost always ciliated and are associated with goblet cells
that secrete mucus on to the free surface
FUNCTIONS: Synthesize and secrete mucus on to the free
surface and move mucus (or fluid) that contains foreign
particles over the surface of the free surface and from
passages
LOCATION: Lining of nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory
tubes, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi of lungs
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
STRUCTURE: Single layer of tall, narrow cells; some cells
have cilia (bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes, uterine tubes,
and uterus) or microvilli (intestines)
FUNCTIONS: Movement of particles out of the bronchioles of
the lungs by ciliated cells; partially responsible for the
movement of oocytes through the uterine tubes by ciliated
cells; secretion by cells of the glands, the stomach, and the
intestine; absorption by cells of the intestine
LOCATION: Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of lungs,
auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, intestines,
gallbladder, bile ducts, and ventricles of the brain

CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE (STRATIFIED)

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
STRUCTURE: Several layers of cells that are cuboidal in the
basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface; the
epithelium can be nonkeratinized (moist) or keratinized; in
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the surface
cells retain a nucleus and cytoplasm; in keratinized stratified
epithelium, the cytoplasm of cells at the surface is replaced by
a protein called keratin, and the cells are dead
FUNCTIONS: Protects against abrasion, forms a barrier
against infection, and reduces loss of water from the body
LOCATION: Keratinized—outer layer of the skin;
nonkeratinized—mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus,
vagina, inferior urethra, and corneas

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TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
STRUCTURE: Stratified cells that appear cuboidal when the
organ or tube is not stretched and squamous when the organ
or tube is stretched by fluid
FUNCTIONS: Accommodates fluctuations in the volume of
fluid in an organ or a tube; protects against the caustic effects
of urine
LOCATION: Lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and superior
urethra

STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

STRUCTURE: consists of more than one layer of cuboidal
epithelial cells
FUNCTIONS: absorption, secretion, and protection.
LOCATION: Relatively rare and is found in sweat gland ducts,
ovarian follicular cells, and the salivary glands.

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

STRUCTURE: Consists of more than one layer, but only the
surface cells are columnar. The deeper layers are irregular or
cuboidal in shape. Relatively rare
FUNCTIONS: Carries out secretion, protection, and some
absorption.
LOCATION: Found in the mammary gland ducts, the larynx,
and a portion of the male urethra

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GLANDS
structures that secrete substances onto a surface, into a cavity,
or into the blood
EXOCRINE GLANDS
-glands with ducts (secrete their products into ducts)
Ex. sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands,
-Exocrine glands are classified in the following ways:
• Duct Structure
simple - single unbranched duct
e.g. glands of large intestine
compound - branched duct
e.g. salivary glands

TERMINOLOGIES
Free Surfaces- Epithelia not in contact with other cells and
faces away from underlying tissues
• Smooth - reduces frictio (ex. lining of blood vessels)
• Microvilli- increase cell’s surface area
ex. Lining of small intestine
• Cilia - propel materials along the free surface of cells
(move materials over the cell surface) • Shape of Secretory Units
ex. nasal cavity, trachea tubular (alveolar) – straight or coiled (ex. sweat glands)
Cell Connections acinous (acinar) - shaped like a grape (ex. salivary glands)
• Tight junctions - bind adjacent cells together and form a • Mechanism of Secretion
permeability barrier (ex. lining of the intestines) merocrine - product released by exocytosis. The most
• Desmosomes - mechanically bind cells together common type of secretion. (ex. sweat glands)
• Hemidesmosomes - mechanically bind/anchor cells to the holocrine- whole cell ruptures during release of product /
basement membrane. shedding of entire cells (ex. sebaceous glands)
• Gap junctions - small channels that allow small molecules apocrine - secretory products are released as fragments of the
and ions to pass from one epithelial cell to an adjacent gland cell (ex. Milk secretion by the mammary glands)
one. It allows intercellular communication.

ENDOCRINE GLANDS
- glands with no ducts (secrete their products directly into the
bloodstream)
- Secretions are called hormones
ex. Thyroid, thymus, pituitary glands, etc.

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE ADIPOSE
• usually characterized by large amounts of extracellular STRUCTURE: little extracellular matrix surrounding cells; the
material that separates cells from one another adipocytes are so full of lipid that the cytoplasm is pushed to
• Extracellular matrix contains 3 components (in varying the periphery of the cell
amounts): protein fibers, ground substance consisting of FUNCTIONS: packing material, thermal insulation, energy
nonfibrous protein and other molecules, and fluid storage, and protection of organs against injury from being
• performs connecting, binding and supporting function bumped or jarred
TYPES OF PROTEIN FIBERS: LOCATION: predominantly in subcutaneous areas, in
Collagen fibers- look like ropes and are flexible but resist mesenteries, in renal pelvis, around kidneys, attached to the
stretching surface of the colon, in mammary glands, in loose connective
Reticular fibers- supporting network that fills spaces between tissue that penetrates spaces and crevices
organs and tissues
Elastic fibers- recoil after being stretched
FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
1. Enclosing and separating other tissues
ex. tissue forming capsules around organs
2. Connecting tissues to one another
ex. Tendons - attach muscles to bone
Ligaments - hold bones together
3. Supporting and moving parts of the body
ex. semirigid cartilage supports structures
4. Storing compounds
ex. adipose tissue
5. Cushioning and insulating
ex. adipose tissue protects organs and helps
conserve heat
6. Transporting-oxygen and nutrients
ex. blood – connective tissue
7. Protecting
ex. bones
RETICULAR
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE STRUCTURE: fine network of reticular fibers irregularly
- consists of relatively few protein fibers arranged
AREOLAR FUNCTIONS: provides a superstructure for lymphatic and
STRUCTURE: cells (ex. fibroblasts, macrophages and hemopoietic tissues
lymphocytes) within a fine network of mostly collagen fibers; LOCATION: within the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
often merges with denser
connective tissue
FUNCTIONS: loose packing,
support, and nourishment for
the structures with which it is
associated
LOCATION: widely distributed throughout the body;
substance on which epithelial basement membranes rest;
packing between glands, muscles, and nerves; attaches the
skin to underlying tissues

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

-Dense collagenous (mostly collagen fibers) and Dense elastic
(abundant elastic fibers)
-Dense regular – collagen fibers are oriented in the same
direction
-Dense irregular – collagen fibers are oriented in many
different directions

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DENSE REGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE DENSE IRREGULAR ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
STRUCTURE: matrix composed of collagen fibers running in STRUCTURE: matrix composed of bundles and sheets of
somewhat the same direction collagenous and elastic fibers oriented in multiple directions
FUNCTIONS: able to withstand great pulling forces exerted in FUNCTIONS: capable of strength, with stretching and recoil in
the direction of fiber orientation; great tensile strength and several directions
stretch resistance LOCATION: elastic arteries
LOCATION: tendons and ligaments

DENSE REGULAR ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE (CARTILAGE)

STRUCTURE: matrix composed of regularly arranged collagen Cartilage - composed of chondrocytes (cartilage cells) located
fibers and elastic fibers within lacunae
FUNCTIONS: able to stretch and recoil like a rubber band, with - Contains collagen that provides flexibility & strength
strength in the direction of fiber orientation - Provides support, can withstand compressions
LOCATION: vocal folds and elastic ligaments between the - Heals slowly after an injury
vertebrae and along the dorsal aspect of the neck HYALINE
-Most abundant type and Covers the ends of bones
-Forms smooth resilient surfaces in joints that can withstand
repeated compression
STRUCTURE: collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed
in the matrix, making it appear transparent; the chondrocytes
are found in spaces, or lacunae, within the firm but flexible
matrix
DENSE IRREGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE FUNCTIONS: allows the growth of long bones; provides rigidity
TISSUE of long bones; provides rigidity with some flexibility in the
STRUCTURE: matrix composed of collagen fibers that run in trachea, bronchi, ribs, and nose; forms strong, smooth, yet
all directions or in alternating planes or fibers oriented in a somewhat flexible articulating surfaces; forms the embryonic
somewhat single direction skeleton
FUNCTIONS: tensile strength capable of withstanding LOCATION: growing long bones, cartilage rings of the
stretching in all directions respiratory system, costal cartilage of ribs, nasal cartilages,
LOCATION: sheaths; most of the dermis of the skin; organ articulating surface of bones, embryonic skeleton
capsules and septa; outer covering of body tubes

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FIBROCARTILAGE SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE (BONE)
-Has more collagen than hyaline cartilage - Hard connective tissue
-Can withstand compression - Consists of living cells & mineralized matrix
-able to resist pulling or tearing forces - Osteocytes (bone cells) are located within lacunae
STRUCTURE: collagen fibers similar to those in hyaline - Supports & protect other tissues and organs
cartilage; the fibers are more numerous than in other cartilages SPONGY BONE
and are arranged in thick bundles STRUCTURE: latticelike network of scaffolding characterized
FUNCTIONS: somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding by trabeculae with large spaces between the filled with
considerable pressure; connects structures subjected to great hemopoietic tissue; the osteocytes, or bone cells, are located
pressure within the lacunae in the trabeculae
LOCATION: intervertebral disks, symphysis, pubis, articular FUNCTIONS: acts as scaffolding to provide strength and
disks (knee, temporomandibular/jaw joints) support without the greater weight of compact bone
LOCATION: in the interior of the bones of the skull, vertebrae,
sternum, and pelvis; in the ends of the long bones

ELASTIC CARTILAGE
- Contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen & proteoglycans COMPACT
- appear as coiled fibers among bundles of collagen fibers. STRUCTURE: hard, bony matrix predominates; many
- Able to recoil to its original shape when bent osteocytes (not seen in this bone preparation) are located
STRUCTURE: similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix also within lacunae that are distributed in a circular fashion around
contains elastic fibers the central canals; small passageways connect adjacent
FUNCTIONS: provides rigidity with even more flexibility than lacunae
hyaline cartilage because elastic fibers return to their original FUNCTIONS: provides great strength and support; forms a
shape after being stretched solid outer shell on bones that keeps them from being easily
LOCATION: external ear, epiglottis, and auditory tube broken or punctured
LOCATION: outer portions of all bones, the shafts of long
bones

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FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE CARDIAC MUSCLES
Blood- Matrix is liquid, enabling blood cells to move through STRUCTURE: cylindrical and striated and have a single,
blood vessels centrally located nucleus; they are branched and connected to
- Liquid matrix enables blood to flow rapidly through the one another by intercalated disks, which contain gap junctions
body, carrying nutrients, oxygen (gas exchange), waste FUNCTIONS: pumps the blood; is under involuntary
products, and other materials. (unconscious control)
STRUCTURE: blood cells and a fluid matrix LOCATION: heart
FUNCTIONS: transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones,
nutrients, waste products, and other substances; protects the
body from infections (white blood cells), and is involved in
temperature regulation
LOCATION: within the blood vessels; white blood cells
frequently leave the blood vessels and enter and the interstitial
spaces

SMOOTH MUSCLES
STRUCTURE: tapered at each ends, not striated, and have
single nucleus
FUNCTIONS: regulates the size of organs, forces fluid through
tubes, controls the amount of light entering the ye, and
produces "goose bumps" in the skin; under involuntary
(unconscious) control
LOCATION: hollow organs like stomach and small and large
intestines
MUSCLE TISSUE
- Able to contract or shorten, making movement possible
- Muscle cells are sometimes called muscle fibers
SKELETAL MUSCLES
STRUCTURE: appear striated (banded); cells are large, long
and cylindrical, with many nuclei located at the periphery
FUNCTIONS: moves the body; is under voluntary (conscious
control)
LOCATION: attached to bone or other connective tissue

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NERVOUS TISSUE
- forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. 3. Synovial Membranes :
- Responsible for coordinating and controlling many body • line joint cavities
activities (body communication) • secrete synovial fluid (lubricating fluid), which makes
- consists of neurons (nerve cells) and support cells the joints slippery, reducing friction and allowing
- neuron is responsible for conducting action potentials and is smooth movement within the joint
composed of three parts: a cell body, dendrites, and an axon
MULTIPOLAR NEURON TISSUE DAMAGE AND INFLAMMATION
STRUCTURE: consist of dendrites, a cell body, and a long Inflammation- occurs when tissues are damaged
axon; glia or support cells, surround the neurons - Results from the immediate and painful events
FUNCTIONS: transmit information in the form of action that follow trauma
potentials, store "information", and integrate and evaluate data; - Signals the body’s defenses (white blood cells)
glia support, protect, and form specialized sheaths around to destroy foreign materials and damaged cells
axons so repair can occur
LOCATION: brain, spinal cord, ganglia
SYMPTOMS:
1. Redness (Rubor): blood vessels dilate
2. Heat (Calor): due to increased blood flow
3. Swelling (Tumor): from water and proteins
4. Pain (Dolor): nerve endings are stimulated by
damage and swelling
5. Disturbance of function

Chronic Inflammation- results when the agent causing injury is

not removed or something else
interferes with the healing process.
* chronic- long-term

TISSUE REPAIR
- the substitution of viable cells for dead cells by:
• Regeneration- new cells of same type as those destroyed
develop (no scar); normal function is restored
• Fibrosis- destroyed cells are replaced by different cell
types (scar)
- involves clot formation, inflammation, the formation of
granulation tissue, and the regeneration or fibrosis of tissues.
TISSUE MEMBRANES In severe wounds, wound contracture can occur.
Membrane
• a thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or KINDS OF TISSUE
lines of a cavity Labile – skin, mucous membrane
There are four tissue membranes in the body: - Continuously dividing throughout life
• skin, or cutaneous membrane, is the external membrane Stable – liver, pancreas
• mucous, serous, and synovial membranes belong to - Not continuously dividing but capable of producing
internal membranes new type of tissue once needed
Permanent – nervous, muscle
TYPES OF TISSUE MEMBRANES - Not capable of producing new type of tissue once
1. Mucous Membranes damaged
• line cavities that open to the outside of the body (digestive, EFFECTS OF AGING ON TISSUES
respiratory, and reproductive tracts). • Cells divide more slowly as people age.
• They contain glands and secrete mucus. • Injuries heal more slowly.
• Functions: protection, absorption, & secretion • Extracellular matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers
2. Serous Membranes becomes less flexible and less elastic.
• line trunk cavities that do not open to the outside of the • Consequently, skin wrinkles, elasticity in arteries is
body (pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities). reduced, and bones break more easily.
• do not contain mucous glands but do secrete serous fluid.

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ADDITIONAL INFOS FROM THE BOOK CHANGES IN EPITHELIAL CELLS:
free surface- can be smooth or lined --occurs when cells are subjected to long-term irritation or
- smooth- reduce friction as materials moves across it abnormal conditions
- lined- with microvilli(absorption or secretion) or cilia ex. smokers experience changes in the epithelium of
(propel materials along the free surface) the larger airways. the pseudiostratified which performs
base surface- adjacent to basement membrane cleaning function by removing mucus or debris from the
basement membrane- secreted partly by epithelial cells and passageways, is replaced by stratified squamous which is
partly by the cells of the underlying tissues resistant to irritation but does not perform cleaning function
-function as a filter/barrier to the movement of cells
goblet cell- mucus secretion
simple squamous - found in simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar
-prevents abrasion between organs in pericardial, pleural and single goblet cell- unicellular because they secrete mucus onto
peritoneal cavities epithelial surfaces
-outer surfaces of organs are covered with simple squamous
epithelium that secretes slippery fluid, that lubricates the ground substance- shapeless background against which cells
surfaces between the organs, preventing damage from friction and collagen fibers can be seen
when organs rub against one another or the body wall proteoglycans- resemble the limbs of pine trees, with proteins
forming the branches and the polysaccharides forming the pine
simple cuboidal needles.
- has greater volume than simple squamous and contain more
cell organelles -blast: produce matrix
- some has cilia that moves mucus over the free surface or -cyte: maintain it
microvilli that increase the surface area for secretion and -clast: break it down
absorption
fibroblast- form fibers and ground substance in the cellular
simple columnar matrix of fibrous connective tissue
- contain organelle that enables them to perform complex fibrocytes- cells that maintains it
functions osteoblast- forms bones
- simple columnar of the small intestine produces and secretes osteocytes- maintains bone
mucus and digestive enzymes osteoclast- break down bone
mucus- clear, viscous (thick) fluid macrophages- large wbc that are capable of ingesting foreign
substances
pseudostratified columnar mast cells- nonmotile cells that release chemicals like
-secretes mucus, which covers its free surface histamine that promote inflammation
- cilia on the free surface moves mucus and the debris that
accumulates in it CATEGORIES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
embryonic and adult
stratified squamous adipocytes- periphery located nucleus
-capable of dividing and producing new cells loose- less collagen fiber, more ground substance
- as the cells flatten, the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells is dense- more collage fiber, less ground substance
replaced by the protein called keratin, and cells die hyaline- mukhang transparent
-dead cells provide protection against abrasion, and form a elastic cartilage: purple dots- chondrocytes
barrier that prevents microorganisms and toxic chemicals from compact bone:
entering the body, and reduces the loss of water from the body bilog- osteon
- nonkeratinized provides protection against abrasion and acts central canal- center of osteon
as mechanical barrier, preventing microorganisms from nucleus- side of osteon (osteocytes)
entering the body
- can be found in the area where abrasion can occur (skin, anal
canal and vagina

cuboidal and columnar cells often has many secretory vesicles

that contains mucus
simple cuboidal cell has many mitochondria which produce
ATP

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