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5
Learning Competency
I can describe the location of genes in
chromosomes.
In biology, what is the smallest unit that can
live on its own and that makes up all living
organisms?

A. Organs C. Tissues
B. Cells D. Systems
The Cell
A human organism consists
of millions of cells that are
capable of reproduction
and composed of different
functional organelles.
The Cell
The cell control unit is called the nucleus which carries
the genetic material of an organism.
The Cell
Within the nucleus are the chromosomes which are
threadlike structures where genes are found.
The Chromosomes
Chromosomes are thread-like structures in which DNA
is tightly bundled in the nucleus.
The Chromosomes
DNA is coiled around
proteins called histones,
which provide structural
support.
Chromosomes help ensure
that DNA is replicated and
distributed appropriately
during cell division.
The Chromosomes
Each chromosome has a centromere, which divides the chromosome
into two sections – the p (short) arm and the q (long) arm. The
centromere is located at the cell’s constriction point, which may or may
not be the center of the chromosome.
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Lesson 2: Non-mendelian
Inheritance
Target Competency
I can explain the different patterns of non-
Mendelian inheritance.
Gregor Johann Mendel
(1822 – 1884)
• He is known as the father of genetics.
• In 1900s, his work with pea plants was
recognized by the scientific community
and acknowledged its significance.
• To date, Mendel’s basic principle of
genetic inheritance are considered valid
and remain the cornerstone of the study
of genetics.
(Page 58)
Genetics Studies: Similar and Differences
• Genetics – branch of biology that studies heredity
information
• It examines and explains the similarities and differences between
or among organisms.
• Heredity – refers to the passing of characteristics (e.g., eye
color, height, texture of hair, shape of earlobes, and skin
color) from parents to offspring.
• Variation – the differences among individuals belonging to
the same species.
(Page 57)
Alleles – two forms of gene. It is responsible for the observed trait.

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Genetic Terminologies
Dominant Trait – an allele always expressed/observed when present. It is
represented by CAPITAL LETTERS (R).

Recessive Trait– an allele always only expressed/observed when the organisms

is homologous for that allele. It is represented by LOWERCASE LETTER (r).

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Genetic Terminologies
Genotype – the gene responsible for the observed character (e.g. RR, Rr, rr).
Phenotype – the observable behavior of traits. (e.g. red & white).

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Genetic Terminologies
Homozygous Genotype – gene combination of two recessive or two
dominant genes (e.g. RR or rr), also known as pure.
Heterozygous Genotype – gene combination of one dominant and one
recessive genes. (e.g. Rr), also known as hybrid.

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Predicting the Results of Genetic Cross
The expected results of a genetic cross can be predicted
using a Punnet Square.
Purple-flowered Garden Pea (PP)
white-flowered Garden Pea (pp)

P P
p Pp Pp
p Pp Pp
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Let’s Try This!
Solve the possible outcome using a punnett square
between round seeds (RR) and wrinkled seeds (rr).
Round Seed (RR)

R R
r Rr
Wrinkled Seeds (rr)

Rr Genotype:
Rr only (4:4)
r Rr Rr Phenotype:
Round Seeds (100%)
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 NON-MENDELIAN PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE

Incomplete Multiple Sex-linked

Codominance
dominance alleles Traits

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NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE:
NON – MENDELIAN INHERITANCE #1
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

✓ A heterozygote shows a phenotype

that is intermediate between the
two homozygous phenotypes.
✓ Neither allele is dominant over the
o t h e r.
✓ Example: A cross between a pure
r e d - f l o w e r e d f o u r o ’c l o c k plant
with a pure white- flowered four
o ’c l o c k p l a n t r e s u l t s t o a pink-
f l o w e r e d f o u r o ’c l o c k p l a n t .

Figure 1. Punnett square showing a cross

between red and white four o’clock flowers
NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE:
NON – MENDELIAN INHERITANCE #2
CODOMINANCE

✓ This result s when one allele is NOT

d o m i n a n t o v e r t h e o t h e r.
✓ The resulting heterozygotes exhibit
the traits of both parents.
✓ Example: Red cows crossed with
white cows results into roan (refers
to cows with red hair and white
blotches) cows.
NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE:
NON – MENDELIAN INHERITANCE #3
MULTIPLE ALLELES Phenotype (Blood Genotype
Type)

✓S o m e t i m e s , e ve n i f o n l y A IA IA ; IA i
t wo a l l e l e s co n t ro l a t ra i t , B IB IB ; IB i
t h e re m ay a c t u a l l y b e m o re AB IA IB
than t wo phenotypes O ii
Table 1. The human ABO blood type
ex p re s s e d .
✓E xa m p l e : T h e A B O syst e m .
B l o o d t y p e i s co nt ro l l e d b y
t h re e a l l e l e s : A , B, O b u t
t h e re a re a c t u a l l y fo u r
b l o o d t y p e s A , B, A B a n d O.
Sex Chromosomes
Two of the chromosomes (the X and the Y chromosome)
determine your sex as male or female when you are born.
They are called sex chromosomes: Females have 2 X
chromosomes. Males have 1 X and 1 Y chromosome.

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NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE:

Traits inherited through the X

chromosome
NON – MENDELIAN INHERITANCE #4
SEX-LINKED TRAITS

✓S ex - l i n ke d t ra i t s are
inherited through the X Genotype Phenotype
c h ro m o s o m e s . XX Normal female
✓M a l e s h av e o n l y o n e X XXC Normal female, carrier of the gene
chromosome. Thus, if they XCXC Color-blind female
i n h e r i t t h e a ffe c t e d X , t h e y XY Normal male
w i l l h av e t h e d i s o r d e r.
XCY Color-blind male
✓F e m a l e s h av e two X
chromosomes. T h e r e fo r e Table 3. Phenotypes and Genotypes of color
blindness in humans
t h e y c a n i n h e r i t /c a r r y t h e
t ra i t w i t h o u t b e i n g a f fe c t e d
i f i t a c t s i n a r e c e s s i ve
m a n n e r.
✓E xa m p l e : X - l i n ke d t ra i t s
Let’s Practice! (Collaborative LAS Work)
• Mystery Bull
• What’s Your Blood Type
• Boy or Girl
How do use this to this idea
to make our community
better?
Application of Genetics in Plant Breeding
•Scientists now use genetics engineering to
impart desirable characteristics to food crops.
• Genetically modified (GM) foods are created using
the latest genetic engineering methodologies.
Application of Genetics in Plant Breeding
Genetically modified rice with pest
and drought resistance.

Bt corn with insecticidal ability.

Flavr Savr tomatoes with longer

shelf life.
Application of Genetics in Transgenic Animals
• Through genetic engineering, transgenic animals contain
foreign genes in their cells for pharmaceutical purposes.
• Genetic engineering is also used in breeding of farm
animals with improved characteristics.
• The cloning of animal from a nonreproductive adult was
also made possible.
 Aha! And Uh?
Three concepts that I have Three things that I still find
understood well confusing