CMPS102: Introduction to Analysis of Algorithms Prof.

Abhradeep Guha Thakurta

University of California Santa Cruz April 12, 2017

Homework 1 – Due April 21st, 2017 on Canvas

Homework Guidelines
Please make sure you read the collaboration policy, and write the following as the first line of your
homework: “I have read and agree to the collaboration policy. hYour namei.” Your homework will
not be graded if you do not write this.

Collaboration policy Collaboration on homework problems is permitted, but not encouraged. You
are allowed to collaborate with at most two students enrolled in the class. You must mention the name
of your collaborators clearly on the first page of your submission. Even if you collaborate, you are
expected to write and submit your own solution independent of others, and your collaboration should
be restricted to discussions only. Also, you should be able to explain your solution verbally to the
course staff if required to do so. Collaborating with any one not enrolled in the class, or taking help
from any online resources for the homework problems is strictly forbidden.
The Computer Science Department of UCSC has a zero tolerance policy for any incident of aca-
demic dishonesty. If cheating occurs, consequences within the context of the course may range from
getting zero on a particular assignment, to failing the course. In addition, every case of academic
dishonesty will be referred to the student’s college Provost, who sets in motion an official disciplinary
process. Cheating in any part of the course may lead to failing the course and suspension or dismissal
from the university.

How to submit your solutions Each problem must be typed up separately (in at least an 11-point
font) and submitted in the appropriate assignment box on the Canvas website as a PDF file.

This means that you will submit 4

separate files on Canvas, one for each
problem!
You are strongly encouraged, but not required, to format your problem solutions in LATEX. Tem-
plate HW files and other LATEXresources are posted on the course webpage. LATEXis a free, open-source
scientific document preparation system. Most technical publications in CS are prepared using this tool.
You might want to acquire a LATEX manual or find a good online source for LATEX documentation.
The top of each problem should include the following:
• your name,

• the acknowledgement to the collaboration policy,

• Your choice of homework heavy versus homework light grading,

• the names of all people you worked with on the problem (see the handout ”Collaboration and
Honesty Policy”), indicating for each person whether you gave help, received help or worked
something out together, or ”Collaborators: none” if you solved the problem completely alone.

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Solution guidelines For problems that require you to provide an algorithm, you must give the
following:

1. a precise description of the algorithm in English and, if helpful, pseudocode,

2. a proof of correctness,

3. an analysis of running time and space.

You may use algorithms from class as subroutines. You may also use any facts that we proved in class.
You should be as clear and concise as possible in your write-up of solutions. Understandability of
your answer is as desirable as correctness, because communication of technical material is an important
skill. A simple, direct analysis is worth more points than a convoluted one, both because it is simpler
and less prone to error and because it is easier to read and understand. Points might be subtracted
for illegible handwriting and for solutions that are too long. Incorrect solutions will get from 0 to 30%
of the grade, depending on how far they are from a working solution. Correct solutions with possibly
minor flaws will get 70 to 100%, depending on the flaws and clarity of the write up.

Assigned Problems
Exercises (Do not hand in) Chapter 1, Problems 1-3, 5. Chapter 2, Problems 3-5, 7.

Following are the problems to be handed in, 25 points each.

1. (Resident Matching, 2-page limit – your solutions should fit on two sides of 1 page).

The situation is the following. There were m teams at Google, each with a certain number of
available positions for hiring interns. There were n students who want internships at Google this
summer, each interested in joining one of the teams. Each team had a ranking of the students
in order of preference, and each student had a ranking of the teams in order of preference. We
will assume that there were more students who want an internship at Google than there were
slots available in the m teams.
The interest, naturally, was in finding a way of assigning each student to at most one team
at Google, in such a way that all available positions in all teams were filled. (Since we are
assuming a surplus of potential interns, there would be some students who do not get assigned
to any team.) We say that an assignment of students to Google teams is stable if neither of the
following situations arises.

• The first type of instability that can occur is that there is a team t, and there are students
s and s0, so that
– s is matched with t, and
– s0 is assigned to no team, and
– t favors s0 over s.
• The second type of instability that can occur is that there are teams t and t0 and students
s and s0 so that
– s is matched with t, and
– s0 is matched with t0, and

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 – t favors s0 over s, and
– s0 favors t over t0.
So we basically have the Stable Matching Problem, except that, one, teams generally want more
than one intern, and, two, there is a surplus of students who want internships at Google. Show
that there is always a stable assignment of students to Google teams, and give an algorithm to
find one.
Please give a clear description of your algorithm. Don’t forget to prove its correctness and
analyze its time and space complexity.
2. (Time complexity, 2-page limit – your solutions should fit on two sides of 1 page). Part (a)
has 15 points and part (b) has 10 points. The top of your solution for part (a) should have the
functions in order by their letter, with no spaces, commas, etc. between them. (For example,
abc). If you do not include this you will automatically lose 75% of the credit. (Functions that
are equivalent should be in alphabetical order)

(a) Rank the following functions by increasing order of growth, that is, find an arrangement
g1 , ... of the functions satisfying g1 (n) = O(g2 (n)), g2 (n) = O(g3 (n)), .... Break the functions
into equivalence classes so that f and g are in the same class if and only if f (n) = Θ(g(n)).
Note that log(·) is the base 2 logarithm, logb (·) is the base b logarithm, ln(·) is the natural
logarithm, and logc (n) denotes (log(n))c (for example, log2 (n) = log(n) × log(n)).

n
X (i + 1)
a. ln(ln n) b. n log n c. 14 log3 n d. e. log2 (n)
2
i=5
n  i
X 1
f. n2 g. h. log(n!) i. 3n j. nlog 7
2
i=1
n
2
X
k. 3i l. 2log (n) m. 2log n n. n! o. n
i=1 √
p. 2log4 n q. n r. log(n2 ) s. 4log n t. ( 45 )n

(b) For each of the following statements, decide whether it is always true, never true, or some-
times true for asymptotically nonnegative functions f and g. If it is always true or never
true, give a proof. If it is sometimes true, give one example for which it is true, and one for
which it is false.
i. f (n) + g(n) = Ω(max(f (n), g(n)))
ii. f (n) = ω(g(n)) and f (n) = O(g(n))
iii. Either f (n) = O(g(n)) or f (n) = Ω(g(n)) or both.
3. (Induction, 2-page limit – your solutions should fit on two sides of 1 page). Part (a) has 10
points and part (b) has 15 points.)

(a) (Uniform shuffling) Let A[1, · · · , n] be an array of integers. A uniform shuffle of A is

a set of n random elements from A (without replacement), such that the probability of
selecting any such set is the same. Consider the following algorithm to generate a uniform
random shuffle:

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 UniformShuffle(A)
1 for i ← n downto 1
2 do j ← random integer such that 1 ≤ j ≤ i
3 exchange A[i] and A[j]
4 return A
Prove that the algorithm indeed generates a uniform random shuffle of A. What is the
running time of the algorithm, given that generating random integer takes time O(1)?
Hint: Start by thinking of what a uniform shuffle means in terms of probability.
(b) Point out the error in the following proof by induction.
Claim: Given any set of b buses, all buses lead to the same destination.
Proof: We proceed by induction on the number of buses, b.
Base case: If b = 1, then there is only one bus in the set, and so all buses in the set lead
to the same destination.
Induction step: For k ≥ 1, we assume that the claim holds for b = k and prove that it is
true for b = k + 1. Take any set B of b + 1 buses. To show that all buses lead to the same
destination, we take the following approach. Remove one bus from this set to obtain the
set B1 with just b buses. By the induction hypothesis, all the buses in B1 lead to the same
destination. Now go back to the original set and remove a different bus to obtain a the set
B2 . By the same argument, all the buses in B2 lead to the same destination. Therefore all
the buses in B = B1 ∪ B2 must lead to the same destination, and the proof is complete.

4. (Divide and Conquer, 2-page limit – your solutions should fit on two sides of 1 page).

After dating for several years, Jack and Anthony have finally decided to move in together. As
part of this process, each of them wants to bring his n alphabetically sorted books over to the
new place. Due to some weird reason, they want to find out who owns the median book of the
joint book collection, which has 2n books. In this joint book collection, the median would be
the n-th book among the union of the 2n alphabetically sorted books.
Because their original book collections are already sorted, they manage to find out who owns
the median in Θ(log n). They did not have to reorder the joint book collection, but rather it
was enough for them to just query individual values from their original book collections. What
algorithm did they use? Prove that this algorithm is correct. Find the recurrence relation and
show that it resolves to Θ(log n).