“A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ON POST-NATAL CARE AMONG SPOUSES OF POST-NATAL

MOTHERS AT SELECTED HOSPITAL WITH VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION BOOKLET”

Section: Research Paper

ISSN 2063-5346

“A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ON POST-

NATAL CARE AMONG SPOUSES OF POST-NATAL MOTHERS AT
SELECTED HOSPITAL WITH VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION
BOOKLET”
Pooja Uttam Dabhade1*, Amarja Gosavi2

1. Tutor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing, MGM Mother Teresa College
of Nursing, Aurangabad, Maharashtra.
2. Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecological, MGM Mother Teresa
College of Nursing, Aurangabad, Maharashtra.
*Corresponding Author

DOI: 10.48047/ecb/2023.12.si4.1785

ABSTRACT
The Puerperium is the period following child birth during which the body tissues, especially
the pelvic organ revert back approximately to the pre-pregnant state both anatomically and
physiologically. According to WHO male involvement in postnatal care is one of the
interventional strategies to improve the health status of the both the mother and the baby. The
father's emotional status and interaction with the baby are particularly important because he
usually serves as the mothers primary support person.In this study the researcher found the
need to identify the spouses knowledge and attitude regarding postnatal care. As researcher
felt that there is avoidance of a postnatal care and lack of support during postnatal period so
decided to reveal the fact of knowledge and attitude of spouses regarding postnatal mother
and infant care. Aim of the Study: To assess knowledge and attitude on post natal care
among spouses of post natal mothers at selected hospital with view to develop an
Informational Booklet”Objectives: 1.To assess the level of knowledge regarding
postnatal care among spouses of postnatal mothers. 2. To determine the attitude towards
postnatal care among spouses of postnatal mothers. 3. To determine correlation between
knowledge & attitude regarding postnatal care among spouses of postnatal mothers. 4. To
find out an association between knowledge and attitude score with selected demographic
variables. Methodology: Researcher has useddescriptive research approach with cross
sectional research design. Non probability purposive sampling technique has been adopted to
select the samples. 100 spouses of post natal mothers who fulfilled the sampling criteria were
chosen as sample. A self- structured knowledge questionnaire and the attitude scale was
developed for assessing the level of knowledge and attitude of the spouses of postnatal
mothers. The tool or the study instrument is divided into 3 parts. Part A:-Socio-demographic
variables which had 11 components for retrieving data about the selected general factors like
age, gender, Educational Qualification, Part B:-Structured knowledge questionnaire regarding
Postnatal care Part C:-Attitude Scale regarding Postnatal Care. The knowledge questionnaire
contained 40 questions and the attitude scale content 20 statement to check the attitude. The

20137
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023,12(Special Issue 4), 20137-20147
“A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ON POST-NATAL CARE AMONG SPOUSES OF POST-NATAL
MOTHERS AT SELECTED HOSPITAL WITH VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION BOOKLET”

Section: Research Paper

ISSN 2063-5346
reliability is calculated by Karls Pearson’s correlation coefficient method and the reliability
of study is 0.93 for the knowledge questionnaire and the tool was found to be reliable. The
pilot study was conducted from 20/11/2019 to 25/11/2019 and the main study was conducted
from 27/11/2019, to 05/01/2020 from 100 Spouses of postnatal mothers. Result: 49.00% had
moderate knowledge, 17.00% of samples were had inadequate knowledge and 34.00% of
samples had adequate knowledge regarding post natal care. The majority of respondents
(86%) had Positive attitude, (14%) had negative attitude regarding postnatal care. There is
moderately positive relationship between knowledge and attitude i.e. (r = 0.08).
Interpretation & Conclusion: It is concluded that majority of the spouses had moderate
knowledge 17.00% of sample have inadequate knowledge and 34.00% of sample have
adequate knowledge regarding post natal care. So, there a need to even educate and aware the
spouse of regarding postnatal care.
Key words: knowledge, attitude, Post-natal care.

INTRODUCTION
The Puerperium is the period following child birth during which the body tissues, especially
the pelvic organ revert back approximately to the pre-pregnant state both anatomically and
physiologically. The retrospective changes are mostly confined to the reproductive organs
with the exception of the mammary glands which in fact show features of activity.
Puerperium begins as soon as the placenta is expelled and last for approximately 6 weeks
when the uterus becomes regressed almost to the non-pregnant size. The period is arbitrarily
divided into (a) immediate- within 24 hours, (b) early- up to 7 days, (c) remote- up to 6
weeks.1
The postpartum period is a critical transitional time for a women, her newborn and her family
on physiological and psychological levels. Proper care of the newborn babies forms the
foundation for the subsequent life, not only in terms of longevity or survival, but also in terms
of qualitative outcome without any, mental and physical disabilities. The Puerperium may be
a time of intense anxiety for many women. Some mothers have feelings of abandonment
following delivery because of a newly aimed focus on the infant.2
According to WHO male involvement in postnatal care is one of the interventional strategies
to improve the health status of the both the mother and the baby. Fathers should be
encouraged to assume an active role in infant bonding by participating in the care giving
activities. The father's emotional status and interaction with the baby are particularly
important because he usually serves as the mothers primary support person. Men can
undoubtedly play a crucial role during postnatal periods by taking care of their wives and the
babies in order to prevent maternal mortality and morbidity.3
Reproductive health research, program and policies in the past have focused almost
exclusively on women. In recent years, however, the reproductive health field has shifted its
attention to include men’s roles and involvement in women’s reproductive health,
recognizing that men’s attitudes, knowledge, and behavior can strongly influence women’s
health choices.4

20138
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023,12(Special Issue 4), 20137-20147
“A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ON POST-NATAL CARE AMONG SPOUSES OF POST-NATAL
MOTHERS AT SELECTED HOSPITAL WITH VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION BOOKLET”

Section: Research Paper

ISSN 2063-5346
NEED FOR STUDY
Promoting the involvement of husbands is a particularly promising strategy for
overcoming the first two delays: the delay in deciding to seek care and the delay in reaching
services once the decision has been made. Appropriately and effectively promoting the
involvement of men in MNH requires an understanding of the current status of male
involvement.5 A qualitative exploration among women and men of Bangladesh revealed that
there are gaps in husbands’ knowledge and involvement regarding maternal health issues.
The research conducted in Bangladesh on male involvement has been primarily qualitative in
nature, and therefore unable to quantify the gaps in knowledge, awareness and participation
of men in MNH issues and their relationship with utilization of MNH services and outcomes.
The Government of Bangladesh, in collaboration with PARI Development Trust, a local non-
governmental organization (NGO), has been implementing a health promotion program in
selected areas of a rural sub-district of Netrokona district in Bangladesh since 2008. The
health promotion program is based on the WHO framework for Working with Individuals,
Families and Communities (IFC)to improve MNH, which fosters the implementation of
community engagement/health promotion interventions.6

Men could be involved in maternal health care in the following ways: supporting
contraceptive use by women, helping pregnant women to stay healthy, arranging for skilled
care during delivery, avoiding delays in seeking medical care, helping after the baby is born,
and being responsible fathers (effective parents) .In Nigeria, where culture has been shown to
be an important factor influencing relation to women's access to available reproductive health
facilities, there is paucity of data on men's views with regard to maternal health . This study,
therefore, aimed to assess the perception, attitude and involvement of men in maternal health
care. This will help in understanding men’s disposition and serve as a guide in designing
targeted programs.7
AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of the study to assess knowledge and attitude on post natal care among spouses
of post natal mothers at selected hospital with view to develop an Informational Booklet.
MATERIAL AND METHOD

The research problem is a study to assess knowledge and attitude on post

natal care among spouses of post natal mothers at selected hospital with view to develop
an Informational Booklet. The objectives of the study are to assess the level of
knowledge regarding postnatal care among spouses of postnatal mothers,determine the
attitude towards postnatal care among spouses of postnatal mothers, determine correlation
between knowledge & attitude regarding postnatal care among spouses of postnatal mothers
and to find out an association between knowledge and attitude score with selected
demographic variables. The framework of present study is based on the Health promotion
model by Dr. Nola J. Pender.8
A descriptive research approach was used to evaluate the knowledge and attitude regarding
the post natal care. Cross sectional research design was adopted. Research setting was
selected hospital of city. The accessible population was spouses of post natal mothers

20139
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023,12(Special Issue 4), 20137-20147
“A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ON POST-NATAL CARE AMONG SPOUSES OF POST-NATAL
MOTHERS AT SELECTED HOSPITAL WITH VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION BOOKLET”

Section: Research Paper

ISSN 2063-5346
admitted in selected hospitals of city. Non probability purposive sampling technique has been
adopted. Spouses of post natal mothers who fulfilled the sampling criteria were chosen as
sample. The sample size consists 100 spouses. A structure knowledge questionnaire and the
attitude scale was developed for assessing the level of knowledge and attitude of the spouses
of postnatal mothers. The tool has 3 parts. Part A:-Socio-demographic variables, contains of
11 components for retrieving data about the selected general factors like age, gender,
Educational Qualification, Part B:-Structured knowledge questionnaire regarding Postnatal
care and Part C:-Attitude Scale regarding Postnatal Care. The knowledge questionnaire
contained 40 question and the attitude scale content 20 statement to check the attitude.
The reliability is calculated by Karls Pearson’s correlation coefficient method and the
reliability of study is 0.93 for the knowledge questionnaire and the tool was found to be
reliable. The researcher selects the 10 sample for the pilot study by Purposive Sampling.

RESULT

The data was statistically analyzed and interpreted by using descriptive and inferential
statistics. The findings were presented under the following headings.
SECTION A: DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLES ACCORDING TO DEMOGRAPHIC
VARIABLES
Table no. 1: Frequency and percentage distribution of Samples in relation to age, type of
family, religion, educational status of husband
N=100

Sr. No Demographic variable Frequency Percentage (%)

1 Age

a) 20-25 yrs 27 27%

b) 26-30 yrs 30 30%

c) 31-35 25 25%

d) 36 & more 18 18%

2 Type of Family

a) Nuclear Family 83 83%

b) Joint Family 17 17%

3 Religion

a) Hindu 53 53%

b) Muslim 33 33%

20140
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023,12(Special Issue 4), 20137-20147
“A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ON POST-NATAL CARE AMONG SPOUSES OF POST-NATAL
MOTHERS AT SELECTED HOSPITAL WITH VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION BOOKLET”

Section: Research Paper

ISSN 2063-5346
c) Christian 10 10%

d) Other 4 4%

4 Educational Status of Husband

a) Primary 8

b) Secondary 27 27%

c) Higher Secondary 33 33%

d) Graduate & above 32 32%

5 Educational Status of Wife

a) Primary 38 38%

b) Secondary 22 22%

c) Higher Secondary 24 24%

d) Graduate & above 16 16%

6 Occupation of Husband

a) Government Job 29 29%

b) Business 38 38%

c) Self employed 22 22%

d) Any Other 11 11%

7 Occupation of Wife

a) Government Job 8 8%

b) Business 14 14%

c) Homemaker 60 60%

d) Any Other 18 18%

8 Family Monthly Income

a) Less than 10,000/- 8 8%

b) Rs. 10,001/- to 20,000/- 37 37%

20141
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023,12(Special Issue 4), 20137-20147
“A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ON POST-NATAL CARE AMONG SPOUSES OF POST-NATAL
MOTHERS AT SELECTED HOSPITAL WITH VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION BOOKLET”

Section: Research Paper

ISSN 2063-5346
c) Rs.20,001/- to 30,000/- 35 35%

d) Rs. 30,001/- & above 20 20%

Sr. No. Demographic variable Frequency Percentage (%)

9 Gender Of Infant

a) Girl 52 52%

b) Boy 48 48%

10 Weight of infant

a) ≤ 2.4 10 10%

b) 2.5-3 53 53%

c) 3.1-3.5 33 33%

d) 3.6-4 4 4%

11 Method of delivery

a) Normal delivery with episiotomy 55 55%

b) Lower Segment Cesarean Section 37 37%

c) Forceps delivery 8 8%

d) Ventouse 0 0%

The finding of demographic data states as Age In Years: the majority 30% of the spouses
were between the age group of 26-30 years, 27% of the spouses were between the age group
of 20-25 years, 25% of the spouses were from age group of 31-35 years, and 18% of the
spouses were age group of 36 years & above. Type of family as majority 83% of the spouses
belong to Nuclearfamily, 17% of the spouses belong to joint family. Religion as majority
53% of the spouses belong to Hindu community, 33% of the spouses belong to Muslim
community, 10% of the spouses belong to Christian community, and 04% of the spouses
belong to Other community. Educational status of husband majority 33% of the spouses
belong Higher Secondary education, 33% of the spouses belong to Graduate & above, 27%
of the spouses belong to Secondary education, and 08% of the spouses belong to Primary
education. Educational status of wife :Majority 38% of the spouses belong to Primary
education, 24% of the spouses belong to Higher Secondary education, 22% of the spouses
belong to Secondary education, and 16% of the spouses belong to Graduate &
above.Occupation of husbandMajority 38% of the spouses belong to Business, 29% of the
spouses belong to Government Job, 22% of the spouses belong to self employed ,and 11% of

20142
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023,12(Special Issue 4), 20137-20147
“A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ON POST-NATAL CARE AMONG SPOUSES OF POST-NATAL
MOTHERS AT SELECTED HOSPITAL WITH VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION BOOKLET”

Section: Research Paper

ISSN 2063-5346
the spouses belong to Any Other. Occupation of wife Majority 60% of the wife belong to
Homemaker, 18% of the spouses belong to Any Other, 14% of the spouses belong to
Business, and 08% of the spouses belong to Government JobFamily Monthly
IncomeMajority 37% of the spouses having Family Monthly Income of Rs. 10,001/- to
20,000/-, 35% of the spouses having Family Monthly Income of Rs.20,001/- to 30,000/-,
20% of the spouses having Family Monthly Income of Rs. 30,001/- &above ,and 8% of the
spouses Family Monthly Income of Less than 10,000/-Gender Of Infant Majority 52% of the
children are Girls, 48% of the children are Boys. Weight Of Infant : Majority 53% of the
baby having Weight of infant is 2.5-3, 33% of the spouses having Weight of infant is 3.1-
3.5, 10% of the spouses having Weight of infant is ≤ 2.4,and 04% of the Weight of infant is
3.6-4. Method Of Delivery : Majority 55% of Post natal mothers gone through Normal
delivery with episiotomy ,35% of Post natal mothers gone through Lower Segment Cesarean
Section,08% of Post natal mothers gone through Forceps delivery,02% of Post natal mothers
gone through Ventouse.
SECTION B: - ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING POSTNATAL
CARE

60%
49%
50%
PERCENTAGE

40% 34%

30%

20% 17%

10%

0%
Inadequate (0-20) Moderate (21-30) Adequate (31-40)
KNOWLEDGE SCORE

Figure 1. Percentage distribution of knowledge score regarding post natal care among
spouses of post natal mothers.

Figure 1 shows that majority of the sample i.e.49.00% have moderate knowledge regarding
first postnatal care among the spouse of postnatal mother sample 17.00% of sample have
inadequate knowledge and 34.00% of sample have adequate knowledge regarding post natal
care .

20143
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023,12(Special Issue 4), 20137-20147
“A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ON POST-NATAL CARE AMONG SPOUSES OF POST-NATAL
MOTHERS AT SELECTED HOSPITAL WITH VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION BOOKLET”

Section: Research Paper

ISSN 2063-5346
SECTION C:- ASSESSMENT OF ATTITUDE REGARDING POSTNATAL CARE

PERCENTAGE
86%
100%

50%
14%
0%

Positive (0-20)
Negative (21-30)
ATTITUDE SCORE

Figure. No 2. Percentage distribution of attitude score regarding post natal care among
spouses of post natal mothers.
Figure. No 2 shows that themajority of the sample i.e.86 % have positive attitude regarding
postnatal care and 14% have negative attitude regarding postnatal care.
SECTION D:- AREA WISE ASSESSMENT OF MEAN, SD, OF KNOWLEDGE
SCORES
Table No. 2:- Area wise distribution of knowledge score

N=100

SR.NO AREA NO. OF RANGE MAX. RESPONDENTS

QUESTION SCORE
MEAN SD
1 Introduction Postnatal
3 0-3 3 2.4 0.61
Period
2 Breastfeeding 7 1-7 10 4.94 1.42
3 Nutrition 6 1-6 12 5.09 1.42
4 Exercise
6 0-6 6 4.44 1.62
5 Medication
2 0-2 2 1.07 0.78

6 Ambulation
1 0-1 1 0.72 0.45
7 Follow Up
1 0-1 1 0.86 0.34

8 Psychological Support 1 0-1 1 0.85 0.35

9 Kangaroo Mother Care
3 0-3 3 1.77 0.66
10 Baby Routine Care
3 0-3 3 1.74 1.08

20144
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023,12(Special Issue 4), 20137-20147
“A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ON POST-NATAL CARE AMONG SPOUSES OF POST-NATAL
MOTHERS AT SELECTED HOSPITAL WITH VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION BOOKLET”

Section: Research Paper

ISSN 2063-5346
11 Immunization 2 0-2 2 0.33 0.60
12 Post-Partum
2 0-2 2 0.72 0.58
Depression & Blues
13 Birth Spacing 1 0-1 1 0.04 0.19
14 Government Scheme
1 0-1 1 0.7 0.46

Table no. 2 shows that aspect wise distribution of mean and SD of Knowledge score reveals
that highest mean score (5.09) observed in the area of Nutrition, whereas the lowest mean
score (0.33) observed in immunization.

Section E: - correlation between knowledge &attitude regarding postnatal care among

spouses.

The positive correlation was identified between knowledge and attitude i.e. (r = 0.08)

Section F: - association between knowledge and the demographic variables among the
spouses
Analysis of data to find the relationship of the selected demographic variables with the
knowledge score of sample.

The calculated chi-square value is more than table value at the level of >0.05 hence there is
no significant association between knowledge level and selected demographic variables.
Therefore, Alternative assumption: there may be significant association between the
knowledge level and selected demographic variables is accepted.

There is significant association exists between knowledge and age, educational qualification
of wife, Educational Status of wife, And other demographic variables like Type of Family,
Religion, Educational Status of Husband, Occupation of Husband, Family Monthly Income,
Gender of infant, Weight of infant, Method Of Delivery, are non-significant. Hence the
research Hypothesis H0 was rejected.

Section G: - association between attitude with demographic variables among the spouses.
Association of Attitude of sample with demographic variables: Analysis of data to find the
relationship of the selected demographic variables with the Attitude score of sample.

There is a significant association exists between attitude and Type of Family , Religion,
Educational Status of wife, And other demographic variables like, age, Educational Status
of Husband, Occupation of Husband, Family Monthly Income, Gender Of infant, Weight of
infant, Method Of Delivery, are non-significant.

DISCUSSION
The first objective of this study was to assess Knowledge regarding Postnatal
care among spouses the knowledge level of spouses was found the majority of the sample

20145
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023,12(Special Issue 4), 20137-20147
“A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ON POST-NATAL CARE AMONG SPOUSES OF POST-NATAL
MOTHERS AT SELECTED HOSPITAL WITH VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION BOOKLET”

Section: Research Paper

ISSN 2063-5346
i.e.49.00% have moderate knowledge regarding first postnatal care among the spouse of
postnatal mother sample 17.00% of sample have inadequate knowledge and 34.00% of
sample have adequate knowledge regarding post natal care .

These findings were supported by the study was conducted by Nimi Tom, Jisha Joseph and
Sheela Shenai on Attitude and involvement of men in postnatal and baby . The result was
found It was revealed that majority of subjects (82.4%) had positive attitude and the
remaining 16.4% had neutral attitude towards postnatal and baby care. About men’s
involvement in postnatal and baby care, nearly half of subjects (43.9%) had poor
involvement, 24.5% had good involvement and 31.6% had limited involvement. The
researcher used Spearman Correlation to identify the relationship between attitude and
involvement score. There was no statistically significant correlation between attitude and
involvement of men in postnatal and baby care (ρ=0.167, p=0.215). Hence the hypothesis
was rejected. There was significant association between attitude of men towards postnatal
and newborn care and type of family to which the men belonged (χ2=15.56, p=0.00). The
was no association between attitude of men in postnatal and newborn care with other selected
demographic variables such as age, education, number of children, occupation, monthly
family income, mode of delivery, onset of labor, duration of marital life, sex of last child,
habits and whether the mother and baby were with the men during their postnatal period or
not.9

In Ghirmay Ghebreigziabher Beraki's cross-sectional study on postnatal care knowledge

among postpartum mothers in Asmara's maternity hospitals, findings revealed varied
awareness levels. Vaginal bleeding and fever as maternal and baby danger signs were
recognized by 83.2% and 58.8% respectively. 96% knew where to seek help for danger signs.
Injectable and oral contraceptives were identified correctly by over 90%. Nutrient recognition
ranged from 87.6% for carbohydrates to 46% for minerals. Knowledge on first baby bath,
breastfeeding frequency, umbilical care, exclusive breastfeeding duration, and vaccines
varied. Mean PNC knowledge score stood at 24.89/60, differing significantly by residence,
ethnicity, age, education, gravida, and para. Bridging these gaps, particularly among rural,
young, and lower-educated mothers, is vital.10

CONCLUSION

The Aim of the present study wasto the assess knowledge and attitude on post
natal care among spouses of post natal mothers at selected hospital with view to develop
an informational booklet. The analysis of the data has helped the investigator to get clear
understanding of the study undertaken. The interpretation drawn from the findings of the
study were based on objectives of the study. On statistical analysis, it was found that the
knowledge level of staff nurses was moderate and the practice level was average and there is
the positive correlation with the knowledge and attitude with the r value of (r=0.08). The
findings of the present study indicated that spouses had moderately adequate knowledge and
positive attitude regarding postnatal care. The knowledge and attitude will be improved after
providing the information booklet regarding postnatal care.

20146
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023,12(Special Issue 4), 20137-20147
“A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ON POST-NATAL CARE AMONG SPOUSES OF POST-NATAL
MOTHERS AT SELECTED HOSPITAL WITH VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATION BOOKLET”

Section: Research Paper

ISSN 2063-5346
REFERENCES
1. Wray S, Prendergast C, Wallace H. Physiology of the Puerperium and Lactation. The
Global Library of Women’s Medicine. Published online 2021.
doi:10.3843/GLOWM.415293

2. Lopez-Gonzalez DM, Kopparapu AK. Postpartum Care of the New Mother. StatPearls.
Published online December 11, 2022. Accessed August 16, 2023.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565875/

3. Child Y. Pregnancy and Childbirth 1. 2. Postnatal and Newborn 3. Infant and Toddler
(<3 Years) 4. The Benefits of Men’s Engagement.

4. Roudsari RL, sharifi F, Goudarzi F. Barriers to the participation of men in reproductive

health care: a systematic review and meta-synthesis. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1).
doi:10.1186/S12889-023-15692-X

5. Serbanescu F, Goodwin MM, Binzen S, et al. Addressing the First Delay in Saving
Mothers, Giving Life Districts in Uganda and Zambia: Approaches and Results for
Increasing Demand for Facility Delivery Services. Glob Health Sci Pract.
2019;7(Supplement 1):S48-S67. doi:10.9745/GHSP-D-18-00343

6. Rahman AE, Perkins J, Islam S, et al. Knowledge and involvement of husbands in

maternal and newborn health in rural Bangladesh. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth.
2018;18(1). doi:10.1186/S12884-018-1882-2

7. Greenspan JA, Chebet JJ, Mpembeni R, et al. Men’s roles in care seeking for maternal
and newborn health: A qualitative study applying the three delays model to male
involvement in Morogoro Region, Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth.
2019;19(1):1-12. doi:10.1186/S12884-019-2439-8/FIGURES/1

8. Nola Pender: Health Promotion Model (Theory Guide) - Nurseslabs. Accessed August
16, 2023. https://nurseslabs.com/nola-pender-health-promotion-model/

9. Tom N, Nursing M, Joseph J, Shenai S. Attitude and involvement of men in postnatal

and baby care. International Journal of Applied Research. 2018;4(10):437-441.
Accessed August 16, 2023.
https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/?year=2018&vol=4&issue=10&part=F&
ArticleId=5331

10. Beraki GG, Tesfamariam EH, Gebremichael A, et al. Knowledge on postnatal care
among postpartum mothers during discharge in maternity hospitals in Asmara: A
cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20(1):1-10.
doi:10.1186/S12884-019-2694-8/TABLES/8

20147
Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023,12(Special Issue 4), 20137-20147