POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION

by LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin

UNIT 3
Gases Respiratorios:

18 PART A
Intercambio y
Transporte

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION

DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN

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En este capítulo
 La difusión y la solubilidad de los gases
 El intercambio de gases en los pulmones y los
tejidos
 Transporte de gases en la sangre
 La regulación de la ventilación

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Overview

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Overview

O2

Airways

Alveoli of lungs
O2
1 Oxygen exchange
at alveolar-capillary
O2
interface
Pulmonary
circulation

Systemic
circulation

Cells

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Overview

O2

Airways

Alveoli of lungs
O2
1 Oxygen exchange
at alveolar-capillary
O2
interface
Pulmonary
circulation 2 Oxygen transport

Systemic
circulation

Cells

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-1, steps 1–2
Overview

O2

Airways

Alveoli of lungs
O2
1 Oxygen exchange
at alveolar-capillary
O2
interface
Pulmonary
circulation 2 Oxygen transport

Systemic
circulation O2

3 Oxygen exchange
at cells
CO2 O2
Cellular
Cells respiration
Nutrients
ATP

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Overview

O2

Airways

Alveoli of lungs
O2
1 Oxygen exchange
at alveolar-capillary
O2
interface
Pulmonary
circulation 2 Oxygen transport

Systemic
circulation O2

4 CO2 exchange 3 Oxygen exchange

at cells at cells
CO2 O2
Cellular
Cells respiration
Nutrients
ATP

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Overview

O2

Airways

Alveoli of lungs
O2
1 Oxygen exchange
at alveolar-capillary
O2
interface
Pulmonary
circulation 2 Oxygen transport

5 CO2 transport
Systemic
CO2 circulation O2

4 CO2 exchange 3 Oxygen exchange

at cells at cells
CO2 O2
Cellular
Cells respiration
Nutrients
ATP

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-1, steps 1–5
Overview

CO2 O2

Airways

Alveoli of lungs
CO2 O2
6 CO2 exchange 1 Oxygen exchange
at alveolar-capillary at alveolar-capillary
CO2 O2
interface interface
Pulmonary
circulation 2 Oxygen transport

5 CO2 transport
Systemic
CO2 circulation O2

4 CO2 exchange 3 Oxygen exchange

at cells at cells
CO2 O2
Cellular
Cells respiration
Nutrients
ATP

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Difusión y Solubilidad
 Área superficial
 Constante
 Gradiente de concentración
 factor más importante
 Espesor de la membrana
 Constante
 Distancia de difusión
 Constante

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Movimiento de Gases
 Gradiente de presión
 Solubilidad
 Temperatura

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Comportamiento de los gases en solución

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Comportamiento de los gases en solución

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Comportamiento de los gases en solución

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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Intercambio Gaseoso en los Alvéolos y las Células

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Intercambio Gaseoso en loas Alvéolos y las Células

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Intercambio Gaseoso en loas Alvéolos y las Células

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Intercambio de Gases
 Cambios Patológicos
 Disminución de la cantidad de área superficial
alveolar
 Incremento del espesor de la membrana alveolar
 Incremento de la distancia de difusión entre el aire
alveolar y la sangre.
 Enfermedades Respiratorias:
 de corta duración o que se prolongan en el tiempo:
 agudas
 crónicas.

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Enfermedades Respiratorias.
• Hipoxia.
• Anoxia
• Asfixia
• Bronquitis -Agudas y Crónicas
• EPOC (cualquier enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva
crónica)
• Cáncer de pulmón
• Tabaquismo
• Asma

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Intercambio Gaseoso en los Alvéolos: Patologías

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Intercambio Gaseoso en los Alvéolos: Patologías

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Intercambio Gaseoso en los Alvéolos: Patologías

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Intercambio Gaseoso en los Alvéolos: Patologías

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Enfermedades Respiratorias.
 Las sustancias irritantes comprenden el smog, polvo,
aerosoles domésticos, humo de cigarrillo, aire frío o
seco.
 El humo del cigarrillo irrita las vías respiratorias tanto
de los fumadores como no fumadores.
 La nicotina paraliza el movimiento de los cilios.
 Los leucocitos no pueden despejar el exceso de
mucus, éste se acumula y produce tos.

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Enfermedades infecciosas
 Resfriado común o Catarro
 Influenza
 Sinusitis
 Neumonía
 Tuberculosis
 Pleuritis o Pleuresía

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Presiones Parciales

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Hipoxia

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Causas de Baja PO2 alveolar
 El aire inspirado tiene un contenido anormalmente
bajo de oxígeno
 Altitud
 La ventilación alveolar es inadecuada
 Distensibilidad pulmonar disminuida
 Aumento de la resistencia de las vías respiratorias
 Sobredosis de drogas

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Transporte de Oxígeno

Capillary ARTERIAL BLOOD

endothelium

O2

Alveolus

Alveolar
membrane

Cells

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Transporte de Oxígeno

Capillary ARTERIAL BLOOD

endothelium

O2 dissolved in plasma (~ PO2) < 2%

O2

Alveolus

Alveolar
membrane

Cells

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-6 (2 of 9)
Transporte de Oxígeno

Capillary ARTERIAL BLOOD

endothelium

O2 dissolved in plasma (~ PO2) < 2%

O2 O2 + Hb

Red blood cell

Alveolus

Alveolar
membrane

Cells

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Oxygen Transport

Capillary ARTERIAL BLOOD

endothelium

O2 dissolved in plasma (~ PO2) < 2%

O2 O2 + Hb Hb•O2
> 98%
Red blood cell
Alveolus

Alveolar
membrane

Cells

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-6 (4 of 9)
Transporte de Oxígeno

Capillary ARTERIAL BLOOD

endothelium

O2 dissolved in plasma (~ PO2) < 2%

O2 O2 + Hb Hb•O2
> 98%
Red blood cell
Alveolus

Alveolar
membrane
Transport
to cells Cells

Hb•O2

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-6 (5 of 9)
Oxygen Transport

Capillary ARTERIAL BLOOD

endothelium

O2 dissolved in plasma (~ PO2) < 2%

O2 O2 + Hb Hb•O2
> 98%
Red blood cell
Alveolus

Alveolar
membrane
Transport
to cells Cells

Hb•O2 Hb + O2

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-6 (6 of 9)
Transporte de Oxígeno

Capillary ARTERIAL BLOOD

endothelium

O2 dissolved in plasma (~ PO2) < 2%

O2 O2 + Hb Hb•O2
> 98%
Red blood cell
Alveolus

Alveolar
membrane
Transport
to cells Cells

Hb•O2 Hb + O2 O2

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-6 (7 of 9)
Oxygen Transport

Capillary ARTERIAL BLOOD

endothelium

O2 dissolved in plasma (~ PO2) < 2%

O2 O2 + Hb Hb•O2
> 98%
Red blood cell
Alveolus

Alveolar
membrane
Transport
to cells Cells

Hb•O2 Hb + O2 O2

O2 dissolved in plasma

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-6 (8 of 9)
Oxygen Transport

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Oxygen Transport

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Transporte de Oxígeno

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Saturación de Hb

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La Molécula de Hemoglobina
La cantidad de oxígeno unido a la hemoglobina depende de la
PO2 en el plasma

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Curvas de Unión (Disociación) de O2 a Hb

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Curvas de Unión (Disociación) de O2 a Hb

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Saturación de Hb
El 2,3-DPG (2 3 difosfoglicerato) altera la afinidad de la
HB por el O2

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Factores que contribuyen al O2 total en sangre
arterial

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Transporte del Dióxido de Carbono
 Disuelto: 7%
 Convertido a anión bicarbonato: 70%
 Unido a hemoglobina: 23%
 Hemoglobina también une H+
 Hb + CO2: carbaminohemoglobina

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Transporte de Dióxido de Carbono en sangre
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
respiration Red blood cell
in CO2 + Hb Hb•CO2 (23%) Cl–
peripheral
tissues HCO3– HCO3– in
CA
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 plasma (70%)
H+ + Hb Hb•H

Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane
Transport
to lungs

Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2

Hb•CO2 Hb + CO2
Cl– Alveoli
CA
HCO3– HCO3– H2CO3 H2O + CO2
in
plasma Hb•H H+ + Hb

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-14
Transporte del Dióxido de Carbono en sangre
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2

Cellular
respiration
in
peripheral
tissues

Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane

Alveoli

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-14 (1 of 17)
Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
respiration
in
peripheral
tissues

Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane

Alveoli

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-14 (2 of 17)
Transporte del Dióxido de Carbono en sangre
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
respiration Red blood cell
in CO2
peripheral
tissues

Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane

Alveoli

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-14 (3 of 17)
Transporte del Dióxido de Carbono en sangre
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
respiration Red blood cell
in CO2 + Hb Hb•CO2 (23%)
peripheral
tissues

Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane

Alveoli

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-14 (4 of 17)
Transporte del Dióxido de Carbono en sangre
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
respiration Red blood cell
in CO2 + Hb Hb•CO2 (23%)
peripheral
tissues
CA
CO2 + H2O H2CO3

Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane

Alveoli

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-14 (5 of 17)
Transporte del Dióxido de Carbono en sangre
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
respiration Red blood cell
in CO2 + Hb Hb•CO2 (23%)
peripheral
tissues HCO3–
CA
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
H+ + Hb

Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane

Alveoli

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-14 (6 of 17)
Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
respiration Red blood cell
in CO2 + Hb Hb•CO2 (23%)
peripheral
tissues HCO3–
CA
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
H+ + Hb Hb•H

Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane

Alveoli

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-14 (7 of 17)
Transporte del Dióxido de Carbono en sangre
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
respiration Red blood cell
in CO2 + Hb Hb•CO2 (23%) Cl–
peripheral
tissues HCO3– HCO3– in
CA
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 plasma (70%)
H+ + Hb Hb•H

Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane

Alveoli

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-14 (8 of 17)
Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
respiration Red blood cell
in CO2 + Hb Hb•CO2 (23%) Cl–
peripheral
tissues HCO3– HCO3– in
CA
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 plasma (70%)
H+ + Hb Hb•H

Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane
Transport
to lungs

Alveoli

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-14 (9 of 17)
Transporte del Dióxido de Carbono en sangre
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
respiration Red blood cell
in CO2 + Hb Hb•CO2 (23%) Cl–
peripheral
tissues HCO3– HCO3– in
CA
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 plasma (70%)
H+ + Hb Hb•H

Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane
Transport
to lungs

Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2

Alveoli

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-14 (10 of 17)
Transporte del Dióxido de Carbono en sangre
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
respiration Red blood cell
in CO2 + Hb Hb•CO2 (23%) Cl–
peripheral
tissues HCO3– HCO3– in
CA
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 plasma (70%)
H+ + Hb Hb•H

Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane
Transport
to lungs

Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2

Hb•CO2 Hb + CO2
Alveoli

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-14 (11 of 17)
Transporte del Dióxido de Carbono en sangre
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
respiration Red blood cell
in CO2 + Hb Hb•CO2 (23%) Cl–
peripheral
tissues HCO3– HCO3– in
CA
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 plasma (70%)
H+ + Hb Hb•H

Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane
Transport
to lungs

Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2

Hb•CO2 Hb + CO2
Alveoli

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-14 (12 of 17)
Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
respiration Red blood cell
in CO2 + Hb Hb•CO2 (23%) Cl–
peripheral
tissues HCO3– HCO3– in
CA
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 plasma (70%)
H+ + Hb Hb•H

Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane
Transport
to lungs

Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2

Hb•CO2 Hb + CO2
Cl–
Alveoli
HCO3– HCO3–
in
plasma

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-14 (13 of 17)
Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
respiration Red blood cell
in CO2 + Hb Hb•CO2 (23%) Cl–
peripheral
tissues HCO3– HCO3– in
CA
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 plasma (70%)
H+ + Hb Hb•H

Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane
Transport
to lungs

Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2

Hb•CO2 Hb + CO2
Cl–
Alveoli
HCO3– HCO3–
in
plasma Hb•H H+ + Hb

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-14 (14 of 17)
Transporte del Dióxido de Carbono en sangre
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
respiration Red blood cell
in CO2 + Hb Hb•CO2 (23%) Cl–
peripheral
tissues HCO3– HCO3– in
CA
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 plasma (70%)
H+ + Hb Hb•H

Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane
Transport
to lungs

Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2

Hb•CO2 Hb + CO2
Cl–
Alveoli
HCO3– HCO3– H2CO3
in
plasma Hb•H H+ + Hb

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-14 (15 of 17)
Transporte del Dióxido de Carbono en sangre
VENOUS BLOOD
CO2 Dissolved CO2
(7%)
Cellular
respiration Red blood cell
in CO2 + Hb Hb•CO2 (23%) Cl–
peripheral
tissues HCO3– HCO3– in
CA
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 plasma (70%)
H+ + Hb Hb•H

Capillary
endothelium
Cell membrane
Transport
to lungs

Dissolved CO2 Dissolved CO2 CO2

Hb•CO2 Hb + CO2
Cl–
Alveoli
CA
HCO3– HCO3– H2CO3 H2O + CO2
in
plasma Hb•H H+ + Hb

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-14 (16 of 17)
Transporte del Dióxido de Carbono en sangre

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Transporte del Dióxido de Carbono en sangre

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Transporte de gases: Summary

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