26 Matrices

Prof. Dr.
Zekeriya ALTAÇ 12/13/2011

MMF Makine Mühendisliği zaltac@ogu.edu.tr
CALCULUS- I
Week 11, Part 1:
MATRICES
P f Dr.
Prof. D Zekeriya
Z k i ALTAÇ
Eskişehir Osmangazi University
School of Engng & Architecture
MATRICES
MATR ICES j th column
A matrix is a
⎡ a11 a12 .. .. a1 j .. .. a1n ⎤
rectangular
g ⎢ ⎥
⎢ a21 a22 .. .. a2 j .. .. a2 n ⎥
array of
⎢ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ⎥
numbers. ⎢ ⎥
⎢ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ⎥ i th row
A=⎢ ⎥
⎢ ai1 ai 2 .. .. aij .. .. ain ⎥
⎢ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ⎥
⎢a .. .. amj .. .. amn ⎥⎦
⎣ m1 am 2 m× n
Element of ith row and jth column
Title goes here 1

Prof. Dr. Zekeriya ALTAÇ 12/13/2011
Matrice Notations
⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎛1 2⎞
A Boldface typeset ⎢3 4 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎜ ⎟
⎝3 4⎠
A = [aij ]n×m
A Double strike over

⎡1 ⎤
⎢1 ⎥
A One strike over=Column vector ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 ⎥⎦ 3×1
In the matrix ⎡ a11 a12 … a1n ⎤

⎢a a22 a2 n ⎥⎥
A = ⎢ 21
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ am1 am 2 amn ⎦
numbers aij are called elements or entries. First
subscript indicates the row; second subscript indicates
the column. The matrix consists of mn elements or
entries.
It is called “the m × n matrix A = [aij] m×n” or simply
“the matrix A ” if number of rows and columns are
understood.
Title goes here 2

Order of a Matri
Matrice
ce
A matrice with m rows and n columns has an
order (or size) m x n.
⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡2 3 1⎤
A = ⎢⎢ 3 - 4 ⎥⎥ B = ⎢⎢5 4 2 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 5 6 ⎥⎦ 3×2 ⎢⎣1 6 3⎥⎦ 3×3
⎡4 5 6⎤
C=⎢
⎣7 -8 2 ⎥⎦ 2×3
Row matrice [3 2 1 − 4]1×4

⎡2⎤
Column matrice
⎢3⎥
⎢ ⎥
Square matrice ⎡ 2 4⎤ ⎢⎣1 ⎥⎦ 3×1
⎢ −1 7 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ 2×2
⎡0 0 0 0⎤
⎢0 0 0 0 ⎥⎦ 2×4
⎣ Zero matrice
Title goes here 3

EQUALITY OF MATRICES
Two matrices A = [aij ]n×m and B = [bij ]n×m are said to
be equal (A = B) iff each element of A is equal to the
corresponding element of B, i.e., aij = bij for 1<i < m,
1< j < n.
iff pronouns “if and only if”
if A = B, it implies aijj = bijj for 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n;
if aij = bij for 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n, it implies A = B.
NOTE: Equality between matrices of different sizes
does not exist.
EXAMPLES
⎡ a 2 −2 ⎤ ⎡ −2 2 x ⎤
If ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ y 3 1 ⎥ , then
⎣ 0 b c ⎦ 2×3
2 3 ⎣ ⎦ 22×33
a = −2, b = 3, c = 1, x = −2, y = 0
⎡a b⎤ ⎡ 1 − 2⎤
If ⎢ = , then
⎣c d ⎥⎦ 2×2 ⎢⎣ −3 4 ⎥⎦ 2×2
a = 1, b = −2, c = −3, d = 4
Title goes here 4

EXAMPLE Find a, b, c, and d so that

⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1⎤ ⎡ 4 3 ⎤
⎢ c d ⎥ − ⎢ −5 6 ⎥ = ⎢ −2 4 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ a − 2 b + 1 ⎤ ⎡ 4 3⎤
⎢ c + 5 d − 6 ⎥ = ⎢ −2 4 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Use the definition of equality to change this matrix
equation into 4 real number equations:
a–2=4 b+1=3 c+5=–2 d–6=4
a=6 b=2 c = –7 d = 10
SCALAR MULTIPLE OF MATRICES

If A = [aij ]n×m is any matrice and β is any number, then
the pproduct (or p )), βA is a new n × m
( scalar multiple
matrice and its entries are found by multiplying the
original entries of A by β.
βA = β[aij ]n×m = [β aij ]n×m
β is called a scalar.
Title goes here 5

EXAMPLES
⎡ −1 2 3 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −2 − 3 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
(−1) ⎢⎢ 6 −7 9 ⎥⎥ = ⎢ −6 7 −9 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 −4 8 ⎥⎦ 3×3 ⎢⎣ 0 4 −8⎥⎦ 3×3
⎡1 2 3 ⎤ ⎡3 6 9 ⎤
(3) ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 1 4 ⎦ 2×3 ⎣0 3 12 ⎦ 2×3 ⎡ 3⎤ ⎡6⎤
(2) ⎢⎢1 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 2 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 3×1 ⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦ 3×1
ADDITION//SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES
ADDITION
If A = [aij ]n×m and B = [bij ]n×m are both matrices of

the same order, then A ± B is a new n × m matrice that
is found by adding/subtracting corresponding entries
from each matrice. Or in other words, for all i and j
A ± B = [aij ]n×m ± [bij ]n×m = [aij ± bij ]n×m
NOTE: Addition or subtraction operations of

matrices of different sizes cannot be performed.
Title goes here 6

EXAMPLE ⎡ 4 −3 1 ⎤ ⎡ −1 2 3 ⎤
⎢ 0 5 −2 ⎥ + ⎢ 6 −7 9 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 −6 0 ⎥⎦ 3×3 ⎢⎣ 0 −4 8 ⎥⎦ 3×3
⎡ 4 − 1 −3 + 2 1 + 3 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 4 ⎤
= ⎢⎢ 0 + 6 5 − 7 −2 + 9 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 6 −2 7 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 5 + 0 −6 − 4 0 + 8 ⎥⎦ 3×3 ⎢⎣ 5 −10 8 ⎥⎦ 3×3
EXAMPLE ⎡ 4 −3 1 ⎤ ⎡ −1 2 3 ⎤
⎢ 0 5 −2 ⎥ − ⎢ 6 −7 9 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 −6 0 ⎥⎦ 3×3 ⎢⎣ 0 −4 8 ⎥⎦ 3×3
⎡ 4 − (−1) −3 − (2) 1 − (3) ⎤

= ⎢⎢ 0 − (6) 5 − (−7) −2 − (9) ⎥⎥
⎣⎢ 5 − (0) −6 − (−4) 0 − (8) ⎦⎥ 3×3
⎡ 5 −5 −2 ⎤
= ⎢⎢ −6 12 −11⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 5 −2 −8 ⎥⎦ 3×3
Title goes here 7

⎡1 2 3⎤ ⎡ 1 −1 2 ⎤
⎢ −2 3 0 ⎥ ⎢0 2 2⎥
(2) ⎢ ⎥ + (3) ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 4 −2 3 ⎥ ⎢ 3 −1 3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣1 0 −2 ⎦ 4×3 ⎣ 0 1 2 ⎦ 4×3
⎡ 5 1 12 ⎤
⎢ −4 12 6 ⎥
=⎢ ⎥
⎢17 −7 15 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣2 3 2 ⎦ 4×3
⎡ 2 −1 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ 5 1 2 −2 ⎤
(3) ⎢ ⎥ − ( 4) ⎢ 1 −2 3 −3 ⎥
⎣ 3 0 3 −2 ⎦ 2×4 ⎣ ⎦ 2×4
⎡ −14 −7 −8 14 ⎤
=⎢
⎣ 5 8 −3 6 ⎥⎦ 2×4
Title goes here 8

Properties of Addition
If the order of the matrices A, B and C is same size
A = [aij ]n×m , B = [bij ]n×m and C = [cij ]n×m then
(i) A + B = B + A (Commutativity)
(ii) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Associativity)
(iii) If m and n are scalars, then (Distributivity)
( ) m(A
(a) (A + B) = mA
A + mB
B
(b) (m + n)A = mA + nA
(iv) A + (-A) = O (Inverse operation)
EXAMPLE Find a matrice C such that A+B+C is a

zero matrice,
⎡2 0 1⎤ ⎡ 2 1 −1⎤
A=⎢ ⎥ , B = ⎢0 2 1 ⎥
⎣ 3 −1 0 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Since A + B + C = 0
⎡ 2 0 1 ⎤ ⎡ 2 1 −1⎤ ⎡0 0 0⎤
+
⎢ 3 −1 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 2 1 ⎥ + C = ⎢0 0 0⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡4 1 0⎤ ⎡0 0 0⎤ ⎡ −4 −1 0 ⎤
⇒⎢ ⎥ + C = ⎢0 0 0⎥ C=⎢ ⎥
⎣3 1 1⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ −3 −1 −1⎦
Title goes here 9

EXAMPLE ⎛ ⎡3 x −1⎤ ⎡ 4 1 ⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 26 0 ⎤
2 ⎜ ⎢ + ⎟=
Solve the eq
⎝⎣ 8 5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 − y ⎥⎦ ⎠ ⎢⎣12 8 ⎥⎦
⎡3 x + 4 −1 + 1⎤ ⎡ 26 0⎤
2⎢ ⎥ =⎢
⎣ 8 − 2 5 − y ⎦ ⎣12 8 ⎥⎦
⎡6 x + 8 0 ⎤ ⎡ 26 0⎤
⎢ 12 ⎥ =⎢
⎣ 10 − 2 y ⎦ ⎣12 8 ⎥⎦
6 x + 8 = 26 ⇒ x = 3
10 − 2 y = 8 ⇒ y = 1
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
If A = [aij ]n× p and B = [bij ] p×m are matrices, then the
product (or matrice multiplication) is a new matrice
with size n × m whose ij'th entry is found by summing
the multiplication of the i th row of A with the j th row
of B of the same entry.
C = AB = [aij ]n×m [bij ]m×r = [cij ]n×r
n
cij = ai1b1 j + ai 2b2 j + + ainbnj = ∑ aik bkj
k =1
Title goes here 10

Matrix operations Matrix multiplication
For a product to be defined, the number of columns

of A must be equal
q to the number of rows of B.
A B = AB
mxr rxn mxn
inside
outside
CAUTION!!! Column and row entries of following

matrices must be the same…
LEGAL
LEGAL
ILLEGAL
Title goes here 11

c1 c2 c3
r1⎡ −1 2 ⎤
⎢
r2 2 3 ⎥ ⎡1 2 3 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 1 4⎥
r3 ⎢
⎣ ⎦ 2×3
⎣ 5 0 ⎥⎦ 3×2
[ ]3×2 [ ]2×3 = [ ]3×3
LEGAL
c12 = (−1)2 + (2)(1) = 0

c33 = (5)3 + (0)(4) = 15
EXAMPLE Evaluate C = AB.

⎡ −1 2 ⎤
⎡ 1 2 3 ⎤ ⎢ 2 3⎥
A=⎢ ⎥ B = ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 1 4 ⎦ 2×3 ⎢⎣ 5 0 ⎦⎥ 3×2
[ ]2×3 [ ]3×2 = [ ]2×2
⎧ c11 = 1(−1) + 2(2) + 3(5) = 18

⎪ c = 1(2) + 2(3) + 3(0) = 8
⎪
→ ⎨ 12
⎪c21 = 0(−1) + 1(2) + 4(5) = 22 ⎡18 8⎤
⎪⎩ c22 = 0(2) + 1(3) + 4(0) = 3 C=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 22 3⎦ 2×2
Title goes here 12

EXAMPLE ⎡ 3 2⎤ ⎡1 −4 ⎤
Find AB and BA
A=⎢ ⎥ , B = ⎢2 1 ⎥
⎣ −1 0 ⎦ 2×2 ⎣ ⎦ 2×2
⎡ 3 2⎤ ⎡1 4⎤ ⎡ 7 −10 ⎤
AB = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2 1 ⎥ = ⎢ −1 4 ⎥
⎣ −1 0 ⎦ 2×2 ⎣ ⎦ 2×2 ⎣ ⎦ 2×2
⎡1 −4 ⎤ ⎡ 3 2 ⎤ ⎡7 2⎤
BA = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ −1 0 ⎥ = ⎢ 5 4⎥
⎣ 2 1 ⎦ 2×2 ⎣ ⎦ 2×2 ⎣ ⎦ 2×2
NOTE THAT AB ≠BA
⎡5 1⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 2 −1 0 2 ⎤ ⎢ 1 −2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3 0 3 −2 ⎦ 2×4 ⎢ 2 3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ −2 −3⎦ 4×2
⎡ 5 −2 ⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 25 18 ⎦ 2×2
Title goes here 13

⎡ 1 2 −1⎤
⎢ 0 3 1 ⎥ ⎡ 2 −1 −1 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 3 1 1 ⎥
⎢ 1 −1 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎢ ⎥
⎥ ⎣ 4 1 −1 0 ⎦ 3×4
⎣ 2 1 − 1⎦ 4×3
⎡ −2 4 2 4⎤
⎢ 4 10 2 3 ⎥⎥
=⎢
⎢10 −2 −4 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 5 ⎦ 4×4
EXAMPLE ⎡ 3 −2 ⎤
If A = ⎢ ⎥ , find k to satisfy A 2 = kA − 2I 2
⎣ 4 −2 ⎦
⎡ 3 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −2 ⎤
A2 = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 4 −2 ⎥ = ⎢
⎣ 4 − 2 ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 4 −4 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 3k −2k ⎤ ⎡ −2 0 ⎤
⎢⎣ 4 −4 ⎥⎦ = ⎢ 4k +
−2k ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −2 ⎥⎦
⎣
Comparing the corresponding
⎡3k − 2 −2k ⎤ elements of the two matrices ,
=⎢
−2k − 2 ⎥⎦
we get 3k –2=1, –2k= –2, 4=4k,
⎣ 4k –4=–2k–2. Taking any of the
four equations, we get k=1
Title goes here 14

Properties of Matrice Multiplication

Matrices A, B and C are conformable,
1. A(B + C) = AB + AC (Left distribution)
2. (A + B)C = AC + BC (Right distribution)
3. A(BC) = (AB)C (Right&Left multiplication)
4. (αA)B=A (αB)= α(AB) (Scalar commutativity)
5 AB ≠ BA in general
5.
6. AB = 0 NOT necessarily imply A = 0 or B = 0
7. AB = AC NOT necessarily imply B = C
BE CAREFUL!!! DIVISION OPERATION

OF MATRICES IS NOT DEFINED!...
1 ⎡? ? ⎤
≠⎢
⎡a b⎤ ⎡ u v ⎤ ⎣? ?⎥⎦
⎢c d ⎥⎦ ⎡? ?⎤ ⎢w t ⎥
⎣ ≠ ⎣ ⎦
⎡u v ⎤ ⎢⎣? ?⎥⎦
⎢w t ⎥⎦ ⎡1 0⎤
⎣ ⎢0
⎣ 1 ⎥⎦ ⎡? ?⎤
≠
⎡u v ⎤ ⎢⎣? ?⎥⎦
⎢w t ⎥⎦
⎣
Title goes here 15

TYPES OF MATRICES
⎡ a11 a12 … a1n ⎤
Rectangular matrice ⎢a ⎥
⎢ 21 a22 a2 ⎥
order m×n
n
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
Column matrice ⎣ am1 am 2 amn ⎦ m×n
⎡ a11 ⎤
⎢a ⎥
⎢ 21 ⎥ Row matrice
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ [ a11 a12 a1n ]1×n
⎣ am1 ⎦ m×1
Upper & Lower Triangular Matrices
A square matrice whose ⎡ a11 a12 … a1n ⎤

elements aij = 0, for i > j is ⎢0 a a ⎥
⎢ 22 2 n ⎥
called upper triangular ⎢ ⎥
matrice ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 ann ⎦
A square matrice whose ⎡ a11 0 … 0 ⎤

elements aij = 0, for i < j is ⎢a ⎥
called lower triangular ⎢ 21 a22 0 ⎥
matrice ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ an1 an 2 ann ⎦
Title goes here 16

EXAMPLES
⎡3 5 ⎤ ⎡ 6 1 −1⎤
⎢ 0 −2 ⎥ ⎢0 7 4 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 5 ⎥⎦
⎡2 0 0 0⎤
⎢ 1 −2 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎡ −2 0 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎢ 5 3 0⎥
⎢ 3 −4 5 0⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 1 −1 2 ⎥⎦
⎣ 4 −1 1 2⎦
Square Matrices ⎡ a11 a12 … a1n ⎤

⎢a a a ⎥
A=⎢ 21 22 2 n ⎥
⎢ ⎥
9 When m = n, ⎢ ⎥
⎣ an1 an 2 ann ⎦ n×n
9 A is called a “square matrice of order n” or
“n-square matrice”
9 elements a11, a22, a33,…, ann called

g
diagonal elements.
n
9 ∑a
i =1
ii = a11 + a22 + ... + ann
is called the trace of A.
Title goes here 17

Identity Matrices, In
9 In particular, a11 = a22 = … = ann = 1, the
matrice is called identity matrice
⎡1 0⎤
I2 = ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 1 ⎦ ⎡1 0 … 0⎤
⎢0 1 0 ⎥⎥
⎡1 0 0 ⎤
In = ⎢
I 3 = ⎢⎢0 1 0⎥⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 1 ⎦ n×n
Diagonal Matrices
Both upper and lower ⎡ a11 0 … 0 ⎤
triangular, i.e., aij = 0, for ⎢0 a 0 ⎥⎥
i ≠ j , i.e., is called a ⎢ 22
diagonal matrice,and ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
it can be simply stated ⎣0 0 ann ⎦ n×n
as D = diag[ a11 , a22 ,..., ann ]
⎡3 0 0 0⎤
⎡6 0 0⎤ ⎢ 0 −1 0 0 ⎥⎥
⎡3 0 ⎤ ⎢0 7 0⎥ ⎢
⎢ 0 −2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 0 5 0⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 5 ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 2⎦
Title goes here 18

Symmetric & Skew Symmetric

Matrices
A matrice A such that ⎡1 2 3 ⎤
AT = A is called ⎢ 2 4 −5⎥
symmetric matrice, i.e., ⎢ ⎥
aji = aij for all i and j.
⎢⎣ 3 −5 6 ⎥⎦
A matrice A such that ⎡1 −2 −3⎤

AT = –A is called skew- ⎢2 4 5 ⎥
symmetric matrice, i.e., ⎢ ⎥
aji = –aij for all i and j.
⎢⎣ 3 −5 6 ⎥⎦
Tridiagonal Matrices
⎡ d1 a1 0 0 0 ⎤
⎢b d 0 0 ⎥⎥
nal
⎢ 2 2 a2
Above diagon
⎢ 0 b3 d3 a3 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 ⎥
⎢ bn−1 d n−1 an−1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 0 bn d n ⎥⎦ n×n
Below diagonal
diagonal
Title goes here 19

TRANSPOSE OF MATRICES
The matrix obtained by interchanging the
rows and columns of a matrice A is
called the transpose of A. Its transpose
is denoted by AT.
For a matrice A = [aij]m×n its transpose

AT = [bij]n×m, where bij = aji.
[m×n] T→ [n×m]
Properties of Transpose
Matrices A and B are matrices of the same order,
1. (αA)T = αAT where α is a scalar constant

2. (A+B)T = AT +BT
3. (AT)T = A
4. (A)T =A (if A is a symmetric matrice)
Title goes here 20

EXAMPLES
⎡1 4⎤
⎡1 2 3⎤
A=⎢ ⎥ AT = ⎢⎢ 2 5 ⎥⎥
⎣ 4 5 6 ⎦ 2×3 ⎢⎣ 3 6 ⎥⎦ 3×2
⎡3⎤
A = ⎢⎢ −1⎥⎥ AT = ⎡⎣ 3 −1 4 ⎤⎦
1×3
⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦ 3×1
⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡1 3 ⎤
A=⎢ ⎥ A =⎢
T
⎥
⎣3 −1⎦ 2×2 ⎣ 2 −1⎦ 2×2
⎡5 -1⎤ ⎡2 1⎤
EXAMPLE If A = ⎢ ⎥ and B = ⎢ ⎥
⎣6 7 ⎦ ⎣3 4⎦
verify that (A+B)T=AT+BT
⎡5 -1⎤ ⎡2 1⎤ ⎡7 0 ⎤ T ⎡7 9 ⎤
A +B = ⎢ +
⎥ ⎢ =
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ∴ ( A + B ) = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 6 7 ⎦ ⎣3 4 ⎦ ⎣9 11⎦ ⎣0 11⎦
⎡ 5 6⎤ ⎡2 3 ⎤ ⎡7 9 ⎤
AT = ⎢ ⎥ and B T
= ⎢ ⎥ ∴ A T + BT = ⎢ ⎥
⎣-1 7 ⎦ ⎣1 4⎦ ⎣0 11⎦
Hence, (A+B)T=AT+BT
Title goes here 21

EXAMPLE Find the values of x, y, z ⎡0 2y z⎤

⎢ y -z ⎥⎥
if the matrix obeys the A = ⎢x
⎢⎣x -y z ⎥⎦
law AAT= I.
⎡0 x x⎤ ⎡0 2y y z ⎤⎡ 0 x x ⎤
A T = ⎢⎢ 2y y −y ⎥⎥ AA T = ⎢⎢ x y -z ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢2y y -y ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ z −z z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ x -y z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z -z z ⎥⎦
⎡ 4y 2 + z 2 2y 2 - z 2 -2y 2 + z 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤
⎢ ⎥
= ⎢ 2y 2 - z 2 2
x +y +z2 2
x 2 - y 2 - z 2 ⎥ = ⎢⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
2
⎢⎣-2y + z
2
x 2 - y 2 - z2 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 ⎥⎦
Equating the elements of column 2 , we get

2 y2 − z2 = 0 Eq. (1)
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 Eq. (2)
x2 − y 2 − z 2 = 0 Eq. (3)
1
Adding Eq. (2) and (3), we get 2x 2 = 1 ⇒ x = ±
2
Form Eq. (1), z2 = 2y2
Putting the value of y2 in
1
+ y2 +2y2 =1
1 Eq (1),
Eq. (1) we get
2
1 1 ⎛1⎞ 1
⇒ 3y2 = , y = ± z2 = 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ z =
2 6 ⎝6⎠ 3
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⎡2 1 −1⎤
EXAMPLE Find x , if [ x 4 −1] ⎢⎢1 0 0 ⎥⎥ [ x 4 −1] =0
T
⎢⎣2 2 4 ⎥⎦
⎡2 1 −1⎤
[ x 4 −1] ⎢⎢1 0 0 ⎥⎥ = [ 2x + 4 − 2 x − 2 − x − 4]
⎢⎣2 2 4 ⎥⎦
⎡x⎤
[2 x + 2 x−2 − x − 4 ] ⎢⎢ 4 ⎥⎥ = 0
⎢⎣ − 1⎥⎦ 2 x2 + 7 x − 4 = 0
1
⇒ (2 x 2 + 2 x + 4 x − 8 + x + 4) = 0 x= or x = −4
2
Row Echelon or Reduced Row

Echelon Form of a Matrice
⎡1 # # #⎤
Row echelon form
⎢0 1 # # ⎥⎥
⎢
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 # ⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0 #⎤
⎢0 1 0 # ⎥⎥
⎢ Reduced row echelon form
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 # ⎥⎦
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ELEMENTARY ROW OPERATIONS

Operations that can be performed without
altering the solution set of a linear system
1 Interchange
1. I t h any two
t rows
2. Multiply every element in a row by a nonzero
constant
3. Add elements of one row to corresponding
elements of another row
We are going to work with our augmented matrix to get it in a form
that will tell us the solutions to the system of equations. The three
things above are the only things we can do to the matrix but we
can do them together (i.e. we can multiply a row by something and
add it to another row).
RULE 1. Interchange Two Rows

With this operation we will interchange
all the entries in row i (ri) and row j (rj).
The notation is ri r j or ri ↔ r j
⎡2 1 −1⎤ ⎡2 2 4 ⎤ r1 r3
⎢1 −1 3 ⎥ ∼ ⎢1 −1 3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣2 2 4 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣2 1 −1⎥⎦
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RULE 2. Multiply a Row by a

Non--zero Constant ( c ≠ 0 )
Non
In this operation,
operation row i (ri) can be
multiplied by a constant c and it is
overwritten on row i. The notation will use
here is cri ← ri. Note that we can also
divide a row by a constant using the
notation ri /c ← ri
⎡2 1 −1⎤ ⎡4 2 −2⎤ r1 ← 2r1

⎢1 3 1 ⎥ ∼ ⎢⎢1 3 1 ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣2 2 4 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 1 2 ⎥⎦ r3 ← r3 / 2
⎡1 5 ⎤ ⎡1 5⎤
⎢2 −1⎥ ⎢ 4 −2⎥ r ← 2r
⎢ ⎥ ∼⎢ ⎥ 2 2
⎢3 0 ⎥ ⎢3 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 2 ⎦ ⎣ −1 −2 ⎦ r4 ← (−1)r4
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RULE 3. Add a Multiple of a

Row to Another Row
In this operation,
operation row i (ri ) is replaced with
the sum of row i (ri ) and a constant c times
row j (crj ). The notation is ri +crj ← ri. To
perform this operation, an entry from row i is
taken and c times the corresponding entry
from row j is added to row i, and the result is
overwritten into row i.
⎡1 2 −2⎤ ⎡1 2 −2⎤
⎢1 3 1 ⎥ ∼ ⎢01 13 31 ⎥ r ← r + (−11))r
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 2 2 1
⎢⎣2 −2 4 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣02 −6
42 84 ⎦⎥ r3 ← r3 + (−2
2))r1
r2 1 3 1
(−r1 ) −1 − 2 2
+ 0 1 3
r3 2 −2 4
(−2r1 ) −2 − 4 4
+ 0 −6 8
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Prof. Dr.

Zekeriya ALTAÇ 12/13/2011

Element of ith row and jth column

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A Double strike over

In the matrix ⎡ a11 a12 … a1n ⎤

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Row matrice [3 2 1 − 4]1×4

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EXAMPLE Find a, b, c, and d so that

SCALAR MULTIPLE OF MATRICES

βA = β[aij ]n×m = [β aij ]n×m

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If A = [aij ]n×m and B = [bij ]n×m are both matrices of

A ± B = [aij ]n×m ± [bij ]n×m = [aij ± bij ]n×m

NOTE: Addition or subtraction operations of

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⎡ 4 − (−1) −3 − (2) 1 − (3) ⎤

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EXAMPLE Find a matrice C such that A+B+C is a

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Matrix operations Matrix multiplication

For a product to be defined, the number of columns

CAUTION!!! Column and row entries of following

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c12 = (−1)2 + (2)(1) = 0

EXAMPLE Evaluate C = AB.

⎧ c11 = 1(−1) + 2(2) + 3(5) = 18

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Properties of Matrice Multiplication

BE CAREFUL!!! DIVISION OPERATION

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Upper & Lower Triangular Matrices

A square matrice whose ⎡ a11 a12 … a1n ⎤

A square matrice whose ⎡ a11 0 … 0 ⎤

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Square Matrices ⎡ a11 a12 … a1n ⎤

9 elements a11, a22, a33,…, ann called

is called the trace of A.

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Symmetric & Skew Symmetric

A matrice A such that ⎡1 −2 −3⎤

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For a matrice A = [aij]m×n its transpose

Matrices A and B are matrices of the same order,

1. (αA)T = αAT where α is a scalar constant

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EXAMPLE Find the values of x, y, z ⎡0 2y z⎤

Equating the elements of column 2 , we get

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Row Echelon or Reduced Row

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ELEMENTARY ROW OPERATIONS