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    1.RC Circuits

    Uploaded by

    Naveen Ch
    The document describes RC circuits and their use as integrators and differentiators. Key points: - RC circuits can be used to integrate or differentiate input signals depending on the relative values of the time constant (RC) and signal period. - For differentiating, the time constant must be much less than the period. For integrating, it must be much greater. - The output signal shape depends on whether the time constant is less than, equal to, or greater than the input signal period.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    1.RC Circuits

    Uploaded by

    Naveen Ch
    284 views7 pages
    The document describes RC circuits and their use as integrators and differentiators. Key points: - RC circuits can be used to integrate or differentiate input signals depending on the relative values of the time constant (RC) and signal period. - For differentiating, the time constant must be much less than the period. For integrating, it must be much greater. - The output signal shape depends on whether the time constant is less than, equal to, or greater than the input signal period.

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    The document describes RC circuits and their use as integrators and differentiators. Key points: - RC circuits can be used to integrate or differentiate input signals depending on the relative values of the time constant (RC) and signal period. - For differentiating, the time constant must be much less than the period. For integrating, it must be much greater. - The output signal shape depends on whether the time constant is less than, equal to, or greater than the input signal period.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    284 views7 pages

    1.RC Circuits

    Uploaded by

    Naveen Ch
    The document describes RC circuits and their use as integrators and differentiators. Key points: - RC circuits can be used to integrate or differentiate input signals depending on the relative values of the time constant (RC) and signal period. - For differentiating, the time constant must be much less than the period. For integrating, it must be much greater. - The output signal shape depends on whether the time constant is less than, equal to, or greater than the input signal period.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
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    The key takeaways are the operation and analysis of RC circuits as differentiators and integrators based on their time constants in relation to the input signal period.

    The objectives are to analyze the voltage and current graphs for a capacitor charged through a resistor from a DC source, write equations for instantaneous capacitor voltage, define and use the time constant, and sketch differentiating and integrating circuits.

    An RC circuit acts as a differentiator when the time constant is much less than the input signal period, and as an integrator when the time constant is much greater than the input signal period.

    RC CIRCUITS Objectives:You will be able to Draw voltage & Current graphs for a capacitor being changed via a resistor

    or from a dc voltage source & explain the shape of the graphs. Write the equation for instantaneous capacitor voltage in a series RC Circuit with a DC voltage source. Calculate the capacitor and resistor voltages at any time from the instant of supply switch-on when the capacitor is initially uncharged and when it is already partially charged. Define the time constant for a series RC Circuit and derive equations relating various levels of capacitor voltage, charging time, and time constant. Perform calculations involving the circuit time constant. Show how the input circuit of an amplifier can be represented as an RC Circuit. Perform calculations involving R, C, the circuit upper cutoff frequency the rise time at the output, the circuit lower cutoff frequency and the tilt on the top of a rectangular output waveform. Sketch differentiating & integrating circuits explain their operation and determine the expected output voltages for given inputs. Introduction:When a capacitor is charged from a dc voltage source through a resistor the Instantaneous level of capacitor voltage may be calculated at any given time. There is a definite relationship between the time constant of an RC circuit and the times required for the capacitor to charge to approximately 63% and 99% of the input voltage. Also, an important relationship exists between the time constant of a circuit and the rise time of the output voltage from the circuit. Depending upon the arrangement of the RC circuit, it may be employed as an integrator or a differentiator.
    DEPT. OF ECE,NITW PULSE CIRCUITS LAB

    1.1

    Experiment No.1 RC CIRCUITS Aim:- To design an integrator and a differentiator and observe the output for Square wave inputs. Components and Equipments:-Resistors, Capacitors, function generator, CRO, Groove board, BNC, Patch cards, clips. 1) Circuit diagram:C Vi R + Vo Fig1.1: High pass RC Circuit Design:- Let the lower 3db frequency (fc) = 5kHz fc = 1/2 RC Assume C= 10nF then R = 3.183K Procedure1:Differentiating circuit: Construct an RC differentiating circuit as in figure1.1 using R = 2.2K and C = 0.1f. Apply a 10V, 500Hz square wave input and monitor both input & output waveform on a (dc- coupled) Oscilloscope. Sketch the input and output waveform for f = 500Hz carefully noting the amplitude and the phase relationship between input & output. Change the signal frequency to 50 Hz, 5KHz & 50KHz in turn. Sketch the input & Output waveforms in each case. Change the input to triangular waveform and again repeat the above procedures .

    DEPT. OF ECE,NITW

    PULSE CIRCUITS LAB

    1.2

    Square wave input:T1 Vi V' V V'' Vdc t T2

    Vo When >>T A1 A2 T T1 Input wave Vi T2 V t O/p wave (peaking of The square wave result from a time constant small Compared with T) -V T The square wave response of a high pass RC circuit. The dashed curve would represent the o/p if RC>>T The percentage tilt P is defined by P = (V1-V1)/V/2 x 100 T/ 2RC x 100% fc/f x 100%
    DEPT. OF ECE,NITW PULSE CIRCUITS LAB

    V t

    1.3

    Where f = 1/T is the frequency of the applied input square wave V1 V1' V T/2 V2 Observations:i/p voltage: ________(p-p) Frequency (Hz) o/p (V) gain (db) Phase (deg) T/2 V2' t

    Expected wave form:Gain (db) 3db

    fc Results:Lower 3db frequency (fc) =________KHz Phase shift at cut off freq =________ Time constant of the circuit =_____ sec Percentage of Tilt (P) =______
    DEPT. OF ECE,NITW

    freq

    PULSE CIRCUITS LAB

    1.4

    Conclusion:- 1) It acts as a differentiator, when <<T 2) The dc component of the o/p is always is zero. 2) Circuit diagram:R V i

    +
    C

    Vo Fig1.2: Low Pass RC Cicrcuit Design:- Let the upper 3db frequency (fc) = 5KHz Fc = 1/2 RC Assume C = 10nF then R = 3.183K Procedure2:Integrating circuit: 2-1.Rearrange R & C as an integrating circuit as illustrated in fig 1.2. 2-2. Repeat procedures 1-2 through 1-5 for the integrating circuit. Square wave I/P:V' T V Vdc V'' t

    DEPT. OF ECE,NITW

    PULSE CIRCUITS LAB

    1.5

    O/P waveform:(i) RC<<T 0.9V 0.1V t tr (ii) RC = T V2 V1 t

    (iii) RC >> T V3

    V4

    t Observations:I/P voltage =_______(p-p) Frequency (Hz) Output (V) Gain (db) Phase (deg)

    DEPT. OF ECE,NITW

    PULSE CIRCUITS LAB

    1.6

    Typical frequency response: Gain (db) 3db fc Results:Upper 3db frequency (fc) =_____kHz Phase shift at cutoff freq =______o Time constant of the circuit =_____sec Rise time (tr) =______ns. Analysis: Discuss each output waveform in comparison to the input & explain the shape of the outputs in terms of the circuit time constant. Calculate the expected output amplitude with the 500Hz triangular wave input to the differentiating circuit. Compare to the measured output amplitude. Calculate the expected output amplitude when the 50KHz square wave input is applied to the integrating circuit. Compare to the measured output amplitude. Conclusion:The low pass RC circuit acts as an integrator when RC >>T. freq

    DEPT. OF ECE,NITW

    PULSE CIRCUITS LAB

    1.7

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