Thyriod Gland

By
Sehrish Maqsood
Roll no 20937
2017-GCUF-017488
Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirements for the degree of
BACHELOR “S IN FINE ARTS (HONS)
IN
TEXTILE DESIGN

DEPARTMENT OF FINE ARTS

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY, FAISALABAD
 DEDICATION

I heartedly dedicated this project to Allah Almighty, thank you for the guidance,
strength, power of mind, protection and skills and for giving us a healthy life.
And lastly we dedicated this work to our beloved family members and mentors who
are a source of inspiration and gave us strength when we thought of giving up, who
continually provide their moral, spiritual, and emotional support
I dedicate my dissertation work to my family and many friends. A special feeling
of gratitude to my loving parents, whose words of encouragement and push for
tenacity ring in my ears. My sister and brothers have never left my side and are very
special.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of Allah, the most gracious and the most merciful Alhamdulillah, all
praises to Allah for the strength and his blessing in completing this thesis.
I need to thank individuals for this work who have bolstered me through each good
and bad particularly my parent and guides. I would like to thank Sir wajahat Ali to
provide a proper platform to explore the expression and application of human
creative skills and imagination. I would like to express my gratitude to my primary
supervisors, Aliya Shafqat and Sir Sajad Ahmed Lakhnavi who guided me all
through this project and for their understanding and direction at each period of
work. Their energy and readiness to give criticism made the fruition pf this
examination a charming experience. Last however not the least, I might want to
thank everyone without whom endeavors and bolster it couldn’t have been
conceivable My deepest gratitude is to my thesis supervisor Ma’am Sadia and
Ma’am Aliya to encourage me and polished me to express my idea and thoughts
and at the same moment guided me to explore on my own. My institutional guides
are my teachers especially my thesis supervisors. I am guided by my thesis
supervisors. They recommended me to use my aesthetics in accordance with my
topic selection. They have polished my concerns about my topic. In each and every
aspect of my work problems, they guided me.
 Abstract

I‘ve been working on thyroid gland, it is a small organ that’s located in the front of
the neck, wrapped around the windpipe (trachea). It’s shaped like a butterfly,
smaller in middle thewith two wide wings that extend around the side of your throat.
My inspiration and motivation is thyroid gland and cells. I follow laura Katherine
McMillan textile artist and Emily Barletta textile artist and thyroid microscopic
cells image biology and science art Cameron Anne artist inspiration in layer paper
work. I selected this topic because I want to demonstrate the societal scrutiny that I
face as a result of my short stature. Major reason of short height is thyroid gland
treatment of my mother. By using this cause as an element of my research I want
to depict my hope for life and the whole story of my life as it relates to my goals.
Different types of stitches were used in panel wood cut printing I also used different
stitches on different types of fabric. I am showing through hope in design elements
to show the struggle in everyday in life .
Table of Contents
Chapter 1...................................................................................................................8

Introduction ..............................................................................................................8

Thyriod gland: ......................................................................................................8

Goiter ................................................................................................................. 11

Main Causes of Thyroid Swelling ......................................................................... 12

Causes ................................................................................................................ 12

Iodine deficiency ............................................................................................... 12

Hypothyroidism ................................................................................................. 12

Hyperthyroidism ................................................................................................ 12

Other causes ....................................................................................................... 13

Smoking:........................................................................................................ 13

Hormonal changes: ........................................................................................ 13

Thyroiditis: .................................................................................................... 13

Lithium: ......................................................................................................... 13

Too much iodine: ........................................................................................... 13

Effects of thyroid gland: .................................................................................... 13

Criticism: ....................................................................................................... 14

Chapter 2................................................................................................................ 16

Literature review.................................................................................................... 16

Thyroid Swelling in Caricatures at the End of 18th Century ............................ 20

Thyroid Swelling in the Neoclassicism ............................................................. 20

Thyroid Swelling in 20th Century Artworks .................................................... 21

2.2 Scientific Paintings ................................................................................... 25

Chapter-6 ............................................................................................................... 26

Material and methods ............................................................................................ 26

Design development: ......................................................................................... 26

Research Board:................................................................................................. 26

Material: ........................................................................................................ 27

Method:.......................................................................................................... 27

Story Board:....................................................................................................... 27

Materials: ....................................................................................................... 28

Method:.......................................................................................................... 28

Black and White developments: ........................................................................ 29

Materials: ....................................................................................................... 29

Method:.......................................................................................................... 29

Techniques:........................................................................................................ 29

Rendering: ..................................................................................................... 29

Cross Hatching .............................................................................................. 30

Pointillism: .................................................................................................... 30

Colored Developments: ..................................................................................... 30

Materials: ....................................................................................................... 30

Methods: ........................................................................................................ 30

Experimental Developments: ............................................................................ 31

Material: ............................................................................................................ 31

Techniques:.................................................................................................... 31

Method:.......................................................................................................... 31

Wood cut printing in fabric development ......................................................... 31

Materials: ....................................................................................................... 31

Method ........................................................................................................... 31

Mood Board: ...................................................................................................... 32

Theme ................................................................................................................ 32
 Colors inspiration .............................................................................................. 32

CAD developments ........................................................................................... 33

Printing: ............................................................................................................. 33

Materials ........................................................................................................ 33

Digital printing .................................................................................................. 33

Materials: ....................................................................................................... 33

Method:.......................................................................................................... 33

Screen printing................................................................................................... 34

Process ........................................................................................................... 34

Chapter 7................................................................................................................ 35

Result: .................................................................................................................... 35

Chapter 8................................................................................................................ 36

Discussion.............................................................................................................. 36

References ............................................................................................................. 37
 Chapter 1

Introduction
Thyriod gland:
The thyroid gland is a small organ that’s located in the front of the neck, wrapped
around the windpipe (trachea). It’s shaped like a butterfly, smaller in the middle
with two wide wings that extend around the side of your throat. When your thyroid
doesn’t work properly, it can impact your entire body. If your body makes too much
thyroid hormone, you can develop a condition called hyperthyroidism. If your
body makes too little thyroid hormone, it’s called hypothyroidism.
(Biggers, 2018)
The thyroid gland is a bilobed structure located in the anterior aspect of the trachea
between the cricoid cartilage and the suprasternal notch. Each lobe of the thyroid
connects via a thyroid isthmus. It is supplied via the superior thyroid artery which
stems from the external carotid artery and the inferior thyroid artery, which is a
branch of the thyrocervical trunk.
Histologically, the thyroid gland is surrounded by a thin, connective tissue covering
that penetrates the gland and divides the thyroid gland into compartments. The
thyroid gland is composed of spherical, polarized follicular cells that surround a
gel-like, thyroglobulin-rich colloid. Thyroglobulin is the organic precursor for
thyroid hormones and requires iodide to form thyroid hormone. Dietary iodine is
transported into thyroid follicular cells via the sodium- iodide symporter after
conversion to iodide via thyroid peroxidase enzyme. The process of iodide
becoming incorporated into monoiodotyrosine (MIT) or diiodotyrosine (DIT)
molecules is referred to as organification, and the process is relatively self-
regulated. Low dietary iodide facilitated upregulation of the sodium-iodide
symporter while high dietary iodide temporarily inhibits the organification process,
a phenomenon known as the Wolff-Chaikoff effect. Iodide incorporation into the
thyroid hormone precursors, MIT and DIT, is due to peroxidase enzyme. The organic
coupling of one molecule of MIT with one molecule of DIT leads to the production
of triiodothyronine (T3) while the coupling of 2 DIT molecules leads to thyroxine
(T4).
The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine (T4) in response to thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH) originating from the anterior pituitary gland. The secreted T4 is
converted to a more potent and triiodothyronine (T3) via deiodinase enzymes. Most
of the conversion of T4 to T3 takes places extrathyroidally, although the thyroid
gland possesses the intrinsic ability for T3 production.
From a physiologic perspective, the hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing
hormone (TRH) in response to low circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),
T3 or T4. TRH promotes the anterior pituitary secretion of thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH) which, in turn, promotes T4 secretion from the thyroid gland. T4
and T3 exert negative feedback control on both the hypothalamus and the anterior
pituitary. (Kandemir 2001)
Thyroid disease is a medical condition that affects the function of the thyroid
gland. The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck and produces thyroid
hormones that travel through the blood to help regulate many other organs, meaning
that it is an endocrine organ. These hormones normally act in the body to regulate
energy use, infant development, and childhood development. Thyroid disease is a
general term for a medical condition that keeps your thyroid from making the right
amount of hormones. There are five general types of thyroid disease, each with their
own symptoms. A person may have one or several different types at the same time.
The term "hyperthyroidism" defines a syndrome associated with excess thyroid
hormone production. It is a common misconception that the terms thyrotoxicosis
and hyperthyroidism are synonyms of one another. The term "thyrotoxicosis" refers
to a state of excess thyroid hormone exposure to tissues. Although hyperthyroidism
can lead to thyrotoxicosis and can be used interchangeably, it is important to note
the difference between the two. Hypothyroidism (low function) caused by not
having enough free thyroid hormones. When thyroid make too little thyroid
hormone. This is called hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism (high function) caused by
having too much free thyroid hormones. When the thyroid makes too much thyroid
hormone, your body uses energy too quickly. This is called hyperthyroidism
Most types of thyroid disease do not resolve on their own. Common hypothyroid
symptoms include fatigue, low energy, weight gain, inability to tolerate the cold,
slow heart rate, dry skin and constipation. Common hyperthyroid symptoms include
irritability, anxiety, weight loss, fast heartbeat, inability to tolerate the heat,
diarrhea, and enlargement of the thyroid. However most types of thyroid disease do
not resolve on their own. Common hypothyroid symptoms include fatigue, low
energy, weight gain, inability to tolerate the cold, slow heart rate, dry skin and
constipation. Common hyperthyroid symptoms include irritability, anxiety, weight
loss, fast heartbeat, inability to tolerate the heat, diarrhea, and enlargement of the
thyroid (Accorona, 2018).
Rarely goiters can cause compression of the airway, compression of the vessels in
the neck, or difficulty swallowing. Tumors, often called thyroid nodules, can also
have many different symptoms ranging from hyperthyroidism to hypothyroidism
to swelling in the neck and compression of the structures in the neck. Certain
medications can have the unintended side effect of affecting thyroid function.
While some medications can lead to significant hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism
and those at risk will need to be carefully monitored, some medications may affect
thyroid hormone lab tests without causing any symptoms or clinical changes, and
may not require treatment.
Tetraidothyronine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) are the two vital hormones in
human metabolism produced by thyroid gland. The major pathways in thyroid
hormone biosynthesis begin with iodine metabolism which occurs in three
sequential steps: active iodide transport into thyroid followed by iodide oxidation
and subsequent iodination of tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin (Tg) to produce
idotyrosines monoidotyrosine (MIT) and diiodothyrosine (DIT) on Tg. Oxidized
iodine and tyrosyle residues which are an aromatic amino acids are integral part of
T4 and T3. The thyroid iodine deficiency of either dietary, thyroid malfunction, or
disorder of hypothalamus and pituitary to produce enough Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone (TSH), eventually lead to hypothyroidism with sever side effects. Iodine
oxidation is the initial step for thyroid hormone synthesis within thyroid, is mediated
by thyroperoxidase enzyme (TPO), which itself is activated by TSH required for
production of MIT and DIT.
T4 and T3 are subsequently are synthesized on Tg following MIT and DIT coupling
reaction. Thyroid hormones eventually produced and released into circulation
through Tg pinocytosis from follicular space and subsequent lysozomal function, a
process again stimulated by TSH. The production of T4 and T3 are highly regulated
externally by a negative feed-back interrelation between serum T4, T3 and TSH
and internally by the elevated iodine within thyroid gland. It is believed the extra
iodine concentration within thyroid gland control thyroid hormones synthesis by
inhibition of the TPO and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formation which is also an
essential factor of iodine oxidation, via a complex mechanism. In healthy subjects
the entire procedures of T4 and T3 synthesis re-start again following a drop in
serum T4 and T3 concentration. On conditions of thyroid disorders, which caused
by the distruption of either of above mechanisms, thyroid hormone deficiency and
related clinical manifestations eventually begin to show themselves. (Mathew et al.,
2021)
Goiter
Goiter is the general enlargement of the thyroid that can be associated with many
thyroid diseases. The main reason this happens is because of increased signaling to
the thyroid by way of TSH receptors to try to make it produce more thyroid
hormone. This causes increased vascularity and increase in size (hypertrophy) of
the gland. In hypothyroid states or iodine deficiency, the body recognizes that it is
not producing enough thyroid hormone and starts to produce more TSH to help
stimulate the thyroid to produce more thyroid hormone. This stimulation causes the
gland to increase in size to increase production of thyroid hormone. In
hyperthyroidism caused by Grave's Disease or toxic multinodular goiter, there is
excess stimulation of the TSH receptor even when thyroid hormone levels are
normal. In Grave's Disease this is because of an autoantibodies (Thyroid
Stimulating Immunoglobulins) which bind to and activate the TSH receptors in
place of TSH while in toxic multinodular goiter this is often because of a mutation
in the TSH receptor that causes it to activate without receiving a signal from TSH.
In more rare cases, the thyroid may become enlarged because it becomes filled with
thyroid hormone or thyroid hormone precursors that it is unable to release or because
of congential abnormalities or because of increased intake of iodine from
supplementation or medication (Endocrine Web, 2021)
Main Causes of Thyroid Swelling
Written history testifies that thyroid swelling (nodular or diffuse) has existed for
thousands of years. If the high prevalence of thyroid swelling in contemporary times
is assessed, it can be assumed that, over the centuries, it was also common in the
European populations, especially in iodine-deficient areas located far from the
seashore.
Causes
There are a range of possible causes of a goiter, including:
Iodine deficiency
The most common cause of goiters outside the United States is a lack of iodine in
the diet. The thyroid needs iodine to create thyroid hormones, which regulate
metabolism. A lack of iodine is uncommon in the U.S., as manufacturers add iodine
to salt and other foods.
As iodine is less commonly found in plants, vegan diets may lack sufficient iodine.
This is less of a problem for vegans who live in countries where manufacturers add
iodine to salt.
Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is the result of an underactive thyroid gland. When the gland
produces too little thyroid hormone, it is stimulated to produce more, leading to
swelling.
This usually results from Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, a condition in which the body’s
immune system attacks its own tissue and causes inflammation of the thyroid gland.
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid gland, is another cause of goiters. In
people with this condition, the thyroid produces too much thyroid hormone.
This usually happens as a result of Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder where
the body’s immunity turns on itself and attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to swell.
Other causes
Less common causes of goiters include the following:
Smoking:
Thiocyanate in tobacco smoke interferes with iodine absorption and can cause
enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Hormonal changes:
Pregnancy, puberty, and menopause can affect thyroid function.
Thyroiditis:
Inflammation caused by infection, for example, can lead to goiter.
Lithium:
This psychiatric drug can interfere with thyroid function.
Too much iodine:
This can trigger a swollen thyroid. (Mayo clinic, 2020)
Effects of thyroid gland:

Hypothyroidism is a well-known cause of slow growth. Height prognosis in children

with late- diagnosed congenital hypothyroidism is guarded. Although treatment
leads to an initial catch- up growth spurt, prolonged hypothyroidism may result in
compromised adult height. It is a general belief that early and adequate thyroid
hormone replacement achieves normalization of growth as well as disappearance of
clinical sings and symptoms of hypothyroidism. Due to the lack of comprehensive
growth studies, height prognosis has remained controversial in late- diagnosed
hypothyroidic children. The limited number of previous studies have suggested
permanent height deficit in these children. In this study we present longitudinal
growth and final height of 20 children (14 females and 6 males) in whom the
duration of hypothyroidism before onset of therapy varied from three to 12.6 years.
The etiological distribution of cases revealed ectopic thyroid tissue in nine cases,
agenesis in seven, and dyshormonogenesis in four cases. At the time of the diagnosis
all hypothyroidic children had severe growth retardation (mean height SDS +/- SD
-3.95+/-1.07) due to prolonged hypothyroidism.
Although the catch- up spurt corrected an important part of the initial height deficit
in all patients, only nine patients reached or exceeded their target height, and the
final height of five patients remained below 2 SD of mean. Despite treatment,
prolonged hypothyroidism may result in compromised adult height in some
patients. The contributing factors to this height deficit may include the duration of
hypothyroidism, the height deficit at the time of the diagnosis, etiological
differences and the diminished potential for catch-up growth in late-diagnosed
hypothyroidism.
Criticism:
Social criticism is a form of Academic or journalistic criticism focusing on
sociological issues in contemporary society, in particular with respect to perceived
injustices and power relations in general.
It often refers to a mode of criticism that locates the reasons for such conditions in
a society considered to be in a flawed social structure. It may also refer to people
adhering to a social critic's aims at practical solutions by way of specific measures
either for consensual reform or powerful revolution.
Height discrimination (also known as heightism) is prejudice or discrimination
against individuals based on height. In principle, it refers to the discriminatory
treatment against individuals whose height is not within the normal acceptable
range of height in a population. Various studies have shown it to be a cause of
bullying, commonly manifested as unconscious microaggressions.

Research indicates that the human brain uses height as one factor in a heuristic
measure of social status and fitness. Studies have observed that infants as young
as 10 months old unconsciously associate height with leadership potential, power,
strength and intelligence. Both the cognitive and the unconscious heuristic
association between height and the mentioned traits has also been found to be
stronger when assessing men than women (Fraser, 1988)
My body development has been affected by my mother's thyroid gland problem.
Due to using thyroid treatment medication my body height will not be able to grow.
As a result, there are some problems, and I am short in stature. Due to this physical
disorder I face many problems and criticism from the society. In my thesis I want
to work on it.
The aims of this study is,
- To demonstrate the societal scrutiny I face as a result of my short stature.
- To depict my hope for life
- To depict the whole story of my life as it relates to my goals.
- To demonstrate the root cause of an issue in my work.
As we all know, social criticism is a major topic that causes problems. The most
common issue is a lack of trust. It is extremely difficult to thrive when we lack the
courage to act openly and according to our desires. When a person encounters
laughter and remarks from others as she passes through life, this reaction from
society hurts her greatly and creates a barrier to her working openly as a normal
human being. My thesis focuses mostly on social critique, as well as my hope and
resistance to it. This work will assist future generations in facing less scrutiny and
gaining confidence in the face of adversity.
 Chapter 2
Literature review

It is noteworthy that in some artworks of various stylistic periods and areas, the neck
of figures is particularly large in relation to the rest of the face and/or body. We
examine if this phenomenon can be linked to the presence of thyroid pathologies
leading to increased dimensions of the gland. It would appear that this feature is
present primarily in paintings and sculptures of the Renaissance and Baroque eras.
Different authors have considered the incidence of thyroid swelling in the
population to be almost constant over the centuries, especially in iodine-deficient
areas. The representation of thyroid swelling in art is a debated issue and has found
considerable attention in the medical literature (Lazzeri, 2015).

Thyroid swellings in the art of the Italian Renaissance are sporadically reported in
the medical literature. Six hundred paintings and sculptures from the Italian
Renaissance, randomly selected, were analyzed to determine the prevalence of
personages with thyroid swellings and its meaning. The prevalence of personages
with thyroid swellings in the art of Italian Renaissance is much higher than
previously thought. This phenomenon was probably secondary to iodine deficiency.
The presence of personages with thyroid swelling was related to specific meanings
the artists wanted to show in their works (Sterpetti, 2015).

Figures affected by goiter were only sparsely depicted by Peter Paul Rubens and
Albrecht Dürer among Flemish artists, because obvious goiter was not common in
regions such as the Netherlands and Belgium. However, the recent observation of
two figures with a goiter elegantly depicted by Rogier van der Weyden has raised
our interest in this topic. When taking a close look at the paintings of this Flemish
Renaissance painter, it is interesting to note that 16 portrayed subjects show an
abnormal profile of the neck with swelling, suggestive of a presumptive medico-
artistic diagnosis of goiter. Van der Weyden travelled to Italy where he soon
acquired great fame and was second only to the other Flemish painter of the time,
Jan Van Eyck. It is very likely that in Italy he had the opportunity to look at several
female figures depicted with goiter, which may have influenced his paintings. Van
der Weyden was appreciated because of his style to mix realistic details with
idealized softened features to increase the beauty and appeal of his models. It is also
likely that the integration of the goiter may have been part of the Renaissance
tendency toward a more realistic and precise representation of subjects. The fact
that in almost all cases the goiter was a low-to-moderate grade enlargement of the
thyroid may confirm our speculation that perhaps the painter used the same model
or the template derived from one model for subsequent paintings (Ignjatović, 2010).
In the literature, numerous reports of paintings and sculptures of the Renaissance
possibly showing subjects with thyroid swelling are mentioned, and the issue is
discussed in significant depth in a seminal work by Clark and Clark. Several authors
have questioned the reasons why many artists of the Renaissance and Baroque
seemed to represent the goiter indeed, many favored beautiful features and ignored
or minimized physical defects. Vescia and Basso claimed to have discovered 56
goiter representations in artworks from the Renaissance. Sterpetti et al., 2015
claimed to have identified 70 paintings and 10 sculptures depicting subjects with
thyroid swelling after review of 600 paintings and sculptures from the Italian
Renaissance. The authors concluded that thyroid swelling must have been common
in the historic population, and that the models included in the scenario were a part
of daily life.

In the Renaissance, 3 main artistic trends can be identified:

The art of Raffaello Sanzio (Urbino 1483 – Rome 1520) epitomized the High Renaissance
qualities of harmony and ideal beauty, so it can be supposed that he considered an enlarged neck
at least a normal physical appearance in models, or that he exaggerated this feature, considering
it as a part of ideal beauty. In the painting entitled Borghese Deposition, one of thepious women
in the right part of the picture is depicted with a large goiter
In The Transfiguration of Christ , a boy with an enlarged neck associated with signs
of toxic goiter (exophthalmos, weight loss, and agitation) is depicted in the lower
part at the right-hand side. In the common interpretation of the artwork, the boy is
“possessed by Satan” and is waiting for a miracle, and thus a correlation between
the signs of hyperthyroidism and the situation represented can be hypothesized.

Leonardo da Vinci was pushed by a great curiosity for discovering human anatomy and probably
fascinated by strange physiognomies: a consistent example of this is the drawing of
Scaramuccia. In Leonardo’s drawings, we often capture the intent to analyze an altered physical
property rather than to cancel it.
Other authors such as Michelangelo Merisi (Caravaggio) (Milan 1571 – Porto d’Ercole 1610)
wanted to create paintings with large emotional effects for the viewer and avoided the idealization
of personages included, who were preferentially common low-class people. Every physical
characteristic, goiter included, was precisely depicted. An outstanding and well- known example
is The Crucifixion of Saint Andrew (1607). Although it should be kept in mindthat Caravaggio
used clair-obscur in his paintings – contrasts to create more emotional effects,in the left lower
part of the picture an old lady with an obvious goiter is represented. As underlined by Sterpetti et
al. 2015, the woman probably came from a low-class group.
In the first of the 3 above-mentioned Renaissance trends, thyroid swelling was
included in artwork as part of ideal human beauty; in the second, goiter
physiognomy was depicted as an attempt to represent a not well-known human
anatomy; in the third, the artistic innovations of the Renaissance (perspective and
study of human anatomy) led to realism. In this group, 2 subgroups can be
identified: first, a group of artists in which the trend was to exaggerate and cross
the edge of realism, up to grotesque and artificial qualities classified as mannerism
style, and second, a group of artists classified as Caravaggists, contextualized in the
Baroque and no longer part of the Renaissance. An interesting example of the first
group is painting The Mad Lovers (1570) by Bartolomeo Passerotti (Bologna 1529–
1592). The male and female figures, the gods Bacco and Cerere, respectively, are
only distinguishable due to the presence of the breast in Cerere; the goiter of the
female subject, probably an artificial composition, contributes to her masculine
appearance.
A very good example of the second group is the painting Judith and Her
Maidservant (1613) by Artemisia Gentileschi (Rome 1593 – Naples 1653). Judith
and Oloferne is a recurrent theme in Caravaggio and in Caravaggist artists, and at
least 2 representations are attributed to Gentileschi. According to Lazzeri et al. 2015
and Trimarchi , the legendary heroine Judith was very often represented with a
goitrous thyroid gland by several artists of the Baroque as a symbol of powerful
masculine body and courage. In Judith and Her Maidservant, the figure of Judith is
probably a self-portrait of the artist who did not hide her large goiter.

Representation of thyroid swelling also seems to be present in the artworks of other

major artists of the Renaissance and Baroque periods, i.e., Michelangelo
Buonarroti, Pinturicchio, Piero della Francesca, Gaudenzio Ferrari, and Jusepe de
Ribera. Unfortunately, it is impossible to include all these artworks in a single paper:
a detailed report on this topic is presented in the article by Sterpetti et al., 2015.

In Belgium and the Netherlands, the goiter was not endemic as in other European
regions; however, thanks to the work by Lazzeri et al., representations of goiters in
Flemish Renaissance became more noticeable. Although Peter Paul Rubens and
Albrecht Dürer only occasionally depicted personages with thyroid enlargement,
Lazzeri et al. found several paintings by Rogier van der Weyden (Tournai 1399 –
Brussels 1464) in which the subjects revealed mild grades of thyroid enlargement.
A complete analysis is very well presented in the aforementioned article; in the
present work, we report as an example an important female-figure portrait by van
der Weyden in which the goiter is much more evident: The Madonna in Red. The
artist had the possibility to travel across Italy, where he was exposed to the Italian
Renaissance, and where he consequently observed artworks in which the enlarged
neck was included. The most accepted hypothesis is that van der Weyden included
the stylistic element of an enlarged neck in his work inspired by the aforementioned
ideals of the Renaissance.
Thyroid Swelling in Caricatures at the End of 18th Century
In the 18th century, the caricature, strongly influenced by the theme of grotesque
belonging to Middle Age, Renaissance, and Baroque traditions, spread though the
new social conditions of the Illuminist movement. An anomalous physical property
was widely exploited or deliberately added by the authors to deplore the subject(s)
of the caricature. James Gillray (Chelsea 1757 – London 1815) is considered one
of the father of the modern caricature. The caricature Monstrous Craws, at a
New Coalition Feast (1787) is an example of goiter deliberately added for satiric
purposes. It shows King George III, dressed like a woman, Queen Charlotte, and the
Prince of Wales eating gold coins: goiters are represented as “pelican pouches” and
hanging from their neck. Gillray used the imagery of gluttony to criticize the
exorbitant demands on the public purse by the British royal family. The Prince of
Wales is represented with a goiter not large enough to pay off debts; on the other
hand, the King and the Queen are criticized for the greed with which they fill their
distended pouches.
Thyroid Swelling in the Neoclassicism
The Neoclassicism marked by rationalism arose in the late 18th century as an
opposition to the artistic “extravagance” of the late Baroque and Rococo and in
contrast to the emerging Romantic art. This movement was inspired by the ideals
of Grecian and Roman classic art: the neoclassic artists considered that it was
important to extract the essence and the mental attitude of the artists of the classic
age in artworks. Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres (Montauban 1780 – Paris 1867)
was one of the most influential painters of this movement. Ingres was an artist who
combined classical inspiration and realism and who was responsible for one of the
most interesting representations of the goiter painted in that period. In Roger
Freeing Angelica (1819), the young woman is depicted with a large goiter in order
to increase, according to Ferris, her erotic appearance. When the painting was
exhibited, the features of Angelica were criticized, and she was nicknamed the
“triple-breasted Angelica.” In a period in which the highest expression of art was
reproduction of “ancient perfection,” an obvious physical defect such as a large
goiter was not widely tolerated.
Thyroid Swelling in 20th Century Artworks
In the 20th century, examples of personages depicted with an enlarged neck can be
found, although, as already mentioned, the most numerous examples in painting
and sculptures are from other periods. This also happened because the art
movements of the second part of the 19th century and the 20th century reduced the
attention to details of the human figure, evolving towards abstraction, starting from
Impressionism, going through Expressionism, Surrealism, and so on. The Seducer
(1913) by Edvard Munch (Løten 1863 – Oslo 1944) is one such example. The
picture, which was painted 20 years after The Scream (1891) during the mature
phase of the author and in a happy period in Munch’s life, is characterized by a light
touch and vibrant colors. The painting represents a couple in an intimate pose: the
female figure is depicted with an enlarged neck; however, as noticed before, the aim
of Munch was not to depict reality, but to express deeper emotions by using
expressive colors and forms.

Another example, focused on by Pozzilli and Lazzeri, is The Crucifixion (1924), by

the futuristic Italian author Primo Conti (Florence 1900 – Fiesole 1988) (see online
suppl. Fig. 8). The figure of Christ is depicted with a thick neck, but in this case it is
probably not a real goiter. Firstly, it is an artwork in a futuristic style in which the
human body, and therefore the neck, is slightly deformed in the direction of the
mechanical; secondly, Pozzilli and Lazzeri underlined that a crucified Christ with
thyroid swelling is an extremely uncommon representation in art.

We also want to mention a clear example of a self-portrait with goiter by the Italian
painter Antonio Ligabue (Zurich 1899 – Gualtieri 1965), who was not contextualized
in any movement and whose work is generally framed as “naïf.” Suffering from
rickets which compromised his normal physical development, the author lived a life
dominated by depressive episodes. Ligabue is the only case in which we can be
sure of depiction of goiter, because it is known from photographs that the artist
suffered from it.
The best known and appreciated parts of his work are the paintings of animals, but
he also made numerous self-portraits. In these self- portraits, the artist paid attention
to expressiveness in the eyes and to physiognomic details: indeed, the goiter is very
often not hidden, but rather underlined, becoming a focal point in the work, as in the
self-portrait.

Figure 1 Judith and her Maidservant (Artemisia Gentileschi 1613)dMuseo Pitti, Florence, Italy. In the oil, Judith (a
selfportrait of the artist) has a goiter.

We were able to find 70 paintings and 10 sculptures with personages with a thyroid
swelling. Two considerations can be made:
(1) thyroid swellings were very common in the population, and models with thyroid
swellings were included in the scenario as part of the daily life, like an obligation to
respect reality (neoclassicism). Michelangelo Merisi (called Caravaggio) (Milan
1571 to Porto d’Ercole 1610) is well known to include in his paintings common
people. He represented often saints and Madonna as common people, the ones
animating the ‘‘tavernas’’ and the streets of the Rome where low class people went,
and Caravaggio loved to go. In his Crucifixion of Saint Andrew, he included in the
painting a lady in sufferance under the crux: she has a swelling in the neck, with
enlarged cervical lymph nodes, probably a thyroid cancer. In his first ‘‘Judith and
Holofernes,’’ he represented a woman with a multinodular goiter. The painting was
destroyed.
Another painter, Louis Finson (Bruges 1580 to Amsterdam 1617), made a copy of
the original work (Private Collection Banca Intesa, Naples, Italy). Caravaggio made
the 2 works in Naples,after he had to leave Rome because he killed a man, probably
for a woman. In the mountains and hills around Naples, goiter was endemic.
Artemisia Gentileschi (Roma 1593 to Napoli 1653), in her ‘‘Judith and her
Maidservant’’ shows Judith with the head of Holofernes she had killed. Judith has
clearly a goiter. This is a self-portrait of the artist, who did not hide her problem,
which probably in those times was something normal. Artemisia Gentileschi was
raped by her colleague Agostino Tassi, who despite found guilty, had a very mild
punishment. Artemisia Gentileschi paints herself as Judith and Agostino Tassi as
Holofernes, as a revenge to the justice she did not receive.

Today the symptoms of hyperthyroidism are well known. Psychiatric symptoms

which accompany hyperthyroidism include emotional mood swings, excitability,
tremors, and agitation. Psychiatric symptoms, if untreated, can lead to continuous
aggressiveness. Most cases of hyperthyroidism are caused by Graves’ disease
(diffuse toxic goiter). In severe cases, a patient, in those days, could be defined as
‘‘possessed by Satan.’’ In the Transfiguration of Christ by Raffaello Sanzio (Urbino
1483 to Roma 1520), the painting is dominated by the splendor of Christ. In the
lower left part, there is a boy ‘‘possessed by Satan’’ with his parents, waiting for a
miracle from Jesus that He will do very soon. The boy has an enlarged neck,
exophthalmos, weight loss, agitation: signs and symptoms that lead to the suspicion
of a toxic goiter. Aggressiveness and neck swelling are also present in many
paintings and sculptures describing the crucifixion of Jesus. Many soldiers and
people who participated actively in offending and crucifying Jesus have a goiter,
prominent eyes, and aggressive behavior (Agostino Da Silva: sculpture in Sacro
Monte di Osuccio; Gaudenzio Ferrari: sculptures in Sacro Monte di Varallo Dionigi
da Monte: fresco in Santa Maria delle Grazie). In 2 frescos (by Francesco Prota
1531, and by Giacomo Jacquerio 1440), a soldier with a large goiter offers a sponge
soaked in vinegar to help Jesus to alleviate His sufferance: both soldiers have a flat
face and unexpressive eyes, like they were affected by cretinism. In a fresco by
Giovanni Martino Spanzotti (Casale 1455 to Chivasso 1528), a man with goiter,
nude, with the eyes covered and hand tied is in hell.

Figure 2 Christ is flagellated by 2 men with a goiter. Gaudenzio Ferrari (Valdeggia 1480–Milan 1546). Sculpture on wood
(Sacro Monte di Varallo 1525).

It is probable that in those times, a swelling in the neck or a goiter was so common
in the general population that it did not represent an esthetic problem. Maria dei
Medici, born in Florence, Italy, married the king of France and at his death, she
become regent of France for his young son, the future Louis XIII. Rubens painted
a portrait of her in which she clearly has a goiter and probably initial signs of
exophthalmos. Michelangelo in 1512 painted a fresco in the Sistine Chapel, in
which the Creator separates the Light from Darkness. The Creator has a
multinodular goiter.
Michelangelo had a goiter and he wanted in someway to be the model for the
Creator. Piero della Francesca (Borgo San Sepolcro, Italy 1412 to 1492) in 2 of his
most famous frescos ‘‘The Resurrection’’ and ‘‘The Polyptych of the Misericordia’’
used himself as a model: in both frescos it is evident that a lemon-shaped lump in
the middle of the anterior region of the neck, well above the thyroid cartilage, is
present. Because of its position, probably the swelling represents a thyroglossal
duct cyst.

Figure 3 The Resurrection (Piero della Francesca 1460) Museo Civico, San Sepolcro, Italy. In this fresco (A), the artist used
himself as model for one of the soldiers who are sleeping. The soldier (the artist) (B) has clearly a neck swelling, probably a
thyroglossal cyst.

2.2 Scientific Paintings

Leonardo (Vinci 1452 to Ambroise 1519) often painted women with a fat neck.
However, his scientific mentality is evident in many drawings in which people with
an enormous thyroid swelling are shown. Probably, Leonardo made these drawings
to remember the peculiar aspects of these grotesque people he met in his life, to study
the details of these deformities afterwards, in his laborator
 Chapter-6

Material and methods

- Design development
- Sampling
- Product development
Design development:
My major element used in thyriod gland in neck human body in butterfly
shape.. I am inspired from the texture cells and outline used in design which is the
major element of thyroid. I did detail medical research to on its each aspect and
took its motif, in thyroid gland. And used microscopic cells image thyroid in design
development.
Research Board:
Material:
Thyroid gland image in human anatomy
Google
Adobe photo shop
Luster sheet
Glue
Scissor
Cutter
Method:
I collected research from GOOGLE as well as book which was made specially
medical book, I collected these photos and settled on Photoshop and took print,after
that I separated photos from each other and joint them on a hard scholar sheet
having 30 inches width and 40 inches height with the help of glue.

Story Board:
 Materials:
- Scholar Shee
- Water Colors
- Pencil Colors
- Poster Colors
Method:
Story board is a manual presentation of your topic in a story form. Images are taken
from research board are merged manually to show thyroid gland and cells texture
shapes are composed with sketch pencils and merged on the scholar sheet of size
20 inches width and 30 inches height, after that I painted story board using different
materials which are mentioned above.
Black and White developments:
Materials:
- Scholar Sheet
- Sketch Pencil
- Paper
- Drawing Sheet
- Bubble sheet
- Texture sheet
- Fomic sheet
- Butter paper
- Flax sheet
- Lasani sheet
- Thermacol
Method:
Different compositions were made on A4 sized scholar and drawing sheet by using
thyroid gland microscopic cells texture to create designs as well as new
compositions. Each development is balanced asymmetric in composition.
Balancing is an element of design, every design should be balanced. And sketch
pencils are the basic element of making designs so I choose to make developments
with black and white sketch flow design used for show in hope for pencil
development.
Techniques:
- Rendering
- Cross Hatching
- Pointillism
Rendering:
Rendering in visual art and technical drawing means the process of formulating,
adding color, shading, and texturing of an image. It can also be used to describe the
quality of execution of that process. When used as a means of expression, it is
synonymous with illustrating.
Cross Hatching
Hatching is an artistic technique used to create tonal or shading effects by drawing
closely spaced parallel lines. When lines are placed at an angle to one another, it is
called cross-hatching.
Pointillism:
Pointillism is a technique of painting in which small, distinct dots of color are
applied in patterns to form an image. Georges Seurat and Paul Signac developed
the technique in 1886, branching from Impressionism.
Colored Developments:
Materials:
- Poster Colors
- Scholar Sheet
- Drawing Sheet
- Water Colors
- Colored Pointers
- Pencil Colors
Dye and dye color
Marbling color
Oil paints
Glass paints
Spray paint
Acrylic paint
Methods:
Different compositions were made on A4 size scholar and drawing sheets using
my theme story to create new designs by using different mediums. Elements were
taken from research board and story board and colors were taken from research and
story board. Firstly draw with sketch pencils and then filled with desired color,
either poster or water colors.
Experimental Developments:
Material:
- Wool Thread
- Tila thread
- Velvet fabric
- Silk fabric
- Anchor thread
- Jute fabric
- Attal fabric
- Silk rao kataan
- Ketroy fabric
- Cotton thread
- Fabric paints
Techniques:
- Embroidery
- Appliqué
- Coloring fabric paints
Method:
Different compositions were made on different sizes using tracing paper for the
purpose of transmission design from paper to the fabric. Design was converted to
the fabric though the pores of the tracing paper which was made by machine fabric
background texture in screen and fabric layer work in design and texture. Velvet,
jute, attal, silk are the fabrics which was used for sampling procedure for giving
textures and fulfilling the required design for thyroid pencil design.
Wood cut printing in fabric development
Materials:
Sketch pencil
Wood Carving tools
Method

Woodcut, technique of printing designs from planks of wood incised parallel to the
vertical axis of the wood's grain. ... It is one of the oldest methods of making prints
from a relief surface, having been used in China to decorate textiles since the 5th
century. Design was drawn by pencils free hand and out line was cutted from
machine. Wood was carved from carving tools, and outline was made by machine.
Mood Board:

Theme
Faith is the courage to face reality with hope.
Colors inspiration
Rare sea glass on a Beach in Fort Bragg, Mendocino, California Glass Beach is a
beach adjacent to MacKerricher State Park near Fort Bragg, California, named from
a time when it was abundant with sea glass created from years of dumping garbage
into an area of coastline near the northern part of the town.Sea glass hope colour
my mood board.
It was made from Photoshop software totally. I applied colors in my wall panel
fabric frames according to my mood board. 10 colors are defined in the swages
form on mood board. These colors enhance the look of my cushions. Colors used
are hope and sea glass keeping the theme and inspiration in mind, with every color
having it’s own story. Sea glass colors are predominantly used being the much
adorned colors of sea glass.
CAD developments
Different compositions were made on 14/14 and 16/16vel inches size using
software “Adobe photoshop”. Theme was manipulated and designs were created by
using different tools and effects and were composed to make designs.
Printing:
Materials
Photoshop software
Digital Printing machine
Paper
Fabric
Digital printing
First of all design was prepared on the Photoshop software and sent its j,peg file
the printing .Digital printing is the process of printing digital-based images directly
onto a variety of media substrates.Digital files such as PDFs or desktop publishing
files can be sent directly to the digital printing press to print on paper, photo paper,
canvas, fabric, synthetics, cardstock and other substrates.
Materials:
Wool thread
- Tila
- Cotton thread
- Jute
- Silk
- Ketroy
Method:
The techniques from wide variety of materials. There is a very wide range of
fabrics that are used to make cushions including velvet, vascoe jute, etc and
machine embroidery and embellishments for detailing. Different types of
embroidery and stitches are used. Like Arri ka kam, satin stitch, with wool thread,
cotton thread, anchor and tilla thread.
Screen printing
Pvc color
Alqa
Binder
Inks
Process
First of all design create in photosop size 18 /25 and the design tracing on butter
paper or design expose the screen fabric on heat process. The design fabric on the
negative space the color in block the color print on fabric for expose design.in
screen.By placing your artwork positive between the light source and the screen,
the art should block the light from hardening the emulsion, allowing you to wash it
out and press ink through the image area.
 Chapter 7
Result:
Fabric wall panel are used to decorate the interior, place looks like a bore or dull
wall without wall frame and cushions esthetically. They increase the beauty of
interior as well as make the place more attractive, charming and eye catching. There
are many types of wall panel like photo frame look peace enhance the beauty of
wall and beauty of room decoration etc.

They fall in the category of textile, textile have been a fundamental part of human
life since the beginning of civilization. Fabric used in these cushions jute, silk, atall,
elements inspired by the thyroid shape and texture used in panel farbric for different
technique colour embalisment which were drawn by the block and digital printing,
and used hand embroidery with the help of machine with different stitches.
Chain stitch used in embroidery with tilla thread, resulting shiny effect, basically
two techniques used in panel fabric and cushion one repeated motif filled with
same color as ground color and leave the outline of print color and secondly the
other motif has a outline with tilla thread with contrasting color repeatedly
according to my mood board.
As well as different materials used for the finishing and for good looking and fines
of the cushions. And wall panel .
So I converted it in to made ups,Wall panel is a subtype of made ups, I chose
cushion for the daily life with remembering the purpose and panel choose the wall
decore in room design the panel sizes different because show the difference in long
and short panel beauty the other side my personel difference face in life for short
hight compare tall hight ., As a textile designer I worked on the thyroid gland in
human anatomy in design development and transfer for different in texture and
collected the information about thyroid gland and carried on my work in detailed.
All final work according to my mood board, my mood board on sea glass stone
theme with color swages, 8 colors defined in mood board, my final product ‘’ wall
panel base on these colors.
 Chapter 8
Discussion
I made discussions with my theses supervisors named as Ma’am Aliya Shafqat and
sir sajad lahnavi I made every discussion with my supervisors, they guided me very
humbly, they taught me about my work. Whenever I faced any kind of difficulty or
any problem, I discussed with them, so they found a solution for me about my work.
I discussed my topic with my seniors, they polished my mind and encouraged me
about my topic selection, they are very humble and polite. I am very thankful to the
Sir sajad when was my mid exams, they guided me too much politely about my
work, and moved my work into right direction. I discussed the tracing paper
development, he liked that development and told me about artist As well as I
discussed my work with Ma’am Tahmeena Afzal, mam he taught me very politely,
I discussed my final product, she told about other decisions, and more work on my
final product when I faced a problem in carving procedure, wood cut printing he
guided me about solution. discussed with fabric dyer, when I wanted to use tie and
dye technique in product, he guided about all situation, but I had to do and I tried
and I successes in one development and failed in one in achieving in desired texture
A special thanks to my family and a very special thanks to my younger sister who
helped me so much in whole nights, stayed and stand with me and behind me in
every situation. I discussed my story board with her, she helped me in completing
story board in drawing, composition and painting.
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