CSS/PMS ANSWERS On Khilafat Movement
CSS/PMS ANSWERS On Khilafat Movement
CSS/PMS ANSWERS On Khilafat Movement
Trace the course of Khilafat movement and assess its significance for the
Q5. Evaluate the causes and effects of the Khilafat Movement on the
Muslim struggle for independence.
3. "Though the Khilafat and Hijrat movements failed to achieve their immediate objectives
but they had great impacts on the lives of the Indian Muslims." Thoroughly analyse this
statement and give arguments in support of your viewpoint.
4. Trace the genesis of the Khilafat Movement? What were its effects on the history of
South-Asia?
Q5. trade the course of the khilafat Movement and assess its significance for the
development of Indian nationalism.
1… Introduction
2..Back
3… Process
4… Objectives
5… Causes
6.. Importance
7…. Uniqueness
8… Effects
9… Advantages
10… Disadvantages
13.. conclusion
1.Introduction
What is Khilafat Movement?
2. Background
During World War I, the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) joined the war in
favour of Germany. But Turkey and Germany lost the war and the allied
forces decided to divide Turkey and put an end on the organization of
caliphate. Being brothers, the Indian Muslims realized their religious
duty to help the Muslim country. It was the extra territorial
attachments based on Islam. Another factor same to the first was that
the Indian Muslims considered Ottoman Caliphate a symbol of unity of
the Muslim world as Ummah.
The Treaty of Savers 1920 was imposed on Turkey and its territories
like Anatolia were wrested from it and distributed among European
countries. A wave of anger swept across the Muslims World and the
Indian Muslims rose against the British Government. Muslim leaders
like Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, Moulana Muhammad Ali Johar,
Moulana Shoukat Ali, Moulana Hasan Mohani and others reacted
against the British Government policy and were put behind the bars.
The British and the Allies had won the war and they were celebrating
even in India because India being a part of the British Empire was on
the side of the British therefore these people decided to boycott the
victory celebration to show displeasure on the state of affairs and to
express their point of view in an effective manner.
Boycotting the British goods, which will ultimately affect their economy
and force them to reverse their decision
DELEGATION TO ENGLAND
In December 1919 both the Khilafat Committee and Congress held their
meetings simultaneously at Amritsar and a delegation was prepared
which was sent to England under the leadership of Maulana
Mohammad Ali Johar to see the British Prime Minister, Cabinet
Member and Members of Parliament and to explain the Indian point of
view regarding the Khilafat. The delegation visited England in 1920. The
leaders of the delegation addressed the House of Commons and saw
the British Prime Minister, Lloyd George who paid no heed to the
delegations demand. The delegation stayed at London for eight months
and won many hearts and sympathies of people in Britain delivering
speeches. However, the delegation returned to India unsuccessful in
October 1920.
Hijrat Movement
Under the hypnotism of Mr. Gandhi, Muslim ulama had issued a verdict
and declared India as Dar-ul-Harab and the Muslims therefore needed
to migrate to some other country or Dar-ul-Salam. Thousands of
families sold out their properties for a tenth of their value and hastily
left for Afghanistan, in August 1920. As many as eighteen thousand
people marched towards Afghanistan, which was unable to bear the
influx of the people. Thus, the Afghan authorities closed their frontiers.
Eventually the Muhajarins had to return to their homes. A great
number of old man, women and children died on their way during
returning to homes and those who luckily reach alive their former
places. They found themselves homeless and penniless. In fact they
faced great difficulties. Even the preachers of Khilafat Movement
realized the fact.
Moplahs revolt
Gandhi;s betrayal
The Khilafat Movement came to an end when thousands of Indians
were put behind the bar. The leaders in spite of their best efforts could
not maintain the Hindu-Muslim Unity. One of the main reasons which
caused a death blow to Khilafat Movement was the indirect
announcement of Gandhi to discontinue the Non Co-operation
Movement. Gandhi used an incident of arson on February 1922, when a
violent mob set on fire a police choki at Chora Churi at district
Gorakpur, burning twenty one constables to death as an excuse to call
off the non-cooperation movement. It adversely affected the Khilafat
Movement which thought to be integral part of movement. In 1924,
Kamal Ataturk set up a government on democratic basis in Turkey by
abolishing Khilafat as a system of government which served a finishing
blow to Khilafat Movement in India and people had lost whatever
interest that they had in the movement.
4… Objectives/DEMANDS
Rowlett Act, the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre, martial law in Punjab, the
neglect of the Khilafat Committee aspirations, high prices of
commodities, drought and epidemics led Indians to launch Non-
Cooperation Movement (NCM) under the leadership of Gandhi. The
Non-cooperation Movement was launched formally on 1 August, 1920.
The Movement was initiated in support of the Khilafat Movement.
Gandhi along with Ali-brothers made extensive tours to preach the
message of national unity and non-cooperation with the
government.In support of Khilafat Movement and the Congress gave a
call to the people to:
6.. Significance/IMPORTANCE/uniqueness
6.1.. Beginning of Popular Muslim politics.
This was the first major Muslim political Movement in India which
involved the common man. Muslims rendered innumerous sacrifices for
the protection and restoration of the Khilafat Movement. Khilafat
Movement was the 1st movement in which the ordinary Muslims were
involved, people in the streets were involved and therefore politics at
that time came down to the ordinary masses. So it marked the
beginning of popular Muslim politics.
This Movement paved the way for the Pakistan Movement which
ultimately culminated into the inception of Pakistan. With the
disintegration of Ottomon Empire in ( 1922 ), the Muslims were
deprived of caliphate which generated sense of a need for
establishment of another Muslim country that could compensate loss
of Ummah. Secondly, it provided training to new generation of
Muslims. Thirdly the betrayal of Gandhi to Khilafat Cause furthered the
Muslim separatism. The realization of separatism of Muslims was
converted into the sound base for the Pakistan Movement which
culminated the dream of Pakistan into a reality.
Khilafat Movement put the Muslim clergy at the center of the modern
political arena, armed with a political organization in the form of the
Jamiat-e-Ulama-e-Hind which the clergy used to intervene actively in
both the political as well as the ideological sphere. Never before in
Indian Muslim history was the clergy ever accorded such a place in
political life.
6.4 Introduced the religious flavour in the life Indian Muslim politics
’’The Khilafat Movement carried the hostility against the British far
greater than the Congress’’, Abdul Hamid writes in Muslim separatism
in India.
The muslims felt need for educating themselves as many students were
at lose due to the boycott of government run schools. Hence, they felt
need for having alternative institutions owned and operated by the
Muslims. Due to realization of education Jamia Milia Islamia, National
College Patna, Madarsa Islamia Calcutta were founded. Around 98000
students were registered with Jamia Islamia. Thus the nation building
efforts were put on fast-track due to the Khilafat Movement.
6.10 Khilafat Movement signified the unity among Muslims first time
after the end of Mughal Empire.
After the fall of Mughal Empire In 1857, Muslims were divided on the
basis of language, politics and princely states. However, Khilafat
Movement ignited new fire of Muslim nationalism among Muslim
masses pushing them in arms of each other. The Muslims of India
voiced for the Khilafat in one voice from Peshawar to Mysore.
The Muslim women were also not behind in struggle for Khilafat
Movement. Most notable Muslim women leader was Bi Amman (Abida
Bano). After the arrest of Ali Brothers, she took charge of the moment
and rallied across Punjab to gather the support of masses for the
Khilafat cause. Muhammad Ali’s wife Amjadi Bano also actively
participated in the Khilafat movement. These noble women latter were
instrumental in Pakistan movement. Hence, Khilafat Movement also
generated consciousness among Muslim women.
6.13 Gandhi’s betrayal for the Khilafat cause deteriorated the Hindu-
Muslim relations.
7… Effects-
Religio-political
This was the first major Muslim political Movement in India which
involved the common man. Muslims rendered innumerous sacrifices for
the protection and restoration of the Khilafat Movement. Khilafat
Movement was the 1st movement in which the ordinary Muslims were
involved, people in the streets were involved and therefore politics at
that time came down to the ordinary masses. So it marked the
beginning of popular Muslim politics.
This Movement paved the way for the Pakistan Movement which
ultimately culminated into the inception of Pakistan. With the
disintegration of Ottomon Empire in ( 1922 ), the Muslims were
deprived of caliphate which generated sense of a need for
establishment of another Muslim country that could compensate loss
of Ummah. Secondly, it provided training to new generation of Muslims
like Muhammad Ali, Chaudhry Khaliq uz Zaman, Sardar Abdur Rab
Nishtar, AK Fazulul Haq, Maulana Shabbir Ahmed Usmani and Sir
Abdullah Haroon, history stands witnessed of services of these political
figures in the Pakistan movement. Thirdly the betrayal of Gandhi to
Khilafat Cause furthered the Muslim separatism. The realization of
separatism of Muslims was converted into the sound base for the
Pakistan Movement. All the above factors that shaped due to the
Khilafat Movement culminated the dream of Pakistan into a reality.
Khilafat Movement put the Muslim clergy at the center of the modern
political arena, armed with a political organization in the form of the
Jamiat-e-Ulama-e-Hind ( formed in November 1919) which the clergy
used to intervene actively in both the political as well as the ideological
sphere. Never before in Indian Muslim history was the clergy ever
accorded such a place in political life.
7.4 Introduced the religious flavour in the life Indian Muslim politics
7.5 Khilafat Movement saw the entry of Muslim women in the politics
The Muslim women were also not behind in struggle for Khilafat
Movement. Most notable Muslim women leader was Bi Amman (Abida
Bano). After the arrest of Ali Brothers, she took charge of the moment
and rallied across Punjab to gather the support of masses for the
Khilafat cause. Muhammad Ali’s wife Amjadi Bano also actively
participated in the Khilafat movement. These noble women latter were
instrumental in Pakistan movement. Hence, Khilafat Movement also
generated consciousness among Muslim women.
7.6 Gandhi’s betrayal for the Khilafat cause deteriorated the Hindu-
Muslim relations in the long run.
Khilafat Movement u
socio-economic,
7.2 Khilafat Movement was an all India movement above any caste
creed or religion.
’’The Khilafat Movement carried the hostility against the British far
greater than the Congress’’, Abdul Hamid writes in Muslim separatism
in India.
7.6 Khilafat Movement signified the unity among Muslims first time
after the end of Mughal Empire.
After the fall of Mughal Empire In 1857, Muslims were divided on the
basis of language, politics and princely states. However, Khilafat
Movement ignited new fire of Muslim nationalism among Muslim
masses pushing them in arms of each other. The Muslims of India
voiced for the Khilafat in one voice from Peshawar to Mysore. Orthodox
and liberal segments both collectively strived for the Khilafat cause. Be
it conservatives like Maulana Hasrat Mohani, Maulana Azad, Maulana
Muhammad Ali, Maulana Shaukat Ali, Hakim Ajmal Khan or liberals like
Sir Agha Khan, Syed Ameer Ali all rendered their support for the
Khilafat Movement. Muslims were united in their voice and actions.
Such unity in the Muslim ranks was continued to be witnessed
throughout Muslim political struggle till creation of Pakistan in 1947.
Though the Hindus and the Muslims jointly were striving for the
Khilafat Movement but it was only Muslims who made sacrifices.
Muslims boycotted education institutes, courts, resigned from
government services and invited wrath of government on themselves.
While Hindus on other hand continued to enjoy privileges of British rule
and contributed nothing to exert pressure on suppressors. For instance,
Banaras Hindu University refused to refuse the financial aid of
government. While officers that were left by the Muslim employees
were filled by the Hindus. Such sacrifices of the Muslims caused
immense economic misery for their community.
Many families lost their beloved ones during the agitational phase of
Khilafat Movement. In Malabar Moplah Muslims lost around 4000 men
during rebellion against British government. While dozen of Muslim
political workers were hounded in jails under Rowlett Act 1919. As a of
result of political victimization of Muslims, many families were deprived
of men who were source of income for these families resulting into
abject misery for the Muslim families.
Effects on muslim nationalism
This Movement paved the way for the Pakistan Movement which
ultimately culminated into the inception of Pakistan. With the
disintegration of Ottomon Empire in ( 1922 ), the Muslims were
deprived of caliphate which generated sense of a need for
establishment of another Muslim country that could compensate loss
of Ummah. Secondly, it provided training to new generation of Muslims
like Muhammad Ali, Chaudhry Khaliq uz Zaman, Sardar Abdur Rab
Nishtar, AK Fazulul Haq, Maulana Shabbir Ahmed Usmani and Sir
Abdullah Haroon, history stands witnessed of services of these political
figures in the Pakistan movement. Thirdly the betrayal of Gandhi to
Khilafat Cause furthered the Muslim separatism. The realization of
separatism of Muslims was converted into the sound base for the
Pakistan Movement. All the above factors helped in shaping the Muslim
nationalism that led to turn dream of Pakistan into a reality.
3 Provided foothold to the Islamic clergy in the political sphere.
Khilafat Movement put the Muslim clergy at the center of the modern
political arena, armed with a political organization in the form of the
Jamiat-e-Ulama-e-Hind ( formed in November 1919) which the clergy
used to intervene actively in both the political as well as the ideological
sphere. Never before in Indian Muslim history was the clergy ever
accorded such a place in political life. The Jamat continues to play vital
role in promotion of Muslim nationalism in India and Pakistan till this
day.
The Muslim women were also not behind in struggle for Khilafat
Movement. Most notable Muslim women leader was Bi Amman (Abida
Bano). After the arrest of Ali Brothers, she took charge of the moment
and rallied across Punjab to gather the support of masses for the
Khilafat cause. Muhammad Ali’s wife Amjadi Bano also actively
participated in the Khilafat movement. These noble women latter were
instrumental in Pakistan movement. Hence, Khilafat Movement also
generated consciousness among Muslim women.
’’The Khilafat Movement carried the hostility against the British far
greater than the Congress’’, Abdul Hamid writes in Muslim separatism
in India.
13. Khilafat Movement signified the unity among Muslims first time
after the end of Mughal Empire.
After the fall of Mughal Empire In 1857, Muslims were divided on the
basis of language, politics and princely states. However, Khilafat
Movement ignited new fire of Muslim nationalism among Muslim
masses pushing them in arms of each other. The Muslims of India
voiced for the Khilafat in one voice from Peshawar to Mysore. Orthodox
and liberal segments both collectively strived for the Khilafat cause. Be
it conservatives like Maulana Hasrat Mohani, Maulana Azad, Maulana
Muhammad Ali, Maulana Shaukat Ali, Hakim Ajmal Khan or liberals like
Sir Agha Khan, Syed Ameer Ali all rendered their support for the
Khilafat Movement. Muslims were united in their voice and actions.
Such unity in the Muslim ranks was continued to be witnessed
throughout Muslim political struggle till creation of Pakistan in 1947.
14. The Hijrat Movement added into economic hardship of Muslims.
Though the Hindus and the Muslims jointly were striving for the
Khilafat Movement but it was only Muslims who made sacrifices.
Muslims boycotted education institutes, courts, resigned from
government services and invited wrath of government on themselves.
While Hindus on other hand continued to enjoy privileges of British rule
and contributed nothing to exert pressure on suppressors. For instance,
Banaras Hindu University refused to refuse the financial aid of
government. While officers that were left by the Muslim employees
were filled by the Hindus. Such sacrifices of the Muslims caused
immense economic misery for their community increased their
alienation vis-à-vis Hindus and British.
..9…Advantages
This was the first major Muslim political Movement in India which
involved the common man. Muslims rendered innumerous sacrifices for
the protection and restoration of the Khilafat Movement. Khilafat
Movement was the 1st movement in which the ordinary Muslims were
involved, people in the streets were involved and therefore politics at
that time came down to the ordinary masses. So it marked the
beginning of popular Muslim politics and solidified Muslim nationalism.
This Movement paved the way for the Pakistan Movement which
ultimately culminated into the inception of Pakistan. With the
disintegration of Ottomon Empire in ( 1922 ), the Muslims were
deprived of caliphate which generated sense of a need for
establishment of another Muslim country that could compensate loss
of Ummah. Secondly, it provided training to new generation of Muslims
like Muhammad Ali, Chaudhry Khaliq uz Zaman, Sardar Abdur Rab
Nishtar, AK Fazulul Haq, Maulana Shabbir Ahmed Usmani and Sir
Abdullah Haroon, history stands witnessed of services of these political
figures in the Pakistan movement. Thirdly the betrayal of Gandhi to
Khilafat Cause furthered the Muslim separatism. The realization of
separatism of Muslims was converted into the sound base for the
Pakistan Movement. All the above factors helped in shaping the Muslim
nationalism that led to turn dream of Pakistan into a reality.
Khilafat Movement put the Muslim clergy at the center of the modern
political arena, armed with a political organization in the form of the
Jamiat-e-Ulama-e-Hind ( formed in November 1919) which the clergy
used to intervene actively in both the political as well as the ideological
sphere. Never before in Indian Muslim history was the clergy ever
accorded such a place in political life. The Jamat continues to play vital
role in promotion of Muslim nationalism in India and Pakistan till this
day.
The Muslim women were also not behind in struggle for Khilafat
Movement. Most notable Muslim women leader was Bi Amman (Abida
Bano). After the arrest of Ali Brothers, she took charge of the moment
and rallied across Punjab to gather the support of masses for the
Khilafat cause. Muhammad Ali’s wife Amjadi Bano also actively
participated in the Khilafat movement. These noble women latter were
instrumental in Pakistan movement. Hence, Khilafat Movement also
generated consciousness among Muslim women.
.5 Gandhi’s betrayal for the Khilafat solidified the sense of separatism
of Muslims.
After the fall of Mughal Empire In 1857, Muslims were divided on the
basis of language, politics and princely states. However, Khilafat
Movement ignited new fire of Muslim nationalism among Muslim
masses pushing them in arms of each other. The Muslims of India
voiced for the Khilafat in one voice from Peshawar to Mysore. Orthodox
and liberal segments both collectively strived for the Khilafat cause. Be
it conservatives like Maulana Hasrat Mohani, Maulana Azad, Maulana
Muhammad Ali, Maulana Shaukat Ali, Hakim Ajmal Khan or liberals like
Sir Agha Khan, Syed Ameer Ali all rendered their support for the
Khilafat Movement. Muslims were united in their voice and actions.
Such unity in the Muslim ranks was continued to be witnessed
throughout Muslim political struggle till creation of Pakistan in 1947.
10. DISADVANTAGES
.1.. Introduced the religious flavour in the life Indian Muslim politics
3. The Sir Syed school of thought was put to the rest against the
breeze of Muslim nationalism.
Though the Hindus and the Muslims jointly were striving for the
Khilafat Movement but it was only Muslims who made sacrifices.
Muslims boycotted education institutes, courts, resigned from
government services and invited wrath of government on themselves.
While Hindus on other hand continued to enjoy privileges of British rule
and contributed nothing to exert pressure on suppressors. For instance,
Banaras Hindu University refused to refuse the financial aid of
government. While officers that were left by the Muslim employees
were filled by the Hindus. Such sacrifices of the Muslims caused
immense economic misery for their community increased their
alienation vis-à-vis Hindus and British.
Many families lost their beloved ones during the agitational phase of
Khilafat Movement. In Malabar Moplah Muslims lost around 4000 men
during rebellion against British government. While dozen of Muslim
political workers were hounded in jails under Rowlett Act 1919. As a of
result of political victimization of Muslims, many families were deprived
of men who were source of income for these families resulting into
abject misery for the Muslim families.
’’The Khilafat Movement carried the hostility against the British far
greater than the Congress’’, Abdul Hamid writes in Muslim separatism
in India.
13.. Conclusion
Q.2 The Khilafat Movement Spearheaded the Pakistan Movement and provided the necessary
weapon through which a political war to identify the Muslims as such could be waged." Discuss.
Khilafat Movement
emotional movement
2015 Khilafat Movement was emotional movement. Discuss
Intro
Background
Critical analysis
Conclusion
1.Introduction
What is Khilafat Movement?
2. Background
During World War I, the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) joined the war in
favour of Germany. But Ottomon Empire and Germany lost the war and
the allied forces decided to divide Ottomon Empire and put an end on
the organization of Islamic caliphate. The Treaty of Savers 1920 was
imposed on Turkey and its territories like Anatolia were wrested from it
and distributed among European countries. A wave of anger swept
across the Muslims World and the Indian Muslims rose against the
British Government. Muslim leaders like Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad,
Moulana Muhammad Ali Johar, Moulana Shoukat Ali, Moulana Hasan
Mohani and others reacted against the British Government policy and
were put behind the bars.
Being brothers, the Indian Muslims realized their religious duty to help
the Muslim country. It was the extra territorial attachments based on
Islam. Another factor same to the first was that the Indian Muslims
considered Ottoman Caliphate a symbol of unity of the Muslim world as
Ummah. Thus, the emotional consciousness of Muslims put them in hot
waters that instigated them to launch
Since Khilafat Movement was inspired by the religion it put the Muslim
clergy at the center of the modern political arena, armed with a
political organization in the form of the Jamiat-e-Ulama-e-Hind that
born in 1920 which the clergy used to intervene actively in both the
political as well as the ideological sphere. Never before in Indian
Muslim history was the clergy ever accorded such a place in political
life.
4.2 Introduced the religious flavour in the life Indian Muslim politics
After the fall of Mughal Empire In 1857, Muslims were divided on the
basis of language, politics and princely states. However, Khilafat
Movement ignited new fire of Muslim nationalism among Muslim
masses pushing them in arms of each other. The Muslims of India
voiced for the Khilafat in one voice from Peshawar to Mysore. Orthodox
and liberal segments both collectively strived for the Khilafat cause. Be
it conservatives like Maulana Hasrat Mohani, Maulana Azad, Maulana
Muhammad Ali, Maulana Shaukat Ali, Hakim Ajmal Khan or liberals like
Sir Agha Khan, Syed Ameer Ali all rendered their support for the
Khilafat Movement. Muslims were united in their voice and actions.
Such unity in the Muslim ranks was continued to be witnessed
throughout Muslim political struggle till creation of Pakistan in 1947.
4.9. The religious emotions in the wake Khilafat Movement put the
Muslims on the unconstitutional path.
Khalid Bin sayeed writes in The formative Phase of Pakistan that for
Hindus fighting for their country was an act of patriotism but for
Muslims Khilafat Movement was a Jihad.
Critical anaylsis
conclusion