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 Build this r-f FLYING SCALE MODEL

cTl'KIRBY CADET'GLIDER

A REPLICA OF THE MACHINE

USED FOR GLIDER TRAINING
BY THE AIR TRAINING CORPS
38-ins. WINGSPAN
A sturdy and excellent flying
model of the well-tried " Kirby
Cadet." Simple to construct,
easy to fly. Kit contains all
necessary Balsa and Balsa-sub.
strips, printed sheets for all
For aircraft recognition the demand for
ribs, formers, bulkheads, seat,
SKYLEADA and SKYROVA Solid Models
etc., large tubes Balsa Cement
is as huge as ever. They are still second to none
for value and being definitely out of the class of and Tissue Cement, covering
so-called " Solids '' which require nothing short tissue, and detailed ■vff
of a hacksaw and chopper to construct, when full-size drawing a *
you have built one SKYLEADA or SKYROVA
you will want a Squadron !
SKYLEADA Spitfire,- Martlet, Hurribomber,\ | /Q
(1/72 Scale) Kittyhawk, Thunderbolt, Mustang 'i}V9
Jl'f
Lightning, Whirlwind, \ J Hudson, Boston, "1 ^ fQ
Mosquito, Beaufighter J " Airacuda, Ju-88/}3/9
>3 Jr
SKYROVA York Stirling "l-J/
(8-9 in. "Span) Fortress Lancaster J J' "

World-Fam ous
WarpJane
Illustrated here is the
latest book on Solid CONTENTS
Model construction SPITFIRE
M.S. 109F;
D
which will amply rriANT
repay its modest cost mustang PILOT
martlet I S0UJ>
of 2/6, and the series
AIRACOBRA
"Pilot" Plan Pack kittyhawk
of nine l/72nd scale HURRIBOMBER ' 1/-
THUNDERBniT
AC
plans at 1/- acw^uhn0sde«an

Separate Plans at 4d. each also available of LIBERATOR,

HUDSON, BEAUFIGHTER, JU-88K, WELLINGTON,
ME-110, BOSTON, MANCHESTER, MOSQUITO
The above plans as well as the Solid Model Aircraft book should.be obtainable
from your local dealer. Kits may be in short supply, however, but orders from
A.T.C. and Service personnel endorsed
receiveby priority
C.O. or Unit through your local dealer

©: Kindly mention THE AERO MODELLER when replying to advertisers.

 /1

fJTZgM ^wLr :<t

m
^9 ST ^■ACL»'
■ 'S^g^mgw^p-i

._ TZZ-
v
31 i WK&Lzf

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nsfsi iTui ifil Hk^. -

^K8L
TYPHOON, , ^ a '
THUNDERBC j-T vi /tTOM& PAUt DtflANT 6fi
& BARRACUDA (I J . •. ^ |
All good things are worth waiting .v^«.. p i ^ s^sr."
for—."t you need wait no longer.
CALL & SEE YOUR
DEALER TO-DAY
ALL ENQUIRIES MUST CONTAIN S.A.E.
* y

rvm m ^mmisMX
:
—.„^,.—" pjt/p ' BjsaWMB -'ffiMM
mm*. r _ v
- M: JifiWM " ' BPIfM

IJ, JM H I III "liiM1 " ILIUSIRATIOHS ARE 'PHOTOS OF ACTUAL MODELS

MADE FROM C MA KITS.

"'CHINCFORD MODEL
*.- * . AERODROME LIMITED
STATIQN RD. LONDON. E.4.
 THE AEROMODELLER August. 1944

ss iSjlMW
ELITE HvisSEK'JWi

mvi
1 4, BUR * NEW ROAD MANCHESTER 8
GLIDER No. I GLIDER No. 3

30 inch span
45 Inch span
COMPLfcTE KIT 6/6 Post Free.
FULL SIZE PLAN and CUT-OUT RIBS
Contents of KitCUT-OUT RlBS, DOPE.
5/6 Post free
CEMENT. TISSUE STRIP, ETC.. and FULL-
SIZE PLAN.
GLIDER No. 2
A simple Model of original design, based 01 the best
glider principles. Mot a rehashed verslt... of a rubber- 36 inch span
powei-ed machine. COMPLETE KIT 9/1 Post free

ELITE SOLID KITS

THE "GNAT" LIMITATION OF SERIES 1/72 SCALE
16" GLIDER SUPPLIES ORDER Supermarine Spitfire V8 North American 73
We regret, ovWng to t/ie SupermarineSpit/ireVB Mustang I
obove order, we connot Republic Thunderbolt
supply our Glider No. 2 (Clipped Wing)
or Airborne Kite to other
than thefo//owing ;—- Hawker Hurricane II C Messerschmitt ME 109 Fi.
H.M. Forces, A.T.C, Focke-Wulf Fw. 109 A3
J.T.C., Sea Cadets, The Hawker Typhoon I B Macchi C 202 (Saetta II)
Royal Observer Corps and Curtiss Warhawk Zero
'» WipA Spotters' Club affiliated
with the Nat ion a/ Kit 2/3 Post free
Association of Spotters'
Clubs.
Mitch I Solid Kit Marauder Kit
All orders must be signed 6/6 Post free 6/6 Post free
by the Commanding
Officer or appropriate
officer. SOLID Kl'
OF AIR SPEED HORSA
Now obtainable
Kit contains Plan, Ribs and Sheet, Cement, etc. MOSQUITO SOLID 1/72 KIT 3/9 Post free.
2/6 Post Free. Cockpit Covers
SPITFIRE
ELITE "AIRBORNE" GLIDER H. HURRICANE
We stock WHIRLWIND..
only H.MG. WELLINGTON
Just the Model " YOU " want [H. Marxel MOSQUITO ..
Span 42lnt. t^ntents of Kite:—Dopes, Cement, Tissue, Guest clear
crystal Ltd.] LYSANDER.
FORTRESS IIetc. ■[ [[ 3/-
Strip Wire, Sheet, CUT-OUT RIBS & Full-ilze Plan cockpl: Covers. THUNDERBOLT .. Sd
cdckpi: Covers.
11/1 Post Free. LANCASTER
L/ iSTeR .. 3/1
Send 3d. for Catalogue. Fully Illustrated
ALL ACCESSORIES STOCKED. INCLUDING BALSA-SUBSTITUTE, CEMENT, DOPES, FINISHED PROPS, ETC., ETC.
Wj\W Tnrv M 4>DEL AIRP1. ANi E S IJ P P 1 IES
Hj. W I MJJ 14. Bury New Road, Mauctaester 8.

Kindly mention THE AERO MODELLER when replying to advertisers.

 --
I .
I /
1 . m

1/72 Solid Model Kits

J
HOYAL AIR FORCE
AMERICAN AIR FORCE

and GERMAN WAR PLANES

Handle/ Page Hampder.

# Price 3/1
iWesserschmitt '10
Price 2'6 , Westland L/sander
Price 2 6

Blenheim Boultbr Paul Oeflant

Price 2'6 Price 1/10
LATES'1" MODELS
D
TY HOON - Price 2/-
THUNDERBOLT - "ricell-
FOCKE WOLF 190 Price 2/
MOSQUITO Price 2/6
Hawker Hurricane
Price l/IOt?E>-, v
Spitfire Price l/IC ALL KITS contain foRelage cut to outline
shape, wirgs cut to shaoe, 'ail-plane, rudder,
and where necessary nacelles printed on
balsa, harcfwood cowls and wheels,- metal
propellers, .ransfer insignia, cement. Also Tomahawk
^2^ ful'-size detailed plan Price 1/10
Messerschmitf 109
h Price 1/10 SUNDRIES
2" 3 Bladed Propelleis ... 2Jd, each
l¥ 3 „ „ ... 2d. „
2" 2 2d. ,t j
Cowls .. ... - Id.
and ¥ Wheels Id. pair Vhirlwin-i !%
Price I'i.
Heinkel H.E.I I IK NATIONAL AEF.OPLANE MARKINGS
Price 3/1 R.A.F. (with lettering and rumbers) 4d. set
Amerira] M.,,
German 3d, ,,
w i"; -t. ■7^ :1

Avro Anson
« Price 5 6
Buffalo Price 1/10

Airacobra Price .1/10 r®

Wellingtc.-ti Price 3'6

HANK IN S ONI ROAD^ BOURNEMOUTH

ADD. Jh Postage on all Phone: 1922 WSWTON ADD 2|d. Pdstsg« on ail
Kit Pric« s Sundry Prices.
436 THh AERO MODELLER August. 1944

..ask for JOY-PLANE

PRODUCTS

The use of Scale Model Aircraft for recognition purposes

increases ; make sure of having the correct finish to your
Model by using "Joy-plane" and " New Discovery*' Brand
products . . . They are the very best of their kind and
the results which they give can always be relied upon.
A Government Order noiv in force definitely restricts the
packing of dUpainiing products to d minimum half-pint tin.
BALSA CEMENT, 5d. Tubes. GLOSSY. Camouflage Bpown .
WING DOPE, 4-plnt 4/- and Green* Yel low, Red, i ■ '.s
Light and Dark Blue, Light
FIELD CEMENT. Tubes, 7jd. Green, Dark Grey, Black, •sk
BANANA OIL, Thick or Thin, White.
i-plnt 4/- J pen - mm
PLASTIC BALSA WOOD,
T1SSUE PASTE, Jars 1/3 i-lb. 1/3
COLOURED MODEL GRAIN FILLER, White arjd
FINISHES, i-plnt tins 4/- Grey, i-plnt tins 4/-
MATT. Brown, Green, White, TH I N N E RS for ''Ne w
Black, Light Grey, Duck Egg Discovery" Model Finish,
Blue, Hcinkel Blue. i-plnt tins 2/3
THE TURNBRIDGE MANUFACTURING & SUPPLY Co. Ltd., 52a/62a Longley Road S.W. 17

KITS OF DISTINCTION

UP, "PUP," UP! "THE CRUISER PUP

THOUSANDS SUCCESSFULLY BUILT AND FLOWN I

THRTLl ING FLIGHTS

G.A.H., R.A.F., Pendine, Comwall

WRITES:
f<
r I have built a * Cruiser Pup* entirely of your
BaUaxnood Substitute {except for nose block) and
toould like to express my satisfaction.
The performance of the model is really good and its
ability lb toithstand hard knocks without ill effect is
truly amazing I
SPAN 29 jns. The small additional weight of P.S.S. {Balsawdod
tmmiM WEIGHT 2 ozs. Substitute) as compared with Bahawood is more than
worth while* as it gives real STRENGTH OF
STRUCTURE.**

COMPLETE .SET Carriage Paid

OF MATERIALS
(Including Rubber Motor) T6 United Kingdom
SEND FOR LATEST L:ST 6d. POST PAID

PREMIER AEROMODEI SUPPLIES LTD.

2a, HORNSEY RISE, LONDON, N.19 'Phone: arc 2m
PLANES THAT PLEASE
Kindly mention TIIF AEKOMODELLFR when replying to advertisers.
August, 1944 THE AERVMODELLER 437

UNBEA1 ABLE FOR

REALISM build a FIGHTER ! !
OUR RANGE OF £ IN. TO 1 FT.
SOLID SCALE FIGHTERS ARE
SENSATIONAL BOTH IN VALUE
. >' ^5^ | pi
AND APPEARANCE.
*—
New additions to our range are the
Ixh TYPHOON, MUSTANG,
r
w* 0
and HURRICANE llD.
Others are : — TOMAHAWK, AIRACOBRA,
as ■ fis««a DEF'ANI, SPITFIRE and MESSERSCHMITT 107.

xtt juu COMPLETE 4'6 6d. Postage

" MUSTANG " ALL ENQUIRIES MUST HAVE S.A.E.
Kit a^soli'tely complete, includes all part -urto shape,
turned spinner and wheels, full scale detail plan and ■ i-
struction sheet, three bottles coloureo oope, transfer MODEL AERO SUPPLIES
insigni'as, celluloid, 2 sheets sandpaper, tube of cement,
etc. WEST PARADE WORKS
FULL RANGE TRANSFER INSIGNlAS, INCl INC ^ ^ HALIFAX
BEAL ril:ULLY COLOURED SQUADRC^' MARKINGS.
SET OFTEN, 6d. ?^?a\LFAXy Y 0 R K s.
Cement, clear and coloured dopes, wire, coWIs, spinners, an4 every
accessory for the Aero Model 11st
SPEND YOUR QUOTA WITH US, "products 2729

HOPEI. AIRCRAFT PRODUCTS

A First-Class Material—For a First-Class job

Approved by ail the Leading Model Constriictora.
LATEST SELLING PRICES

Manufacturers to Liberal discount

the Trade only* to the Trade.
5!
BALSA WOOD CEMENT BANANA OIL No. I,Thick.
(both ordinary and field dry-
ing), In 5d. and 8d. size tubes. >ANANA O No.-2, Thin,
COLOURED DOPES (for in small size 8d. f pint tins
wings and fuselage, 7 shades), 4/- each
In small sizes 8d. £ pint tins BALSA PLASTIC WOOD,
4/- each. In 8d. size tubes.
CAMOUFLAGE DOPES
(Brown and Green) In small SPECIAL TISSUE PASTE,
size 8d. i pint tins A/- each. In 4d. size tubes.
CLEAR FABRIC DOPE (for
wings, has extraordinary
tightening properties), In
small size 8d. } pint tins A/—
each.
THOROUGHLY AS SUPPLIED TO: R.A.P —A T.C. » ALL TRAINING SCHOOLS,
TESTED •A TERIES—R. >.C., ET :TC.
SPECIAL QUOTATIONS O BULK BUYERS, also MANU-
H/GH'-V FACTl ERS OP SMAI SIZES FOR USE IN Kl' Pi :K5. MODEL AIRCRAFT
RECOMMENDED Write and ask for fall particulars and best Export terms TRAL. ASSOCIATION
SLICK BRANDS LTD., Waddon, Croydon, SURREY
Phone : Please note that tKis announcement ft addressed to the Trade ONLY I Telegrams :
CROYDON 3171-3172 and private individuals cannot be supplied direct, but SHOULD I " SLICKBRA" LONDON.
DEAL THROUGH THEIR LOCAL RETAILERS. I
Kindly mention THE AEROMODELLER when replying to advertisers.
 A
M I Co

BARRACUDA
Phptograph 7

'00M acknowledgments

••a
A'

%
AnnouTrcipg;
3 j^agnriflcept^adtfitrohs tS ^
" ACE " Series
of wonder kits
28 inch wing span Flying Models
BARRACUDA THUNDERBOLT
TYPHOON
Oesfghed by H. J. Townir

These models are built oh an entirely new

constructional basis,"which WjII revolutionize
the building of Flying Scale Model Aircraft.
They can be built in woods other than
Balsa and WILL FLY
-
FLYING BOMB MODEL JUST READY

Marchos on
ASTRAL }
trade enquiries' to: Astral. Mills, Dixon Lane
Road, Leeds, 12. -Phone: 37021 ,3-lines)
ASTRAL KITS ARE THE
CEILING
r
 PROPRIETORS:
MODEL AERONAUTICAL
PRESS, LIMITED
juMimmuii Manacinc Editor
■ 1 (INCORPORATING "THE MODEL AEROPLANE CONSTRUCTOR")
D. A. RUSSELL, M.I. Mech.E,

C S. RU5HBROOK&
The Model Aeronautical Journal of the British Empire
ALLEN HOUSE Established 1936 SUBSCRIPTIONS:
NEWARKE STREET INC. CHRISTMAS
VOL iX No. 105 JULY 25th, I944
LEICESTER DOUBLE NUMBER
Tel LEICESTER 65322 IS/- P.A. PREPAID.
The Flying of Petrol Planes
JUST as the July issue of the Aeromodeller went With the co-operation of our printers we were able to
to press, ve received two letten from the Air arrange ior the latter part of the printing " run " to
Ministry, under the date of June 22nd, in which were set carry a " Stop Press " notice giving the text of the
out revised regulations for the flying sf petrol-engine Air Ministry letters, but as the first part of the " tun "
driven mc del aircraft, north of a line drawn Southwold— c 1 not do so, we reprint herewith the two letters above
Bu'-y St. Edmunds—jBedfori—Gloucester—Bristol referred to :•—
Channel. (Flying of petrol-engine driven model aircraft
south of this line continues to be strictly forbidden !) AIR MINISTRY.
Department of Civil Aviation,
Ariel House, Strand, W.C.2.
AlP MINISTRY. 22r.d June, 1944.
Iiepartment of Civil Aviation, Sir,
Ariel House, Strand, W.C.2. I am directed to refer to Air Ministry letter
22nd June, 1944. C.S.22713/S.G of 10th May, 1944, concerning restrictions
Sir, on the flvirig of model aircraft and to inform you that the
Department has no objections on security grounds to
X am directed to refer to your letters of the 8th. 19th these restrictions being modified slightly.
and 3 Ist May and 7th June regarding restrictions on the
flying of model aircraft, and tc inform yon that, in view 2. The revised restrictions on the flying of all model
of the considerations you have put forward, i!: has been aircraft (including gliders) will now be as follows :—
decided to modify the restrictions previously imposed on (a) Such aircraft are not to be flown South of a line
the f ing of these -raft. Southwold—Bury St, Edmunds—Bedford—
2. The restr'cuons which will now apply to all model Gloucester—Bristol Channel.
aircraft, including gliders, are set out in a letter under (b) There is to be no flying between the hours of
to-day'S date addressed to he. Secretary of the Royal sunset and sunrise.
A ero Club, a copy of which is attached for your informa- (c) There is to be no flying in officially prohibited areas
tion. or within two miles of any Royal Air Force
8. The Department is anxious on security grounds that Station.
these regulations should be strictly observed, and any (d) Models are to be set to fly in a closed circuit only.
assistance in drawing public attention to them you can (e) Wing span in all coses is not to exceed 10 ft.
give will be appreciatea. (f) Maximum engine running time is to be 45 seconds.,
4. I am to express regret that it has been imprac- (g) Maximum time airborne is to be 2 minutes.
ticable to reply earlier to your letters. 3. Copies of this letter have been sent to the Society of
I am, Sir, Model Aeronautical Engineers and to the Association of
Youc obedient Servant, British Aeromodellcrs.
A. H WILSON, I am. Sir,
for Director-General of Civil Your obedient Servant,
D. A. Russell, Esq.. Aviation. A. H. WILSON,
Managing Director, for Director-General of Civil
Model Aeronautical Press, Ltd , The Secretary, Aviation.
Wilmary House, Merton Lane, Highgate, N.6. Royal Aero Club, 119, Piccadilly, W.l.

The effect of this latest Air Ministry announceraent modellers to carefully study the Air Ministrv regulations
is therefore that the flying of all types of model aircraft and.abide by them most strictly, both on security grounds
may now be carried out by any person, provided that and in the interest of the aeromoc'elling movement as a
the rules (a) to (g) inclusive as set out in the Air Ministry's whole.
letter of 22nd June, 1944, are stnetly adhered to j and In securing the removal of the unfair and inequitable
there ir no limitation on the flying of petrol-engine driven limitation of the privilege of flying, as restricted to
model aircraft to members-of the S.M.A.E. only, neither members ox the S.M.A.E., we had the support of the
is it necessary for timing devices to be approved by that Association of British Aeromodellers and the Model
Society. Aircraft Trade Association ; and undoubtedly the Air
It •"•■ill be noted that the Air Ministry is anxious that Ministry was influenced by the standing of these bodies
the regulations should be strictly Observed, and now when considering the memorandum submitted by this
that, in the orthem half of England " fly.ng for all " Journal. We are glad to have rendered this sendee to
has been made available, we earnestly request all aero- aei omodellers, and wish to express our appreciation of the
440 THE AEROMODELLER August, 1944

many letters of congratulation and approval of ouraction, The Boole of Westland Aircraft
which we have received from all parts of the country. Few, if any, of the aircraft firms whose history dates
The N.G.A. Third Party Insurance for petrol planes back to the days before the last war, can have a story so
has, of course, been reinstated ; and once again we urge full of interest as that of Westland Aircraft, Ltd. Com-
all aeromodellers who fly petrol-engine driven model piled by Mr. A. H. Lukins, himself a native of Yeovil,
aircraft to register for this essential insurance. Full and for a number of years on the Westland staff, this
particulars of the scheme were published on page 413 latest publication of the HarboroughPublishing Co., Ltd.,
of the July issue of the Aeromodeller: they may also attains a standard comparable with the " Aircraft of the
be obtained, together with registration forms, from the Fighting Powers " series. Following an " Introduction "
Hon. Sec., N.G.A., Allen House, Newarke Street, in which the Westland history and organisation is des-
Leicester, on receipt of postcard with sender's name cribed from the earliest days up to present times, there
and address thereon. are 1/72 three-view scale drawings of 29 Westland
designed and huilt aircraft. Included also are smaller
Association of British Aeromodellers three-view scale drawings of a further ten aircraft, which,
although not Westland designed, were Westland built.
We are informed from 28, Hanover Street, W.l (offices
of the Association), that Mr. Arthur Lodge has been There are over 100 large half-tone photographic
appointed Secretary—and he should have taken up his repfoductions in this book—size 11 ins. by 81 ins.—
duties by the time this issue is on sale. Mr. Lodge, whose which contains over 100 pages, is cloth bound in stiff
appointment is of course full-time, has many years' boards, and is provided with an attractively coloured
experience of Association work, and may he expected dust cover. At the price of 12s. 6d., or 13s. post free,
speedily to get his office organisation built up. We from our Leicester offices, this book is extremely good
understand that a considerable number of technical value, and of such instructive value that,we have no
books have already been purchased for the Library— hesitation in strongly recommending it. Ample supplies
and a list circulated to the members. are available, and copies may be obtained from any
An indication of the interest shown in the formation model shop or bookseller.
of the A.B.A. is given by the information that enquiries
for particulars have been coming in at a steady rate of Pilottess Planes
some 60 to 80 a day, and whilst the Association is still Whenever a " new " invention is announced, it seems
barely " launched," a goodly proportion of these that considerable efforts are made by all kinds of people
" enquiries " have already developed into " members." to prove that there is nothing new in the invention,
Other news is that a small pamphlet, descriptive of and that similar ideas have been thought of long ago.
the aims and objects of the A.B.A., together with a For instance, when the " human torpedo" was
complete set of rules printed and bound in booklet form, announced, several articles appeared, informing the
are now available; also black and silver transfers for general public that as far back as before the last war,
affixing to model aircraft. One dozen transfers are and, in one case, as far back as the Russo-Japanese war,
issued free to each member on joining. Lastly, comes human torpedoes were being experimented with, and
news of a range of National Competitions, of which full in a number of cases were actually used, not all that
particulars are given on another page, and which will, dissimilar to the latest type recently announced.
we feel sure, interest all readers of this Journal. We Similarly, the same thing has occurred with the
commend the organisers of A.B.A. for their far-sighted- introduction by the Germans of their " pilotless planes."
ness and sense of equity, by arranging such a splendid Several articles have already appeared, pointing out that
range of competitions ; and have been pleased to provide pilotless planes were designed in this country, and were
the sum of fifty guineas for the purchase of two solid being successfully launched and flown, during the days
silver trophies for two of the competitions. of the last war.
Now we hear from America that a new type of pilotless
Child Spotters plane, some 19 J ins. span and made of wood and plaster
of Paris, is being turned out in a factory in Portland,
In our May issue we referred to a young " spotter," Oregon, for the purpose of training AA. gunners. It
A reader now sends us notice of a 3J-year-old boy, Derek is said that the model will reach a height of 300 ft.,
Locke, who, it is alleged, can identify anything up to and will then either glide in a straight course, dive
400 aircraft, gliders, etc. Even at the age of two he steeply, or circle for position as if to attack. At the
could identify machines by picking them out of a pack altitude of 300 ft. the model has the scale and effect of
of aircraft cards. Our reader adds a P.S. to his letter a real plane at a height of 1,500 ft., and even that is
sending the newspaper cutting, from which we have not new. ... In this country small model planes
abstracted this information, and adds " I do not vouch launched by catapult have heen used for some time in
for the story. It is just a newspaper report. . . ." the training of A.A. gunners, and it is said that speeds of
(Verb, sap.) 300 to 400 m.p.h. can be reached.

CONTENTS OF THIS ISSUE

Editorial 439 R.D.W.8. By Corpl. Welsberg 458
Aerodynamics of the'Hummln? Bird. By Frank W. Lano ... 442 The Kestrel. By R. Malmstrom ... ... ... 462
Gremlins. By H. Speight 445 Readers' Letters ... ... 464
l/48th Solid Scale Model Motors—Article VI. Junkers Jumo 211. Longeron Strength Data. By J. H. Maxwell 465
ByS. B.S 446 Streamlined Speed. By Surgeon-Commander, R.N.V.R 466
An Explanation of Dihedral Effect. By A. H.Butler ... ... 448 Pterodactyl Glider. By R. D. Brewer ... ... 468
Petrol Vapour. By^C. E. B.M 449 Split Flap Experiments on a 52-In. Span Model. By J. S. Forrest... 469
"Judy." ByK. McCaw 452 Monthly Memoranda. By O. G.Thetford ... 470
Reminiscences of the D.H. Biplane of I9J7-I8. By Victor A. Webb 453 Aeroplanes Described—XIX. The Bristol Beaufighter X. By
The Avro Avian. By E.J. Riding 454 H.J. Cooper 472
Photographic Section. By J. A. Hodgson 456 Club News. By <( Clubman " 475
August, X944 THE AEROMODELLER

The " Taylorcrafi " Compctiiiom

Interest in ou^ competition for the longest flight by a
" Taylorcraft IV " flying scale model built from A.P.S.
plans (price 2s. pest free from our Leicester office)
continues urabated.
We would remind reauers that the closing date for this
competition is August 31st next, and that entries must ftliilMllFT
be made on the " official" entry form provided with
each plan. Whilst it is essential 'mat competing models
are built to the 1 in. scale, and follow accurately the
overall dimensions given on the drawing, departures from
same in the use of sections or materials other than those
indicated on the drawing are^ of course, allowed.
Vacancies
We announce further acancies in several departments
at our Head Office at Highgate. We i-equire a junior
photographic assistant, and also a junior to be trained m mm
in the operating of a blue-printing machine. We also
have several vacancies in our Monel Building Depart- The first photograph of a model Flying Bomb to reach our Editorial
ment for (a) strictly model building; and (6) in the Offices* Built and photogrophod by /VIf*. £, G, Hilton, Readers
will note with amusement that another photograph of this modef,
turning and fitting department. pubf/sherf bi a Sunday newspaper, stated that It was a photograph
All these vacancies may be filled by youths straight of on actuaf flying bomb taken "Somewhere In the South of
England." Which Is certainly a compliment to VMr. Hi/ton'i
from school, i.e., 14/16, or by older youths in the 16/17 photographfc efforts. If nothing else I
age group, in which case education to matriculation
stanaard is expected quickly sold out. We understand from the publishers
Wages payable range from /I 10s, to £2 10s. per week, that work oa Vol. V (descriptive of aircraft flown in 1944)
depending on age, previous experience, and general is well under way, and thai, elaborate plans are being
ability. made to "ommence the printing earlier than in previous
Applications should be made as soon as. possible, years, sp that a really large stock of copies can be avail-
addressed to the Managing Director, at our Leicester able on the publication date, which is announced as
offices, AUen House, Newarke Street, Leicester, and December 4th.
should be marked " Persotal ■" in the top left-hand
comer of the envelope. "Ilnn-True" Bobbins
In an article, page 394 of the July issue, entitled
" Aviation in Miniature " "Noseblocks, Propeller Shafts and other Devices,"
Phis booklet, recently anrounced, has caused con- mention +was made of a run-true bobbin We wish to
siderable interest, and is attracting a good deal of point out hat the " Run-True " bobbin is a trade product
attention. The first part, consisting of a number of of Premier Aeromodel Supplies, Ltd., and was, of course,
chapters, is devc te d to a description of the various introduced by our old friend Mr, C. A. Rippon,
aspects of aeromod filing, -written in a simple yet attrac-
tive mannei, and illustrated by " Freddie." The latter "WANTS
part of the nooklet gives a complete list of every 1/72 (1) ^oplee of die Aeromodeii".! , Vol. I, No. 1, December, .1930.
1 nd or Ioob* In g id condltloi —J. W Reld, 187, Bushbnry
three-view scale plan available (there are now nearly T ad. FalUnKL park Wi 'erhampton, St< .. (2) Plan of Elite
100), together with the appropriate photograph ; a list " Skcetor.1'—R. W. Fold, 40, 1". v)i» Lilvo, dlord, Essex.
(3) Copies of the Aeromodelleu ap to Decombor, 104,1.—Ray
Of well over 100 full-size scale drawings of all types of Lelc. n. Top Bungalow, Cresswell Bane, Staincllilc, Dowsbury.
mooel aircraft; and a complete list of Harborough " (4) Petrol onglne. Pit of Stlnson Reliant S.B 7D.—J. H-
C il«k, 38, Asnford Rood, Brigbton, 8 (B) Copies of the Aebo-
publications Cooie'-. if this booklet may be obtained 110' ,r,Ei. October, No ...i-her, 1042, "Tanua.ry, October, Novem-
from any "W, H. Smith bookstall, from any model shop ber, 1043 Od. each, if gtud condition.—J T Blaokwoll, Sobool
House, A1'onbam Sobool, Elstreo, Herts. (1) AEnOMQPF.T.T.ER,
or bookseller, or direct from our Leicester offices, price January, Match, 'n) r> August, December; 1042. " The Aeroplane,"
Is per copy post free. January st to March I2tb, 13411 " Aeroplane Spotter," Nos. 1-15,
1C1 -i08, Indei coWo "An' Vol. II.P. D. BilUngto , Cross Hall
On page 57 we publish a notice referring to the Ford, St. Neots, Hunts.
" Aircraft of tl e Fighting Powers " series. We draw DISPUS IDS _
particular attention to this notice, firstly, to emphasize (l-J Completed fusoln Elite 1 o 2 glider, with rest of kit. S It. 4 ins.
Span glider; fln slighth dau igou ft. span glider. 2 ft. sCml-
that copies of Vol. IV (1943 aircraft) are now in stock scalo model with motor. Aeroiiodeixers from 1041 and a few
and immediate delivery can be given, and also to empha- 1940, Callers only.—J. Penny, 1G1, "Wave Avenue, Oranford,
Honnslow, Middlenox. (2) Almost complete kit, " 20-mln. sail-
size that, at the time of going co press, stocks exist ,lso piano " with several sbeota of balsa wood, blueprint; and bl pt nt
of copies of Vols. L, II and III (although the number of of launching gear. Cos !0s. Good condition. 15s.—J. D. Black-
copies of Vol.11 is extremely small—a bare 45 to 60 copies.) ■well. School louse Udenh-i School, Elstree, Horts. 3) Pile of
av .don books, of oxohangoforsame.—D. Bradley, 73, Urnlg Street,
Since iiis series of volumes was announced, we have Darlington. . (4) 2-5 c.o. Hallam n inlature petrol onglno, complete
with coil and ( .donsor, less petrol tank. Offors marked " Please
had many hundreds of letters from readers expiessing Forward" to Jsynes, A.C.I, o/o Westfleld House, Holmer,
their regret that they could not get one or other of the Jere£o-d (5) Pair M, &M. (Inflatable) 3 in, air wheels,—^P. J.lvens,
volumes to make up a se, ies. "Now is their chmce to Frances House, Blundells, Tlvorton, Devon.
remedy any omissions. We understand from the pub- EXCHANGE
(1) largo quantiticB of halsa strip and sheet (all sizes) and cash,
lishers that there are available several thousand copies for model petrol ongino in oo condition with coll and condenser.
each of Vols. I and . II and TV, but those readers who —J. L Flaherty, 30, Park AvonutS, CL^Jderton, lanes. (2 Sheet
and Ht.'lp balsa for air gun or rlflo.—1. Pnlvonnaohor, 2, Gp -go
need copies of Vol. II must order immediately, as the c 'd S" ee j Bucks. (3) Prismatic Binoculars (tx or miniature
40 to 60 copies which now remain will inevitably be petrol engine, } or < ho ,—D. Michael, 10, Hushti Road,
Deshorough, Northants.
442 THL AEROMODELLER August, 1944

IS H :1
5 i? IB".«.!

AERODl XAM1CS »H>I>II.\<. BIRD

iiifi
By Fbnfe Wa
-j-

!■> ''j ^
,^iK m _

&•7 i/
m
I
.k I

w - 'ilV-/-

HUMMING-BIRDS have loug been of gree,t interest Sometimes the young bnd will move its wings in slow
to ornithologists. Then tiny size; brilliant motion and then suddenly switch into high gear. All
colouring and fantastic feather adornments ; strange thic exercise develops and jo-ordinates the wings so well
feeding habits ■ and xemarlcable flight characteristics that when the bird takes off for its first flight from the
have evoked the wonder of man ever since the first nest it exhibits at once that supreme mastery of the air
humming-bird was seen, like a feathered jewel, darting for which humming-birds are famed.
through the air of which its race are such supreme The vital powers of humming birds are at their zenith
masters. during the courtirtg-seasm and it is then that their
Interest in humming-birds is not confined to bird- amazing powers of flight are demonstrated to the full.
lovers. All who are interested in mastery of the air Two strikingly different modes of courtship are practised.
must admire, and endeavour to seek the reason for, the One is the '' static,'' in which the male takes his stand in a
remarkable powers of flight possessed by these smallest particular piece of territory and untiringly sends forth a
of all birds. rathe, melancholy love-note in the hope of attracting
Beside a humming-bird the highest creation of man's a passing female.
mechanical genius is made to look a clumsy make shift The second form of wocing is the " dynamic," in
lumbering about rhe sky without skill ana with enormous which the male, to dazzle and win a mate, gives aerial
waste of power. In the midst of our justifiable pride in displays which are without parallel in the aviar world.
the achievements of our aeronautical engineers it may be In many of these courtship flights the male wins his
well if we pause for a moment to look at one of Nature's mate by dive-bomoing her. He towers to a height of
most expert flying machines. sixty or seventy feet then, shoots down in a breath-taking
There are some 050 kinds of humming-birds and they power-dive towards the perching female. The rapidly
are scattered throrghoat the length of the Americas vibrating wings, comoined with the terrific speed at
from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego. Wherever there are which the tiny body hurtles downwards causes a shrill
flowers to supply the accessary nectar and insects, whistle which reaches its peak as the feathered bullet
humming-birds will be found, whether in steaming flashes past the female and zooms upwards to complete
lowfand _ angles or just below the snow-line in the an immense U around his would-be mate. He then
towering Andes. repeats the whole thrilling display two or three times
The largest humming-bird is born from an egg the without a pause.
size of a pea laid in a nest no oiggerthanaplum. Within This is how Finley describes one of these displays.
about a fortnight of hatching the young hummer is as " I Was standing on the hillside one May morning when I
big a; Its parents. saw a Rufous humming-bird come down like the rush of a
The young indulge in considerable wing-practice rocket. He turned and whirled up till I could see but
before they leave the nest. Standing at first in the nest the tiniest speck in the sky. Then he drc pped headlong
itself and later on the rim, the youngster vibrates its like a re 1 meteor, his gorget puffed out and his tail
wings until they are only a mist on either side of the spread wide. He veered jus. above the bushes with a
tiny body. Sound like a whip drawn through the air and as the
William L. Finicy . lys he has seen a young Anna's impetus carried him up, a high-pitched musical tfill
humnv g-bird make its wings buzz so fast that they sounded above the whir of his wings. Again and again
almost lifted it off its feet and it had to hang on with its he swung back and forth, evidently in an effort to win
feet to pi event itself being lifted into the air. This bird the heart of some lady."
practised many times during the aay until ii had mastered Some observers say the power-dive is made at such
the art of balancing and rising in the air. extreme speed that it is impossible to distinguish the bird
August, 1944 THE AEROMODELLER 443

itself. Surely of few birds in the vorld can it be said By projecting the American and German films on the
that they can be heard but not seen ! screen, ornithologists have been able to study in detail the
Several factors are responsible for making the humming-birds' whirring wings. Some remarkable facts
humming-bird such a marvellously effiuen aeronaut. have been discovered. Che hrmming-bird flies like no
The compact, streamlined body, from rapier-like beak to other bird but has certain flight affinities with the most
short, powerful tail, is the perfect insti ament for cleaving expert-flying insects.
air with the minimum of resistance. The tail is capable On each downward or backward stroke the wings turn
of almost any adjustment, fanning, furling, raising, completely, so that they are actually upside down.
lowering, sv/ivelling at will. The following technical description taken from one of the
But the chief item in the humming-bird's flying " B.ological Abstracts " of a report on some Germun
equipment is its wings. To support them the bone and films may be of interest.
mrscles of the breast are enormously developed—they " The wing tips describe a figure 8. In the down
are in fact colossal in proportion to the body. The strone, the wing rotates about 160 degrees so that its
flight muscles are largest in proportion to the size of the anterior edge is directed backwards, its ventral surface is
body of any flying animal. turned dorsally. At the end of i he upstroke, the wing
The wings themselves are well shaped for fast move-" rotates back to the original position. In this rotation
ment. The aspect ratio is not very high, a fact which no the distal primaries of the wings play the chief rok.
doubt has some connection with the extreme mpidity The body axisis directed almost vertical!/ downward and
of the wing-beat. In a Ruby-throated humming-bird, the proximal parts of the -wings are kepi close against the
which weighed nearly three grams, the wing area was a body so that the wing is strongly bent during vibratory
little over twelve square centimetres. This gives a wing motion, not stretched out as in ordinary flight and the
area per gram, of 4T5. The figure for another kind of hand region of the wing is chiefly respons'ble for the
hummer was 5'0. motion. The hand primaries open briefly during the
The power necessary to drive such a tremendously turning points of the up and down strokes."
high-geared engine 3 obviously enormous. It is It has already been suggested that this remarkable
supplied by thf tiniest avian body working at white heat. twisting of the wing may be like the action of a variable
The pulse rate of a humming-bird is 1,400 per minute, pitch airscrew. I wonder if a closer study of the
som^ twenty times faster than that of a human being. humming-bird's wing mot.on, say in a wind tunnel with
Smal' wonder that a humming-bird is constantly apparatus to record the pattern of the air-flow about th.
Te-fne'ling its tiny " engine " wings, would reveal further facts of importance to the
Captive humming-birds feed, during daylight hours, designers of airscrews.
at least once every ten minutes. But, and this is yet Dr Charles H, Blake, who examined Dr. Edgerton's
another of the miracles that is constantly met with in films, found that the Ruby-throated humming-bird
these amazing birds some specimens are able to store beats its wings fifty-five times (completed strokes) a
enough fuel to make a 500-miles non-stop flight across second when hovering, sixty-one times a second when
the Gulf of Mexico. backing and as rapidly as seventy-five times a second in
"With such splendid apparatus for flying so powerful normal flight. It is thought that if tne camera could
and supercharged an " e- igine " to drive it and such a
constant supply of concentrated fuel, it is no .vondet that Neture'r Helicopter I Both of the remarkabfe photographs
shown on these pages taken by Dr, Edgerton ot a shutter
the hummine-bird is such a supreme master of flight. speed of I//00,000th of a second.
It is only the remarkable developments which
have taken -nlace during recent years in hign-speed
cinematography which have enabled the wing-movements
of humming-birds to be analvsed. N( ordinary
cinematograohic camera can " freeze" wings which
beat seventy-five times per second, or six times faster
than the v ing-^eats of at English sparrow. But by
special high-speeu cinematographic cechnique developed
at the Massachusetts Institute o.! Technology and the
Reichsstelle fur den Unterrichts-film even wings beating
at this tremendous speed have been made to stand still
and show their action in slow-motion.
Tc obtain the emarkable pho'-ographic results
achieved at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Dr. Harold E Edgerton used intermittent flashes in a
low-pressure tube. The flash of light, brilliant as a
miniature bolt of lightning, lasts for 1/100,000th of a
second and the period of darkness between each flash
lasts for l/5u0th of a second.
A constantly moving him is geared so that a new piece
of film come > opposite the camera lens at each flash.
Over 500 pictures per second can thus be secured,
although by increasing the number of flashes per second
and the speed of the film, ever ten times ,nis number of
pictures have been secured. I have seen one of Dr.
Edgerton's fi'ms, taken at 6,000 pictures pet second,
in \ hich the flight of a fly which in life took one-tenth of
a second lasts for one minute on the screen.
 444 THE AEROMODELLER August, 1944

keep the bird in, focus an even higher figure would be thrusts its bill into a small tubular flower blown by a
obtained as the bird increases its speed in straightforward gusty wind."
flight. As sideways flight is such an aerodynamic miracle I
While hovering the Ruby-throat moves its Wing tips at wrote to Mr. Woods for confirmation of his statement.
the rate of twenty miles an hour. When taking off, In a fetter he kindly sent he says : " The most con-
the bird is in flight before it leaves its perch (the take-off spicuous example of lateral flight occurs in the courting
lasts 0'07 seconds) and pulls the perch after it a little way. demonstrations (mentioned earlier in this article,
There is not much reliable information on the actual F.W.L.) used by certain species, in which the male
flying speeds reached by humming-birds. In view of the shuttles back and forth in front of his mate, through a
great difficulties of timing such flying atoms of living space of from one to several feet, always keeping his
quicksilver the lack of information is not surprising. bill and body pointed towards her. This flight is quite
H. A. Allard, however, says that when he was making a brisk and has no appearance of difficulty. It would not
fast car trip a Ruby-throat suddenly flew parallel to his be possible for anyone who has seen it to entertain any
course along the side of the road as if deliberately racing doubts as to the humming-bird's ability to fly sideways."
him. Judged by the car speedometer (admittedly not Perhaps I ought to add that Mr. Woods is far from
an ideal instrument for timing the speed of a bird) that being the only observer to state definitely that the
tiny bird, weighing but a couple or so of grams and humming-bird flies sideways.
little over three inches in length, clocked between As it may throw some light on the general question of
fifty-five and sixty miles an hour. the humming-bird's mechanism of flight I should like to
It is neither the speed of its wings nor the rate at quote the following from Dr. Blake's report on the M.I.T.
which it can hurl its body through the air that is the most films mentioned above.
remarkable feature of the humming-bird's flight. It is " In backing away from a flower or feeding tube the
the bird's amazing power of aerial control, which humming-bird stands almost vertically in the air with its
enables it apparently to defy all laws of aerodynamics tail pointing downwards arid a little forward. In this
and just fling its body in any desired direction or just pose its wings beat horizontally, and what would be the
hang on invisible wings motionless in space. downward half of each complete wing stroke if the bird's
When feeding among flowers a humming-bird can be long axis Were parallel to the ground forces the air
seen darting from one blossom to another—an inch or forward, away from the bird's breast in its upright
six feet away—pausing exactly in front of each one, position, and drives the bird backward. Then, on the
starting and stopping almost with a jerk, turning at any return half-stroke, the whole wing is rotated at the
angle with a sudden twist. It is one of the few birds that shoulder joint so that its upper surface strikes the ajr,
can rise straight up into the air. and, driving it downward, balances the pull of gravity."
Some naturalists have thought that the humming-bird Dr. Blake also points out that the distribution of
cannot hover unless there is a wind to furnish a succession weight in the humming-bird's wing is evidently favour-
of unbroken columns of air under the wings. But this able to a very low inertia upon which the quick reversal
can hardly be so because hummers have been seen to of motion depends, the weight being concentrated close
hover in places completely sheltered. When hovering to the body by reason of the short, heavy humerus,
the body is dropped below the angle of normal flight and i.e. the upper arm bone nearest to the body.
the down-stroke becomes an almost horizontal forward- The white-eared humming-bird's mode of entering
stroke. and leaving its nest provides a good illustration of flight
Robert S. Woods, a keen student and photographer of control in action. Most birds on returning to their nest
humming-birds, makes the following definite statements alight on the rim or branch and hop Or walk on to the
on the Anna's humming-birds powers of aerial control. eggs. But the white-ear flies directly into the nest,
" Some of the earlier ornithologists expressed doubts settles naturally on the eggs and as the wings are folded
of any bird's ability actually to fly backward, suggesting the bird is immediately at rest.
that the humming-bird's withdrawal from the depths of a Most birds when leaving the nest step off the eggs and
tubular flower was accomplished by a forward flirt of take off from the rim. Not so the white-eared humming-
the tail. A little careful observation would soon remove bird. While still sitting on the eggs it spreads its wings,
any scepticism as to its ability to easily fly backward, vibrates them rapidly and rises directly into the air.
sidewise or in any other direction. While the tail is Sometimes it flies upward and backward until clear of
rhythmically vibrated forward and backward as the bird the nest and then quickly reverses, shoots forward and
probes the flowers, it can be seen that its movements are in an instant is away.
not at all related to the backward flight, and that it is, W. L. Dawson has recorded the following incident of
in fact, seldom widely opened. how a lightning aerial manoeuvre extricated a black-
" A humming-bird's wings are in almost uninterrupted chinned humming-bird from an awkward situation.
motion while it is in the air ; occasionally it will glide for Dawson writes:—
an instant while in rapid flight. The amplitude of the " Once a hummer, finding itself entrapped in a porch
wing beat is variable, but it often describes an arc of by a wall of ' chicken-wire' netting with meshes only
nearly ISO degrees when the bird poises in the air. an inch and a half in diameter, first passed slowly before
Sometimes the wings seem not to rise above the level of the face of the screen, searching whether there might be
the back, but when the bird hovers over a cluster of any exception in his favour. Finding none, he made up
upturned blossoms they may travel through the upper his mind and darted through. So swiftly was the
portion only of the complete arc. passage effected that the eye could detect no change in
" The confidence and sureness with which a humming- the position of the bird's wings. Only the ear noted an
bird threads its way through a maze of twigs without infinitesimal pause in their rhythm. Yet to accomplish
injury while apparently devoting all its attention to the this, the bird had been obliged to suspend the propeller
flowers cause one to admire, but its instant co-ordination motion of its wings, to furl them, to halve their normal
of perception and movement can perhaps best be appre- spread, and to resume again upon the other side of the
ciated by noting the ease and certainty with which it screen."
August, 1944 THE AERO MODELLER
■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□■□a
D n
GREMLINS A
□ □
BY • H • SPEIGHT I □
.^ » ■
□ ^
8
BEFORE turning over the page the " A.M's " oldest 0 P
reader will murmur to himself, "As I thought, the
editorial staff can't be bothered to write an article, and
so they reprint an article on Gremlins which was in a
recent issue of the Aeromodeller, and to disguise it
there are no illustrations by ' Freddie ' "
Hurriedly intercepting the reader before he -writes a
letter of protest it must be pointed out to him that this The immense interest shown in sailplanes during the last
year or so, coupled with the increasing difficulties of
article is about another species of Gremlin, the species obtaining aero rubber has created a great demand for Plans
known as " Gremlinicus Glidarici," or the brand which of thfs typo of model. Do you know that there arc a score
annoys glider fans. of Sailplane Plans available from AEROMODELLER PLANS
SERVICE LTD.?
Many of these little fellows are totally different from AEOLUS. By R. H. Warring.
their opposite numbers in the " Anti-Rubber-Modeller- A highly efficient sailplane of the *' pod-and-boom " type.
League." For example, the Gremlin which the rubber 48 INCH SPAN. PRICE Is. 3d. POST FREE.
modeller loves is hated by the glider fan, I refer to the ATLANTA. By R. H. Warring.
A contest sailplane with graceful lines.
" Dead Calm Evening " Gremlin who makes it so calm 52 INCH SPAN. PRICE 3t. POST FREE.
that there is no hope of a good soaring flight, and to get AEGEUS. By R. H. Warring.
the model to a decent height one must run like an A gilder for the beginner with an advanced performance.
42 INCH SPAN. PRICE 2s. POST FREE.
express train with the line, or make the gears of the CELESTIAL HORSEMAN.* By L. G. Temple.
winch red hot, A super detailed scale model of the designer's full-sized sailplane.
The model for the advanced builder.
There is a group of Gremlins who devote all their 124.3 INCH SPAN. PRICE 8s..3d. POST FREE.
attentions to the winch. One little fellow makes his CRACOW. By L. G. Temple.
living by causing the tow-line to foul the spool spindle ; The latest model from the Temple stable.
72 INCH SPAN. PRICE 3s. POST FREE.
another strips the gears of the winch ; another cuts the CURLEW. By K. W. S. Turner.
line in two when the launcher has just released the model, A small model of pleasing lines with flights of over five minutes.
and yet another rides on the tow hook and keeps the line 46 INCH SPAN. PRICE 2s. 3d. POST FREE.
ELMIRA. By I. S. Cameron.
securely fastened to the model no matter what happens. Another high performance model.
The latter fellow usually works in conjunction with the 62 INCH SPAN. PRICE 3s. POST FREE.
FIGHTER GLIDER. By D. M. Dent.
" Side Slip " Gremlins, who cause the model to side-slip An Interesting scale type low wing glider.
when on the tow-line and then attach a brick to its nose 42 INCH SPAN. PRICE 2s. 3d. POST FREE.
so that it has no hope of pulling out of the resulting dive. HORSA.* By I. H. V. Hayes.
A flying scale model of the machine used by Allied Forces in the
Then there is the Gremlin who fouls the line and makes Invasion. 88 INCH SPAN. PRICE 8s. POST FREE.
the launcher walk yards to disentangle it from brambles, HOTSPUR 11.* By R. H. Warring and W. A. Dean.
fences, helpers, etc. A flying scale model with scale construction and a full size per-
formance. 46 INCH SPAN. PRICE 3s. 6d. POST FREE.
When a running launch is resorted to, another group IVORY GULL. By R. F. L. Gosling.
endeavours to trip up the modeller by placing haystacks/ One of the most popular designs In the A.P.S. range, with a first
class performance. 50 INCH SPAN. PRICE 2s. 3d. POST FREE.
ditches, fences or small trees right in the runner's path. KING FALCON. By R. E. Bowyer.
In order that he shall not miss these objects, the largest A model with a guaranteed performance, designed on continental
of the whole species (the Bawler Gremlin) shouts to the lines. 76 INCH SPAN. PRICE 4s. 9d. POST FREE.
KIRBY KITE,* By Dr. Ing. Piatelli,
runner, making him look round, and so not see the A scale model of the well known English sailplane.
welcome that is being prepared for him. 72 INCH SPAN. PRICE 3s. POST FREE.
LEANDER. By R, H. Warring.
The " Gusty " Gremlins are always in evidence when Another model particularly suitable for the beginner.
hand-launching a glider, just as one is about to release 49 INCH SPAN. PRICE 3s. POST FREE.
the model they send a gust of wind to tear the model R.F.L.G. 53. By R. F. L. Gosling.
out of one's hands and then wrap it round a tree or rock. This tailless model has held the British record for Its class.
60 INCH SPAN. PRICE Is. 3d. POST FREE.
The " Substitute " Gremlin is a crafty fellow and is STOTHERS GLIDER. By K. L. Stothers.
well paid by all dealers in model aero supplies. He cuts A rnld-wlng glider with planked dlamond f uselagc. holder of many
club records. 50 INCH SPAN. PRICE 2s. POST FREE,
nearly through the hardwood longerons or wing spars so SUNCLIPPER. ByA. H. Smith.
that on the slightest jolt the machine falls to bits and Theory Into practice I A model by the author of." Simple
Aerodynamics." 60 INCH SPAN. PRICE 3s. POST FREE.
the owner has to rush to the model shop to buy fresh SOKOL. By L. G. Temple.
Supplies. A new model by L. G. Temple, embodying low aspect ratio and
Then there is the " Wind-Direction Changer " Gremlin high performance. 84 INCH SPAN. PRICE 7s. POST FREE.
TEMPLE TRIBUTE. By L. G. Temple.
who changes the wind direction as soon as one starts to Another Temple top-llner I—winner of many contests.
tow up a model; this gives the " Side Slip " Gremlins 83* INCH SPAN. PRICE 5s. POST FREE.
their chance to do their work. n ZEUS. By R. H. Warring. □
M A model for the advanced builder, with an aspect ratio of 21*7. ■
Another little fellow makes a habit of sawing through a 82 INCH SPAN. PRICE 3s. POST FREE. □
the wing dowels when the model is just about to come ■ * Flying Scale Kodels. ■
off the line. And a member of the " airborne " family is g AEROMODELLER PLANS SERVICE LTD g
the Gremlin who sits astride the rudder and turns the g ALLEN HOUSE, NEWARKE ST, LEICESTER g
trimming tab from side to side with " smashing " results.
446 THE AEROMODELLER August, 1944

I 48m

SOLID SC^LE
MODEL MOTORS

ARTICLE VI

JUNKERS JLMO 311

BY S • B • S

ANOTHER 12-cylindei in-line Vee, our subject this- la gauge wire, M, which curves undei the engine and is
rr^nth is the German Junkers Jumo 211, typical soldered fo the induction pipe, Q. This latter is made of
applications of which are the Stuka and Ja. 88 bombers. 18 gauge wire and sits inside the Vee between the two
cylinder locks. It's a tricky bit of work, and -
Five views of the model are shown ; and two views of recommend you to build up L, M, and Q, together, and
each main part should make constructior quite easy. adjust the curve of M until the whole lot fits in nicely.
The main piece, C, is the cylinder blocks and crankcase, K needs np comment, and P, which is the fuel injector
and can be built up in various ways. In order to pump, is also a simple piece : it is cemented between the
simplify the making of the recess between each cylinder blocks, and 'ests on Q. Of the various round pieces, E,
and its portion of the crankcase, I made mine up from is oi 6 gauge needle ; J is 10 gauge ; I of 9 gauge ; and
6 separate pieces and built It jp like a sandwich. The H o£ 8 gauge. The distributors, R, are of 0 gauge.
cylinder heads were made of a separate strip, glued on. The pump elbow, G, is carved out of another piece of.
In this latter, 12. tiny irooves were filed witl i triangular needle or made from bent wire, and sits on a thin disc
file to simulate the fixing bolt positions : you will see of 8 gauge needle
them in the detailed side view. The prop, reduction
gear he sing 13, is a bulbous piece and should be riceiy D, the magneto conduits, are of 20 gauge wire, and I
rounded off all round. The six little squares Witl tiny soldered very short lengths oi 3G gauge wire from £)
holes in them are the exhaust ports. They Should be to the spark plugs. These latter are also of 20 gauge
clearly defined with a pronounced groove between wire and there is one just above each exhaust port
each, and the hole drilled with a I/I6 in. drill,! it need The two small circles shown above cylinders 1 and 6
not go deep. Between the exhaust prrts and the are the pins for the engine mounting bearers. So much
cylinder heads will be seen a thin double line ; this is the for the construction. As to colouring, all photographs
flange, and is mad' by fitting a strand of 28 gauge wire In hav seen depict the engine in black, orr some very dark
right round each head. The nose piece, A, should he olour, and with very little relief. In o der to show the
quite easy, and is drilled to take the prop sh'aft. A bits and pieces up better, therefore, I did mine in hght
6 B. A. hexagon nut slipped over the shaft and cemented grey with most the auxiliaries in black, relieved here
to the nose finishes that part off. F, the auxiliary and there vith a touch of silver. This may not be
gearbox, comes next, and to this is fitted the super- authentic, but I am hoping that it will show up better
charger, L. From this latter there runs a piece of in the photographing.

IWp

m
August, 1944 THE AEBOMODELLER 447

A.B.A. NATIONAL COMPETITIONS

Over £300 in Cash Prizes!

With the addition of Silver Trophies and other awards
Already Solid Silver Trophies have been promised by Messrs. E. Keil & Co -.Astral Aero Model Co.,
Premier Aeromodel Supplies Ltd., Super Scale Kits and the Proprietors of the "Aeromodeller."
COMPETITION NO. 1. RUBBER-DRIVEN DURATION MODELS.
CLASS A.—Duration—for models built to the " Wakefield " formula. 1st Prize £6; 2nd Prize £3; 3rd Prize £1.
CLASS B.—Duration—for models built with a wing area not exceeding 160 square inches, and powered with a rubber
motor not exceeding 2 ozs. weight. (No limit to the all-up weight of the model.) For members under 16 years of age.
1st Prize £6; 2nd Prize £3; 3rd Prize £1.
CLASS C.—Duration—for models built with a wing area not exceeding 160 square inches, and powered.with a rubber
motor not exceeding 2 ozs. weight, (No limit to the all-up weight of the model.) For members over 16 years of age.
1st Prize £6; 2nd Prize £3; 3rd Prize £1.
CLASS D.—Duration—indoor models. Maximum all-up weight 2 ozs. To be flown R.T.P.
1st Prize £6; 2nd Prize £3; 3rd Prize £1.
CLASS E.—Duration—indoor speed. All-up weight notto exceed 8 ozs. R.T.P. 1st Prize £6; 2nd Prize £3; 3rd Prize £1.
COMPETITION NO. 2. RUBBER-DRIVEN FLYING SCALE MODELS.
CLASS A.—Duration—for models up to and including £ in. scale. 1st Prize £6; 2nd Prize £3; 3rd Prize £1.
CLASS B.—Duration—for models above £ in. and up to and including 1 in. scale.
1st Prize £6; 2nd Prize £3; 3rd Prize £1. IN EACH CASE MODELS MUST RISE OFF GROUND.
COMPETITION NO. 3. NON-FLYING SCALE MODELS.
CLASS A.—1/72 scale. For members under 16 years of age. 1st Prize £6; 2nd Prize £3; 3rd Prize £1.
CLASS B.—1/72 scale. For members over 16 years of age. 1st Prize £6; 2nd Prize £3; 3rd Prize £1.
CLASS C.—1/48 scale. 1st Prize £6; 2nd Prize £3; 3rd Prize £1.
CLASS D.—Above 1/48 scale. 1st Prize £6; 2nd Prize £3; 3rd Prize £1.
COMPETITION NO. 4. POWER-DRIVEN MODELS.
CLASS A.—A design for a high wing petrol engine driven model aircraft, span not to exceed 10 ft., and model to be
suitable for an engine between 10 to 20 c.c. The model to be suitable for radio control.
1st Prize £20; 2nd Prize £10; 3rd Prize £5.
CLASS B.—A design for a flying scale model of any type, built to a scale of either 1 in. to the foot or 2 in. to the foot,
and suitable for an engine not exceeding 7.5 c.c. capacity. 1st Prize £20r 2nd Prize £10; 3rd Prize £5.
COMPETITION NO. 5. MOTIVE POWER PLANTS OF ANY TYPE OTHER THAN RUBBER,
CLASS A.—A design competition for an internal combustion 2 or 4 stroke engine, of any capacity up to 20 c.c.
1st Prize £20; 2nd Prize £10; 3rd Prize £5.
CLASS B.—A design for any type motive power plant, other than as for class A (such as rocket, jet, steam, electrical,
compressed air, etc.). In each case the design to be for a " general purpose " unit, suitable for a model, of between 5 ft.
and 7 ft. span. 1st Prize £20; 2nd Prize £10; 3rd Prize £5.
COMPETITION NO. 6. SAILPLANES.
CLASS A.—Duration—foramodelbuilttoF.A.I.rules,andnot exceeding 10ft. span. 1st Prize £6; 2ndPrize£3; 3rdPrize£l.
CLASS B.—Duration—for a model of original design and span not exceeding 10 ft. IstPrize £6; 2nd Prize £3; 3rd Prize £1.
CLASS C.—For a design of a launching gear for a glider. One Prize £5.
COMPETITION NO. 7. RUBBER-DRIVEN SEAPLANES AND FLYING BOATS.
CLASS A.—Duration—for seaplanes of any size and type. 1st Prize £6; 2nd Prize £3; 3rd Prize £1.
CLASS B.—Duration—for flying boats of any size and type. 1st Prize £6; 2nd Prize £3; 3rd Prize £1.
IN EACH CASE MODELS MUST RISE OFF WATER AND LAND ON WATER.
COMPETITION NO. 8. EXPERIMENTAL MODELS.
CLASS A.—Open to any type of model or power unit of such a type that it does not qualify for inclusion in any of the
above Competition categories, i.e., jet propelled aircraft, auto gyro, helicopter, etc.
1st Prize £20; 2nd Prize £10; 3rd Prize £5.
All Duration Competitions will be flown decentralised, at any Closing date for the Duration and Solid Scale Competitions,
dme and place to suit the entrant, and in accordance with the i.e., Nos. 1, 2, 6 and 7, is DecembepSlst, 1944.
Association's standard rules for decentralised competitions.
All entries for Competition No. 3—Non-Flying Scale Models— Closing date for the design and experimental model Corn-
will be sent to the Association's offices for judging. petitions,i.e., Competitions Nos. 3,4, SandS, is March Slst, 194S.
All entries to be made on the standard entry form obtainable
from the Association's offices. All these Competitions are opon to members of the A.B.A. only.

THE ASSOCIATION OF BRITISH AEROMODELLERS

28, HANOVER STREET • LONDON • W.l.
 THE AEROMODELLER August, 1944

AX EXPLiAXATIOX OF DIEDEDRAL EFFECT

BY A • H • BUTLER
However, for the more serious minded modeller, the
following explanation involving elementary trig, should
be of interest.
Let us consider the model flying horizontally at
velocity when it is upset by a gust of wind and sideslips.
A wind is now produced in the opposite direction to the
PROJECTED AREA OF sideslip (see Fig. 2). This new wind operates with the
UPPER WING VISIBLY forward velocity to give a new resultant wind direction
DECREASED. relative to the model of magnitude' U. Thus we see
> from the diagram that a new chord has been produced
OF S1DESLIR' (slightly longer than the actual chord), with its incidence
increased.
It will be noticed also that our wing (set at dihedral
MANY modellers have doubtless read the varied angle B) at angle of incidence oc has now had its incidence
explanations of dihedral effect. The simplest of increased by fa oc to oc £i ^
these is probably the one which considers the projected By trig.
wing areas, viz., that the effective area of the wing in U tan (oc + S oc) = v tan B + V tan oc (1)
the raised position in a sideslip is decreased, while that But U* = V" -f- v' (Pythagoras)
of the lower wing remains the same. Thus the lower However v <£V
wing produces more lift and thus restores the model to So U ='V approx.
its normal flight path (see Fig, 1). If oc is considered in radius then '.—
tan (oc + h oc) =oc + fc oc
From (1) V (oc + {, oc) = Voc + vB
.. DIRECTION OF .\ oc +& oc = oc + vB .'. h oc = vB
SICE WIND V V
REEATIV or more simply.
TO MOD
The L.E, of the new chord has been raised a small
amount (v tan B), thus the incidence has been increased
(from oc to (oc + 8 oc)). with a corresponding increase
of lift. Similarly it can be proved that the other wing
suffers a decrease of incidence (from oc 1° (oc — 8 oc ) )>
resulting in a loss of lift. These two forces give a
correcting couple acting on the model, so restoring it to
its horizontal flight path.
From the basic formulae derived, i.e. change of
incidence = oc = VB
V = FORWARD VEL, V
UTAN(tt + 6o:)
We see that for our model to easily correct a sideslip
S oc must be large, thus B must be large. Which
^vNEW CHORD means we must keep our dihedral angle large, but not
too large or the wings will suffer a decrease in lift.
N.B.—This statement does not consider the position
of the model's C.G.

ARE YOU
build Solids
who
MISSING SOMETHING?
■ty THEREVER accurate Solid Scale models are built and made available in the form of Plan Packs, each pack
W and used for training in aircraft recognition, in containing 24 drawings. Series 1, BRITISH ; Series 2,
Naval, Army and Air Force Schools, at Air Training AMERICAN ; Series 3, GERMAN.
Corps and Spotter's Clubs, and on the many scattered
gun sites here and overseas, very accurate scale drawings It is cheaper to buy them in Plan Pack form as
are needed. To meet the ever-increasing demands by increased demands calls for higher production and lower
the Services, selected plans issued by the Aeromodeixer cost of producing. " YOU BENEFIT BY THIS ! "
Plans Service—the most accurate available—are being Every Plan Pack contains drawings to the value of 6s.,
produced in greater quantities than hitherto. Selections and yet sells at only 4s. 6d. Obtainable from any model
are made of the drawings most called for by the Services shop or bookseller or 4s. 6d. post free from the publishers.
AEROMODELLER PLANS SERVICE, LTD., ALLEN HOUSE, NEWARKE ST., LEICESTER
 Auguat, 1944 THE AEROMODELLER

"PETROL

WAPOLR"

BY " C • E B."
mm |
il m if
■ I J
The "BROV/N JUNIOR '39 B " at mentioned below. For
many years ana of the bast known Class C American
Engines,

MR. SPAREY'S remarks in connection with his

engine in the May issue of the Aercmodelibr
have brought out some further points that I feel require
clearing up, foi it is evident that we are still at cross
ourposes in a few details which I hope I can set aright.
Like Dr. Forster, I am very keen that the commercially-
pi oduced engine after the war shall be a real improvement
and a success from the user's point of view. 7t tin, petrol
movement is to be really popular, simple, reliable and
cheap engines designed as aero engines must be easily 1 The Disc Valve.
obtainable. I certainly do not condemn the disc valve. I have
Mr. Sparey, in the articles on his engine design, first of used engines with this fitting on record-holding mc dels,
all u^ed irguments that suited an < -ginu for amateur both in the am and on the water. I merely state that
construction. Later he said that his engine was for the hollow crank shaft rotary valve has been proved
commercial production, The result has therefore become very satisfactory by " The Baby Cyclone" and the
a little confusing, for some features, such as detachable " Phantom ' (i.e., the 6 c.c and the 4 c.c. sizel When
heads, are more desirable when one considers an engine one finds a " good thing " that has proved its value and
for amateur construction. is an easily manufactured item, it is worth considering
In my discussions I am Duly consideiing the com- for one's ideal design. Tbir type of valve makes for a
mercially obtainable engine, which can be bought complete compact engine, too.
and ready to run, because I feel that if we are to attract Mr. Sparey champions the disc valve because it suits
large ..uipters to the hobby, it is the engine that can be amateur constriction ; but I have already explained
bought " over the counter that matters. There are that this is not what I am after, and I believe that he
comparatively few individuals who have the facilities is now also after the commercially-produced engine.
or the experience to make an engine for themselves. 1 Nevertheless, I have a perfectly open mind about the
believe that Dr. Forster views the subject from the use of a disc valve on a commercial engine, ana there is
same angle. absolutely no reason why it should not be a success,
Mr. Westbury for many years has studied and produced provided end-play through wear is looked after in the
engines that suit the amateur constructor, and there is design, and losses through friction are not updaly
always a very sound practical reason for anything that permitted.
he incorporates in his designs. His 5 c.c. " Kestrel I am personally highly satisfied with the hollow crank-
is an excellent example of this. shaft valve because of ,ts practical results, and can see
But let us get quite clear the different objects in view no advantage in changing it. It is efficient ar^ stands
when we are contemplating an engine that the amateur up to wear if properly designed. It also makes for a
is to construct as ooposen to one that is going into compact engine la/out, which helps in the matter of
quantity production. In lie first case machining and mounting the ( gine m the model. Iff practice we have
other points crop up that must suit the very limited to admit that The Baby Cyclone " has been one of the
facilities that the average amateur possesses. These are best 6 c.c. engines, and it is well worth careful study.
of paramount impoi ranee, ana a study of Mr. Westbury's I had the first ' Baby Cyclrne to reach this country
designs are an education in this respect. some years ago (in 1934 or 1935, as far as I can remember)
In the second case we can aslr for slightly different and that engine was not successful. Tne makers, hov
feature: i if the firm that inteffds to produce tne engine is ever, very soon got over their troubles.
prepared to lay down a fair number of engines and the
plant to produce them. 2. Detachable Heads.
In the past many British commercially-produced From the commercially-constructed-engine-point-of-
engines have actually been made under amateur con- view, is the detachable head worth chile ? (Agreed,
ditions of plant, etc., and have, therefore, been limited in that for the amateur-constructed engine it is necessary.)
scope of design. The "Brown Junior " has proved that the cylinder
Let us now take the points still ^.ot quite clear and and head in one is most reliable. L saves a poss-b'e
raised by Mr, Sparey in the discussions that have taken source of leakage, and it saves a number of small studs
place between himself, Dr. Forster and myself. and the necessary screw cutting, and the novice has no
160 THE AERO MODELLER August, 1944

inclined to upset adjustments and settings, through

vibration therefcre, the bevel pinion . .nd rack has
certain advantages, if some other more simple arrange-
Tha 10 c.c« "Super ment can be devised to obtain the same result, then let
Cycfone " cng/no /ncor- us have it, but do let us keep away from long bent levers.
poratlng the ho//ow
crank ihaft rotary vo/vo We must, however, have controls well away from the
ment/oncd by the propeller on our post-war engines
author.
4. Simplicity.
Mr. Sparey is hardly mir to me in assuming that 1
am so ilf-informed as to think that " simplicity " merelyo
means " the fewer number of parts there are, the Ies
trouble theic will be." All but "die very uninfomed
know that there is more in it than that!
^.s we are trying to clamy misconceptions, let me say
that what I mean by advocating simplicity is that when
we have decided what is really necessary to produce the
nost luitable design for the job, we should then cast
round in our minds for ways and means to simplify
each component par'- so that it -equires ;
(1) As little machining as possible in order to reduce
production costs.
(2) Be simple and easy for the novice to operate and
maintain
(3) Have as few working parts as is possible to produce
the desired result, i.e., an engine with the follow-
fitfang troubles. For model aero enginps a detachable ing features—easy itartmg, consistent running
head is certainly not required for de-coking, as I have without variation in power output, freedom from
already explained in my last discussion. The fewer damage, long life without wear and easy to mount.
joints we have on a two-stroke the better. He who adds any unnecessary complications to obtain
Let me clearly state that I do not " condemn " the these results is not likely +0 make much of a name fot
detachable head, as Mr. Sparey states. I merely say himself as a model aero engine manufacturer.
that it is unnecessary, and I do not want it on my As a case in point, the little 98 c.C. two-stroke aut
commercially-produced engine. I cannot see that it cycle engines as fitted to the " airborne motor cycles,"
has any advantages. On the other hand, it may hi ''e have a simple petrol lubrication system that iu practice
disadvantages, such as leaks and fitting troubles for the works very .veil, even under severe cross country
mechanically ign' rant. Therefore, why use it—unless conditions. It would be quite ridiculous to alter this
the nethods of construction by the firm making the simple system to a complicated system of dry sump
;ngine find it desirable, or it helps to obtain some other lubrication involving two oil pumps, a separate oil tank
ft ature of design that the desitr :r feels is- really worth and its oil pipes, when the present simple system does
incorporating, such as the fitting of . sleeve in an alloy- the job with, a minimum f snags and weight. In the
combined crar Jtoase and cylinder casting. same way, if two parts will do the job as well as twelt •
Probably all readers sufficiently interested to discuss parts, it is absurd to use twelve parts. However well
the design of a model engine are very well aware of the designed and made those twelve parts are, the fact
necessity of the correct method of tightening down a remains there are twelve possible chances of failure in
cylinder head, as detailed by Mr. Sparey. But is the this " chancy " world, and there are twelve parts to
complete novice ? And if we are catering for the novice wear and eventually be replaced. There are also twelve
why trouble him with the difficulty if it can be avoided ? parts to make.
3. Contact Breaker. I repeat, and I hope I shall not be misunderstood this
I am ery glad that Mr, Sparey has decided to change time, the more simple we can make our model aero
his contact breaker on the lines suggested. Incidentally, engines, provided they do the job we require, the cheaper
one might say here, apropos of contact breakers in general, and easier they will be for the unmechanically-mindcd
that I have come to the conclusion that contact breakers novice to operate. The result will be increased sales
with enclosed points look nice but are a very mixed througn recommendations by satisfied owners.
blessing. Even when we do it lad get the poti.ls placed Simplicity is an art and not easily acquired: it
in a position away from oil that is flung from th main requires a lot rf thought and experience, whether it be
bearing by centrifugal force, we shall still frequently in public speaking, painting a picture, £ golf swing) or
want to qxamine and clean the points. Those that are preparing plans for an invasion of a continent!
open for inspection and cleaning save a lot of trouble. 3. Upright or Inverted Engines.
On one make of engine with very neatly enclosed points, Although T personally like an inverted engine as it
one has to take off the propeller every time one wishes naturally fits into model design oetter, and Dr. Forster
to service the points or check up on them. Besides s quite adamant about it, I do not feel we can f -ce
appearance, the only good features about enclosed the inverted engine or bayers. Different people want to
points on a model aer • engine is that grit is often kept install their engines in different ways.
away fr ra the contact breaker in the event of a crash. An engine manufacturer would be wise to produce
In actual practice give me points that I can see and get two versions I feel—an upright engine aija an inverted
at quickly! one—but there is no doubt that each version must be
I p not like a long control lever bent back, as suggested designed so that the fuel level alters as lit'le as possible
by Mr. Sparey, because the weight of a long lever is during flight, either due to change in attitude of the model
August, 1944 THE AEROMODELLER 451
or to the gradual exhaustion of fuel, and the engine must be
eorvpact in order to make mounting easy.
I tbiik that a sort of Gallop Poll as suggested by Mr.
Sparey might produce a r sleading picture, because An totcrcst/nff dei/gn
by the Amorlscn, BUI
up to now the number of people in this country who have At wood, fcflttfr/ojj a
experience of model aero ei gines is comparatively small, square Rotary Vafye
Which h claimed tb
and that we must also consider the great numbers of rema/n opon/ongcrt/ron
potential post war buyers, who would naiarally not the usual round Inlet.
enter the poll now with any practical knowledge. No,
I thinx the real answer is that we must oiler a soundly
designed upright engine as well as a soundly designed
hr-erted engine.
If a clever designer can produce an engine incorpora-
ting all the ideals we require, that can be used upright
or inverted, so much the better. But it is not an easy
task, as Mr. Sparey rightly says, although I do not
consider it at all impo: "'ble.
In conclusion, may I say that ! wish Mr. Sparey every
success m his engii i venture, and may it prove what we
modellers really want It is excellent to see someone
who is thmking of patting an engine on the market
really taking the trouble to thrush out the debatable out. If it is a success it will be very neat; if it is not a
points. I was delighted to see the particulars, in the success, it will not be difficult to incorporate the more
June issue, of his revised engine, and also that a rdsumd usual nollow crankshaft type of valve Into his design;
jf the whole discussion is to be made by Mr. D. A. Russell actually it might make for checking pioduction. I hppe
in an early issue. he will eventually include a ball-thrust race.
It is omy through these discussions that we shall It is excellent to see that at last an engine has been
improve ou model aero engine and so help to make the designed with its ignition joints out of the way of the
petrol movement really popular. oil that is flung out krom the main bearing by centri-
P.S.—Since writing the above reply to Mr. Spare/'s fugal force. Both Dr. Forster and I have been pegging
article, description oi his Horizontal Single-Cylinder away at this point for a long time, t can foresee a certain
Engine has appeared in the pages of the Abe dmodeller. amount of oil being blown back by the propeller on to
The general conception of his new design seems an the points, but a small shield should avoid this trouble
answer to most of the ae-omodellist's requirements. I am disappointed to see the long ignition lever. It is
I io not think that Mr, Sparey need worry about the simple, bur its weight will tend ro vibrate and alter tne
change in weight of the petrol in actual practice or any adjustment. Jf it must be retained perhaps a retaining
reasonable sized model. ratchet might he fitted.
I hope that he will provide for the second sparking Anyway, Mr. Sparey is to be congratulated on a very
plug as suggested. It will balance the appearance of the promising layout, and I hope he will let me try out one
engine, and can be carried as a spare for rapid test of the early production engineo 1
purposes on the field.
One feels a little doubtful about his sleeve-valve, but Sharfex of Dr. Forxter i i / , . . /t seems a pity that the sleek fines
of this excellent scale model, by American modeller Bob Smurlth-
that should not discrurage Mr. Sparey from trying it walto, arts spoilt by tho upright engine mounting.

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August, 1944 THE AERO MODELLER 45b

REMINISCENCES OF THE

D.IL BIPLANES OP 1917-18

BY VICTOR A WEBB

IN 1917, a biplane known a$ the De Havilland 4, fitted

with a 220 h.p, R.A.F. motor, was sent overseas ? I MmmiM
with the Royal Flying Corps. It was a lighter and ■ t "A-iairi
rather more fragile machine than Its successor, the
D.H.Oa, but was a fairly iseful bomber with possibihties
for improvement.
My particular squadron, No. 49, was equipped with
'•.his type. They were fitted with four-bladed wooden
airscrews and the mofors had hollow crankshafts. r' .-rik. .f
These R.A.F. motors had not been in service long
before it became apparent that they were just nor up to
the job One very bad habit they had was to shed the
prop, iu the air, due to the weakness and poor design of
the crankshaft. When this happened the motor would rr any months passed before the Him discovered why his
race away through having no lot 1 and would then dive losses were mounting.
to earth, leaving the unfortunate pilot and observer to About this period 49 Squadron formed part of the
get down as best they could, or crash. famous Independent Wing, which was a mobile unit
Some of the R.A..F. motors would give only about working directly under orders from Marshal Foch.
160 hours running, after which the output would fall oS. While working from the outskirts of Dunkirk it had been
Others would still maintain full revolutions after 260 found necessary to lock the throttle Of ou'. 4's so that
hours, and would in fart improve their performance, omy three-quarter throttle could be used. The Norwich
This is a vagary common to all internal combustion sergeant-pilot, already mentioned, objected to this, so
engines, and ftten provides headaches for those re - before Hking the air he always adjusted his carburettor
sponsible for their maintenance. All hours were control so as to get full range,
entered in a log-book, so a good engine was kept in Once, when returning from a raid, a Hun got on to his
service and its e rtra hours booked against a faulty one 1 tail, and he could not shake him off. He put his 4 into a
It was strictly fort idden to loop a D.H.4, but one oivc, but after a short burst of speed the Fiat motor left
pilot, a Norwich boy (I forget his name, but his observer the fuselage. He flattened out and told his observer to
was it. Kelsore), frequently did so, much to the annoy- climb over the front and hang on to the engine-bears, to
ance of the riggers, as it entailed a lot of extra labour in improve the trim. This ne did., and in this manner, vith
adjusting the controls. Everything was strained, and alternate dives and stalls the 4 was brought down,
sometimes a longeron .vould be found to be fractured. When still up at a fair height, however, the observer
which would mean a strip-down of the fuselage and the jumped, or fell off ai. i broke a leg, but the pilot made a
fitting of a new one. pancake landing and suffered only a broken nose.
Major Gould, the C.O. of No. 49 Squadron, was one of whRh was not so bad after losing an engirc at 20,000 ft
the few men at this period who had the courage to The D.H.4 was later replaced by the Ruma-engined
condemr. these 220 R.A.F. motors. It was a government I H.9.
product, and Major Gould was called from France to Our technical sergeant-major raised the compression
make his report. In a few weeks the vhole squadron .atio of the Pumas, and fitted Claudel-Hobson oar-
was issued with new six-cylinder Fiat motors which burettors in place of the former Zeniths. This
drove two-bladed airscrewt The Fiat was a satis- improvement to the power, coupled with the tail gun,
factory motor, but rather too powerful for the D.H,4. was instrumental in an important degree to the turning
S put this period the Hun was gaining ground on us. of the tide '"n our favour.
With his faster airomft he could attack oui nwj machines A fev months before the end of the "War the Liberty-
ram the rear, ard the observer, having only one Lewis powered D.H.Sa arrived,
gun on a ScarS mounting, had a blind spot of about
30 degrees rearward and below the fuselage. The Hun
consequently attacked from below and usual!''' was very
successful. Our losses were getting serious until one
day the armourer, 3rd A.M. Smith a lad from Bolton,
"lad a brainwave. He obtained permission to fit a mm mmmf
rhird gun (the pilot had a fixed Vickers firing forward)
in the floor of the observer's cockpit. Everyone became
excited over this experiment, and after it was completed ■ . .• ...... I
the D.H.4 went out with the definite intention Of looking
for trouble. In less than an hour it was back, ano t ha i
two Huns to its credit 1 Our successes continued, and mtm

The photos (by courtesy of the tmpe I War Museum) Show . <o) the
Lewis gun on Scarff mounting on a , , . 4, and (belov D.H.4 bombed
and armed ready for a raid* mmmm-
 THE AEROMODELLER August, 19*4

"

■ TBIn avro

m-Sffi AVIAN

W
r

I ■

tr ^ " '-T^i- S '-V

K'^SSffisiitotaSSlS;
XPhdto by & j. Riding
ORIGINALLY aesigned for the 1926 Light Aeroplane shock legs were attached to the top longerons and
Corapetiffons at Lympne, the Avro Avian developed the radius rods to a tube running down lie ut-aixe of the
into almost as many versions as did the D.H. Moth. The fuse'age floor. This version was metallised in 1930 and
first Avian, G-EBOV was registered ii Juh', 1926, and was known as the Type 594 Mk. TV M. The fuselage
was fitted With a 76 h.p. Armstrong-Siddelejr " Genet " was made from weided steel tube with plywood decking
6-cylinder radial engine. It was a two-seat dual control, and spruce stringers to support the 'abric covering, Che
wirc-braced biplane of wooden construction. The wings and tail surfaces remainec. as in the Mk. TV
fuselage was of the ramiliar spruce and phwood box Various engines were firted, including the 105 h.p. Cirrus-
pattern, the wings and tail surfaces being fabric covered. Hermes, the 100 h.p. Armstrong-Siddeley Genet-Major
The prototype uad the typical Avro circular rudder but 5-cylinder radial and D H. Gipsies of various marks.
later a fin was added. (Span 32 ft., wings square-cut at The Avian Monoplane, Long Range Avian and the
tips. 0\ erall length 24 ft. 6 in.) Sports-Avian were other proaucts of 1930. The former
Although disqualified through minor engine trouble, L. a a Gipsy II engine and was used by the late Sir
G-EBGV, piloted by the late H. J. ( Bert") Hinkler, Charles Kingsford-Smhh on his record flight to Australia
attained second place in three of the six trials and in 10 days during October of that year.
finished fmst in the handicap race averaging 90 m.p.h. The Sports-Avian had faired-in cockpits, a non-split
During the following months, Hinkler used the same mdercarriage and a Cirrur-IIcmes mgine. The Mono-
machine on a number of r ecord-breaking flights, London plane, Type 625, was fitted with either a Hermes or a
to Riga non-stop, in September 1927: and London to Genet-Maior engine and was a wire-braceu low-wing
Port Darwin ;n 15£ days durmg February, 1928. monoplane. Only two were built—G-/ .iYV and
For these flights, the machine was fitted with a 30-80 G-AAYW. Both were entered for the 1930 King's Cup.
h.p. A.D.C. Cimis II 4-cylinder in-line engine. The second Race. 'YV was later converted into a standard
and third Avia ns to be built were registered G-EBQL and Mk. TV M biplane but retained the Genet-Major engm
G-EBQN in March, 1927. Both were fitted with Cirrua II Avians were in productior at the Newton Heath,
engines and difiered only slightly from the original. Manchester, works of Messrs. A. V, Roe & G, Ltd.,
The Avian Mk. II appeared in the middle of 1927 and until 1935 and a total of 99 were registered in th's.
was fitted with an improved wide-track undercarriage, country. They were used by the following flying clubs :r
modified wingtips and a Cirrus 11 engim One cf the Bedford, Grimsby, Horton Kirby, Lancashire, Liverpool,
first Mk. IIs, G-EBSD, had an Avro Alpha engine of Isle of Wight, Hampshire, Norfolk, Southend, R.A" E.
about 100 h.p. designed and built by the firm . 1926. and South Ccaffordshire.
The Mk. II was closelv followed b] the Avian HI md The Avian shown on the G. A. drawing and photograph
Ilia, cleaned up and strengthened versions of the Mk. II, is a 594 Mk. TV M with a Hermes engine G-ABCD was
with streamlined steel tubular tnterplane and centre- owned by the South StaSs. Aero Club at Walsall
section siruts. One of these, G-EBTU, named " Red Municipa' Airport, where Jhe photo was taken in 1938.
Rose," was used by Capt. W. N. Lancaster on his flight The colour scheme was aluminium all over with maroon
to Australia in 32 days, during February am.. Mar oh, deck, nose letters and rudder stripes
1928. Lady Heath's fligh from Cape Town to London Spetificalion : Span, 28 ft. 0 in.; length, 24 ft. 3 in.;
a month or so later was also accomplished m an Avian height. 8 ft. 6 in.; width (folded) , . 6 in.; weight
III, G-EBTIG. G-EBVZ, a Ilia piloted by Miss W. S. (empty), 1,005 lb ; (load.'.), 1,523 lb.; wing area,
Brown, won the King s Cup Race in 1930, 245 sq. ft.; max. speed, 105 m.p h.; cruising speed,
The Avian Mk. IV was struciurallv similar to the III. 90 m.p n.; landing speed, 45 m.p.h. duration, 4 hours
ft had a split triangulated undercarriage, in which the (24 gallons of fuel in centre-section tank).
456 THE AEROMODELLER August, 19*4

^v ■ :
PHOTOGRAPHIC m t&k' ^'7 -■

S* f
SECTION
■aa
w
BY J • A - HODGSON
mm j
slHsa
£k =4
\/TOST of us who are interested in rA
^ photography have noticed that jk'
photographic dealers are now under- dT-fS--
taking t„ convert roll film cameras, tmmM
so that 35 mm. films may be used in
them. This should be of particular
interest to aeromodeller=, especially
to those who build " solids." When
the war ends and dims are plentiful
igain, the majority of people who used a 35 mm. exposure, time of day and condition of light are always very
adaptor back during the emergency, will revert to full- useful, especially if the picture happens to be one of your
sized nims again. The solid modellers on the other good ones. The two negatives mentioned in this article
hand will fit it a great saving and could continue to were made on 3£ by 2J plates.
use 35 mm films, as the distance at which one has to People frequently ask what camera is best suited
use the camera when photographing small models for the photography of models. Obviously, any high
jnables cue to conveniently fill a 36 mm. " frame." grade modem camera, either a miniature or one taking
If during your uotographic experiments you come 120 roll films will be very suitable. Again, Some of the
across any little point which could be passed ■ a to other older types of plate ;ameras can be bought for much
readers and would be of assistance, write to "; Aero- less money and are also suitable. The particular make
mo oeixer Photographic Section." Don't keep t under is purely a matter oi opimon. The first lonsideration
your hat 1 If you have any points to raise or suggestions is how much to spend. If your camera is fo be used for
to make, let us know. general photographic work spend as much as you can
From time to time amongst the negatives sent by afford. The hodem reflex is a good aU-round job and
the Editor to our process department for printing, are exceedingly useful for model photography. If you
one or two worthy of comment The two illustrations intend to purchase -an extra camera for the sole purpose
this month are of "The Turn," a sailplane built and of taking pictures of small solid models, still shots of
photographed by J K. Wagstaffwho sent in the negatives. scale models, or construction shots, spend as little as
Exposures were boih 1 sec. at F/22. 7 p.m., details were possible. Probably it is more satisfactory to buy a
obtained and are printed as a guidance to other readers. camera just for the one job. Let us consider this.
A point worth bearng in mind when sending in pictures Except for very few occasion^ we should require to use
to the Editor is that such information as type of cimera, the ramera on a stand or support, we should give a slow
distance from subject, type of film used, aperture. or time exposure and the lens would be well " stopped "
down. Further, on few occasions shall
n* - we use the entire plate area. Summing
this up, we should look round for a
7 stand camera, cheap, but rigid and
strong—an old type taper beJows
r m mi wooden one preferred. The lens need
-F have a small aperture only. F.8 will
ft & A do. It does not matte r if the lens is
>: not an anastigmat, as we snail not be
.-.I* using the entire plate area. A shutter
giving time and slow exposures should
«• ■■i-
be fi tted. It will help if we can secure
m a tripod with a tilting top. or we
could make a tilting top providing the
tripod is fairly rigid. For reasons of
A * economy and oeeause of the small
* * size of our subjects, plates size 3J by
* -v m 2J will be most suitable, although it
b> m may be cheaper and easier to purchase
w. m li a quarter plate (size 4J by 3J) camera
M * m
and use adapters in the slides to
SLu J? - ■» m take the smaller plates
' St
 .w ^ A Aew ' Harborough **

'fiilLfi® Book!
A fP"^
• T" THE BOOK OF WESTLAND AIRCRAFT is a cleverly written history of
COj»'ktViv AjA- M« Westland Aircraft Ltd., with whose co-operation and approval it has been pro-
duced. Many interesting storiesj never before published, and much information are
given—dating back to pre 1914 days. Compiled by A. H. Lukius—edited by
D A. Russell M.I.Mech.E., and with t foreword by Loid Brabazon of Tara, this volume
A sJ : iV^r achieves the standard set by the AIRCF AFT OF THE FIGHTING POWERS series
-A. V' and contains over 100 photographs and 40 three-view drawings. Eacn Westland
aircraft 1or WesTnnd-built aircraft is fully described and complete specification given.
Size n" X 8^' : Cloth bound in stiff boards with an attractive dust cover in colour,
this book contains over 100 pages of information which no keen air enthusiast can
afford to be without. Obtainable at any model shop or bookseller at 12/6 or 13/- Post
Free frorr the Publishers.
ORDER YC JR CO f NOW—demand always exceeds supply in wartime—and the BOOK OF WESTLAND
AIRCRAFT is creating an unprecedented demand.

\o\v Is the time ...

to complete your series of AIRCRAFT OF THE FIGHTING POWERS volumes.
For the first time we are able to announce that all volumes so far published of the above
series are in stock—some not in large quantities—so order immediately ! Compiled by H. J. Cooper and
O. G. Thetford and Editen b,r D. A. Russell M.I.Mech.E., these volumes are acknowledged to be the greatest
reference on modern aircraft, being a complete record to date of all aircraft used in this present war. Each volume
contains full information, specifications, illustrations and three-view drawings of over 80 different aircraft.
Each December a new volume is published covering the aircraft operated during that year. Publication date of
Volume V 1944 aircraft will be December 4th,
——■—\ next, size 11" X 8i" : printed on art paper;
cloth bound in stiff boards; thread sewn and gilt
| blocked, presented in an attractive four colour dust
cover. Obtainable at any model shop or book-
seller at 2x/-» each or
22/- Post Free from
1 mm the Publishers.

©If

VOIUME IV
t»fta AIRCIIAPT

V eOOMLVa THtTfOno
ONE GUINEA

-v

1 ftrboroiigh
*" 1 w
ONecu,N
Publishing Co.. Ltd. ."

t •XliA. HOUSE NEWARKE ST. LEICESTER

 3j ■ r' m ■

m "' lis^ mgv Ja i: j jfc

W &
.• Mfr .7 _.4fi

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FULL SIZE PLANS 70 x 40 ib»., PRICE 1/3 POST FREE. FROM THE AEROMOOELLER PLANS SERVICE LIMITED • ALLEN HOUSE • NEWARKE ST • LEICESTER

1 / 7| t h iScale POLISH TRAINER by Cpl. Welsberg

%
As a stable tnate to his well known Lysander Cpl. Welsberg gives us To continue with the model — it is 3 ft. 11 ins. in length with a
this excellent flying scale model of the R.W.D.fl, which incidentally is the wing span of 5 ft. 1 ins. and the machine has an 44 all up" weight of
subject for C, Rupert Moore's cover painting this month. 5 lbs. the wing loading being approximately ^lb. per square foot.
Some idea of the relative size of the model can be gathered from the The R.W.D.8 is powered by a 10 c.c. Brown Jnr. and the simple but
photograph on the left, where the machine is held by a member of efficient layout of the power unit is one of the out-standing features of
the 41 Aeroraodbller " staffs the machine. Throttle and choke controls are very aecessible on the
A few details of the full-sized machine may be of interest to readers top of the cowling, whilst the ignition control is situated at the front
at this stage. The K.W,D.8 is a twO-scat parasol monoplane produced in starboard side.
1933 in a Polish State factory. Designed os a private owners' or training
aircraft it followed the usual orthodox methods of construction. Powered Unlike so many scale models small details such as strut and undercarriage
by 120 h.p. P.Z. Iwz Jnr. four-cylinder air-cooled motor the R.W.D.8 fittings, cowling clips and petrol tank filler cap, have all been beautifully
has a maximum speed of 109 m.p.h. and cruises at 90 m.p.h. Landing detailed. The undercarriage,fuhy shock absorbing, by means of compression
speed 46.5 m.p.h., service ceiling 16,400 ft., span 36 ft., length 26 ft. 3 ins., springs; is capable of taking the heaviest landings. Not that these are
tare weight 1,056 lbs. and loaded weight 1,659 lbs. Other versions were likely occurrences as with its parasol and swept-back wing the R.W.D.8
fitted "with either a 130 h.p. Walter Major or a D.H. Gipsy Major. is an extraordinary stable flyer. Further detailed photographs are given
Cpl. Welsh erg's model is a replica of one of the two latter types. overleaf.

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P/iotograph below shows the ex-
Itremely neat engine fosta/Zat/on,
petrol tank with scale filler nozzle
and spring cap, condenser, exhaust
I p/pe extension and the well shaped
cowling with hinged sides and bottorft.
The excellent finish and true to scale
appearance can be seen in the two
three-quarter views.

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a.

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On the left are shown the

two cockpits, housing, {front)
the ignition switch and haf-
tery, which for C.G. adjust-
TO*' A ment, slides on dura/ rails
which also act as electrical mm
contacts. The rear cockpit
contains the time switch—
note the setting lever which
Is shown In the forward
position. By means of a rod
attached to the lower portion
of the setting lever a catch
Is operated behind the tai/
skid which serves as a gilder
tow release.
The photograph, centre,
right, shows a further view
of the engine instai/ation, de-
tachabie petrol tank, hinged
cowling with Its spring clips
and the undercarriage attach-
ment iugs held by 9 B.A. nuts
and bo/ts.
211

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SCALE
MODEL
AIRCRAFT
TRAPE M MARK
R&SD.
m j-
MADE IN ENGLAND BY
INTERriflTlONflL MODEL AIRCRAFT LTD
for-ihe sole Concessiondires
UNES BROTHERS LTP TRI flHG WORKS WORDEM ROflD MERTOM-LONDON-S W19• EMG
 SCALt-IW .
The
l4E^TII ® JL
MODtL VAY BUILDING INSTRUCTIONS
DC •UILT CNTWCIY
6* $g«$fitVT* By RAYMOND MALMSTROM A.T.D.(Lond.)
OAlU- fl TK the design of the Kestrel, originality with simplicity
DC TAILS Of j A of constru ;tiou liave been brought together to produce
CAim CUP<XA/ a twin motor model of the semi-scale type, with a
\ DEtqtr. j modem figvter appearance. While obviously not in-
•' r i* i" FOftMEBS - * OF f ACW tended lor duration flying, the model's high speed flights
ipjcor euxx 4Xiox j ALL 'A/iHiCT, 1 y/sh of from 20 to 30 seconds are due reward for those who
CCLLOPKANC build the Kestrel.
Fuselage Units. Substitute is employed throughout.
The two fuselage units are built up on the keel
principle, and care should be taken to get them true.
Special attention should be paid (o the wing mounting
platforms. Form the blocks with their inset paper tubes
V.BIWC. k BARY I M ASTIR I I' for the plug-in undercarriage legs, and cement finnly to
Bv STROM I BOBBiM. I $T«mcCltt|52iQ former number 4 and to keel. Construct cylinders as
I?. HALM
indicated and cement in position. Build up nose
pieces, and drill accurately for shafts. Bush the nose
CD ., \ [raoutor mO 2 OCMTlCAt rUStLACC UHHS \ pieces, with aluminium tubing. The nose piece spigots
C't icct principal (iu casin Srctcrf should be a good push fit into :he front of the fuselage
RtAA DCWCt AWCMORACti \ tiCQvcR wttH sT»r paper . 6 CLOW}
LOCK1HC «AP « SMT woe Pv-ATts units. Small rubber bands further secure the nose
a gtog. 4 pieces and p-opeller assemblies in position. Add built-
w-
/I o 0,A. I up radiators and rear rubber anchorages.
LOOftMC OAR1 V KARCAODG. CVliNp'tn RIOCKS HOVJIKC
nuODtp U/OS Rp AIKRiC HOSl PUCti. Mainplane. Build m two halves, with ribs at correct
COWtR wmc rOR RtCOlL angles. Cement halves together, dihedral angle being
IKtlC^ iucmnc iRAR* AM) fPRlNC'" Radiator roRA'CRS- 2 Off .
THliR RttAt'Vt POSItlQWS Or \pAj>j4 COIL automatically fonncd. From centre .lbs to centre of
tH| CA«»H CUPOLA 'jeTWL Of fuselage unite, leading and trailing edges are planked for
NliPAiMO 2 O « M CA »<W0« rigidity. Type A ribs are to be noted. When the wing
t RtQO.
has been completed, the tabs on these ribs are fitted
into the slots on the wing mounting platforms, and the
wing firmly cemented to the fuselage unite. Add cannon
mas fairing and two 20 mm. cannons.
i s^tcitp Cabin-cupola Tailplane Fin. The cupola is built in
* rpAlLlNC COC£ NOTC-PAPCB exactly the same way as the fuselage unite, and when
TOP AND completed the main spars of the tailplane are «emented
BOTTOM v
in position, b'.fors the leading and trailing edges are
PtRSPtenvt added. Finally the tips, which have been steam-bent, are
{ttt *HtW rtflHC. IS ORIIO^At). ittoomr. M«THOO of fix Rm H' SCAT AS SHO-'N ^ 4 CtQWRCD ^
i'oOWCL VfC IMC WlNCS TO W«L>C» cemented and bound in position. The locking pieces on
imrts —n ITTTT fUULACC KtCLl I EACH ft SMK the main spars are to be noticed. The top and bottom
of the fin are built on the plan, and cemented squarely ia
place. Cement completed tail assembly finnly to the
- -*A rear of the fuselage unite, checking for accuracy and
a -*■' ~ - _BIHD AMD. seeing that the tailplane is set at 0 degrees incidence.
ns LfcHOiNC CUC! r^CN TAILPLAMC « ivfl CCMCNT. Give entire model two coats of banana oil No. 2, after
MOU PaCtL li tHf.(tAARNATlb) v. — — POUTONA
Tail tbiuminc taw w. covering and water shrinking, with the exception of the
LtADlNC iff too. - cuurs ii tail assembly, which should receive one coat.
SWCftV-^. Propellers. Carve one right and one left hand.
tO K CtMINfCO TO V-Y O'f Commercially obtained propellers rr ay be used if desired.
UtLPtANC Vpud
(SttAM TO Spinners, built up from scraps and plastic wood (balsa
suiunc rocc if at all possible) greatly enhance the model's appearance
"" \ ;♦« fr and are strongly recommended.
f*. % \
It is of considerable importance to see that hand-
u Cfi carved oropelltrs are alike in weigh4- and pitch. ndiff-
erent propellers cause a lot of otherwise avoidable
r\ \
x. trouble »n twin motor models. Prcpeller shafts are beni
1' to accommodate baby bobbins for the pre-wound motors.
^ ) It is preferable to fly the model without an under-
ALL STRlMCTPL li SO- carriage.
KC«t PiCCCS Alt ilHT Flying. The power required is indicated on the p'an.
11 O, * Off « Vfltt Papip Pattion Always test over long gre-s, Tail aimming tabs, as in-
OfTA'L or UMOCRCARRjaC* dicated on the plan, should be added to give increased
6 LOCK HMROVOOO OR ftAUA flMAlOf AOO UMttB AMD SCCONOWf fore and aft cc itrol Trimming weights, in the form of
PftftftLLtRS STR1NCIPS. a small piece of plasticine, may De added to nose or tail.
UAT U PfPCKASfO OR Rie I z orr air
CARAO AROM RARDWOOD tiott ucmiKiMc V Obtain maximum glide before using p ower. Adjust when
notti. ' under pover by down thrust packing only.
Cfi
fiadJ (tajli f i o: r St tr** ] j Launching. The Kestrel must be given quite a smart
2 RtQD Cyivtr St A 'I .hrust forward at the moment of launch, the flying "peed
PORT AND HARSOARD 1 •/ AU /]]} VJf7 iuiio fusiuci UR»I>
Am> 5h rH,t being considerably greater than that of a duration model
«IKC MOUWTlffC PtATfORM vi jx jf\y
(Ay ~sf\/
rm \y mahrcr ardinc tx: of similar proportions.
(STARJXHRD) hi' VMtCt. i Cf» i? VHCLT
ClMCNt YCRr flftKtY TO PARTS "X '(«;i PtRSP. UOTCH ABOVC) CUPOLA FOHMtRS ALL\.ASHfCT. iLU^% IACM RCpO. opposkc
COMPtCtCfcjwcm m
TX ASRMKY,
464 THE AEROMODELLER August, 1944

Readers' . . Letters

The Editor does not hold himself responsible for the views expressed by correspondents. The names
and addresses of the writers, not necessarily for publication, must in all cases accompany letters.

Dear Sir, Dear Sir,

In view of tile recent correspondence concerning Mr. On looking through a Strand Magazine of September, 1897,
N. K. Walker's LD2W3, perhaps my experiences with the Vol. 14, No. 81, I found an article on show " Cage Birds,"
model will prove of interest. illustrated by J. A. Shepherd, in which was depicted, much to
Mr. N. K. Walker's article in the September, 1043, Aero- my surprise, under the title of " Scotch Fancy (variegated) "
modeller intrigued me greatly, and I straightaway set about a drawing of either " Drambuie " or one of his forefathers.
the simple task of constructing the model described. My Knowing that this might aid you in tracing his ancestry 1
LD2W3 was carefully built exactly to specification, and. I delved amongst various plans, etc., dug out pencil and paper
took special care over the airscrew. and made the enclosed sketch. (Since embellished by
I test flew the model in fine weather: it was a real modellers' Freddie.—Ed.)
day, with hot sun and slight breeze. Using two strands of While I am about it, may I say how much I appreciate the
J by 1/30 30 inches long, and on about 600 turns, the model publication of the clinching argument of McGiilicuddy on
made a flight which could only be described as a slightly such controversial subjects as slabside versus streamline and
prolonged glide. I tried everything to make the model theory versus practice. This masterful avoidance of the crux
climb, the only result being to produce a sluggish sort of the matter shows indeed the hand of a man who knows
of stall. On about full turns my LD2W3 managed to accom- more than he has learnt, who has bust so many models that
plish a flight of 30 sees, at a maximum height of 10 ft., and no one knows whether he does it on purpose or through
on picking the model up I found the wing fixing broken for forgetfulness, and who has seen thousands of all types of
the sixth time that afternoon. models crash and a few of each type fly.
There are only two possible explanations for these G. J. Stephenson.
unsuccessful flights, either the model was too heavy or Wirral.
the airscrew was all wrong, and yet, as I said before, my
model was built exactly to specification.
Like Mr. Maxwell, I do not doubt Mr. Walker's times, Dear Sir,
but I should like to know how he manages to make his model With reference to the article in the September issue of
climb to 160 ft., where it can make use of rising currents of the Aeromodeller on Control Line flying for petrol models.
air, which Mr. Walker holds responsible for the high durations I have recently returned from South Africa after a spot of
of his machine. training and during a short stay in Durban I managed to
I intend to make another LD2W3 in the near future contact the local modellers.
(the first one was trodden on), and have another go at this They had all dispensed with the flying of free models in
rather unusual sort of flying, and perhaps Mr. Walker would favour of the controlled jobs. The most popular of these
be good enough to give me some advice. I can certainly was the " A. J. Fireball," an American kit which was very
use it. novel in the fact that the fuselage was carved from two blocks
Lower Edmonton. R. A. Parker.
of hard balsa in much the same manner as a solid model.
They were later hollowed out and held together by rubber
bands. The wing was merely sandwiched between them, the
top half of the fuselage being cut out to conform to the
contours of the centre section.
This little job, 36 in. wing span, had quite a startling
performance, and was powered by a wide variety of engines,
among which were Ohllson 23, Forster 29, Ohllson 60 and
Super Cyclone.
The one powered by the Ohllson 60 clocked 57 m.p.h.
on numerous occasions, and showed with remarkable ease the
amount of control the chap actually had over it.
The Durban chaps were highly delighted over the success
of these little kites and were deep in the throes of building
all types of scale models, foremost among them being a 30 in.
Hurricane and a 36 in. Republic " Lancer."
The engines wore for the most part upright and uncowled,
and in the case of the " Lancer," the engine was bolted to a
mounting fixed to a bulkhead and was loft entirely open.
They were also considering trying a Supermarinc S.6B
as a controlled job, so I should imagine they will have many
hectic moments in the near future.
For my own part I consider it jolly good sport and an
excellent method of flying a petrol model in a confined space.
I should be very grateful if you would make clear the
position of flying these model aircraft under the existing Air
\! Ministry regulations, as I am very keen to get started myself
on the little jobs, having been lucky enough to pick up an
Ohllson 60 whilst in Durban.
1 will close now, hoping you will give this letter the fullest
consideration, and if possible encourage others who already
have engines in their possession, to try this new field of scale-
type petrol model development. I can assure you that they
FREDDIE ■will be well repaid for their efforts.
Scotland. Sex. J. Muirhead, R.A.F.
August, 1944 THE AEROMODELLER

LONGERON STRENGTH DATA

tS1— WEIGHT
BY J • H • MAXWELL

THE mere mention of the word "stressing" is usually

sufficient to bring to mind pictures of mighty
brains, nimble slide-rules, sheets of calculations;
whether or not these conceptions are entirely justified, HINGE
the fact remains that stressing is very largely a matter
of advanced mathematics. As such it does not consti- METAL STRIKING
tute everybody's idea of an interesting hobby and,
consequently, it is extremely unhkely that models will
ever be stressed to an extent at all comparable with
the stressing of man-carrying aircraft. PIECE
Nevertheless, as aeromodellers strive after greater
efficiency, more attention is bound to be paid to such
matters as strength/weight ratio; and a simplified
form of stressing is inevitable. Probably the best line follows :— (1) 2 in. (2) 4£ in. (3) 6 in. (4) 74 in.
for endeavour lies in testing mechanically sample pieces
of structure—a practice widely employed in the aircraft Test pieces of (1) also broke under a gradually applied
industry—and the results of these tests, used with load of 37 oz. This 37 oz. is accounted for as follows :—
common sense, can provide all the strength data likely Weight of striking pad, and parts of test rig
to be required. supported by test piece .. 15 oz.
The following is a report of one such series of tests. Weight of 4-oz. weight .. .. .. 4 oz.
Object of Tests. Remainder of weights .. .. .. 18 oz.
Before commencing the construction of a fairly normal
four-longeron fuselage which was to carry a 2-oz. motor
in 10 strands of J-in. rubber, it was decided to conduct It follows that in dropping 2 in., the 4-oz. weight
a series of tests to determine the best material and imparted a blow equal to 18 oz., and it may be assumed
section for the longerons. that the forces of the other blows were proportional to
After due consideration, it was decided that the their heights; or, in other words, equal to 9 oz. for
greatest forces acting on a longeron of a rubber-driven every inch of drop. In each case the 19 oz. must be
model are those which tend to compress its length. added.
Normally, these are applied by the tension of the motor, The breaking loads on the test pieces were therefore
though they may be greatly increased during stretch (1) 37 oz. (2) 69 oz. (3) 73 oz. (4) 86 oz.
winding, or in a head-on collision. In any case it seemed Conclusions.
best to treat the longerons as struts, whose main purpose Apart from the fact that the " L " section is obviously
is to keep the motor hooks apart; and to test the samples the strongest, it is interesting to try to learn as much
accordingly. as possible from the results.
Test Pieces. If the longerons are braced every 3 ins., it is not
The following samples were selected for test:— unreasonable to assume that the load which each will
cany is. equal to the breaking'point of the test piece.
(1) 1/16 in. x 1/16 in. " balsa substitute." The tension of the motor, when fully wound, is approxi-
(2) 3/32 in. x 3/32 in. hard balsa. mately 40 oz., so that each longeron carries 10 oz.
(3) 9/64 in. outside dia. balsa tube, made from From this it may be seen that while the safety factor
3/8 in. x 1/32 in. strip steamed, bent into a tubular (that is, permissible load/normal load) in the case of
form and cemented along the seam. (4) is 8-6, it is only 3-7 for (1), and so on. Now, working
(4) 3/16 in. x 3/16 in. " L " section, made from two on the basis of previous successful models, there is good
strips of 1 /32 in. balsa cemented together along one edge. reason to believe that this factor should be between
The samples were weighed and, as luck—plus a little 8 and 10, so that (1) and (2) are both well under strength.
care—would have it, each was exactly the same, namely, Another noteworthy point is that of the two square
0 •00126 oz. per inch. sections, the balsa one was almost one and three-
For test purposes the samples were cut into 3-in. quarter times as strong as the " balsa substitute," due,
lengths. of course, to the difierence in cross-sectional area.
Test Procedure. Incidentally, the importance of cross-sectional area in
Each test piece was supported vertically between structural members is not generally recognised. For
two horizontal blocks of wood, and then subjected to example, an 1/8 in. square strut is approximately
blows from a 4-oz. weight dropped from a height, which thirteen times as strong as one 1/16 in. square; which
was gradually increased until the test piece broke. means that the strength/weight ratio of a nyulti-stringer
The accompanying sketch illustrates the test rig. fuselage is about one-third that of a corresponding
In order to get some idea of the actual force of the four-longeron job.
blows, test pieces of sample (1) were subjected to static Although the tests reported here were carefully con-
load tests by gently placing weights on the striking pad. ducted, the somewhat makeshift nature of the apparatus
In each case the average of the results was taken. did not permit the high degree of precision which is
desirable. However, it is hoped that this series will
Results. prove to be merely the forerunner of other more accurate
The heights from which it was necessary to drop and extensive experiments in the strength of model
the weight in order to break the test pieces were as structures.
 THE AERO MODELLER August, 1944

STREAItlLINED SPEED
BY "A SURGEON - COMMANDER, R.N.V.R."
WHAT is the highest speed at which man. can travel speed as the plane until the slipstream slows you down.
without harm ? The answer is that he can travel So if there is adequate height count three before
at any speed provided that he is protected from the pulling the rip cord. If an absent-minded professor
wind and that the speed is constant. An African nigger bales out, having misremembered his parachute, he
squatting in a palm hut on the Equator might be will fall after a few seconds at a steady H8 m.p.h.
excused for imagining that he was at rest, whereas in because an air-cushion forms under a falling body.
fact he is spinning at 1,000 miles per hour round the Even so, there is a brighter future in remembering one's
earth's axis, and we all travel an odd 678 million miles a parachute. Some who have baled out in a cloud without
year through space in our journey round the sun. an horizon report that, on pulling the rip cord, the
But a sudden change of speed or direction can most sudden deceleration when the parachute opened gave
profoundly affect the human body. This was first them a sensation of being suddenly dragged violently
noticed in the Schneider Cup races when the pilots upwards. See that the chute harness is properly and
reported a phenomenon never before recorded in the snugly adjusted before every flight. It is no fun if the
history of the human race, in which they described a straps are loosely fitting and are suddenly pulled up
greying of vision and blacking-out in turning at speed into the groin with a force of four times your own weight.
round the pylons. When landing keep both feet together, bend the knees
Change of speed is called acceleration and is most slightly and prepare to roll over. It cushions the shock,
easily measured by using the pull of gravity as a yard- which is equal to about an extra two and a half G., or
stick. If Newton's famous apple, a pound of feathers two and a half persons of your own weight sitting on
and a pound of lead were all dropped at the same time your shoulders.
from the same height in a vacuum, they would all fall Gee ! The Pilot weighed half a ton.
at the same acceleration of 32 ft. a second per second Now for a different form of acceleration, met with in
under the pull of gravity (1G.). If an aircraft is boosted tight turns and pulling out of bombing dives. If we swing
off a catapult at 64 ft. per sec. per second we call this a conker round on the end of a string and let go, it doesn't
2G, and so on. drop to the ground. It flies off at a tangent, for it has
In a hurry. been trying all the time to travel in a straight line, and
An assisted take-off by catapult is quite a normal it is only the inward pull of the string which has been
event for the naval airman. One moment the blue flag keeping it to the path of a circle. The force required
is circling, you sit firmly back in your seat, head resting constantly to change its direction can be considered as
against the pad;r the engine roars in to top boost, the an acceleration and measured as units of G, Like the
pilot gives the ' ready " sign, steadies his elbows into conker, a pilot in a plane tends normally to travel in a
his side, and woof—you are in flight. In that second the straight line. When he turns he banks his plane. The
sight blurs and the tummy feels like a pancake wrapped air under the wings and tail presses the plane round
round the spine, but by the time you are airborne and the seat presses the pilot round. He will feel
everything has caught up and feels normal. After a few squashed down on to his seat, and in a tight turn will
such hurried starts you cease to notice anything un- be unable to lift his head. Values of 8 G. have been
pleasant. Two to 3G is the maximum kick one gets out recorded by fighter pilots, which means that a pilot
of this " human-cannon " act, fired by cordite or com- whose normal weight (1G.) is twelve stone then weighs
pressed air. over half a ton. Far more important, his blood weighs
Landing on an airfield in the normal way and using as heavy as lead, and is flung outwards toward his feet
brakes the de-acceleration is a mere -JG. Landing on a and away from his head in such a hard turn as this.
carrier into wires the tail hooks on and swings up. Blacking-out.
Down curves the nose and the aircraft is pulled up short The muscle walls of the blood vessels can resist this
with a force of 2G., but there is practically no sensation, strain for four or five seconds, but if the turn is continued
provided one is strapped in. they relax and the blood pools in the vessels of the lower
Belly landings with the undercart up are more abrupt, limbs and belly. The brain is drained of blood and the
and in the old glider days pilots sometimes broke their first result is a grey mist before the eyes and loss of
ankles against the crossbar of the rudder, so full-length vision, because the eyes are normally under tension.
footrests which spread the strain evenly were substituted. Only after death do they go soft and boggy like the eyes
of a dead codfish. In life the blood supplied to the eyes
Mind your head. has to work against pressure, and when the pressure to
In a " prang " or crash-landing, stopping is even more the brain fails the blood supply to the eyes is the first to
curt. In preparing for such a landing you do not undo he affected. Hence the " greying out." The moment
the safety straps. If you did you may shoot forward the pilot eases the stick forward off comes the pressure
and damage government property and instruments with and sight is restored, but if the tight turn is continued
your head, and you won't make the quick getaway you the brain itself will be deprived of blood and the pilot
expected because you will probably be knocked uncon- becomes unconscious, black-out goes slack, and the stick
scious. So you rely on your straps. Always see that they automatically eases forward and he comes to. A turn
are comfortably tight before taking off, and in a crash of 6G. for one second will have no effect; continued for
wait until the noise and excitement have stopped. You five seconds the soft flesh of the face is drawn down,
then pull the quick-release pin and can step out of the sight is drained from the eyes and the pilot will come to
aircraft. And don't forget that water is just as unfor- and only know that he's passed out by the fact that he
giving as dry land to hit hard. has suddenly lost height.
Baling out. It is the same in pulling out of a power dive. The
In " baling out" you will be travelling at the same escape radius for a dive bomber at 270 knots (300 m.p.h.)
 August, 1944 THE AERO MODELLER

ooooo
m

FAll? - Bttt€R - WORST

POSITION COUNTS -

BRAIN DRAifED

mmmrnm ~5G^
V \ BLOOD > rA<£ IN Seconds •>
\ \ PLOW • S 3
5 « .
CONSCIOUS
HErilRNWC.
LEGS FULL

is one third of a mile, which means that he will be subject dived to the sea hotly pursued, and pulled out at the
to 6G. for some six seconds, and will certainly black-out last second. With a more manoeuverable plane and a
for the last second or two. higher resistance to G., they have zoomed from the jaws
A naval pilot was diving through cloud on to a target of death, and lost their pursuer in a column of water
and suddenly came through the cloud base to find the and spume as he hit the drink for the first and last time.
sea terrifyingly close. He hauled back on the stick with Medical research has enabled our airmen to make circles
all his strength. The observer was caught right off his inside the Hun, and experimentally they have resisted
guard and came to with a broken nose. the immense force of 15G. Man once more has out-
Position counts. stripped his machine, for no plane can stand this strain
This blacking-out can be countered to a certain extent but would break up in the air ; but test pilots have come
by position. It is worse in the standing position, sis the down with the metal wings of their planes bent back
blood is flung straight down towards the feet, whereas in out of the true by the strain they have been able to
a bomb aimer lying flat there is no blacking-out effect put on them without blacking-out.
as the blood is surged away not from the brain, but from To ease the stress on pulling out of a dive bombing,
the back to the front of the body. A pilot cannot very air-brakes are now fitted to many specialised aircraft.
well lie prone, and lying back as in an armchair at the Redding-out.
club is not a position to give one an aggressive fighting In putting the nose down hard to start a dive not only
spirit, and although the normal sitting position is not a is petrol flung into the cylinder-heads in some aircraft,
good one, to avoid black-out it can be improved by but blood is flung to the pilot's head, and he himself
crouching. would be flung out of the plane but for his shoulder
The Fighter-crouch. straps. The brain-box is bony and unyielding, and 3G.
If the thighs are raised blood will tend to flow back (negative G. in this case) is as much as a man can stand,
towards the heart rather than towards the feet. If at and in inverted loops and turns the blood forced up
the same time the body is bent forward until it is almost into the head causes not a greying but a " redding " of
horizontal the brain will be brought down to the level vision and finally a " redding-out" into unconscious-
of the heart, which will have far less work in pumping ness of a black-out.
the blood along to, rather than up to, the head. So two In any case negative G. is not only bad flying, but
sets of footrests appeared on the rudder bars of fighter bad for the pilot and passengers and is to be avoided,
craft, and when crossing the Channel the pilot raises his as even after return of consciousness there may be
feet to the top bar on passing over the enemy coast mental confusion for several seconds after redding-out.
On engaging the enemy he crouches forward, and in The threshold at which a person normally blacks
this position can raise his resistance to black-out by out is dependent on that person's make-up. A long, thin
+1 or +2G. slab of humanity with a low blood-pressure is likely
How important this question of black-out is can be to black-out before a short, bull-necked sturdy fellow
realised on hearing the stories of pilots who, having with a higher blood-pressure. Even standing to attention
exhausted their ammunition, have led the Jerry a dance, for ten minutes causes some people to faint.
Vo
p. tu tD

&
S0"
VJ
 August, 1944 THE AEROMODELLER 469

KEEP IN-FORMA

MODEL AVIATION!
[•lilhi
la the skies—in formation to-day—•are the cream of
Britain's youth, proud masters of the air. A year or
so ago—it seems only yesterday — they were the boy
modellers of Britain. Models taught them the theory
of flight. In this air age another generation is growing § ^0
up; thirsty for knowledge of aircraft and flying. The AIR-
MINDED boy of to-day is to-morrow's air-man. Yester-
day's airman will be the aeroraodeller of to-morrow—
still keeping information on the things he has known
and loved. Aeromodelling provides a healthful, educa- ^ tTfl* BUSSElI J
tional and profitable sport or hobby for young and old.
AIRCRAFT (TECHNICAL) PUBLICATIONS con- fl BUSSEtt
trols a group of companies striving to further the aims n. h-.K -i
. of aeromodelling in this country, and provides as faithful
or aeromoaeuing
a flow of essential literature as the paper supply will
allow. A complete organisation exists supplying plans, I W Jj
building instructions, technical books, and a link between Llr
models and real aircraft. ^
AVIATION IN MINIATURE describes this organisation in full and carries lists of all
the facilities at your service. You will do well to read it 1 44 pages packed with over
1,000 items of information 11 ,A S
Size 8 J ins. x si ins. Illustrated by photographs and " Freddie " sketches. Price is.
from any Model Shop or bookseller, or is. post free direct from the Publishers,

AIRCRAFT (Technical) PUBLICATIONS Ltd. russm m

ALLEN HOUSE, NEWARKE STREET, LEICESTER

SPLIT FLAP EXPERIMENTS ON A 52 INS. SPAN MODEL

BY J • S • FORREST
TTHE aircraft on which these flaps were tested was of mate as no accurate way of measuring was available-
-L conventional high-wing design, with a total weight Stalling with no flaps occurred at about 9 m.p.h., and
of 23 ounces. Due to lack of fuel, the engine was was fairly vicious, but with no tendency to drop a wing.
removed and a suitable weight substituted. The wing Some fifteen feet were lost before the glide was resumed.
loading during the testing was about 9 ounces per square With the flaps depressed 20 degrees, the stall was
foot. The object of the experiment was to discover the vicious, about twenty to twenty-five feet of altitude
change of trim effected by the flaps, at various degrees of being lost before control was regained. With the flaps
depression, commencing at 20 degrees, this being the depressed 70 degrees the stall became very gentle,
position for the best lift drag ratio. only about five feet being lost before recovery.
The model was trimmed for gliding flight with the
flaps raised and after fairly exhaustive tests the best Specification of Aircraft.
glide was arrived at. The flaps were then depressed Reynolds number, -n- 40,000; wing area, 360
20 degrees. After a few attempts the correct launch was sq.dn.; wing loading. 9 oz. sq. ft.; wing incidence, plus
discovered and some fifty glides were completed. There 2 degrees; aspect ratio, 8-3 ; tailplane area, 48 sq. in.;
was no change in the trim, but glide was appreciably tailplane incidence, plus half a degree; flap area, 47
flattened and the speed reduced to 10 m.p.h., areduction sq. in.; flap per cent, of chord, 26 per cent.; flap
of 2 m.p.h. The attitude of the aircraft changed slightly, per cent, of span, 52 per cent.
being now a little tail-down.
The flaps were now depressed to 70 degrees and the Tabulated Results of Tests,
testing resumed. The gliding angle now became about Stall
the same as with no flaps, but the speed was reduced to Degrees Glidbig
Gliding {Character- Stalling Height
7 m.p.h., a reduction of 41 per cent, of the speed with no flap. speed. istics). speed. lost.
flaps. The tail-down attitude of the aircraft was now 0 12 m.p.h. Moderate 9 m.p.h. 15 ft.
quite appreciable. 20 10 m.p.h. Vicious 8 m.p.h. 20-25 ft.
70 7 m.p.h. Very gentle 6-6 m.p.h. 6-6 ft.
Effect on Stalling of Flaps,
Throughout the tests there was no change of trim in.
The speeds at which the stall occurred are very approxi- any direction.
470 THE AEROMODELLER August, 1944

MO^T e L Y

• MEMORANDA •
UX4 Sk
Mm BY O • G • TRETFORD

strongs Spitfire V (clipped), Sp'tfire IX and Spitfire

SSI ' XII; De Havillaud Mosquito fighter-Pomber.
SlPlPfl* m British Glider-Tugs.
igplPy -'■cy 1 f; I.-, vM Armstrong-Whitworth. Whitley and Albemarle, Avro
fmM&m Lancaster, Handley-Page Halifax III, Short Stirling III,
mm Vickers- Armstrongs Wellington.
British Troop-carrying Gliders.
- Airspeed Horsa I and II, General Aircraft Hamilcar.
/{mcican Fighters and Fighter-Bombers.
Invasion'* Markings ore carried ah the Nortu American Mitchell, and Lockheed LightrtI Ig (P-38J), XOirh AniCii^an Mustang
other trpes, as shown above. \PMo: Planet News, ~ti.) IJJ (P-51B), Pepublic Thunderbolt {P-47D).
American Light and Medium Bombers.
D-D ay Daubings. Douglas Havoc (A-20G), Martin Marauder (E-26C),
Artificial aids to aircraft recognition, althougli stoutly North AmeJcan Mitchell (B-25G}.
opposed in so ne quarters, have 'owly been gaining in American Glider Tugs.
popularity and finally nerged triumphant during louelas Skytrain 'C-47), Lockheed Lodestar (C-56).
the operations carried out on D-Day, Tune 6th, 1944. . . • - _ ntij.*-
Special instructions were issued to all British and W ac0"h ^ ICG 41^
American squadrons taking part in the in/asion opera- .
tions and recognit'on markings according +o a previously American LiatSun Monoplane.
arranged code were painted on all aircraft on the night Pip Grasshopper (L-4 .
of June Sth-6th, These markings took the form of Under Two Flags
three wide white bands painted chordwise across both Many types o aircraft used in the D-D ly assault
wings, just inboard of the roundels and stars, and three were operat* with h( th .he F A.F. ard the U.S.A.A.F.
fur ter white bands encircling the rear fuselage. The and ;ame the national markings of the respective
wing markings appeared on both the upper and lower services. A British type used by the U.S.A.A.F. was
surfaces On night-flying typ's the white bands sufficed, the Airspeed Korsa, which was towed behind the
but on machines operating during the day the white Douglas Skytrain. American type'" in R.A F. colours,
bands were divided by further bands of blue, red or and sometimes tinder a different name, included the
black, according to the particular duty of the aircraft P-5: fighter (as the Mustang III), the / 20 attack-
in question. Day machines thus had three white and bomber (as the Boston . ), the B-25 bomber (as the
two blue; three white and two red or three white and M-it lie1!), the Skytrain glider-tug (as the Dakota) and
two black bands jn the wings ard fuselage, the white the Haig glider (as the Hadrian),
bands occupying the centre and outer positions in each Reverse Lease-Lend.
instance. On small types, sucn as fighters, the forward It is not generally realised that many British and
white fuselage band was broken to avoid obliterating Canadian built aeroplanes have been supplied to the
the roundel. U.S.A.A.F. and carry American markings. Operational
Although there have been no ofilcial statements on the types include the Mosquito, which is used for photo-
subject, it seems hardly likely that these markings will graphic reconnaissance to supplement the F-5 version
be retained for any length of time, now that they are of the Lightning and the Horsa glider, mentioned above,
farailiai to the enemy and consequently in danger of British and Canadian trainers serving with the U.S.
being imitated. Such short cuts to lecognaion are dcubt- Ainxy include the Avro Anson V, the De Kavilland
less useful during the short period in whick -he enemy is Dominie, the Miles Master HI and the Noorduyn
ir ignon ncp of the ne v scheme. Nevertheless, the only Norseman. Many of the Dominies and Masters eerry
safe method of recognition is still familiarity with an American insignia on British-type camouflage and have
aer tplane's outline. yellow mder-surfaces.
"Whatever the aspects from the recognition point of -pn j70My,
view, lowever, tue scheme is full Of interest for the solid Until recently a " missing link " in the Spitfire family,
modeller. Those favouring additional tot'.ohes to enliven yjg Mark IV has now been i svealed as a pnotographic
a drat car --luflage scheme have previcusly had to rist reconnaissance version, similar in most respects to the
content with the striped 'ower centre-section Of a Mark V, but carrying no guns in the wings, probably so
Typhoon, the coloured cowling and striped tail surfaces that extra petrol tanks can be fitted, as on the latest
of a Mustang or Thunderbolt >r the -/neckered fins and Beaufighter torpedo-fighter. Many Spitfire IV photo-
rudders of Warhawks. Now the range of types -nen to grap.uc machine-, are being used in the Mediterranean
this sort of treatment is almost unhmTted, and a classified pheatr /here they are fitted with tropical intakes,
list arranged in categories 'ollows. It is as compre- They are oainted cerulean blue all over, this now being
hensiye as censorship regulations will allow at the time standardforhigh-lcelphoto .ypes and high-level fighters
of writing. a Spitfire IV bearing the single identification letter " X*
British Fighters and Ftghler-Eombers. aft of the fuselage roundel carried the serial number
Hawker Typhoon, Hawker Tempest; Vickers-Arm- BR 416.
The CurtJss A-2S (above) Is the Army version of the 5B2C-f He/W/ver. The
bomb doors are open. (Photo : CurtissAVright Corporation.) nKar"fi p
 AEROPLANES DESCRI BED — XIX

THE BRISTOE

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 THE AEROMODMLhER August, 194$

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August, 1944 THE AERO MODELLER 475

CIjUB wews
BY CLUBMAN
\\JilO said model flying weather! It's been t I •I
* * liruit lately, hasn't it ?—and everyone I meet is jp p
just about " browned off " with tryi rg to get a decent
spot of flying and taking the modet home in one piec s.
The latest competition report to hand from the 3.iVi.iT..E.
is for the Weston Cup (Gliders) held on the 14th May, Im|
whei the weather was on the average windy "What it
has been since then I leave to your imagination— I fei
or experience!
In "pite of the wind on W eston day, some extraordinary ■ >£?-• 1
times \vere put up, the best time of the day going to the 1
winner, D. Butler of the Surbiton Club, who made one
flight of 36 minutes, 19-2 seconds. Some sort of new pg m
record, I'm think mg. Next best time was by G, W. Harris
of Croydon, who made 18 minutes, 49-4 seconds. Alto- liPw p x
gether 269 entries were received for this popular type
Of contest, from a total of 41 clubs, and Comp. Sec.
H. J. Towner must have a fine bouncing headache Hi -A .
working out the final figures. Who'd like the job of i ■ i
sorting out the Plugge Cup position ? WiM ■ .-V r x
There seems to be a lot of " political" activity at f* -
the moment, apart from the A.B.A., mentioned in +he I i
June issue The Scottish clubs hav at last got together
and formed a Scottish, b'ederatun, the avovted objects a4 ■ ^
of which are to organise Scottish Championships, both
individual and club and to recognise a Scottish record
section. Close co-operation with the S.M.A.E, is aimed Ik.-
at, and I welcome this news on the part of the Scots
to paddle their own canoe a bit. It has been proved in
the past bat only persons actually connected with a s tHsl.
particular area can have a full knowledge of the require-
ments of modellers in chat district, md the pre-war View of model aircraft stand at the Kodak Society of Experimental
Area Scheme was proving highly successful from this Engineers and Craftsmen's Annual Exhibition. There was a good
vievvpoint alone. display of models. Including the following typesDuration, Flying
Scale, Petrol Orhren, Compressed Air and Solid models.
Congratulations to the instigators of this move, and
best wishes for the success of this, the first really
organised Scottish group.
Mc e good news comes from not quite so far north—
namely from Lancashire. A Norihern Area Council
IILCHER CUP RESULTS (offspring of the old Norti -western Area) has been formed
rsub under the secretaryship of R. V. Bentley of the Blackpool
Aggregate Points
Aylestone W. Jones 579-3 179 Club. A well attended meeting on the 6th May bro-ght
Croydon G. W.W.Harris 529-4 178 a good representation to Manchesti" and the scheme
Brentford S. Ford 469-4 177 Was ratified. Clubs, both affiliated and unaffiliated,
Aylestone G. Jones 442-6 176 will appoint delegates, and pioposals will be forwarded"
iviestone P. Jones 440-0 175 to the S.M.A.E. from the area as a whole rather than
Aylestone J. Bones 415-0 174 individual clubs I am very pleased to see the revival
ORDER OF CLUBS Of one of the best features of pre-war affairs, and trust
Aylestone 530 Norwich 390 that all clubs and individuals will give this Council
07 their utmost support.
Pharos Birmingham 384 An interesting letter arrived last week -from Signalman
Croydon 504 Northern Heights 371 J. McLaren, now serving in Italy. He says . " J attended
Brentford 498 Cheam 346 quite a few model meetings outside Algiers when I was
Hayes 476 Whitefleld 318 Stationed there in 1943 All entries were gliders, and there
Wnlthamstow 475 Blackpool 277 were some really big fobs there tdo ! I assembled a French
Streatham 441 Agricola 272
Surbiton 434 Biackueath 247 cabin model kit which had lain in the corner.of the clubroom
Merseyside 423 Kingsheath since pre-war days.
169 " When I came to Italy / thought I had seen the last of
Bradford 398 R'pon 153 aermnedels until the mar is over. But no ; One day
Leeds 393 Newton Abbot 72 when I was in I saw two kids with a rubber-driven
.22 CliibS. H8 Entries. job having great fun. I stood and watched them for abc't
Average weather conditions, windy with rain. an hour. Seemingly, the object of th game was to try and
Best flight : G. W. W. Harris, 365-4 sees. break down a lamp-post which was in their line of flight !
Unfortunately, they didn't succeed, and the la I : uw of
476 THE AERO MOD ELLER August, X944
Latest model of John C/apfien.. of Hendon, a Fr rtrpss BUG.
affaii, only thr"e ,vere able to enter, poor rubber being
tn m :hu cause of most of the i 'ouble. Thirty members turned
up for the Weston Cup but were unable to get in any
flights o ying to the very high wind, However, some
good fl-'ghts have been witnessed, notably one ot 5 : 01
by F. Yrung, and a new club glider record of 5; SO
mm made with an " Ivory Gull." A Baker got 4: 20 with a
model weighing 18 oz,, the model landing almost at his
feet (Wish my models would behave like that—mine
won't even leave ray feet f)
Tlu Weston Cup did not go down at all well with the
BLACKPOOL & rWLDE MA.S,, the rsual high winds
and poor flying conditions prevailing holding down times
h a maximum of 11- minutes. C. pendlebury put up
the best showing with an aggregate of 2 : 53-2, followed
them thefy Jiere walking home with the remains held by D. H Whittaker 2; 28-2, and R. V clenclery 2 : Q8-2.
imderiy in their arms. Made me feet very homesick I " Whittakor put up the best show in the " Model Engineer
It is a long time since we heard from th& ULSTER No. 2 " event, his aggregate being. 2 : 0S-2. He also-
M.A.C., hut at lonj, last a report has come to aanc1. leads in tne club (hampionship to date with afle-' p ints.
The Third Annual Rational Model Sailplane Contest, The WALLAjEY M.A.C. had a fine day out at the
held on June 3rd, was the largest affair the Club has yet Glwydd Hills (Merseyside's haunt) when a number of
undcrtalcen, and in spite of rain, the meeting Was a fine flights were put up. Timer were;—
great Success, many fine flights being recorded. Rer- J. Mackenzie " Howard 68 " .. 6-33
-dsHon was received to use the Newte vvnardr aero- D Hill ' Beau 3" .. .. 6:11
drome; and the entrants had the added +hrill of seeing K. Litherland " Thermic 50" .. 2:23
several full-sbe glider flights, T, H. Daulmm won the L, Woodward '' L.D, 1 " .. .. 1: 31
event, collecting the Short & Uarlaud Trophy and a A. Molyneaux " Beau 3 " . ^ .. 1: 06
fiver. A nev voung club member, Jim Uummigsn, is to Molyneaux also pat up a time of 5; 02 with a rubber-
be congratulated on setting up a new club glider record driven model.
Of 6:29, the model being recovered fiom some 12 The BLACKHEATH M.F.C. is holding its nnnual
miles distant. Ooen Day on the 20th August, as usual on Epsom
Mr. S. Ryde has had to resign from the Secretaryship Downs.
of the fORTHERlsr HEIGHTS M.E.C, owing to Ill- "Whit week-end was a field day for the GUILDFORD-
health, and I wish him a sp°edy recovery. The times put & D.M.A.C., with records going hy the board right and
up by members in he Weston Cup were not high due to left, R. Lovewell lost his " Puffin' after 2 10 from a
adverse weather conditions, models soon being lost to 100 ft. towllne; then N. K. Walker lost his further
sight over a ridge. Rest flights were obtained by modified " L.D2 W3 " after 4: 22 o o.s. ,To cap the
J. 1)avail, 3 : 16-5 ; K. Tansley, 2 ; 46 • 0. Lofts, 2 : 21 lot, P. D. Westbrook lost, his " Ajax " after 18 : 10'5,
F. E. Wilson, 2 ; 04-5, and D. Flanagan, 1: 42. A handi- the model just climbing vertically on the prop 1
cap contest arranged for Whit Sunday was won by Tbe BIRMINGHAM M.A.C,. glider record has been
FT. Crawford (received 60 points) flying a glider for a raised by D. W P. Harrison to over 11 minutes, and the
total of 221 6 points while F Jeffreys won ttwConstric- biplane figure to 6 minutes by R. MonUs. "Tie Bmm-
tion and Fi so. Contest with his lightweight duration magem lads visited Leicester on the lltb Jttne for the
modeh first leg of the Birmingham v. Leicester Cup and took
The BRENTFORD & CHISWIGK M.F.C. members first four places in the mbber-dnven class, and first
are not doing too well in national contests so far J Of and second in the glider event.
the ten members Who turned out lor tne Gamage Cup Activity in i.e WALTHAMSTOW M.A.S. hat been
somewhat limited owing to the poor veather o i re
Air. P. Genner's Air Ca«/et, which consistently clacks up 80-/20 sees. but one fine flight is worthy of recording. On Whit
Monday L. Massam launcned his 36 in. span " pegleg "
from Ghingford Plain at 4.30 p.m.-, and "he model was
seen to land at Eshe: in Surrey at S:,30 p.m.
A ch-inge of secretaryship nas taken place, in die
NEWBURY & D.M.A.C, the new "mag" being
■ H. Gaben, of Thorrihills, SpeCn, Newbury, Berks. In
j': - V? I spite of some really difficult flying ground,, two fine
f ights have been seen recently, one by C, Westrip
being 7 : 30 o.o.s. Another model on the same day
flew - ,o.s., but was unfirtuna+eh untimed.
Tbe DONCASTER & DM A.C. have been doing plenty
mm of indoor flying while wafiing fcr better outdoor con-
ditions to putin an appeatnr ce Scale models have been
tried out with fair success, best times Dei. g 37-2 by a
ii "Lightning." and 44*7 by a '"Ryan." Best outdoer
durations, to date are 58*2 x.o.g. «. id 1; 32 h.l
J. Tonilinson of the AYLESTONE M.F.C, has. been
doing some great flying recently, breaking both tbe
August, 1944 THE AERUMODELLER m

45 In. span sa//pfone by I, $. Cameron, the '* Tarpon/' iwitft an average

duration of 2 mlns. from a ISO ft. line. Photo by R. F L. Gosling.
bi. and r.o.g. records with his " Percy " model. The
r.o.g. recor d went up to 6 : 07 when flying in the National
Cup event, his aggregate, in. the comp. being 5G9'0 sees.
When setting up a new h.l, hgure of 11: 32, the model
landed at 11.30 p.m. after being launched at 4.30 p.m.
Some fight, di ?
Another unusual flight was made m the 13th May by
a glider built by F. N. Potter of Nottingham. The
model—a conve-ted Gutteridge Trophy Winner"'—
was launched from a 300-ft. line, ana disappeared in a time0 were :—
cumulus cloud. The model vas found c. month later 3 : 3 o.o.s.
at Groby in Leicestershire a distance of 20 miles as the Osbonrne " Elite No. 2 "
crow (or model) flies. Cameron " Tarpon " 3 : 30 „
Poor weather has spoilt competition flying in the GosUng " Ivory Gull" 3:02 „
LELDSM F.C,,thermals being almost non-existent. Their Pearson " Wakefield " !: 09 „
tcarr. totalled 865' 3 sees, in the National Cup, all living Prior to the arrival of the timekeepers, Gosling flew his
carried out in drizzling rain, best flight of the day " Judy " away unofficially timed for 7 minutes r .o.s , the
bemg H. Tubbs 1 : 66 8, May 30tli saw two club records model being found 14 days later at Balel, eighumiles away.
broken when C. Purse's " Mick Farthing Duration ' put The BRISTOL & WEST M.A.C. had reasonable
the h.l. figure up to 3 : 52-4, and P. Holt's nodifled Weather in the Weston Gup, the day bemg warm and
" Mick Farthing Glider" raised the tow-launch guder sunny, although marred by a strong breeze, TMs was
record to 5 : 53-6 o.o.s. the first contest at which the 300-ft. line was tried out,
Another model of the same type broke the WEST and the results were rather disappointing, only resulting
YORKSHIEE M.a.S. record for tow-launch gliders, in a slight increase in times. C. E, P, Smith's 6-ft. span
time 2; 02-a. Model'ers are reminded of this Club's glider made a grand first flight, Clocking I21'9 sees. o.o,s.,
Rally on August 20tb landing in a wood about a mile away, and being badly
The MERSFYSIDE M.A.S. paid another visit to damaged when recovered, So that no further flights were
the Clwyd Hills recently, but a rather strong wind took possible. W. Gould and M. Garnett also contacted
models o.o.s. too quickly for convenience, and the best thermals, clocking 120-6 and 1X1-6 sees, respectively.

Em i
i

"OH WE L, I BROUGHT THE KiDS ORANGES AND BANANAS LAST TIME!"

478 THE AEROMODELLER August, 1944

Best club aggregates were by W. Gould, M. Garnett § COUNCIL MEETING, 11th JUNE
and A. H. Lee, who clocked 208-4, 186-7 and 186 sees, The meeting, with Mr. A. F. Houlberg
respectively, all three flying variants of A. H. Lee's in the chair, opened with the minutes
well known Beauglider 3. J. Weber, whose 6-ft. span of the previous meeting. The corres-
streamlined glider made a nice flight of 14 mins. the pondence was then dealt with.
previous Sunday (unfortunately, only timed by one Mr. R. V. Bentley, the Hon. Sec. of the
timekeeper, so that it could not stand for a club record), Northern Area Council, had Written
got out of trim in the contest and concertinaed the fuse- fequestingthe Council to consider allowing
the officials of the N.A.C. using the
lage nose. Society's stationery for business connected
In the Me. No. 2 Cup, the weather reverted to typical with their activities. The resolution: "The Northern Area
Bristol, with a blustering gale and showers which Council be permitted to use stationery carrying the Society's
developed into drifting rain before the end of the heading," was moved by Mr. H. W. Hills, seconded by
contest. Those enthusiasts who dared the elements Mrs. Buckeridge, and carried.
soon had their hopes and their models dashed. Both Following this Mr. G. L. Shiel's letter and the minutes of
lightweight and heavyweight models were tried, ranging the recently formed Scottish Aeromodellers Federation were
read by the Sec. The Council unanimously agreed that the
up to Flight Cup size, the best result being by A. H. Lee S.A.F. is in every way desirable and should be of great service
with his high-powered model of almost pre-war vintage/ to the cause of aeromodelling. They wished them every
and he managed two flights of about 50 sees, each, success. The Hon. Sec. was instructed to inform Mr. Shiel
before the model became too waterlogged, that the principle of Is. Od. per member per annum for
Apart from contests, K. Moon's 50-inch span Rearwin affiliation fees of S.A.F. members to the Society is recom-
has been very promising, although best results have mended by the Council.
not been obtained yet, owing to the rubber shortage. It was decided to hold on Sunday, 3rd September, the first
C. S. Wilkin's Wakefield has been ticking around very petrol-driven model contest since the lifting of the ban and
the Council instructed the Sec. to communicate with Mr.
nicely, clocking 90 sees, r.o.g. on half-turns. This model H. A. C. Hassell of the Birmingham M.A.C., inviting his Club
is remarkable chiefly, for its enormous prop of 18 ins. dia., to co-operate with the Society in arranging for the contest to
and blade with nearly 3 ins. remaining almost parallel take place on their ground. The contest will be for the
width to within an inch or so of the hub. Power for this Sir John Shelley Cup.
shovel is 3 oz. of 3/16th flat rubber in sixteen strands. The attention of the Council was then drawn to the
In the glider line, M. Gamett's latest version of his " Solid " Contests. In addition to the two splendid cups
6-ft. span class is very promising on initial tests. With given by Mr. D. A. Russell of the Aeromodeller for these
an all-up weight of 30 oz., the wing loading is over 10 oz. contests, the Council discussed the allocation of monies for the
remaining prizes. Mr. A. F. Houlberg and Mr. A. G. Bell
per sq. foot, resulting in a fast but very flat glide. So made offers that ensure good money prize awards. These
far, serious winch launches have not been attempted, winners will be receiving cheques and certificates from the
but the model has demonstrated very effectively its Hon. Treasurer shortly. The Council expressed their thanks
ability to clear the ground of obstructive spectators. to the Chairman and Sec. for their generosity.
No petrol models have appeared as yet, although several In conclusion, the Shipley Youth Centre M.A.C. was
club members have got them under construction, whilst granted affiliation to the Society.
engines are also being constructed. The " Vote of thanks to the Chair " was moved by Mr. A. G.
Bell, seconded by Mr. F. E. Wilson, carried, and the meeting
BRADFORD M.A.C. included their junior " Zenith adjourned at 1.52 p.m., until 25th June.
Cup" in the National Cup contest, winner being
R. Gallagher for the second year running. Two welcome COUNCIL MEETING, 25th JUNE
newcomers to the club are N. Lees and H. Austwick,
and they showed their stuff by placing top two in the The meeting opened with Mr. A. F. Houlberg in the Chair.
club's National Cup effort, best time of the day going to The Secretary read a letter from the Air Ministry outlining
the modifications to the Petrol Restrictions, received by the
Lees with 2 : 49—final aggregate 7 : 05. Austwick's Society on May 13th.
aggregate was 5 : 50. It was decided to adopt an insurance premium of 6d. per
More news of new clubs to hand this month. These annum covering third party to the extent of /S.OCO per
are listed separately for readers' convenience, and I individual member. All affiliated club members and country
trust aeromodellers in the districts named will muck in members flying rubber-driven models and sailplanes would be
and give their best support to these new groups. J. eligible. A petrol model insurance policy would also be
Battersby, of " Broomhill," Princes Drive, Colwyn Bay, looked into, and also a policy covering pll rubber-driven
would like to form a club in that area, and asks that models displayed at the S.M.A.E. Piccadilly Exhibition.
The future of the S.MA.E. Journal was then discussed.
local enthusiasts get in touch with him at the above It was decided to enlarge the issue, beginning with four extra
address. pages in the August edition, and articles would be accepted
Well, enough is as good as a feast, they say, so let's for publication at standard rates. A Club News section
hope this month's section is meaty if not abundant! would also be developed. Price would be 3d. per copy.
Better weather should bring more news, so here's hoping A Technical Committee was then elected, consisting of the
that we see the last of this everlasting high wind, and following gentlemen: Mr. A. F. Houlberg (Chairman),
good flying conditions for a change. Till next month, Mr. R. H. Warring, Mr. R. F. L. Gosling, Mr. H. J. Towner
and Mr. R. Copland. The duty of this Committee will he to
this is your old scribe signing off. write articles for the S.M.A.E. Journal, and make contacts
THE CLUBMAN. with others willing to do so.
The Council decided that the models competing in the
NEW CLUBS S.M.A.E. exhibition would be divided into five sections ;—
Petrol Driven, Duration, Sailplanes, Flying Scale and Solids.
TOTTENHAM M.A.C. A " Service Trophy " would be awarded to the member of
V. Botta, 40, Westerflcld Road, Tottonlmm, N.15. His Majesty's Forces who records the highest time during the
LONGYIEW M-A.C.
G. E. LowIb, 10, Marton Road, Eongview, Huyton, nr. Liverpool. 1944 flying season. These flights are confined to Rubber
LEEK M.A.C. Driven (R.O.G.), and Sailplanes launched from 3C0 ft.
A. W. Coopor, 10, Gladstone Street, Leek, Staffs. towline.
SANDERSTEAD & D. M.A.C.
G. Lambourno, Hope Cove. Llmpsfleld Road, Sanderstead, Surrey. Hon, Sec., S.M.A.E.
August, 1944 THE AEROMODELLER 479

A FEW RECENT
APPRECIATIONS
i p " Without any doubt the
finest and most complete
tete f '. Tlvi | g!m.R., SmethwTck,
** It Is sdldoiti that one has
the pleasure of working ;
such good materials, the
quality of which was never
excelled In peace time."
Gnr. A.P., Slpugh,
w-.Thanks, and• j congratula-
<% tions on turning out such a
^?;"1 ^ ^ ^J
fine kit under present con-
/ ditions."
LKC. A.a, Lincoln*
"The quality of the design
and the completeness of the
kit make It well worth the
- money.M
Sgt. A.CJ., Norwich.

flight 173 sees. H.L., with

consistent flights oH5 sees."
The photograph shows tfie— =WESTLAND LY5ANDER=^ R.J.G., Bristol.
comp/eted mode/ buf($ up
from our /eft. V Scale, HLYING MODEL. SO* Span ^-PP^ation of 0,.
This I Jn. scale 50 In. span To comply with present regulations the kit is sold in two units,
flying model " Lysandcr**
will satisfy the most exact- UNIT A contains * * * UNIT B contains * **
ing scale model builder. |t
Is true to scale and type, Complete set of Plans, cement and
nrinmrl parts, BALSA
and cannot be excelled for printed RAt ca sheet, Dai ea *.-1-
BALSA strip --j
and tissue
wheels,paste. Finished
genuine 3-bladed
Jap tissue V.Pi. propeller,
for cpvering fft/
exhibition purposes, while block, wire and metal parts, gears, 77/_ model, rubber motor While stock lasts, ■<>/ —
still giving a good flying bUshes, etc. Cockpit covering. Box, packing and carriage on both units, 1/6
performance. The wings UPPINGHAM
and tail are detachable for NOTE,—Both units are needed to complete mode/ and to avoid d/soppo/ntment should be ordered RUTLAND
packing and transport. together.
If In -the FORCES, A.T.C., R.O.C,, etc. or kit is required for Official purposes, this nr.— be stated.

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480 THE AERO MODELLER August, 1944

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August, 1944 THE AERO MODELLER 481

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" dopes, props., wheels, super detailed cowling with 14 cyl. engines, plans, etc. Price 5/-

l/72nd scale Barracuda as above (no engine) Price 3/6.

READY SOON SPINNERS and prop, blades for all types of models.
ALBEMARLE AND BARRACUDA IUTS. l/48th SCALE.
Albemarle type spinners & prop, blades now available.

PLANS. All types of aircraft plans to l/48th scale. Last war types, fighters, bombers, flying boats, etc.
NOW READY. LANCASTER. FE 2B. DE HAV1LLAND 6. JU.87. FOKKER D7.

NORTHERN MODEL AIRCRAFT CO. —

CENTRAL1804
25, Lower Mosley Street, Manchester 2

l^i

fDakiei's Neccd

J M Al L-ORDER-^fe^

WE HOLD GOOD STOCKS OF:

ASTRAL . AIRYDA and C.M.A.

FLYING AND SOLID SCALE KITS

INCLUDING THE THREE NEW r ENTIRELY NEW: Sheets of Camouflage,

ASTRAL "ACE" FLYING KITS j Slide-off Transfers in every colour and silver.
BARRACUDA, TYPHOON i Absolutely supersedes dope for camouflage
of Solid Scale Model Aircraft.
AND THUNDERBOLT!
ALSO EVERY ACCESSORY L GIVES A REALLY BEAUTIFUL FINISH.
FLYING BOMB MODEL JUST READY
SEND 6d., S.A.E. AND COUPON FOR LARGE SAMPLE PACKET OF ASSORTED COLOURS

14, NEW BRIGGATE, LEEDS.I.

Kindly mention THE AERO MODELLER when replying to advertisers.
482 THE AUROMODELLER \ugust. 1944

HUNDREDS OF KITS TO CHOOSE FROM AND

EVERY ACCESSORY FOR THE AERO MODELLER

"SILVERWING" SOLIDS. 1/72" Scale FULL RANGE OF WATER- SLIDE HI \NSFFR

E,CIGNIAS, EMEN] DOPES, PROPS, "1 xv.1
MP. 109, l/« SPITFIRE. 1/9 tiUP" aj 1/9 BUFF LLO, 1/9 TISSUE, BOOKS AND PLANS, ETC.
I mr iWK. 1/9 X.YSANDER, 2/- WHTU Hi-ID 2/6 ME. 110, 2/9
BBAUnOHTEF 3/3 BOSTON. 3/9 HAVOC. 3/9 JU. 88, 3/9
"KLXFAX" SOLIDS, i" to 1 Scale as/#:-,
SIXTFIRI HURRICANH 0 AFRA^' BRA TOMAHAWK
DEFIAWl MUu.TANO TYPHOON ME 109
4/6 Complcto Posla^f 5d.
"HALFAX." LANCER 15/- COMMANDO SI-
i
ALL "BALSA" DURATION MODELS

Enquiries must have S.A. Envlopt

TELEPHONE l
SKYCRAFT LTD., LEEDS DOUGLAS "BOSTON
39a, BOAR LANE, LEEDS 1 237f>8

NORTHERN FACTORS of Fhe famous series of

'SKVLEADA4 • k
SKY ROVA'

&'PILOT VXf 'MSS;

57*
THE FOUR ACES for ^SKYLEADA
FLYING MODEL " **CES "
M b.r.. COMPLETE KITS SOI ~ 0 SCALE KITS, 1/9 each, complete
M.S.S,"LYNX" "LYN1 " .. .. 401 in. Spcn JU- PUBLISHED PILOT "MOSQUITO
" LYNX CUB" .. 30 in. Span
" P/iNDA ' .. .. 38 in. Span "SOLID MODEL AIRCRAFT"
" GREYHOUND" .. 22 In Span
ALL BEST MAKES OF KITS STOCKED (CONSTRUCTION AND FINISH.)
Beginner or Expert will rind all he wants in this
Now Ready—" NORITH" SERIES TRANSFERS new book.
SHEET A. IKITISH FIGH ; fid. WE'.L ILLUSTRATED,
B. MED M BOMBER 6
C. HEAVY BOMBER .. ..fid. ONLY 2/6 POSTAGE 3d.
D. GERMAN IGHTER 4d. Try your Local Dealer Erst—Ifhecannotsupply, show him this
E. J^EC JM BOMBER Id, advert—then send direct to us, but include 4d. extra for portage.
EE. llfcAV BOMBER .. .. . 6
F. Sets of 4' .fcTTERS 4d. Jew ' Balsa" substitute woods and all materials In plenty.
FF. SO JADRON MARKINGS (10) .. 6 1. The best of everything for flying and solid enthusiasts.
Post 2^d. Others in course of preparation ALVAYS OBTAINABLE AT M.S.S.

W
sm s TTlodei Sufijbb/S&ieJ*
17 BRAZFNNOSE STREET• MANCHESTER 2 Islephone No. BLA 6159
Kindly mention THE AERO MODELLER when replying to advertisers.
August, 1944 THE AEROMODELLER

BRISTOL
"BEAU-GIIDER" KITS
as in war, so in times
ir^v S9S 2
- ■y v. '
of peace.. . there will 'i *
m ^■*s h:
-<». "
be a Taylorcra. t to -
'
serve you w worh sjVTS '-rf*
or pleasure . L**irfV 4'.
1.
.4 ^y- s-/*? '■

AYLORCRAFQ AS ILLUSTRATED. IN 3 SIZES.

31-Inch span, 7/6 Carrfage and packing
-40 .i t, 9/8 //- extra in each
50 „ „ 12/11 case.
%
If you belong to any of the following : R.A.F., Air Training Corps, Royal
Observer Corps, National Association of Spotters' Clubs, Antl-
IE E Aircraft Units, Official Schools of Training in Aircraft Recognition,
please state Wffien ordering. This will ensure an all-balscf felt.

"THE MODEL AmPORX"

51, COLSTON STREET. BRISTOL, 1

Send Your Order To-day CATON'S

Kits are Scarce SUPER POWER AERO STRIP
"KEJLCRAFI" ALL-BAI SA FLYING MODELS
Will individual aeromodellers, also traders,
" Achilles." 3/8 ' Hurricane," 5/6 " Spitfire," 5/6 please note that we are unable to offer
" Victory-Glider " 4/6
An postage 7d. extra. SXTPER POWER AERO STRIP : present.
"nSTkAL" KITS Manufacture is prohibited, and stocks are
" Stirling, "21/- Tost and packing 1/- exhausted.
" Blenheim," ■'Har.ipden," " Beaufighter,"
12/6 each kit. Postage 8d.
"Spitfire," "Hurricane," "Airacobra," ' Defiait," CATON LTD., 89a, Blackfriars Road; S.E.I
8/6 each kit. Postage 7d,
" Airborne-Glider, "10/6 Postrgc tod.
" Glider No. 1," 6/- " Glider No. 1 " 8/6
Postage 7d. Pos^ge 9d. SOMErmNG NEW IN SOLID MODELS !
" Veroniu- No. 1," 6/1 " Veronite No. 4," 7/4 Sf/itfire Hurricane Mustang Stirling
Postage 8d. Posiage 'id.
" Veronite No. 6 " 6/1 " Comet-Baoy " 10/- Made in one piece and -"nly require filing <tnd polish-
Postage 7d. Postage 7d. ing to produce a handsome and exclusive model.
"Buzzard-Glider" 13,5 "Hawk," J4/8 Send S.A.E. to A. ANDREWS
Postage 9d. Postage 1/^ Model Engineer I, Skipper Street BELFAST
"Junior," All-Balsa Kit Di'iafion Model, 20', 5/-
Postagr 7d.
Alt postage chargi ' Iso over packing. Every parcel has extra. acking
and although I have sent ou- over 14,000 parcels, 7 have received only W1LMSLOW MODEL AIRCRAFT CO.
3 complaints. You can' Incrcfnr order with complete assurance. PERSONAL ATTENTION MEANS A LOT TO THE AEROMODELLER !
Kits are sent out same day as o der recetvtd. Wc make a point of advising as w^ll as selling to our customers.
1944 LISTS SENT FOR 3d. POSTAGE. We have a big range of kits and accessories Including Uncraft, Elite,
GrenWlW, Kell Kraft (solids), Aeromodcls, Skylcada, Flight Ships;
Wilson Lorries Constructional kits. Every accessory for the
GEORGE D. CAMPBELL, duration specialist and glider enthusiast.
Model Dept. AM. Give us a call or drop a line, to :
46} HIGH STREET, DLMFRIES, Scotland WATER LANE WILMSLOW, CHESHIRE

Kindly mention THE AERO MODFLLER when replying to advertisers.

481 THE AEROMODELLER August, 1944

THE "FLUX/TE
QUJNS" AT WORK.
"It's no we yei/i'ng
SKYBIRDS —The FIRST and still the best 'RUXITE'
You should look where you're
I/72nd TRUE TO SCALE Solid Model golnff, young sprite.
AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION Hove you ever seen us
Try mend/ng 0 Yenus
I These are complete sets of parts for assembling Of plaster I NO I Solder
various types of aircraft. Owing to restrictions due won't bite J"
I to the war, the range is at present limited to the
I most popular types, which Include : SPITFIRE 4/-, 1 See that FLUXITE is always by you—in the house—
I HURRICANE4/-, TOMAHAWK4/-, LIGHTNING garage—workshop—wherever speedy soldering is
I 7/6, MESSERSCHMITT I09F4/-, Me. 1107/6 1 needed. Uspd for over 30 years in Government
I and MIG-3 (Russian) 4/- I .works and by leading Engineers and Manufacturers.
OF ALL IRONMONGERS, IN TINS, 8d., 1/4 & 2/8
This fascinating hobby make a "SKYBIRD" Ask to sea the FLUXITE SMALL SPACE SOLDERING SET—complete
has captured the Model It will mean but substantial, conuHtte with Instructions—7/6
Imagination of all more to you than a TO CYCLISTSl Your wheels will not
persons who ate In- mere shop-made % keep round and true unless the spokes \
I terested In aviation rcpjlca, for It will , are tied with fine wire at the crossings \
land aeronautical represent a personal I AND SOLDERED. This makes a much W " I
| modelling—If you triumph. 1 stronger wheel. It's simple with—
FLUXITE—but IMPORTANT. B.-JmbPSTL/G®
Join the 'SKYBIRDS' 1 !o iALL MECHANICS 1
LEAGUE of model SKYBIRDS —THE ytjc
aircraft constructors.
Over 18,000 Modellers MOST POPULAR "FLUX.TEi***
have registered.
For particulars write HOBBY TO-DAY I Tux,r ir JLU A.1 1 gi
(enclosing' postage 2id.)
waht" byOUa jpr SIMPLIFIES ALL SOLDERING
nrZ1,!. Ij foT
pressure Write/or
,MV(JBooh on theHARDENING
(m CASE Art of "SOFT"STEEL
SOLDERING
andTEM- and
III SKYBIRDS (Desk A.M.)
Ill ' Southampton filled 2/6 FLUXITE LTD, (Dept. M.A.), Bermondsey St., S.E.I
III London,Place,
W.C.IHolborn,

"PEWFLY"
TRUEPLANS
MODEL AIRCRAFT BLUEPRINTS
PLAN-PACKS containing 3-view 1/72 scale
THE « DE-H-HORNET MOTH." A nicely designed plans giving full details and latest
scale biplane, easily constructed with detachable wings,
stabiliser and fin. Average duration 40-50 sec. Scale specifications of world - famous aircraft.
1 in. to 1 ft. Price 2/9 Post 3d.
PACK No* I Stirling, Halifax, Beaufighten
" THE DEWFLY." A 32 in. span cabin type high wing Blenheim, Cornier 217, Model Show Stand and I
monoplane of smart appearance. Winner of many Building Instructions.
contests. Average duration 95-100 sec. Best official
time to date 11 min. 4 sec. Price 2/- Post 3d. PACK No. 2 junkers ju 88 A6,
" THE FALCON." A 48 in. span cabin type high wing Messerschmitt 210 Ai, Henschel 129, j
Wakefield model of pleasing appearance. This model Stormovik (Iliuchin IL2), Swedish J22,
has proved very successful in competition, and has made Typhoon IB, Miles Master 11, Hurricane I, IIB, IIC,
many flights of over 10 min. Price 3/6 Post 3d. 1ID, Model Show Stand and Building Instructions.
c<
THEE SWIFT." A towline glider of 46J in. span incor- PACK No. 3 Curtiss P40F (Warhawk-US ' 1
porating excellent appearance with super performance, Army Kittyhawk II RAF), Junkers 87D,
equally suitable for Balsa or substitute construction.
Price 2/6 Po'st 3d.
Large range of kits by leading manufacturers: Astral, Kellcraft,
Aeromodels, C.M.A. Halfax, Skyleada, Skyrova, Worcraft,
Grenwyn, Alryda etc. BRITISH TRANSFER SETS LARGE RANGE OF
Also full range of 1/72 accessories, Cockpit cavers, Watersllde Fighter .. ,. 3d. per set KITS IN STOCK,
transfers, Balsa cutters, etc. .Stockists of Joy Plane products. Light Bomber.. djd. „ „
Heavy Bomber.. 6d. „ „ from I/- to 9/11
GERMAN TRANSFER SETS Including FOUR ENGINE
" DEWFLY " (MODEL) AIRCRAFT Fighter .. .. 2d. per set BOMBERS.
Bomber ..' .. 4d
C. P. DYNE LTD., Postage Zid. SEND S.A.E. (id. stamp)
Trade enquiries Invited. FOR LIST.
158, Falcon Road, Clapham Junction, S.W. II
and at 213 London Road, Mitcham, Surrey.
E. W0RF0LK & Co. ^DEWSBURY, YORKST
Made and printed in Great Britain by Alabaster, Passmore & Sons, Ltd., London and Maidstone, for the Proprietors and Publishers, The Model Aeronautical
Press, Ltd., Alleh House, Newarke Street, Leicester. Trade Distributors : Horace Marshall & Son, Ltd., Temple House, Tallis Street, London, E.C.4—C1G0L
Sole Agents for Australia and New Zealand t Gordon & Gotch /Australasia), Ltd. Registered at the S.P.O. for transmission by Qanajlian Magazine Post.
 A. N. CUTLER YORKSHIRE AEROMODELLISTS
For Dopes, Tissues, Cements, Propellers, etc. In fact, all There are things to delight the hearts of aN Aeromodollers at
accessories for the Aero Modeller for solid and flying kits. Yorkshire's "pukka " model shops.
Stockist of Drome, Studiette, Keil Kraft, Astral, Cloudcraft, SKYCRAFT, LTD., 39a, Boar Lane, LEEDS
Skyleada, Truscale, Halfax, C.M.A., etc. BRADFORD A.M. CO., LTD. Godwin Street, BRADFORD
BRIDGE STREET WORCESTER NICHOLL & BROWN, Commercial St., HALIFAX
•Phone : WORCESTER 4137.
"The Art of Soolo Model Aircraft Build Ing.—By V.J.G.Woodason LIVERPOOL MODEL AIRCRAFT SHOP
Ed/ted by Walter Ruchter. Price 4/11 net* 8/6 cloth. MODEL AIRCRAFT SPECIALISTS. EXPERT ADVICE GIVEN
" In this book the author has produced the most complete and accurate GliderKilts:Veron,Elite, Keil Kraft, Flying Scale? Aeromodels, Astral.
account of solid model making yet published. It Is to be heartily Sold Scale; l/72nd: Stlvorwings, Tftiscale, Skyleada, Airyda. Elite.
recommended to the expert and to the beginner, and to those only : Aeromodels, Halfax.
interested In aircraft recognition Instruction."—-The Aerop/one. Accessories for flying and solid models. Large range ofTransfers.
•'One of the best books on modeliing."—Ah Training Corps Gazette. Aeromodeller plans and please
publications, alsorequ/remcnts,
books for A.T.C.
Also Kits, Palntmge and Plans of Aircraft, Ships, Go//eons, Micro Models, etc. As no price fists are available, state exact and enc/ose
Our Grftware Dept. is interested in oil manner of useful articles and curios stamped addressed enve/ope.
suitable as gifts. USEFUL PUBLICATIONS 402, PARK ROAD - - DINGLE, LIVERPOOL, 8
37. ALPWYCH. LONDON. W.CJ (TEL. : TBM.294S) TRAMS Nos. I, 3 and 20 pass tne door.
AERO MODELLERS get your HARPER OVERHEAD HEIGHT CHECK PATENT
KITS AND ACCESSORIES 8 A simple yet effective training device carried readily in
from the waistcoat pocket. Over 10,000 now in use.
HARPER'S CYCLE CO., LTD. 8 Gives the height of IDENTIFIED British, American and
34 Belgrave Gate & 67 Braunstone Gate, LEICESTER German aircraft flying overhead or almost, overhead.
Obtainable from: FRANK HARPER Frlco 4/- post free.
Also at Oakham, Melton Mowbray and Market Harborough SOUTHCL1FFE. SELBY ROAD. FULFORD, YORK.
STOCKPORT'S AEROMODEL SHOP THE SCOTIA MODEL CO.
'Phone: STO 4744 SUPER PLANS FOR R.A.F. AIRfor SEA LAUNCH (} & 1/72 scale)
Kits and Accessories constantly in stock. All the leading books for the Model Aircraft Builder
All the Harborough and Aeromodeller publications available. Enquiries must havo stamped addressed envelope.
WE RECOMMEND. BUTE GUDER- K/TS.
54, Wellington Road South STOCKPORT 40, Chambers Street, EDINBURGH, I Phone32053
JONES BROS. GREEN MAN GARAGE (WHETSTONE) LTD.
•LARGE STOCK OF KITS, DOPES AND ACCESSORIES. VJ 1308, High Road, Whetstone, London, NJO
SPARE PARTS FOR SOUDS |^| (OPPOSITE TOTTERIDGE LANE)
Send 3d. for list. * We hold the Largest Stock of Aero Kits and
56, Turnham Green Terrace 'Phone : CHI 0858 Q Component Parts In North London.
CHISWICK, W.4 'Phone Hillside 3277. Stamped addressed envelope for replies.
WILMSLOW MODEL AIRCRAFT CO. LONDON—TOY AND MODEL SHOP
raftSONAL ATTENTION MEANS A LOTTO THE AEROMODELLER I Kell Kraft, Astral, Halfax, Skyleada, Skyrova, Airyda, Grace Airplanes
We make a point of advising as well as selling to our customers. Modolcraft Airlines, Skycraft, Sllverwing.
Wobavo a big range of Kits and Accessories, Including: Kell Kraft, Skyleada, Waterllne and Leydcn Shlp^Klts.
Studiette, Elite, Club, Ascral, Airyda, Britannia, Lincraft, Grenwln,
Halfax, Tower and many others. Plans and Acroomodcller books stocked, bui; no wood.
GfVE US A CALL OR DROP A LINE TO: Postage must accompany Orders and enqu/ries.
WATER LAME WILMSLOW, CHESHIRE 57, SYDENHAM ROAD, LONDON, S.E.26
SYD 8320
GRENWYN (Regd.) SCOTLAND CALLING I
1/72 SOLID SCALE MODEL KITS
Will all clients please note change of address :— FRANK ROYLE, 54, South Clerk St., EDINBURGH
IS AT YOUR SERVICE
LANCASHIRE MODEL AIRCRAFT SUPPLIES Largest Selection of Kits, etc. in Scotland.
" Grenwyn " Works, 47 Queen St., Farnwortb, Lanes. OUR SPECIALITY: Cockpit Covers.
to where all future communications should be sent. Send Stamped Addressed Envelope for List.
MODEL MAKERS I A. A. BAKER, 526, High Road, CHISWICK, W.4
Birch Veneer Offcots 1/40* thick. Packets of useful pieces, 3x3*to 4x8* British and Foreign Transfer Insignia, Cockpit Covers,
About 5 sq. ft, l/ll post. paid. Double size 3/3 post paid.
12* Strips, I* to 2* wide, about 7 sq. ft. 2/6 „ „ Turrets, Wheels, and other accessories.
18* 12 „ 3/9 , Stockists of all leading makes. Super-detailed " Wing" Series solid
34* „ 16 „ 5/- „ ..
List of other Strlpwood, 2d. Blueprints, including Whirlwind,Thunderbolt, FotkoWhHo 193,
A. STEPHENSON (WEST HARTLEPOOL) LTD. ME II0.C5, etc. Stamp brings reply
VILUERS STREET, WEST HARTLEPOOL SYD TONGE — The Model Shop — CHELTENHAM
"TIP-TOP" MODEL AIRCRAFT STORES Squadron Solid Kits Including Postages.
Fortress 2,13/-; Liberator, 13/-; Lancaster 13/-; Halifax, 13/-;
10, Kingston Road, Portsmouth Wellington, 7/10; Catalina, 7/10; Boston 5/10; Mosquito 4/4; Me. 210,
All Model Accessories In Stock. 4/4; Mustang, 2/10; Vigiiant, 2/10; Focke Wulf, 2/10; Afracobra, 2/10;
Spitfire,2/10; Hurricane 2/10.
8 Waterslide Transfers of all Nations. • All Books as Advertised In Aeromodeller, Postage extra.
Special Large Range of Cockpit-Covers.
Limited Supply. Send S.A.E. for List. J. CHAFPELL,
339, ECCLES NEW ROAD, SALFORD 5, LANCS.
NOTTINGHAM'S MODEL SPECIAUSTS 1/72 SOLID KITS. Walrus, 3/9; J.U.87B, Lightning,Thunderbolt. 3/- ;
Gladiator, Lysander, Mcsserschmltt I09F, 2/6*
POSTAL SERVICE SUSPENDED FOR THE DURATION COCKPIT AND TURRET SETS. Fortress II. 2/6; Mitcfeeir ID, 2/-;
Halifax, 2/-; Marauder. 2/-; Sunderland, 1/6; MoscfiilCo, I/-•
Curtlss Heildivcr, 1/2
RADET ELECTRIC, 21, ARKWRIGHT STREET GALLEON BLUE PRINTS. •' H.M.S. Victory,"22% "Golden
NEAR MIDLAND STATION Hind," " Santa Maria," " Cutty Sark,'* 22*.
With Instructions. All 3/6, Post 3d.
SOLID MODEL Since the intr^',uction of our SOLID AIRCRAFT Kits, numerous SOLID MODEL
satisfied modellers have expressed their appreciation of the
KITS " Studictte" Retracting Landing Gear, incorporated in the KITS
SPITFIRE No. 3001 ft'osquito and heavy bomber models. They stress the excellence STIRLING No. 4001
of the quality of all materials supplied, that have been kept at the
MOSQUITO No. 3002 recognised "Studiette" standard. LANCASTER No. 4002
As long as the country ilemands the efforts of our faetorics for urgent war needs we must again ask our friends to maintain their patience, we shall do ail
that we can to keep pur customers supplied.
STUDIETTE HANDCRAFTS ★ KENT STREET i BIRMINGHAM 5