topic 3 q4 paper 1 [106 marks]

1. Helen is building a cabin using cylindrical logs of length 2.4 m and radius [4 marks]
8.4 cm. A wedge is cut from one log and the cross-section of this log is
illustrated in the following diagram.

Find the volume of this log.

 Markscheme
volume = 240 (π × 8.42 − 1
2 × 8.42 × 0.872664 …) M1M1M1
Note: Award M1 240 × area, award M1 for correctly substituting area sector
formula, award M1 for subtraction of their area of the sector from area of
circle.
= 45800 (= 45811.96071) A1
[4 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

Helen is building a cabin using cylindrical logs of length 2.4 m and radius 8.4 cm. A
wedge is cut from one log and the cross-section of this log is illustrated in the
following diagram.

2a. Find 50° in radians. [1 mark]

 Markscheme
50×π
180
= 0.873 (0.872664 …) A1
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]

2b. Find the volume of this log. [4 marks]

Markscheme
volume = 240 (π × 8.42 − 1
2 × 8.42 × 0.872664 …) M1M1M1
Note: Award M1 240 × area, award M1 for correctly substituting area sector
formula, award M1 for subtraction of the angles or their areas.
= 45800 (= 45811.96071) A1
[4 marks]
 Examiners report
[N/A]

The straight metal arm of a windscreen wiper on a car rotates in a circular motion
from a pivot point, O , through an angle of 140°. The windscreen is cleared by a
rubber blade of length 46 cm that is attached to the metal arm between points A
and B. The total length of the metal arm, OB, is 56 cm .
The part of the windscreen cleared by the rubber blade is shown unshaded in the
following diagram.

3a. Calculate the length of the arc made by B, the end of the rubber blade. [2 marks]
 Markscheme
attempt to substitute into length of arc formula (M1)
140°
360°
× 2π × 56
392π
137 cm (136. 833 … , 9
cm) A1

[2 marks]

Examiners report
There was some difficulty determining the correct radius to substitute, with
several candidates substituting a radius of 46.

3b. Determine the area of the windscreen that is cleared by the rubber [3 marks]
blade.
 Markscheme
subtracting two substituted area of sectors formulae (M1)

( 140
360°
°
× π × 562 )−( 140
360°
°
× π × 102 ) OR 140°
360°
× π ×(562 − 102 ) (A1)

3710 cm 2 (3709. 17 … cm 2 ) A1

[3 marks]

Examiners report
It was common to see candidates subtracting the radii before substituting into
the area formula, rather than subtracting the sector areas after calculating
each. Using the π key on the calculator rather than an approximated value
was prevalent and pleasing to see.

The diagram shows a sector, OAB, of a circle with centre O and radius r, such
that AÔB = θ.

Sam measured the value of r to be 2 cm and the value of θ to be 30°.

4a. Use Sam’s measurements to calculate the area of the sector. Give your [2 marks]
answer to four significant figures.
 Markscheme
π × 22 × 30
360
(M1)

= 1. 047 cm 2 A1

Note: Do not award the final mark if the answer is not correct to 4 sf.

[2 marks]

Examiners report
In part (a), the area was almost always found correctly although some
candidates gave the answer 1.0472 which is correct to 4 decimal places, not 4
significant figures as required. In part (b), many candidates failed to realize
that the upper bounds for r and θ were 2.5 and 35° and lower bounds were 1.5
and 25°. Consequently, the bounds for the area were incorrect. In many cases,
the incorrect values in part (b) were followed through into part (c) although in
the percentage error calculations, many candidates had 1.047 in the
denominator instead of the appropriate bound.

It is found that Sam’s measurements are accurate to only one significant figure.

4b. Find the upper bound and lower bound of the area of the sector. [3 marks]
 Markscheme
attempt to substitute any two values from 1. 5, 2. 5, 25 or 35 into area of
sector formula (M1)
(upper bound = π × 2. 52 × 35
360
=) 1. 91 cm 2 (1. 90895 …) A1

(lower bound = π × 1. 52 × 25
360
=) 0. 491 cm 2 (0. 490873 …) A1

Note: Given the nature of the question, accept correctly rounded OR correctly
truncated 3 significant figure answers.

[3 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

4c. Find, with justification, the largest possible percentage error if the [3 marks]
answer to part (a) is recorded as the area of the sector.
Markscheme
(∣∣ 1.047−1.90895…
1.90895…
∣∣×100 =) 45. 2 (%) (45. 1532 …) A1

(∣∣ 1.047−0.490873…
0.490873…
∣∣×100 =) 113 (%) (113. 293 …) A1

so the largest percentage error is 113 % A1

Note: Accept 45. 1 (%) (45. 1428), from use of full accuracy answers. Given
the nature of the question, accept correctly rounded OR correctly truncated 3
significant figure answers. Award A0A1A0 if 113% is the only value found.

[3 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
 Joey is making a party hat in the form of a cone. The hat is made from a sector,
AOB, of a circular piece of paper with a radius of 18 cm and AÔB = θ as shown
in the diagram.

To make the hat, sides [OA] and [OB] are joined together. The hat has a base
radius of 6. 5 cm .

5a. Write down the perimeter of the base of the hat in terms of π. [1 mark]

Markscheme
13π cm A1

Note: Answer must be in terms of π.

[1 mark]
 Examiners report
Although most candidates understood what to do in part (a), many of them
wrote a decimal approximation instead and did not give their answer in terms
of π as required in this part. Many candidates were able to use the length of
arc formula in (a)(ii). Some candidates went wrong with this question by
confusing between the two values: 6. 5 cm and 18 cm for the radius. In part
(b), although candidates were able to find the surface area of the outside of
the hat, several added the surface area of the base to their calculation. A few
candidates used the cosine rule to find chord AB which was then used as the
circumference of the base of the cone.

5b. Find the value of θ. [2 marks]

Markscheme
METHOD 1
θ θ
360
× 2π(18)= 13π OR 360
× 2π(18)= 40. 8407 … (M1)

Note: Award (M1) for correct substitution into length of an arc formula.

(θ =) 130° A1

METHOD 2
θ
360
× π × 182 = π × 6. 5 × 18 (M1)

(θ =) 130° A1

[2 marks]

Examiners report
Although most candidates understood what to do in part (a), many of them
wrote a decimal approximation instead and did not give their answer in terms
of π as required in this part. Many candidates were able to use the length of
arc formula in (a)(ii). Some candidates went wrong with this question by
confusing between the two values: 6. 5 cm and 18 cm for the radius. In part
(b), although candidates were able to find the surface area of the outside of
the hat, several added the surface area of the base to their calculation. A few
candidates used the cosine rule to find chord AB which was then used as the
circumference of the base of the cone.
5c. Find the surface area of the outside of the hat. [2 marks]

Markscheme
EITHER
130
360
× π(18)2 (M1)

Note: Award (M1) for correct substitution into area of a sector formula.

OR
π(6. 5)(18) (M1)

Note: Award (M1) for correct substitution into curved area of a cone formula.

THEN
(Area= ) 368 cm 2 (367. 566 … , 117π) A1

Note: Allow FT from their part (a)(ii) even if their angle is not obtuse.

[2 marks]
 Examiners report
Although most candidates understood what to do in part (a), many of them
wrote a decimal approximation instead and did not give their answer in terms
of π as required in this part. Many candidates were able to use the length of
arc formula in (a)(ii). Some candidates went wrong with this question by
confusing between the two values: 6. 5 cm and 18 cm for the radius. In part
(b), although candidates were able to find the surface area of the outside of
the hat, several added the surface area of the base to their calculation. A few
candidates used the cosine rule to find chord AB which was then used as the
circumference of the base of the cone.

6. The following diagram shows a corner of a field bounded by two walls [6 marks]
defined by lines L1 and L2 . The walls meet at a point A, making an
angle of 40°.
Farmer Nate has 7 m of fencing to make a triangular enclosure for his sheep. One
end of the fence is positioned at a point B on L 2 , 10 m from A. The other end of
the fence will be positioned at some point C on L 1 , as shown on the diagram.

He wants the enclosure to take up as little of the current field as possible.

Find the minimum possible area of the triangular enclosure ABC .
Markscheme
METHOD 1
attempt to find AC using cosine rule M1
72 = 102 + AC2 − 2 × 10 × AC × cos 40° (A1)
attempt to solve a quadratic equation (M1)
AC = 4. 888 … AND 10. 432 … (A1)

Note: At least AC = 4. 888 … must be seen, or implied by subsequent

working.

1
minimum area = 2 × 10 × 4. 888 … × sin(40°) M1
Note: Do not award M1 if incorrect value for minimizing the area has been
chosen.

= 15. 7 m2 A1

METHOD 2
attempt to find AĈB using the sine Rule M1
sinC sin40
10
= 7
(A1)
C = 66. 674 … ° OR 113. 325 … ° (A1)

EITHER
B = 180 − 40 − 113. 325 …
B = 26. 675 … ° (A1)
1
area = 2 × 10 × 7 × sin(26. 675 … °) M1

OR
sine rule or cosine rule to find AC = 4. 888 … (A1)
1
minimum area = 2 × 10 × 4. 888 … × sin(40°) M1

THEN
= 15. 7 m2 A1

Note: Award A0M1A0 if the wrong length AC or the wrong angle B selected
but used correctly finding a value of 33. 5 m 2 for the area.

[6 marks]
 Examiners report
As has often been the case in the past, trigonometry is a topic that is poorly
understood and candidates are poorly prepared for. Approaches to this
question required the use of the cosine or sine rules. Some candidates tried to
use right-angled trigonometry instead. A minority of candidates used the
cosine rule approach and were more likely to be successful, navigating the
roots of the quadratic equation formed. When using the sine rule the method
involved the ambiguous case as the required angle was obtuse. Few
candidates realized this and this was the most common mistake. In a few
instances, the word “minimum” led candidates to attempt an approach using
calculus.

The following diagram shows a frame that is made from wire. The total length of
wire is equal to 15 cm . The frame is made up of two identical sectors of a circle
that are parallel to each other. The sectors have angle θ radians and radius r cm .
They are connected by 1 cm lengths of wire perpendicular to the sectors. This is
shown in the diagram below.

7a. Show that 6 [2 marks]

r= 2+θ
.
 Markscheme
15 = 3 + 4r + 2rθ M1
12 = 2r(2 + θ) A1

Note: Award A1 for any reasonable working leading to expected result e,g,
factorizing r.

6
r= 2+θ
AG

[2 marks]

Examiners report
Several candidates missed that the angle θ was in radians and used arc and
sector formulas with degrees instead. This aside, part (a) was often well done.
Part (b)(i) was also correctly answered by many candidates, but their failure to
make any attempt to simplify their answer often led to difficulties in part (b)
(ii). Again, failing to simplify the result in part (b)(ii) led to yet more difficulties
in part (b)(iii). Some candidates used the product rule to differentiate 18θ 2
( 2+θ )
−2
as 18θ(2 + θ) rather than the quotient rule. This was fine but made solving
the equation in (b)(iii) less straightforward.

The faces of the frame are covered by paper to enclose a volume, V .

7b. Find an expression for V in terms of θ. [2 marks]

 Markscheme
attempt to use sector area to find volume (M1)
volume = 12 r2 θ × 1

= 1
2 × 36
× θ (= 18θ
) A1
( 2+θ ) 2 ( 2+θ ) 2

[2 marks]

Examiners report
Several candidates missed that the angle θ was in radians and used arc and
sector formulas with degrees instead. This aside, part (a) was often well done.
Part (b)(i) was also correctly answered by many candidates, but their failure to
make any attempt to simplify their answer often led to difficulties in part (b)
(ii). Again, failing to simplify the result in part (b)(ii) led to yet more difficulties
in part (b)(iii). Some candidates used the product rule to differentiate 18θ 2
( 2+θ )
−2
as 18θ(2 + θ) rather than the quotient rule. This was fine but made solving
the equation in (b)(iii) less straightforward.

7c. Find the expression d V . [3 marks]

dθ
 Markscheme
dV ( 2+θ ) 2×18−36θ ( 2+θ )
dθ
= M1A1A1
( 2+θ ) 4
dV 36−18θ
dθ
=
( 2+θ ) 3

[3 marks]

Examiners report
Several candidates missed that the angle θ was in radians and used arc and
sector formulas with degrees instead. This aside, part (a) was often well done.
Part (b)(i) was also correctly answered by many candidates, but their failure to
make any attempt to simplify their answer often led to difficulties in part (b)
(ii). Again, failing to simplify the result in part (b)(ii) led to yet more difficulties
in part (b)(iii). Some candidates used the product rule to differentiate 18θ 2
( 2+θ )
−2
as 18θ(2 + θ) rather than the quotient rule. This was fine but made solving
the equation in (b)(iii) less straightforward.

7d. Solve algebraically d V

dθ
= 0 to find the value of θ that will maximize the [2 marks]
volume, V .
Markscheme
dV 36−18θ
dθ
= =0 M1
( 2+θ ) 3

Note: Award this M1 for simplified version equated to zero. The simplified
version may have been seen in part (b)(ii).

θ=2 A1

[2 marks]

Examiners report
Several candidates missed that the angle θ was in radians and used arc and
sector formulas with degrees instead. This aside, part (a) was often well done.
Part (b)(i) was also correctly answered by many candidates, but their failure to
make any attempt to simplify their answer often led to difficulties in part (b)
(ii). Again, failing to simplify the result in part (b)(ii) led to yet more difficulties
in part (b)(iii). Some candidates used the product rule to differentiate 18θ 2
( 2+θ )
−2
as 18θ(2 + θ) rather than the quotient rule. This was fine but made solving
the equation in (b)(iii) less straightforward.

AB
 A garden includes a small lawn. The lawn is enclosed by an arc AB of a circle with
centre O and radius 6 m, such that AÔB = 135°. The straight border of the lawn
is defined by chord [AB].
The lawn is shown as the shaded region in the following diagram.

8a. A footpath is to be laid around the curved side of the lawn. Find the [3 marks]
length of the footpath.

Markscheme
12π
135° × 360°
(M1)(A1)

14. 1 (m)(14. 1371 …) A1

[3 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
8b. Find the area of the lawn. [4 marks]

Markscheme
evidence of splitting region into two areas (M1)
π 62 6×6×sin135°
135° × 360°
− 2 (M1)(M1)

Note: Award M1 for correctly substituting into area of sector formula, M1 for
evidence of substituting into area of triangle formula.

42. 4115 … − 12. 7279 …

29. 7 m2 (29. 6835 …) A1

[4 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

3
 Let θ be an obtuse angle such that sin θ = 35 .

9a. Find the value of tan θ. [4 marks]

 Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
evidence of valid approach (M1)
eg sketch of triangle with sides 3 and 5, cos2 θ = 1 − sin2 θ
correct working (A1)
eg missing side is 4 (may be seen in sketch), cos θ = 45 , cos θ = − 45

tan θ = − 34 A2 N4
[4 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

9b. Line L passes through the origin and has a gradient of tan θ. Find the [2 marks]
equation of L.
Markscheme
correct substitution of either gradient or origin into equation of line (A1)
y = mx + b)
(do not accept
eg y = x tan θ, y − 0 = m (x − 0), y = mx

y = − 34 x A2 N4

Note: Award A1A0 for L = − 34 x.

[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

3
 3x
Let f (x) = ex sin x − 4
.

9c. Find the derivative of f . [5 marks]

Markscheme
d ( −3x ) = − 34 (seen anywhere, including answer) A1
dx 4

choosing product rule (M1)

eg uv′ + vu′
correct derivatives (must be seen in a correct product rule) A1A1
eg cos x, ex
3
f ′ (x) = ex cos x + ex sin x − 4
(= ex (cos x + sin x) − 34 ) A1 N5
[5 marks]
 Examiners report
[N/A]

9d. The following diagram shows the graph of f  for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3. Line M is a [4 marks]
tangent to the graph of f at point P.

Given that M is parallel to L, find the x-coordinate of P.

Markscheme
valid approach to equate their gradients (M1)
eg f ′ = tan θ, f ′ = − 34 , ex cos x + ex sin x − 34 = − 34 ,
3
ex (cos x + sin x) − 4
= − 34
correct equation without ex (A1)
−sin x
eg sin x = −cos x, cos x + sin x = 0, cos x =1
correct working (A1)
eg tan θ = −1, x = 135∘
3π
x= 4
(do not accept 135∘ ) A1 N1
Note: Do not award the final A1 if additional answers are given.
[4 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
10. A sector of a circle with radius r cm , where r > 0, is shown on the [4 marks]
following diagram.
The sector has an angle of 1 radian at the centre.

Let the area of the sector be A cm2 and the perimeter be P  cm. Given that A = P,
find the value of r.
 Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
A=P
use of the correct formula for area and arc length (M1)
perimeter is rθ + 2r (A1)
Note: A1 independent of previous M1.
1 2
2 r (1) = r (1) + 2r A1

r2 − 6r=0
r = 6 (as r > 0) A1
Note: Do not award final A1 if r = 0 is included.
[4 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

The lengths of two of the sides in a triangle are 4 cm and 5 cm. Let θ be the angle
5√15 2
between the two given sides. The triangle has an area of 2  cm .

11a. √15 [1 mark]

Show that sin θ = 4
.
Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
EITHER
5√15 1
2 = 2 × 4 × 5 sin θ A1
OR
5√15
height of triangle is 4
if using 4 as the base or √15 if using 5 as the base
A1
THEN
√15
sin θ = 4
AG
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]
11b. Find the two possible values for the length of the third side. [6 marks]
Markscheme
let the third side be x
x2 = 42 + 52 − 2 × 4 × 5 × cos θ M1
valid attempt to find cos θ (M1)

Note: Do not accept writing cos (arcsin ( 4 )) as a valid method.

√15

15
cos θ = ±√1 − 16

= 14 , − 1
4
A1A1

x2 = 16 + 25 − 2 × 4 × 5 × ± 14
x = √31 or √51 A1A1
[6 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

AB = 3cm BC = 8cm
 The following diagram shows triangle ABC, with AB = 3cm , BC = 8cm , and
AB^C = π .
3

12a. Show that AC = 7 cm . [4 marks]

Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
evidence of choosing the cosine rule (M1)
eg c2 = a2 + b2 − ab cos C
correct substitution into RHS of cosine rule (A1)
eg 32 + 82 − 2 × 3 × 8 × cos π3
π
evidence of correct value for cos 3
(may be seen anywhere, including in
cosine rule) A1
2
eg cos π3 = 12 , AC = 9 + 64 − (48 × 12 ) , 9 + 64 − 24
correct working clearly leading to answer A1
eg AC2 = 49, b = √49
AC = 7 (cm) AG N0

2
Note: Award no marks if the only working seen is AC = 49 or AC = √49
(or similar).

[4 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
12b. The shape in the following diagram is formed by adding a semicircle [3 marks]
with diameter [AC] to the triangle.

Find the exact perimeter of this shape.

Markscheme
correct substitution for semicircle (A1)
eg semicircle = 12 (2π × 3.5), 12 × π × 7, 3.5π
valid approach (seen anywhere) (M1)
eg
perimeter = AB + BC + semicircle, 3 + 8 + ( 12 × 2 × π × 72 ) , 8 + 3 + 3.5π
11 + 72 π (= 3.5π + 11) (cm) A1 N2
[3 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
13. Solve the equation sec2 x + 2 tan x = 0, 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 2π. [5 marks]
Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
METHOD 1
use of sec2 x = tan2 x + 1 M1
tan2 x + 2 tan x + 1 = 0
(tan x + 1)2 = 0 (M1)
tan x = −1 A1
3π 7π
x= 4
, 4 A1A1
METHOD 2
1 2 sin x
cos2x
+ cos x = 0 M1
1 + 2 sin x cos x = 0
sin 2x = −1 M1A1
3π 7π
2x = 2 , 2
3π 7π
x= 4
, 4 A1A1
Note: Award A1A0 if extra solutions given or if solutions given in degrees (or
both).
[5 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

3 5 7 9
14a. Find the value of sin π 3π 5π 7π 9π [2 marks]
4
+ sin 4
+ sin 4
+ sin 4
+ sin 4
.

Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
π 3π 5π 7π 9π √2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2
sin 4
+ sin 4
+ sin 4
+ sin 4
+ sin 4
= 2 + 2 − 2 − 2 + 2 = 2
(M1)A1
Note: Award M1 for 5 equal terms with \) + \) or − signs.
[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

14b. Show that 1−cos 2x ≡ sin x, x ≠ kπ where k ∈ Z. [2 marks]

2 sin x
Markscheme
1−cos 2x 1−(1−2sin2x)
2 sin x
≡ 2 sin x
M1
2sin2x
≡ 2 sin x
A1
≡ sin x AG
[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
14c. Use the principle of mathematical induction to prove that [9 marks]
1−cos 2nx
sin x + sin 3x + … + sin(2n − 1)x = 2 sin x
,n ∈ Z+ , x ≠ kπ where k ∈ Z.
Markscheme
1−cos 2nx
let P(n) : sin x + sin 3x + … + sin(2n − 1)x ≡ 2 sin x
if n=1
1−cos 2x
P(1) : 2 sin x
≡ sin x which is true (as proved in part (b)) R1
1−cos 2kx
assume P(k) true, sin x + sin 3x + … + sin(2k − 1)x ≡ 2 sin x
M1
Notes: Only award M1 if the words “assume” and “true” appear. Do not
award M1 for “let n = k” only. Subsequent marks are independent of this M1.
consider P(k + 1):
1−cos 2(k+1)x
P(k + 1) : sin x + sin 3x + … + sin(2k − 1)x + sin(2k + 1)x ≡ 2 sin x
LHS = sin x + sin 3x + … + sin(2k − 1)x + sin(2k + 1)x M1
1−cos 2kx
≡ 2 sin x
+ sin(2k + 1)x A1
1−cos 2kx+2 sin x sin(2k+1)x
≡ 2 sin x
1−cos 2kx+2 sin x cos x sin 2kx+2sin2x cos 2kx
≡ 2 sin x
M1
1−((1−2sin2x) cos 2kx−sin 2x sin 2kx)
≡ 2 sin x
M1
1−(cos 2x cos 2kx−sin 2x sin 2kx)
≡ 2 sin x
A1
1−cos(2kx+2x)
≡ 2 sin x
A1
1−cos 2(k+1)x
≡ 2 sin x
so if true forn = k , then also true for n = k + 1
as true for n = 1 then true for all n ∈ Z+ R1
Note: Accept answers using transformation formula for product of sines if
steps are shown clearly.
Note: Award R1 only if candidate is awarded at least 5 marks in the previous
steps.
[9 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

sin + sin 3 = cos

14d. Hence or otherwise solve the equation sin x + sin 3x = cos x in the [6 marks]
interval 0 < x < π.
 Markscheme
EITHER
1−cos 4x
sin x + sin 3x = cos x ⇒ 2 sin x
= cos x M1
⇒ 1 − cos 4x = 2 sin x cos x, (sin x ≠ 0) A1
⇒ 1 − (1 − 2 sin2 2x) = sin 2x M1
⇒ sin 2x(2 sin 2x − 1) = 0 M1
1
⇒ sin 2x = 0 or sin 2x = 2 A1
π 5π
2x = π, 2x = 6
and 2x = 6
OR
sin x + sin 3x = cos x ⇒ 2 sin 2x cos x = cos x M1A1
⇒ (2 sin 2x − 1) cos x = 0, (sin x ≠ 0) M1A1
1
⇒ sin 2x = 2 of cos x = 0 A1

2x = π
6
, 2x = 56π and x = π2
THEN
5π
∴x= π
2,x = π
12 and x= 12 A1
Note: Do not award the final A1 if extra solutions are seen.
[6 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

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