Notes

Answers to questions I get wrong a
lot yay
Solid
pattern: regular / lattice
distance: close
movement: vibrate / fixed position
gas
random / irregular / no pattern;
far apart / spread out;
moving;
particles have more energy / move faster;

collide harder / collide more frequently / more
collisions / collide with more force;
allow: molecules instead of particles
Definitions from chem syllabus yay
 Describe the structure of the atom as a central

nucleus containing neutrons and protons
surrounded by electrons in shells
 Define proton number/ atomic number as the

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
 Define mass number/nucleon number as the

total number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom
 Define isotopes as different atoms of the same

element that have the same number of protons
but different numbers of neutrons
 State that isotopes of the same element have
 the same chemical properties because they have
 the same number of electrons and therefore the
 same electronic configuration
 Describe the giant lattice structure of ionic

 compounds as a regular arrangement of
 alternating positive and negative ions
 State that an ionic bond is a strong electrostatic

 attraction between oppositely charged ions
 State that a covalent bond is formed when a pair

 of electrons is shared between two atoms leading
 to noble gas electronic configurations
 Describe metallic bonding as the electrostatic

 attraction between the positive ions in a giant
 metallic lattice and a ‘sea’ of delocalised
 electrons
 Define the molecular formula of a compound as
 the number and type of different atoms in one
 molecule
 Define the empirical formula of a compound as
 the simplest whole number ratio of the different
 atoms or ions in a compound
 Describe relative atomic mass, Ar

 , as the average
 mass of the isotopes of an element compared to
 1/12th of the mass of an atom of 12C
 Define relative molecular mass, Mr, as the sum

 of the relative atomic masses. Relative formula mass
Mr will be used for ionic compounds
 State that the mole, mol, is the unit of amount of

 substance and that one mole contains
 6.02 × 1023 particles, e.g. atoms, ions, molecules
 this number is the Avogadro constant
 Define electrolysis as the decomposition of an

 ionic compound, when molten or in aqueous
 solution, by the passage of an electric current
 Identify in simple electrolytic cells:

 the anode as the positive electrode
 the cathode as the negative electrode
 the electrolyte as the molten or aqueous
 substance that undergoes electrolysis
 state that metals or hydrogen are formed at

 the cathode and that non-metals (other than
 hydrogen) are formed at the anode
 State that metal objects are electroplated to

 improve their appearance and resistance to
 corrosion
 State that a hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell uses

 hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity with
 water as the only chemical product
 State that an exothermic reaction transfers
 thermal energy to the surroundings leading to an
 increase in the temperature of the surroundings
 State that an endothermic reaction takes in

 thermal energy from the surroundings leading
 to a decrease in the temperature of the
 surroundings
 State that the transfer of thermal energy during a

 reaction is called the enthalpy change, ∆H, of the
 reaction. ∆H is negative for exothermic reactions
 and positive for endothermic reactions
 Define activation energy, Ea

 , as the minimum
 energy that colliding particles must have to react
 State that bond breaking is an endothermic

 process and bond making is an exothermic
 process and explain the enthalpy change of a
 reaction in terms of bond breaking and bond
 making
 State that a catalyst increases the rate of a

 reaction and is unchanged at the end of a
 reaction
 State that a catalyst decreases the activation

 energy, Ea
 , of a reaction
 State the symbol equation for the production of

 ammonia in the Haber process,
 N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)
 6 State the sources of the hydrogen (methane) and
 nitrogen (air) in the Haber process
 7 State the typical conditions in the Haber process
 as 450°C, 20000kPa /200atm and an ironcatalyst
 State the typical conditions for the conversion

 of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide in the Contact
 process as
 450°C
 200kPa /2atm
 vanadium(V) oxide catalyst
 Define redox reactions as involving simultaneous

 oxidation and reduction
 3 Define oxidation as gain of oxygen and reduction

 as loss of oxygen
 4 Identify redox reactions as reactions involving

 gain and loss of oxygen
 Define oxidation in terms of:

 loss of electrons
 an increase in oxidation number
 7 Define reduction in terms of:
 gain of electrons
 a decrease in oxidation number
 Define an oxidising agent as a substance that
 oxidises another substance and is itself reduced
 12 Define a reducing agent as a substance that

 reduces another substance and is itself oxidized
 State that bases are oxides or hydroxides of

 metals and that alkalis are soluble bases
 State that aqueous solutions of acids contain H+

 ions and aqueous solutions of alkalis contain OH–
 ions
 Define acids as proton donors and bases as

 proton acceptors
 Describe amphoteric oxides as oxides that react

 with acids and with bases to produce a salt and
 water
 Define a hydrated substance as a substance
 that is chemically combined with water and an
 anhydrous substance as a substance containing
 no water
 Define the term water of crystallisation as the

 water molecules present in hydrated crystals,
 including CuSO4•5H2O and CoCl 2•6H2O
 Describe the uses of metals in terms of their

 physical properties, including:
 aluminium in the manufacture of aircraft
 because of its low density
 aluminium in the manufacture of overhead
 electrical cables because of its low density
 and good electrical conductivity
 aluminium in food containers because of its
 resistance to corrosion
 Describe an alloy as a mixture of a metal with

 other elements, including:
 brass as a mixture of copper and zinc
 stainless steel as a mixture of iron and other
 elements such as chromium, nickel and
 Describe photosynthesis as the reaction between

 carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and
 oxygen in the presence of chlorophyll and using
 energy from light
 State that a structural formula is an

 unambiguous description of the way the atoms
 in a molecule are arranged
 Define structural isomers as compounds with the

 same molecular formula, but different structural
 formulae
 Describe the properties of alkanes as being

 generally unreactive, except in terms of
 combustion and substitution by chlorine
 Define polymers as large molecules built up from

 many smaller molecules called monomers
 2 Describe the formation of poly(ethene) as an
 example of addition polymerisation using ethene
 monomers
STATE
 Describe proteins as natural polyamides and that

 they are formed from amino acid monomers with
 the general structure:
 Describe a:
 solvent as a substance that dissolves a solute
 solute as a substance that is dissolved in a
 solvent
 solution as a mixture of one or more solutes
 dissolved in a solvent
 saturated solution as a solution containing
 the maximum concentration of a solute
 dissolved in the solvent at a specified
 temperature
 residue as a substance that remains after
 evaporation, distillation, filtration or any
 similar process
 filtrate as a liquid or solution that has passed
 through a filter
1 Describe the Group I alkali metals, lithium,

sodium and potassium, as relatively soft metals
with general trends down the group, limited to:
(a) decreasing melting point
(b) increasing density
(c) increasing reactivity
Describe the Group VII halogens, chlorine,

bromine and iodine, as diatomic non-metals with
general trends down the group, limited to:
(a) increasing density
(b) decreasing reactivity
2 State the appearance of the halogens at r.t.p. as:
(a) chlorine, a pale yellow-green gas
(b) bromine, a red-brown liquid
(c) iodine, a grey-black solid
Describe the transition elements as metals that:

(a) have high densities
(b) have high melting points
(c) form coloured compounds
(d) often act as catalysts as elements and in
compounds
Describe transition elements as having ions with
variable oxidation numbers, including iron(II) and
iron(III)
Worked example
N equals 2 cubed cross times 3 squared cross times 5 to
the power of 7 and A N equals B where Ais an integer and
B is a non-zero square number.
Find the smallest value of A.
Substitute N = 23 × 32 × 57 into the formula AN = B.
A(23 × 32 × 57 ) = B
2, 3 and 5 are all prime numbers, so for A(23 × 32 × 57 )

to be a square number, its prime factors must all have
even powers.
Consider the prime factors A needs to have to make all

the values on the left hand side have even powers.
(2 × 5) (23 × 32 × 57) = B
24 × 32 × 58 = B
So A when written as a product of its prime factors, is 2 ×
5.
Make sure you A as an integer value in the answer.

Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Answers to questions I get wrong a

particles have more energy / move faster;

 Describe the structure of the atom as a central

 Define proton number/ atomic number as the

 Define mass number/nucleon number as the

 Define isotopes as different atoms of the same

 Describe the giant lattice structure of ionic

 State that an ionic bond is a strong electrostatic

 State that a covalent bond is formed when a pair

 Describe metallic bonding as the electrostatic

 Describe relative atomic mass, Ar

 Define relative molecular mass, Mr, as the sum

 State that the mole, mol, is the unit of amount of

 Define electrolysis as the decomposition of an

 Identify in simple electrolytic cells:

 state that metals or hydrogen are formed at

 State that metal objects are electroplated to

 State that a hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell uses

 State that an endothermic reaction takes in

 State that the transfer of thermal energy during a

 Define activation energy, Ea

 State that bond breaking is an endothermic

 State that a catalyst increases the rate of a

 State that a catalyst decreases the activation

 State the symbol equation for the production of

 State the typical conditions for the conversion

 Define redox reactions as involving simultaneous

 3 Define oxidation as gain of oxygen and reduction

 4 Identify redox reactions as reactions involving

 Define oxidation in terms of:

 12 Define a reducing agent as a substance that

 State that bases are oxides or hydroxides of

 State that aqueous solutions of acids contain H+

 Define acids as proton donors and bases as

 Describe amphoteric oxides as oxides that react

 Define the term water of crystallisation as the

 Describe the uses of metals in terms of their

 Describe an alloy as a mixture of a metal with

 Describe photosynthesis as the reaction between

 State that a structural formula is an

 Define structural isomers as compounds with the

 Describe the properties of alkanes as being

 Define polymers as large molecules built up from

 Describe proteins as natural polyamides and that

1 Describe the Group I alkali metals, lithium,

Describe the Group VII halogens, chlorine,

Describe the transition elements as metals that:

Find the smallest value of A.

Substitute N = 23 × 32 × 57 into the formula AN = B.

2, 3 and 5 are all prime numbers, so for A(23 × 32 × 57 )

Consider the prime factors A needs to have to make all

Make sure you A as an integer value in the answer.

You might also like