Chapter 1

ENG 111
Chapter 1
Class 2
What are jargons?
Special words or expressions used by a
profession or group that are difficult for
others to understand, eg - legal jargons.
What are registers?

Register is defined as the level of formality in
language that's determined by the context in which
it is spoken or written, eg – technical terms.
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
What is Communication?
Communication is a
complex process
through which we
express, interpret
and coordinate
messages with
others to create
shared meaning,
meet social goals,
manage personal
identity and carry
out personal
relationships.
Types of Communication
1. Verbal Messages - Verbal communication is the use of
sounds and words to express yourself. An example is
saying “No” when someone asks you to do something
you don't want to do.
2. Nonverbal Messages - Nonverbal communication refers to sign
languages, symbols, gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, eye
contact (or lack thereof), body language, posture, and other ways
people can communicate without using words/language.
American Sign Language - ASL
The Communication Basics
Encoding refers to the process
of creating messages.
Decoding refers to the process
of interpreting messages.
Feedback occurs when
someone reacts or responds to
the messages received.
Upon receiving feedback, a

person may adjust his or her
behavior based on that
feedback. This is called
interaction coordination.
The Basics, contd.
• A canned plan is a mental library of scripts each of us draws from in order
to create messages.
• A script is an actual or mental text of what to say and do in a specific
situation.
Canned plan
Script
Do this work for

You hadme ! you owe me one. So,
said
I’mit’s
in atime ! I hope you can sort it out
mess.
for me ! Can you help me,
please?
Communication Characteristics
• Communication is a two-way process
• Communication is continuous (includes nonverbal communication)
• Communication is situated (i.e.-influenced by the

setting/situation/context)
Characteristics, contd.
• Communication is irreversible
Communication, contd.
• Communication is indexical
A communication index measures how close we are to
each other, i.e. – our levels of trust, control and intimacy
with one another.
Communication, contd.
• Communication is guided by cultural norms.
Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, symbols and behaviours. ( Chapter 3)
Characteristics, contd.
• Communication has a purpose
Communication is used to…
(1) define our sense of self
(2) meet our social needs
(3) manage our relationships
(4) facilitate the exchange of information
(5) influence others
• Communication messages can vary in conscious thought

Communication messages may change based on conscious thought , i.e.
a message may result from a spontaneous expression of feeling or may
be heavily constructed.
Communication Contexts,
Situations & Settings
Physical Context Location
Social Context How Well You Know Someone
Historical Context Background Information of the

Person
Psychological Moods
Context
Cultural Context Beliefs and Values Specific to a
Culture
Communication Settings, contd.
Intrapersonal communication
can be defined as
communication with one's self,
and that may include self-talk,
acts of imagination and
visualization, and memory.
Interpersonal communication is the

process of exchange of
information, ideas and feelings
between two or more people
through verbal or non-verbal
methods.
Communication Settings, contd.
Small group communication
refers to interactions among 3
to 20 people.
Public communication refers to

interactions among more than
20 people.
Mass communication is the

process of imparting and
exchanging information through
mass media to large segments
of the population.
7 Barriers to Great, Effective
Communication
A communication barrier is anything that prevents us from
receiving and understanding the messages others use to
convey their information, ideas and thoughts.
i) Language barrier
Barriers, contd.
ii) Semantic barrier
Barriers, contd.
iii) Physical barriers are often due to nature of the environment, such
as, physical distance, poor lighting, outdated equipment, background
noise, etc.
Barriers, contd.
iv) Emotional barriers
Barriers, contd.
v) Cultural barriers vi) Physiological barriers :
Disabilities, diseases, illnesses
and disorders
Barriers, contd.
vii) Social barriers includes gender, socio-
economic status, age/generation, etc.
Communication Apprehension
Communication Apprehension (CA) is the fear or
anxiety associated with real or anticipated
communication with others. The different types of
CA are as follows:
i) Traitlike CA (Most speaking situations)

ii) Situational CA (Speaking at meetings & interviews )
iii) Audience-based CA (Speaking to a certain person or group)
iv) Context-based CA (Speaking to a large group)
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ENG 111

What are registers?

Upon receiving feedback, a

Do this work for

• Communication is continuous (includes nonverbal communication)

• Communication is situated (i.e.-influenced by the

• Communication messages can vary in conscious thought

Social Context How Well You Know Someone

Historical Context Background Information of the

Interpersonal communication is the

Public communication refers to

Mass communication is the

i) Traitlike CA (Most speaking situations)

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