Abraham Maslow was born in Brooklyn, New York in April 1908. He was the oldest of seven children.

His
parents were both Jewish immigrants from Kiev, at the time part of the Russian empire. His parents
were poor and did not have the opportunity to focus on an academic career. But they appreciated and
valued education.

It was a rough time for Jewish people in the United States. Maslow and many other young persons
struggled to overcome acts of racism and ethnic prejudice. He grew up with few friends, but his cousin
Will was close to the young Abraham. As a result, he spent most of his time in libraries. This is where he
developed his love for books and reading. Abraham Maslow believed that physical strength was one of
the most important characteristic of a true male. He excercised often and did a lot of weightlifting. He
would not achieve his goal of looking muscular, due to his humble-looking appearance and chaste
figure.Maslow began his academic career with a law study at the City College of New York, mostly to
satisfy his parents. He later switched, and obtained a Bachelor’s degree in psychology from
the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1930. At this university, he worked with a lot of interesting
people, incuding Harry Harlow. After a lot fuss, he obtained his Master’s degree (MSc.) in psychology in
1931.

Abraham Maslow was not satisfied with his thesis ‘learning, retention, and reproduction of verbal
material’ but his supervisor, Professor Carson, was. This lead to two publications. In 1934, Maslow
obtained his doctorate (Ph.D.) in the same field of study.

Abraham continued his academic career at the Columbia University. Together with his mentor Alfred
Adler, he started working out his psychological ideas.

After the Second World War, Abraham Maslow developed a new scientific discipline, ‘humanistic
psychology’, which was based on his own ideas and research. Together with two mentors, namely Ruth
Benedict and Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer, he started developing this discipline.

The key areas were mental health and human potential. This provided the basis of the theories:
the hierarchy of needs, meta needs, meta motivation, self-development and peak experiences. Abraham
Maslow argued that each level in the needs hierarchy must be substantially satisfied before the next
becomes dominant.

He was a pioneer in this area and this led to worldwide fame. He was a professor at several universities
in the United States. Abraham Maslow died of a fatal heart attack at the age of 62.

Skinner, (born March 20, 1904, Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, U.S.—died August 18, 1990, Cambridge,
Massachusetts), American psychologist and an influential exponent of behaviourism, which
views human behaviour in terms of responses to environmental stimuli and favours the controlled,
scientific study of responses as the most direct means of elucidating human nature. Skinner was
attracted to psychology through the work of the Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov on
conditioned reflexes, articles on behaviourism by Bertrand Russell, and the ideas of John B. Watson, the
founder of behaviourism. After receiving his Ph.D. from Harvard University (1931), he remained there as
a researcher until 1936, when he joined the faculty of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, where
he wrote The Behavior of Organisms (1938).In addition to his widely read Science and Human Behavior
(1953), Skinner wrote many other books, including Verbal Behavior (1957), The Analysis of Behavior
(with J.G. Holland, 1961), and Technology of Teaching (1968). Another work that generated considerable
controversy, Beyond Freedom and Dignity (1971), argued that concepts of freedom and dignity may lead
to self-destruction and advanced the cause of a technology of behaviour comparable to that of the
physical and biological sciences. Skinner published an autobiography in three parts: Particulars of My
Life (1976), The Shaping of a Behaviorist (1979), and A Matter of Consequences (1983). The year before
his death, Recent Issues in the Analysis of Behavior (1989) was published.

Carl Rogers, in full Carl Ransom Rogers, (born January 8, 1902, Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.—died February 4,
1987, La Jolla, California), American psychologist who originated the nondirective, or client-centred,
approach to psychotherapy, emphasizing a person-to-person relationship between the therapist and the
client (formerly known as the patient), who determines the course, speed, and duration of
treatment.Rogers attended the University of Wisconsin, but his interest in psychology and psychiatry
originated while he was a student at Union Theological Seminary, New York City. After two years he left
the seminary and took M.A. (1928) and Ph.D. (1931) degrees from Columbia University’s Teachers
College. While completing his doctoral work, he engaged in child study at the Society for the Prevention
of Cruelty to Children, Rochester, New York, becoming the agency’s director in 1930.

From 1935 to 1940 he lectured at the University of Rochester and wrote The Clinical Treatment of the
Problem Child (1939), based on his experience in working with troubled children. In 1940 he became a
professor of clinical psychology at the Ohio State University, where he wrote Counseling and
Psychotherapy (1942). In it Rogers suggested that clients, by establishing a relationship with an
understanding, accepting therapist, can resolve difficulties and gain the insight necessary to restructure
their lives.

While a professor of psychology at the University of Chicago (1945–57), Rogers helped to establish a
counseling centre connected with the university and there conducted studies to determine the
effectiveness of his methods. His findings and theories appeared in Client-Centered Therapy (1951) and
Psychotherapy and Personality Change (1954). He taught psychology at the University of Wisconsin,
Madison (1957–63), during which time he wrote one of his best-known books, On Becoming a Person
(1961). In 1963 he moved to La Jolla, California, where he helped to found and became a resident fellow
of the Center for Studies of the Person. His later books include Carl Rogers on Personal Power (1977)
and Freedom to Learn for the 80’s (1983).

Frederick Taylor was an American engineer who created the specialty of industrial efficiency. He is
considered the father of scientific management and the first management, or business, consultant. His
ideas were revolutionary at the time but are now considered outdated by many industrial engineers.
Taylor was born to a wealthy Philadelphia family and attended Phillips Exeter prep school in New
Hampshire. Accepted to Harvard Law School, he never attended because of deteriorating vision. He later
obtained a degree in mechanical engineering via correspondence courses, highly unusual for his era. He
began his career in management consulting in the 1890s in Philadelphia. Business expert Peter Drucker
wrote of him, “Frederick W. Taylor was the first man in recorded history who deemed work deserving of
systematic observation and study.” In 1906, Taylor was accorded an honorary Doctor of Science degree
from the University of Pennsylvania and later became a professor at the Tuck Business School at
Dartmouth. He was also President of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) from 1906-
07. The term “scientific management” was coined by US Supreme Court justice Louis Brandeis to
describe Taylor’s principles, and in 1911, Taylor published his life’s work in the book The Principles of
Scientific Management. His methods were often called “Taylorism” and are often disparaged today.
Among his principles was the concept of doing time and motion studies – breaking down all work tasks
into their component parts and measuring how long each took and how this be improved and made
more efficient.

An avid golfer, Taylor was a lifelong member of the Philadelphia Country Club, but it is not known how
he came to participate in the 1900 Olympic golf event. He actually was a better tennis player and played
that sport when he was younger. In 1881 he and Clarence Clark won the US tennis doubles
championship at Newport, Rhode Island, the first time a US champion was crowned in doubles tennis.

Elton Mayo biography

Elton Mayo (December 26, 1880 – September 7, 1949) psychologist, professor, and researcher. He was
born in Adelaide, Australia. Upon finishing high school, with excellent grades, he decided to study
philosophy at the University of Adelaide. Upon completion, he got a position as a professor at the
University of Queensland. But after a few years, he resigned to go to a better job proposal at the
University of Pennsylvania where he continued to develop his research in various textile companies.

His studies focused on the importance of organizational sociology and psychology in work environments.
After a time he moved to the United States, specifically to the business school of Harvard in 1926. It was
there where he carried out his most important study: the Hawthorne research he developed for 5 years.
At the end of World War II, he moved to England to meet his wife and daughters. There he began to
collaborate with the British industry in the recovery after the war.

In 1927, May undertook a pioneering socioeconomic experiment in the field of industrial research. This
study was named the Hawthorne Investigation, the name is due to the Hawthorne electric company,
where it was executed. During the investigation, several temporary reforms were made in the
schedules, salaries, breaks, lighting conditions and degrees of supervision. All levels of the company
were affected. The intention was to determine, through observation, what would be the most favorable
conditions to boost and increase productivity.

At first, Mayo thought that economic stimuli would serve as a strategy to increase employee efficiency.
However, the results were surprising and contradict