Name: humayoon arif (63289)

Math 102 Practice Test 1- Sets

Show your work whenever appropriate for full credit.

1.Write the following {0, 1, 2, …, 10} in set-builder notation.

{ x | x is an integer, 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 }

2. Write out the set {x: x is an integer less than 4} in roster notation.
The set {x: x is an integer less than 4} in roster notation would be:

{-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

3. How many subsets of {a, b, c, d, e, f, h, i} are there? Show how you determined it.
To determine the number of subsets of a set with n elements, including the empty set and
the set itself, you can use the formula:

Number of subsets = 2^n

In your case, you have a set with 8 elements {a, b, c, d, e, f, h, i}, so:

Number of subsets = 2^8 = 256

There are 256 subsets of the set {a, b, c, d, e, f, h, i}.

4. Write each of the following in set builder notation.

a. {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

{ x | x is an integer, 0 ≤ x ≤ 7 }

b. {January, February, March, April, May}

{ x | x is a month in the first five months of the year }

5. Given U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, B = {1, 3, 4, 5, 7} C = {7, 8} find:

a. A∩B
A ∩ B (the intersection of sets A and B) is {4}.
 b. B′ (the complement of set B) is {2, 6, 8, 9} (elements in the universal set U that are not in
B).
c. A’∪ B’ (the union of the complements of A and B) is {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9} (elements that are
not in A or B).
d. A – B (the set difference of A and B) is {6} (elements that are in A but not in B).
e. (A ∩ C) ∩ (A ∪ B) is an empty set (∅) because there are no elements that simultaneously
belong to both (A ∩ C) and (A ∪ B).

6. List all the subsets of {t, i, m}.

The subsets of the set {t, I, m} are as follows:

{} (the empty set)

{t}
{i}
{m}
{t, i}
{t, m}
{I, m}
{t, I, m} (the set itself)
These are all the possible subsets of the set {t, I, m}.

7. Cinthia has 237 minutes remaining on her cell phone this month and wants to use them
about equal to call her 11 good friends. Show how to use compatible numbers to
determine the number of minutes she can talk to each of her friends.
To determine the number of minutes Cinthia can talk to each of her 11 good friends with
237 minutes remaining, you can use compatible numbers. You can round 237 to a more
manageable number, like 240, which is divisible by 11.

240 minutes divided by 11 friends equals approximately:

240 ÷ 11 ≈ 21.8181

Since Cinthia can’t talk for a fraction of a minute, we can round this down to 21 minutes.
Therefore, she can talk to each of her 11 friends for approximately 21 minutes each with
the 237 minutes she has remaining.

8. What does the shaded region in each figure below represent in set notation?
 a.U ∩ Y

A. U ∩ Y
B. G = U ∩ M ∩ I

9. each of the following by shading the Venn diagrams below.

a. S′  K b. (T  M)’
U U
T I
S K

10. Use the diagram below to find the cardinality for each problem.
U
R E
9
26 41
7
4 13

76 37
N

a. n(N) =____4______ b. n[(R E)  N] = ____5_______ c. n(E′) = 4_________

 d. n(E – R) ___9__________ e. n(U) _13___ f. n(R  E  N)__13_____

11. Tell whether each statement is true or false, if false correct the statement to make it true.
a. All sets that are equal are also equivalent.

TRUE________________________________________________________

b. A′ ∩ B′ = (A ∩ B) ′ (Hint: try it using the elements in problem 5 of this test)

TRUE_ ________________________________________________________

c. If set F = {1, 2, 3} and set G = {2, 3, 1} then F ⊂ G.

FALSE ________________________________________________________

d. For any set U’ = { }.

FALSE ________________________________________________________

e. The number of proper subsets of a given set is one less than the number of subsets for
that same set.
TRUE__ ________________________________________________________

f. n(T  L) = n(T) + n(L)

FALSE____ ________________________________________________________

12. Use the Venn diagram below to fill in the missing statement

M C

16 8 19
20

a. n(M′ ∪C′) = 20 b. n(M ∪ C) = 36

13. Use the Venn diagram to work the following problem in three steps A′ ∪(B ∩C).

U U U
B A B A B
A

C C C

Step.1 B ∩ C
Step.2 A′
Step.3 A′ ∪(B ∩C)

14. Fill in the blanks with one of the following ∈, ∉, ⊆, ⊆, ⊂, or ⊄ to make each
statement true (1 pt/problem).

a. { } ⊆ {2, 4} b. Whole ⊆ Rational numbers

c. –2 ∉ Naturals numbers d. -6 ∈ {x:x is a solution to the equation x2 = 36}

15. There were 100 students in the library who responded to how they completed their
research paper.

18 students only used the periodicals

29 students used the web and books
15 students used books, the web, and periodicals
40 students used books and periodicals
20 used the web and periodicals
60 students used books
7 students did not use the web, nor books, nor the periodicals.

a. Represent this information with a Venn diagram.

b. How many students used the web in their research?

Answer: students used only web=93-60-18-5=10

b.______________
c. How many students used books or periodicals?
c.______________
Answer:
Students used books or periodicals=(students used books) +(students used periodicals)-(students
used books and periodicals)

Students used books or periodicals=60+63-40=83

16. Concerning the first 41 presidents of the United States we know the following facts:
Eight held cabinet posts, 14 served as vice-president, 15 served in the U.S. Senate, 2
served in cabinet posts and as vice-president, 4 served in cabinet posts and in the U.S.
Senate, 6 served in the U.S. Senate and as vice-president, and 1 served in all three
positions.

How many presidents served in:

a. none of these 3 positions? Ans:9

b. only in the U.S. Senate? Ans:4
c. at least one of the three position? Ans:32
d. exactly two positions? Ans:11

17. List the numbered regions that make up the answer to each of the following:

U
II III IV B
A
V I VI I
V
I C VII I
a. A – C = {I,II} b. B’∩ A = {II}

d. C ∩ (B ∪A)’= {VIII}
c. A ∪(B ∩ C) = {II, III, IV, V, VI}

18. Use DeMorgan’s Laws and set operations to

write the shaded region in two different ways.
M
D
1.D ∩ M.

2.(D’ ∪ M’)’.

19. A pizza chain is willing to pay $0.75 to each

person interviewed about his or her likes and dislikes of types of pizza crust. Of the
people interviewed, 220 liked thin crust, 270 liked thick crust, 70 liked both, and 50 did
not like pizza at all. What was the total cost of this survey?

19.the total cost of the survey was $352.50

20. In a survey of 130 people, the following data were collected: 106 people subscribed to
the newspaper, 29 people subscribed to magazines, and 17 people were members of a
mail CD club. Seventeen subscribed to both the newspaper and the magazines, 5 people
subscribed to magazines and were members of a CD club, and 10 people subscribed to
the newspaper and were members of a mail CD club. Three people subscribed to both
the newspaper and magazines and were members of a mail CD club. Make and fill in a
Venn diagram to illustrate this situation.
Bonus Problem:
Explain the Three-Way Principle.

ANSWER:

The Three-Way Principle is a concept in set theory that states that for any two sets A and B, there
are three mutually exclusive and exhaustive ways to classify any element x with respect to A and B.
These are:

x belongs to both A and B, denoted by x ∈ A ∩ B

x belongs to A but not to B, denoted by x ∈ A - B
x belongs to B but not to A, denoted by x ∈ B - A
The Three-Way Principle can be illustrated by using a Venn diagram with two overlapping circles
representing A and B. The region where both circles overlap represents the elements that belong to
both A and B. The regions where one circle does not overlap with the other represent the elements
that belong to one set but not the other. The region outside both circles represents the elements that
do not belong to either set.

The Three-Way Principle can be useful for solving problems involving sets, such as finding the
cardinality of unions, intersections, differences, or complements. For example, using the Three-
Way Principle, we can write the following formula for the cardinality of the union of two sets:

|A ∪ B| = |A ∩ B| + |A - B| + |B - A|
This means that the number of elements in the union of A and B is equal to the sum of the number
of elements in each of the three ways.