LAB 2

FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

MEKANIKAL DAN PEMBUATAN
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BMMV 1013 TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY

LAB SHEET 2

Density of Liquid and Solid

Learning Outcome LO2 Follow instructions in laboratory sheets during conducting chemistry
(LO):
Program Outcome: PO4 Ability to plan and conduct experimental investigations of broadly-
defined problems, using data from relevant sources.
Synopsis: The course introduces the concepts in chemistry:
Chemistry and Measurement; Atoms, Molecules and Ions; Chemical Reaction
and Stoichiometry; Electronic Structure and Periodic Table; Chemical Bonding;
Properties of Matter; Thermochemistry.
Related Lecture’s Chemistry and Measurement
Topic:
Prepared by: DR. MOHD HAIZAL BIN MOHD HUSIN Date: 1 Mac 2022

Approved by DR. MUHAMMAD ILMAN HAKIMI CHUA BIN Date

LM/SLM/HOD ABDULLAH

QMS : REVISION RECORDS

Revision Date Approved by

Description Prepared by :
No (DD/MM/YY) LM/SLM/HOD:
1.0 THEORY

Density is a physical property of liquids and solids. We can define density ( d) as the amount of mass is
given volume (eq 2.1). The unit of density is g/cm3 or g/mL. For a homogeneous object, the formula
mass/volume may be used. To determine the density of a liquid, the volume may be measured directly
but the mass may use an indirect technique called weighing by difference (figure 2.1). The density of a
solid material, we can measure mass directly using balance but the volume especially an irregular
object cannot to be found directly. However, its can found indirectly from the amount of a liquid it
displaces. This technique is called volume displacement (figure 2.2).

After collecting the experiment data, we can calculate density by dividing the mass by the volume.
However, most important calculated value was the proper unit. The density of liquids and solids is
usually expressed in gram per millimeter (g/mL) or gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm 3). Since
1 mL = 1 cm3, the numerical value for density in g/mL and g/cm 3 is identical. For example, the density of
water may be expressed as 1.00 g/mL or 1.00 g/cm 3.

Weighing by difference, the technique of the mass of the chemical was calculated by subtracting the
weight of an empty container from the total weight of the container and chemical. Meanwhile, volume
displacement technique based on Archimedes principle that volume of solid (that sinks) is equal with
displaces an amount of water.

After conducting this experiment, you should be able to:

1. Known that type of technique to determine the density of substance

2. Calculate the density of an unknown liquid

3. Calculate the density of an irregularly shaped solid.

2.0 EQUIPMENTS/ EXPERIMENT APPARATUS/ CONSUMABLE MATERIALS

Lab Equipment
1. 10 mL graduated cylinder
2. 50 mL burette
3. 100 mL beakers
4. Retort stands and clamps
5. Filter funnel
6. Dropper
7. Wash bottle

Chemicals And Materials

1. Distilled water
2. Unknown liquid
3. Irregularly shaped solid

3.0 PROCEDURES/ METHODOLOGY

Part A: Calibration of Burette and Graduated Cylinder

1. Clean the burette with distilled water.

2. By using funnel (avoid spilling) to pour the distilled water into the burette. Read the initial
level and its need not start at 0.00 mL (make sure the portion of the burette below the
stopcock is filled or without any air bubbles).

3. Rinse, clean and dry the 10.0 mL graduated cylinder.

4. Carefully, transfer amount of water into graduated cylinder from the burette until to a point
the mark for 2.0 mL of cylinder. Read the final level and record these data and calculate
the volume of water.

5. Repeat step 4, by continues adding of water from the burette into cylinder for the point of
4.0 mL, 6.0 mL, 8.0 mL and 10.0 mL.

6. Repeat step 3 to 5

7. From these data, plot a graph volume of graduated cylinder vs. volume of burette. These
calibration graph will be use for experiment Part B and Part C.

Part B: Density of an Unknown Liquid

1. Rinse, clean and dry the 10.0 mL graduated cylinder (used in Part A)

2. Weigh the cylinder on an analytical balance. Record its mass to the nearest 0.01 g.

3. Obtain about 15 mL of an unknown liquid in a 100 mL beaker, and record the unknown label.

4. By using a dropper, add between 2 to 4 mL of the unknown liquids to the cylinder. Record the
volume to the nearest 0.1 mL.

5. Weigh the liquid and cylinder on the same balance used for the first weighing, and again
 records the mass to the nearest 0.01 g.

6. To validate your experimental technique, and repeat step 4 and 6 by using the same liquid in
set of volume of the unknown liquid between 5 to 7 mL and between 8 to 10 mL.

7. Calculate the density of the unknown liquid from your mass and volume (from the cylinder and
calibration graph) data.

8. Return the liquid to its container when you finish with it.

Part C: Density of an Irregularly Shaped Solid

1. Rinse, clean and dry the 10.0 mL graduated cylinder (used in Part A).

2. Add about 4 to 5 mL of water to the cylinder and record the volume to the nearest 0.1 mL

3. Obtain an irregularly shaped object and record its identity label. Spread the solid onto a towel
and check to see if it is dry. Dry it with a towel, if necessary

4. Weight this object as accurately as possible and record it mass.

5. Till the graduated cylinder to about 40 angle and carefully slide the solid down into the water
(the solid should be completely submerged in water and not exceed the capacity of the
cylinder).

6. Gently tap the cylinder to remove any air bubbles adhering to the solid).

7. Record the new volume to the nearest 0.1 mL. The change in volume gives the volume of the
solid.

8. To validate your experimental technique, and repeat all step by using the same object (must
clean and dry) in set of volume between 5 to 6 mL and between 6 to 7 mL of the water to the
cylinder.

9. Calculate the density of the unknown liquid from your mass and volume (from the cylinder and
calibration graph) data.

4.0 RESULTS

Part A: Calibration of Burette and Graduated Cylinder

1. Data record

a. Volume of graduated cylinder (mL) 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

trail 1 2.50 4.40 6.25 8.25 10.45

trail 2 1.95 4.30 6.10 8.00 9.7
b. Volume of burette (mL)
trail 3 2.05 3.75 5.60 7.75 9.65
Average 2.17 4.15 5.98 8 9.93

2. Sketch the graph of average volume of burette vs volume graduated cylinder.

Part B: Density of an Unknown Liquid

Liquid label : liquid X

 Physical appearance : colourless and cold

Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3

Weighing Result:
Mass of graduated cylinder (g) ……32.11………. ……32.13………. ……32.14……….
Total mass: graduated cylinder + liquid
(g) ……34.10………. ……35.73………. ……39.03……….
Mass of liquid (g) ……1.99………. ……3.60………. ……6.89……….

Measuring of volume:
Volume of liquid in graduated ……3.00………. ……6.00………. …9.00………….
cylinder(mL)
Volume of liquid from calibration graph ……3.00………. ……5.98………. ……8.90……….
(mL)

Calculating of density:
Density of liquid (g/mL) ……0.663………. ……0.602………. ……0.774……….
Average density (g/mL) …………0.680……..…….

Part C: Density of an Irregularly Shaped Solid

Solid object label : ………………….

Physical appearance : ……………………….

Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3

Weighing Result:
Mass of solid object (g) ……7.29………. ……7.30………. …7.30………….

Measuring of volume:
Volume of water in graduated cylinder ………5.0……. ……6.0………. ……7.0……….
(mL)
Total volume :water+ solid object (mL) ………5.7……. ……6.7………. ……7.7……….
Volume of solid object in graduated
… …0.8……. ……0.8………. ……0.8……….
cylinder(mL)
Volume of l solid object from
………0.663……. ………0.602……. ……0.774……….
calibration graph (mL)

Calculating of density:
Density of liquid (g/mL) …1……. ……1………. ……1……….
Average density (g/mL) ………1………..…….
5.0 DISCUSSION
Write your discussions about this experiment.
1. What is density?
2. Explain, why need to calibrate the graduated yylinder with burette.
3. Summarize the findings of the average density of the unknown liquid in this experiment
4. Summarize the findings of the average density of the irregularly shaped solid in this experiment
5. The density of pure gold is 19.3 g/mL. A ‘gold’ bracelet has a mass of 48.2 g and displaces 3.00 mL of
water. Is the bracelet pure gold?

6.0 CONCLUSION
Give conclusion and summarize the main findings of this laboratory work.

7.0 OTHERS
List at least three references.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

Your response to each task will be graded separately based on the checklist attached. To obtain
maximum marks, ensure that your response addresses each of the tasks in the question accordingly.

Assessment checklist for Lab Activity 2

Assessment tasks Mark LO PO C/P/A level SK SP TA

allocation

Procedure (ability to choose and P1 -

15 LO2 PO4
use lab equipment) Perception

Work Process (Ability to construct

10 LO2 PO4 P2 - Set SK8
and understanding of lab activity)

Work Process (Ability to show P4 -

10 LO2 PO4 SP4
data arrangement skills) Mechanism

P3 –
Outcome (Results - data analysis) 25 LO2 PO4 Guided SP4
Response

P3 –
Outcome (Explanation of the
25 LO2 PO4 Guided SK8
results and discussion) Response

P5 -
Complex
Outcome (Conclusion) 10 LO2 PO4
Overt
Response

Discipline (Ability to perform lab

5 LO2 PO4 P2 - Set
and safety regulations)

TOTAL 100

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTION

1. Answer in ENGLISH .
2. Must include list of references .
3. Submit your assignment ONCE only in a SINGLE file.
4. Submit your assignment ONLINE.
5. Submission date: Week 5
6. This lab report/activity accounts for 5% of the total marks for the course.
APPENDIX
 LAB 2
FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN
MEKANIKAL DAN PEMBUATAN
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BMMV 1013 TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY

LAB REPORT 2

Density of Liquid and Solid

INSTRUCTOR’S NAME

STUDENT’S PHOTO STUDENT’S NAME MATRIX NO:

S1. MUHAMMAD DANIS HAKIM BIN NOR B09211054
BADLI SHAM 3

S2.

ASSESSEMENT RUBRICS
MARK GIVEN MARKS
ASSESSMENT TASK/ITEMS
ALLOCATION S1 S2
1. Procedure (ability to choose and use lab
15
equipment)
2. Work Process (Ability to construct and
10
understanding of lab activity)
3. Work Process (Ability to show data
10
arrangement skills)
4. Outcome (Results - data analysis) 25
5. Outcome (Explanation of the results and
25
discussion)
6. Outcome (Conclusion) 10
7. Discipline (Ability to perform lab and
5
safety regulations)
TOTAL MARKS 100

Approved By: ………………………………………………..…..

(Instructor’s Signature & Stamp)

Date: …………………………………………….........
PROCEDURE

Part A: Calibration of Burette and Graduated Cylinder

1. Clean the burette with distilled water.

2. By using funnel (avoid spilling) to pour the distilled water into the burette. Read the initial
level and its need not start at 0.00 mL (make sure the portion of the burette below the stopcock
is filled or without any air bubbles).

3. Rinse, clean and dry the 10.0 mL graduated cylinder.

4. Carefully, transfer amount of water into graduated cylinder from the burette until to a point
the mark for 2.0 mL of cylinder. Read the final level and record these data and calculate the
volume of water.

5. Repeat step 4, by continues adding of water from the burette into cylinder for the point of 4.0
mL, 6.0 mL, 8.0 mL and 10.0 mL.

6. Repeat step 3 to 5

7. From these data, plot a graph volume of graduated cylinder vs. volume of burette. These
calibration graph will be use for experiment Part B and Part C.

Part B: Density of an Unknown Liquid

1. Rinse, clean and dry the 10.0 mL graduated cylinder (used in Part A)

2. Weigh the cylinder on an analytical balance. Record its mass to the nearest 0.01 g.

3. Obtain about 15 mL of an unknown liquid in a 100 mL beaker, and record the unknown label.

4. By using a dropper, add between 2 to 4 mL of the unknown liquids to the cylinder. Record the
volume to the nearest 0.1 mL.

5. Weigh the liquid and cylinder on the same balance used for the first weighing, and again records the
mass to the nearest 0.01 g.

6. To validate your experimental technique, and repeat step 4 and 6 by using the same liquid in set of
volume of the unknown liquid between 5 to 7 mL and between 8 to 10 mL.

7. Calculate the density of the unknown liquid from your mass and volume (from the cylinder and
calibration graph) data.

8. Return the liquid to its container when you finish with it.

Part C: Density of an Irregularly Shaped Solid

1. Rinse, clean and dry the 10.0 mL graduated cylinder (used in Part A).

2. Add about 4 to 5 mL of water to the cylinder and record the volume to the nearest 0.1 mL

3. Obtain an irregularly shaped object and record its identity label. Spread the solid onto a towel and
check to see if it is dry. Dry it with a towel, if necessary
4. Weight this object as accurately as possible and record it mass.

5. Till the graduated cylinder to about 40 angle and carefully slide the solid down into the water (the
solid should be completely submerged in water and not exceed the capacity of the cylinder).

6. Gently tap the cylinder to remove any air bubbles adhering to the solid).

7. Record the new volume to the nearest 0.1 mL. The change in volume gives the volume of the solid.

8. To validate your experimental technique, and repeat all step by using the same object (must clean
and dry) in set of volume between 5 to 6 mL and between 6 to 7 mL of the water to the cylinder.

9. Calculate the density of the unknown liquid from your mass and volume (from the cylinder and
calibration graph) data.

WORK PROCESS (Methodology)

Part A: Calibration of Burette and Graduated Cylinder

1. The burette cleaned with distilled water.

2. Poured the distilled water by using funnel ( avoid spilling ) into the burette. Read the initial level and
its need not start at 0.00 ml (make sure the portion of the burette below the stopcock is filled or without
any air bubbles).

3. Rinse, clean and dry the 10.0 ml graduated cylinder.

4. Carefully, amount of water into graduated cylinder transferred from the burette until to a point the
mark for 2.0 ml of cylinder. Read the final level and record these data and the volume of water
calculated.

5. Repeat step 4, by continues adding of water from the burette into cylinder for the point of 4.0 m l, 6.0
ml, 8.0 ml and 10.0 ml.

6. Repeat step 3 to 5

7. From these data, plotted a graph volume of graduated cylinder vs. volume of burette. These
calibration graph will be use for experiment Part B and Part C.

Part B: Density of an Unknown Liquid

1. Rinse, clean and dry the 10.0 ml graduated cylinder (used in Part A)

2. Weigh the cylinder on an analytical balance. Record its mass to the nearest 0.01 g.

3. About 15 ml of an unknown liquid in a 100 ml beaker obtained, and record the unknown label.

4. By using a dropper, added between 2 to 4 ml of the unknown liquids to the cylinder. Record the
volume to the nearest 0.1 ml.

5. Weigh the liquid and cylinder on the same balance used for the first weighing, and again records the
mass to the nearest 0.01 g.

6. To validate our experimental technique, and repeat step 4 and 6 by using the same liquid in set of
volume of the unknown liquid between 5 to 7 ml and between 8 to 10 ml.

7. The density of the unknown liquid from our mass and volume (from the cylinder and calibration
graph) data calculated.

8. The liquid returned to its container when you finish with it.

Part C: Density of an Irregularly Shaped Solid

1. Rinse, clean and dry the 10.0 ml graduated cylinder (used in Part A).

2. About 4 to 5 ml of water added to the cylinder and record the volume to the nearest 0.1 ml

3. An irregularly shaped object and record its identity label obtained. Spread the solid onto a towel and
check to see if it is dry. Dry it with a towel, if necessary

4. Weight this object as accurately as possible and record it mass.

5. Till the graduated cylinder to about 40 angle and carefully slide the solid down into the water (the
solid should be completely submerged in water and not exceed the capacity of the cylinder).

6. Gently tap the cylinder to remove any air bubbles adhering to the solid).

7. Record the new volume to the nearest 0.1 m. The change in volume gives the volume of the solid.

8. To validate our experimental technique, and all step by using the same object (must clean and dry)
in set of volume between 5 to 6 ml and between 6 to 7 ml of the water to the cylinder repeated.

9. The density of the unknown liquid from your mass and volume (from the cylinder and calibration
graph) data calculated.

WORK PROCESS (Experiment Data Result)

Part A: Calibration of Burette and Graduated Cylinder
2. Data record

f. Volume of graduated cylinder (mL) 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

trail 1 2.50 4.40 6.25 8.25 10.45

trail 2 1.95 4.30 6.10 8.00 9.7
g. Volume of burette (mL)
trail 3 2.05 3.75 5.60 7.75 9.65
Average 2.17 4.15 5.98 8 9.93
Part B: Density of an Unknown Liquid

Liquid label : liquid X

 Physical appearance : colourless and cold

Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3

Weighing Result:
Mass of graduated cylinder (g) ……32.11………. ……32.13………. ……32.14……….
Total mass: graduated cylinder + liquid
(g) ……34.10………. ……35.73………. ……39.03……….
Mass of liquid (g) ……1.99………. ……3.60………. ……6.89……….

Measuring of volume:
Volume of liquid in graduated ……3.00………. ……6.00………. …9.00………….
cylinder(mL)
Volume of liquid from calibration graph ……3.00………. ……5.98………. ……8.90……….
(mL)

Calculating of density:
Density of liquid (g/mL) ……0.663………. ……0.602………. ……0.774……….
Average density (g/mL) …………0.680……..…….

Part C: Density of an Irregularly Shaped Solid

Solid object label : ………Solid Y………….

Physical appearance : …………

Black…………….

Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3

Weighing Result:
Mass of solid object (g) ……7.29………. ……7.30………. …7.30………….

Measuring of volume:
Volume of water in graduated cylinder ………5.0……. ……6.0………. ……7.0……….
(mL)
Total volume :water+ solid object (mL) ………5.7……. ……6.7………. ……7.7……….
Volume of solid object in graduated
… …0.8……. ……0.8………. ……0.8……….
cylinder(mL)
Volume of l solid object from
………0.663……. ………0.602……. ……0.774……….
calibration graph (mL)

Calculating of density:
Density of liquid (g/mL) …1……. ……1………. ……1……….
Average density (g/mL) ………1………..…….
Outcome (Explanation Of The Results)
Part A

• According to the graph, the average volume of the burette is directly proportional to the
volume of the graduated cylinder. The average volume of burette recorded differs slightly
from the volume of graduated cylinder, which is 2.17mL, 4.15mL, 5.98mL, 8.00mL, and
9.93mL. As a result, we can conclude that the data measured is approximately 2.0mL, 4.0mL,
6.0mL, 8.0mL, and 10.0mL.

Part B
• The unknown liquid is labelled Liquid X and is colourless. The unknown liquid weighs
1.99g, 3.60g, and 6.89g. The mass of an unknown liquid is measured in order to determine its
density using the density formula. Each trail will divide the total mass of the unknown liquid
by the volume of liquid in the graduated cylinder, which is 3.0mL, 6.0mL, and 9.0mL. After
determining the density of the liquid, we can determine the average density of the unknown
liquid, which is 0.680g/mL.

Part C

• The black solid object is labeled as Solid Y. The mass of a solid object is measured three
times, and the mass for each trails is 7.29g recorded in trail 1 while trail 2 and 3 recorded
7.30g. Water volumes in graduated cylinders are 5.0mL, 6.0mL, and 7.0mL. The total
volume of water and solid object increases by 0.7mL for each of the three trails, which are
5.7mL, 6.7mL, and 7.7mL, respectively. As a result, the density of solid objects remains
constant across all three trails, at 1g/mL.

Outcome (Discussion)

Because each element and molecule has its own density, density is a physical property of
matter. The quantity that quantifies the relative "heaviness" of objects of fixed volume is
referred to as density. We must remove the two numbers to get the liquid mass after
determining the graded cylinder mass (g) and the force mass of the cylinder and liquid (g).
The volume of liquid that we previously determined must then be measured with a graduated
cylinder. Based on both numbers, we obtain using the density formula, p = m/v. Finally, we
add all of the density numbers together and divide by three to get the average density for 3.0
ml, 6.0 ml, and 9.0 ml.To begin, we must calculate the weight (g) of the solid for three paths.
Then, in graduated cylinders such as 4.1 ml, 5.0 ml, and 6.4 ml, measure the volume of water
and the volume of water + solid object. following the completion of the water volume
measurement To find the volume of solid in the graduated cylinder, add the two figures
together (ml). Using the p = m/v density formula. We can determine the average density by
summing the three volumes of density and dividing by three after obtaining the density of a
solid.The graduated cylinder scale is read to the nearest 0.01 ml for a 10 ml volume. A
burette is a stopcock or valve attached to a cylindrical scaled tube. As a result, when
measuring and recording the liquid level in a burette, it is done to the nearest 0.01 ml.
Outcome (Conclusion)
Based on our findings, another apparatus must be used to determine volume when
calculating the density of a solid with uneven surfaces. Rather than just measuring the surface
area, the graduated cylinder is used to determine the volume of an object. Fill the graduated
cylinder with liquid until the desired level is reached. This level can be determined using the
marks on the cylinder's surface that represent the volume of water in millilitres. Place the
object in the water and observe the change in level. The item's volume is the difference
between the new and original water levels. Millilitres, which are equivalent to cubic
centimeters, are the unit of measurement.To calculate the density of an unknown liquid, use a
formula that divides the mass of the liquid by the volume of the liquid in a graduated
cylinder. To calculate an irregularly shaped solid, divide the mass of the solid object by the
volume of the solid in the graduated cylinder. The resulting reading represents their total
density.
DISCIPLINE - Safety Regulations during Lab Experiment
1. To ensure accurate readings, make sure the eyes are perpendicular to the reading scale
when taking readings on the apparatus.
2. Do not use any laboratory equipment without the permission of the on-duty laboratory staff
or lecturer.
3. When adding the solid y to your graduated cylinder, be especially careful not to break the
glass. Tilt the graduated cylinder and let the pellets fall to the bottom.
4. Lab coats and shoes must be worn at all times in the laboratory and must be removed
before washing hands or leaving.

REFERENCE
1. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zrbhjhv/revision/7
2. https://www.jove.com/v/10082/determining-the-density-of-a-solid-and-liquid
3. https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-write-a-lab-report-606052