Ms.

TuMi – BTX High School

CHAPTER 5
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
I> INTRODUCTION
Clause: A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.
Independent clause: An independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main
subject and verb of a sentence. (It is also called a main clause.)
Dependent clause: A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be connected
to an independent.
Adjective clause: An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It
describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun. (An
adjective clause is also called a relative clause.)
USING SUBJECT PRONOUNS: WHO, WHICH, THAT
Ex: I thanked the woman. She helped me.
(a) I thanked the woman who helped me.
(b) I thanked the woman that helped me.
In (a): I thanked the woman = an independent clause.
Who helped me = an adjective clause
The adjective clause modifies the noun woman.
In (a): who is the subject of the adjective clause.
In (b): that is the subject of the adjective clause.
Note: (a) and (b) have the same meaning.
who = used for people
which = used for things
that =used for both people and things
USING OBJECT PRONOUNS: WHO(M), WHICH, THAT
Ex: The man was Mr. Jones. I saw him.
(a) The man who(m) I saw was Mr. Jones.
(b) The man that I saw was Mr. Jones.
(c) The man I saw was Mr. Jones.
Notice in the examples: The adjective clause pronouns are placed at the beginning of the
clause. (General guideline: Place an adjective pronoun as close as possible to the noun it
modifies.)
In (a): who is usually used instead of whom, especially in speaking. Whom is generally used
only in very formal English.
Ex: The movie wasn’t very good. We saw it last night.
(d) The movie which we saw last night wasn’t very good.
(e) The movie that we saw last night wasn’t very good.
(f) The movie we saw last nigt wasn’t very good.
In (c) and (f): an object pronoun is often omitted from an adjective clause. (A subject
pronoun, however, is not omitted.)
who(m) = used for people
which = used for things
that = used for both people and things
* Các trường hợp thường dùng “that”:
- khi đi sau các hình thức so sánh nhất
- khi đi sau các từ: only, the first, the last
- khi danh từ đi trước bao gôm cả người và vật
Ms. TuMi – BTX High School

- khi đi sau các đại từ bất định, đại từ phủ định, đại từ chỉ số lượng: no one, nobody, nothing,
anyone, anything, anybody, someone, something, somebody, all, some, any, little, none.
Ex: He was the most interesting person that I have ever met.
It was the first time that I heard of it.
These books are all that my sister left me.
She talked about the people and places that she had visited.
* Các trường hợp không dùng “that”:
- trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (Non-defining clause)
- sau giới từ
PREPOSITIONS IN RELATIVE CLAUSES
A relative pronoun (e.g. that) can be the object of a preposition (e.g. for).
Ex1: This is the bus. I’ve been waiting for the bus.
➔ This is the bus that I’ve been waiting for.
Ex2: The restaurant is closed today. We normally go to that restaurant.
➔ The restaurant that we normally go to is closed today.
 Leaving out the pronoun
We often leave out the relative pronoun when it is the object of a preposition.
Ex1: The bus that I’m waiting for is late.
The bus I’m waiting for is late.
Ex2: Is this the article which you were interested in?
Is this the article you were interested in?
Ex3: That’s the man who I was talking about.
That’s the man I was talking about.
Here are some more examples of relative clauses without an object pronoun.
☺ I can’t remember the name of the hotel we stayed at.
☺ This is the colour we’ve finally decided on .
☺ The shop I got my stereo from has lots of bargains.
 A preposition at the beginning
These examples are typical of formal English.
☺ Was that the restaurant to which you normally go?
☺ Electronics is a subject about which I know very little.
☺ The Sales Manager is the person from whom I obtained the figures.
Here the preposition comes at the beginning of the relative clause, before which and
whom.
We cannot put a preposition before that or who.
☺ a subject (that) I know little about NOT a subject about that I know little
☺ the person (who) I got the figures from NOT the person from who I got the figures
RELATIVE STRUCTURES WITH WHOSE, WHAT and IT
 WHOSE
Vicky: What I’d really like is a job in television.
Daniel: The other day I met a man whose sister works in television.
Vicky: Who? What’s her name?
Daniel: Oh, I don’t know. She’s the woman whose car Tom crashed into.
Here whose sister mean his sister (the sister of the man Daniel met), and whose car means
her car (the car belonging to the woman). Here are some more examples.
☺ Someone whose bicycle had been stolen was reporting it (chỉ sự việc bị mất cắp) to
the police.
☺ Wayne Johnson is the man whose goal won the game for United.
Ms. TuMi – BTX High School

We use whose mainly with people, e.g. someone, the man. But sometimes it goes with
other nouns.
☺ Which is the European country whose economy is growing the fastest?
☺ Round the corner was a building whose windows were all broken.
☺ Melanie was looking after a dog whose leg had been broken in an accident.
 WHAT
We use the relative pronoun what without a noun in front of it.
☺ The shop didn’t have what I wanted. (= the thing that I wanted.)
☺ What we saw gave us quite a shock. (= the thing that we saw)
We can also use what to give emphasis (sự nhấn mạnh) to a word or phrase, to make it
more important.
Compare these examples.
NEUTRAL EMPHASIS
Rachel’s stereo kept me awake. What kept me awake was Rachel’s stereo.
Vicky is looking for a job in television. What Vicky is looking for is a job in television.
I want to make a fresh start. What I want to do is make a fresh start.
They booked a holiday together. What they dia was book a holiday together.
 IT
We also use it + be + a relative clause to give emphasis.
NEUTRAL EMPHASIS
Tom had an accident. It was Tom who had an accident (not David).
The computer gives me a headache. It’s the computer that gives me a headache.
I’m eating chocolate cake. It’s chocolate cake (that) I’m eating.
Mike’s uncle died on Thursday. It was onThursday that Mike’s uncle died.
We must put in a pronoun when it is the subject of the relative clause (e.g. who had an
accident). If it is the object (e.g. that I’m eating), then we can leave it out.

II> IDENTIFYING CLAUSES (DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES) AND ADDING

CLAUSES (NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES)
IDENTIFYING ADDING
The man who lives next door to Melanie Jake, who lives next door to Melanie, is rather
is rather strange. strange.
The river which flows through Hereford The Wye (which flows through Hereford) is a
is the Wye. beautiful river.
The picture which was damaged is worth This famous picture – which was damaged
thousands of pounds. during the war – is worth thousands of
pounds.
These clauses identify which thing the These clauses add extra information about
speaker is talking about. The clause who something which is already identified. The clause
lives next door to Melanie tells us which who lives next door to Melanie adds
man. The clause which flows through information about Jake. But we can say the
Hereford tells us which river. Without the sentence on its own without the relative clause.
relative clause the sentence would be Jake is rather strange makes sense because the
incomplete. The man is rather strange name Jake identifies who we are talking about.
makes sense only if we know which man.

An identifying clause does not have commas An adding clause has commas around it. Instead
around it. of commas, we can use brackets ( ) or dashes - - .
If the adding clause is at the end of the sentence,
Ms. TuMi – BTX High School

we need only one comma or dash.

That’s Jake, who lives next door.

Most relative clauses are identifying. We use Adding clauses can be rather formal. We use
them both in speech and in writing. them mainly in writing. They are common in
news reports. In speech we often use two short
sentences. Jake lives next door to Melanie. He’s
rather strange.

III> RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND RELATIVE ADVERBS

1. PRONOUNS IN IDENTIFYING AND ADDING CLAUSES
There are two kinds of relative clause: identifying and adding (see above)
Look at the pronouns in these examples.
IDENTIFYING ADDING
- I’m sure I know the person who served us. - Natalie, who served us, is a friend of Emma’s.
- The pop singer whom Guy invited onto - Arlene Black, whom Guy invited onto his chat
his chat show never turned up (đến, xuất show, never turned up.
hiện).
- The woman whose flat was burgled (bị - Natasha, whose flat was burgled, spent the
trộm) spent the night at a friend’s house. night at a friend’s house.
Towns which/ that attract tourists are - Oxford, which attracts many tourists, is often
usually crowded in the summer. crowded in the summer.
In an identifying clause we can use who, In an adding clause we can use who, whom,
whom, whose, which or that. whose or which. We do NOT use that.

2. LEAVING OUT PRONOUN

IDENTIFYING ADDING
Sometimes we can leave the pronoun out of We cannot leave the pronoun out of an adding
an identifying clause. clause.
- The woman (who) you met yesterday - Sarah, whom you met yesterday, works in
works in advertising. advertising.
- Have you seen the book (that) I was - That book ‘Brighton Rock’, which I was
reading? reading, is really good.
- Laura couldn’t find the box (that) she kept - Laura had a wooden box, in which she kept
her photos in. her photos OR which she kept her photo in.
3. THE RELATIVE ADVERBS WHERE, WHEN AND WHY
Look at these examples.
This is the place where the accident happened.
Do you remember the day when we moved the piano upstairs?
The reason why Nick came was thathe wanted to see Rita.
We can leave out when or why, or we can use that.
Do you remember the day (that) we moved the piano upstairs?
The reason (that) Nick came was that he wanted to see Rita.
There are also adding clauses with where and when.
We went to the Riverside Restaurant, where I once had lunch with Henry.
Mark likes to travel at night, when the roads are quiet.
4. THE SPECIAL USE OF WHICH
In adding clause, we can use which relating to a whole sentence, not just to a noun.
Ms. TuMi – BTX High School

It rainted all night, which was good for the garden.

Here which means ‘the fact that it rained all night’.
Here are some more examples.
David helped me clear up, which was very kind of him.
Sarah had to work late again, which annoyed Mark.
Tom pushed Nick into the swimming-pool, which seemed to amuse everyone.
IV> RELATIVE CLAUSES: PARTICIPLE AND TO-INFINITIVE
1. RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH A PARTICIPLE
Read this news report about an accident.
Several people were injured this morning when a lorry carrying concrete pipes
overturned in the centre of town and hit two cars. Ambulances called to the scene took
a long time to get through the rush hour traffic. The accident happened in Alfred Road,
where road repairs are under way. People who saw the accident say that the lorry hit the
cars after it swerved (ngoặt, quẹo, thình lình đổi hướng) to avoid a pile of stones (đống
đá) left in the road. The traffic chaos (sự hỗn loạn) caused by the accident has meant
long delays for people traveling to work.
Carrying concrete pipes, called to the scene, etc. are relative clauses: they relate to a
noun. Carying concrete pipes tells us something about a lorry.

We can form these clauses with an active participle, e.g. carrying, or a passive participle,
e.g. called. The participles can refer to the present or the past.
ACTIVE PASSIVE
- There are delays this morning for people - I have a message for people delayed by the
traveling to work. traffic chaos.
(= people who are traveling to work) (= people who are being delayed)
- A lorry carrying concrete pipes has - We noticed a pile of stones left in the road.
overturned. (= stones which had been left there)
(= a lorry which was carrying people) - Food sold in supermarkets is expensive.
- The path leading to the church is nice. (= food which is/was sold in supermarkets)
(= the path which leads/ led to the church)

The active participle means the same as a The passive participle means the same as a
pronoun + a continuous verb, e.g. which pronoun + a passive verb, e.g. which is/ was sold.
leads/ led.

But we do NOT use the active participle for a

single action in the past.
- The police want to interview people who
saw the accident.
NOT people seeing the accident

2. RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH TO – INFINITIVE

Look at this structure with the to – infinitive.
- New Zealand was the first country to give women the vote.
(= the first country which gave women the vote)
- Melanie was the only person to write a letter of thanks.
(= the only person who wrote a letter of thanks)
Here are some more examples.
- The guest on our show is the youngest golfer to win the Open.
Ms. TuMi – BTX High School

- Emma Thompson is the most famous actress to appear on stage here.

We can use a to-infinitive with these words: first, second, third, etc; next and last; only;
and superlatives, e.g. youngest, most famous.
We can leave out the noun (except after only) if the meaning is clear.
- The captain was the last to leave the sinking ship.

V> USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

An adjective clause may contain an expression of quantity with OF; SOME OF; MANY
OF; MOST OF; NONE OF; TWO OF; BOTH OF; HALF OF; NEITHER OF; EACH OF;
ALL OF; SEVERAL OF; A FEW OF; LITTLE OF; A NUMBER OF; etc.
- In my class there are 20 students. Many of them are from the Far East.
➔ In my class there are 20 students, most of whom are from the Far East.
- He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were valid.
➔ He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.
- The teachers discussed Jim. One of his problems was poor study habit.
➔ The teachers discussed Jim, one of whose problems was poor study habit.
The expression of quantity precedes the pronoun. Only WHOM, WHICH, and WHOSE
are used in this pattern.
Adjective clauses that begin with an expression of quantity are more common in writing
than speaking. Commas are used.

EXERCISE FOR RELATIVE CLAUSES

1. The student is from China. He sits next to me.
_________________________________________________________________________
2. The matter has been settled. You were arguing about it last night.
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Last week I returned to my village. I was born forty years ago.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. Mr Nam’s house is near mine. He is an experienced doctor.
_________________________________________________________________________
5. Do you remember the day? We first met on that day.
_________________________________________________________________________
6. Her latest novel is really good. I read it on holiday.
_________________________________________________________________________
7. The Games International Company has just gone bankrupt. We have done with them for
many years.
_________________________________________________________________________
8. The sale manager is planning a new advertising campaign. I support her ideas.
_________________________________________________________________________
9. Amada is now looking for a job. Her husband died a few months ago.
_________________________________________________________________________
10. The city has sixteen schools. Two of them are junior college.
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11. I tried on six pairs of shoes. I like none of them.
_________________________________________________________________________
12. Max isn’t at home. That worries me.
_________________________________________________________________________
13. My country is dependent upon its income from coffee. The price of coffee varies
according to fluctuations in the world market.
Ms. TuMi – BTX High School

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
14. Most of the people were wearing black. They came to the funeral.
_________________________________________________________________________
15. Mrs. Anderson responded to my letter right away. I appreciated that very much.
_________________________________________________________________________
16. There was an accident on Highway 5. That means I’ll be late to work this morning.
_________________________________________________________________________
17. The wedding took place last Friday. Only members of the family were invited to it.
_________________________________________________________________________
18. They gave us a lot of information. Most of it was useless.
_________________________________________________________________________
19. There were a lot of people at the party. I had met only a few of them.
_________________________________________________________________________
20. I have sent him some letter. Neither of them has arrived.
_________________________________________________________________________
21. Ten people applied for the job. None of them were suitable.
_________________________________________________________________________
22. Mr. Carter is very interested in our plan. I spoke to him on the phone last night.
_________________________________________________________________________
23. Do you know the name of the girl? Her passport was stolen yesterday.
_________________________________________________________________________
24. The girl left him after a few months. He fell in love with her.
_________________________________________________________________________
25. The professor is excellent. I’m taking his course.
_________________________________________________________________________
26. Jim passed the exam. This surprised everybody.
_________________________________________________________________________
27. The man is my father. I respect his opinion most.
_________________________________________________________________________
28. Tom has three sisters. All of them are married.
_________________________________________________________________________
29. I recently went back to Paris. I was born in Paris nearly 50 years ago.
_________________________________________________________________________
30. She is the most intelligent woman. I’ve ever met this woman.
_________________________________________________________________________
31. The police want to know the hotel. Mr. Foster stayed there two weeks ago.
_________________________________________________________________________
32. You didn’t tell us the reason. We have to cut down our daily expenses for that reason.
_________________________________________________________________________
33. The day was rainy. She left on that day.
_________________________________________________________________________
34. The reason hasn’t been told yet. The president will come to that city for this reason.
_________________________________________________________________________
35. I’ve sent him two letters. He has received one of them.
_________________________________________________________________________
36. That man is an artist. I don’t remember the man’s name.
_________________________________________________________________________
37. The reason is not valid. You gave it yesterday.
_________________________________________________________________________
Ms. TuMi – BTX High School

38. In the class there are 48 students. The teacher knows some of them.
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39. 7:30 is the time. My plane will arrive then.
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40. We first met in 1945. The revolution took place then.
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Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases

1. Dr. Stanton, who is the president of the university, will give a speech at commencement
ceremonies.
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Did you get the message which concerned the special meeting?
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. The conclusion which is presented in that book states that most of the automobiles
which are produced by American industry have some defect (khuyết điểm).
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. The rules that allow public access to wilderness areas need to be reconsidered.
_________________________________________________________________________
6. The photographs which were published in the newspaper were extraordinary.
_________________________________________________________________________
7. There is almost no end to the problems that face a head of state.
_________________________________________________________________________
8. Nero, who was Emperor of Rome from 54 to 68 A.D., is believed to have murdered
both his mother and his wife.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
9. The psychologist who study the nature of sleep have made important discoveries.
_________________________________________________________________________
10. The experiment which was conducted at the University of Chicago was successful.
_________________________________________________________________________

RELATIVE CLAUSE EXERCISES

1. We spent our holiday in Scotland last year. Scotland is in the north of Great Britain.
Last year we __________________________________________________________
2. People live in Scotland. They are called Scots.
The people ___________________________________________________________
3. We first went to Edinburgh. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.
We first _____________________________________________________________
4. Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh. He wrote the Sherlock Holmes stories.
Arthur Conan Doyle ____________________________________________________
5. Then we visited a lake. It is in the Highlands.
The lake _____________________________________________________________
6. Loch Ness is 37 km long. People know it for its friendly monster.
Loch Ness ___________________________________________________________
7. There we met an old man. He told us that he had seen Nessie.
An old man ___________________________________________________________
8. We then travelled to a mountain. The mountain is near the town of Fort William.
We then _____________________________________________________________
Ms. TuMi – BTX High School

9. The mountain is the highest mountain in Great Britain. It is called Ben Nevis.
The mountain _________________________________________________________
10. I sent you a postcard. It was written on the summit of Ben Nevis.
The postcard _________________________________________________________
11. Dr. Kim is the best doctor in this hospital. His wife works as a nurse.
Dr. Kim ______________________________________________________________
12. That house will be the head office. It is being built.
That house ___________________________________________________________
13. This exam is very important. It categorizes the level of each student.
This exam ____________________________________________________________
14. Chicken used to be my favorite food. I can't eat it more.
Chicken ______________________________________________________________
15. Internet is harmful for children's health. This is proved by scientists.
Internet ______________________________________________________________
16. That is the man. I spoke to him the other day.
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17. They elected a new mayor. His aim is to help the poor.
_____________________________________________________________________
18. I really like the car. I bought it last year.
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19. Mr Black took over the company. His wife died last year.
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20. The restaurant is the best in town. We usually eat there.
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21. The film is about a woman. Her son mysteriously disappears.
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22. That is the place. I grew up there.
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23. I met a woman. Her husband is a famous producer.
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24. The man was arrested yesterday. He escaped from prison a week ago.
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25. The bag is heavy. It contains a lot of presents.
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26. The Marybelle Hotel is opening up again. I stayed there a few years ago.
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27. My friend's father gave us the tickets. He owns a travel agency.
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28. Mr Honeywell is a good teacher. Everyone likes him.
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29. The exercise was very complicated. Nobody could do it.
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30. That's the producer. His films are always a great success.
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1. Join the sentence halves with where, who and which.

1. I know a man ….

2. Do you know the village ….

3. Can we watch the DVD …

4. Is there a shop in town …

Ms. TuMi – BTX High School

5. These are the people …

6. There’s a girl in our class …

7. Surfing is something …

8. That’s the actor …

a. you got yesterday?

b. I often hang out with.

c. has got spectacular sideburns.

d. I can buy a necklace?

e. is in the new film I saw.

f. I really enjoy.

g. passed all her exams.

h. Dani lives?

2. Complete the sentences with who, who’s or whose.

1. I’m not sure …………………….. pen this is.

2. The person ……………….. I saw had a tattoo.

3. Is there anyone here ……………………. can speak German?

4. Elena is the girl ……………… sitting next to Tomas.

5.That’s the boy …………………. skateboard was stolen.

6. I don’t know the guy ………………….. singing.

7. What’s the name of that boy …………………. looks like a film star?
8. Where’s the man ………………….. dog attacked me?

9. Is that the girl …………….. new in our class?

10. Do you know anybody ……………………. good at maths?

3. Choose the correct relative pronoun:

1. This is the room which / where I keep my computer.

2. I’m sure that’s the man who / whose picture was in the paper.

3. What’s the name of the film who / which you saw?

Ms. TuMi – BTX High School

4. Christmas is the time of year when / where there are many parties.

5. Eva doesn’t like the present whose / which Owen gave her.

6. I am looking for the person who / which sent me that e-mail.

4. Complete the passage with suitable relative pronouns. There may be more than one
possible answer:

How would you feel if you suddenly had to stop using Facebook or Twitter? For people
…………………. lives revolve around social networks, this would be a big sacrifice. However,
that is exactly what Alicia Keys, ………………………… has more than 2.5 million followers on
Twitter, decided to do. She also asked other celebrities like Lady Gaga, Justin Timberlake,
Serena Williams and Elijah Wood to do the same. It happened on 1 st December, 2010,
………………… is World AIDS day. This is a day …………….. the world pays special
attention to this terrible disease, ……………….. has killed so many people. These celebrities
stopped using Facebook and Twitter until their fans, …………………. get the usual news
direct from the stars, donated $1 million to an AIDS organization called Keep a Child Alive.

5. Complete each sentence using who / whom / whose / where.

1. What’s the name of the man ………………………… car you borrowed?

2. A cemetery is a place …………………………… people are buried.

3. A pacifist is a person ……………………….. believes that all wars are wrong.

4. An orphan is a child ……………………… parents are dead.

5. What was the name of the person to ………………………….. you spoke on the phone?

6. The place ………………………….. we spent our holidays was really beautiful.

7. This school is only for children ……………………………. first language is not English.

8. The woman with ……………………………… he fell in love left him after a month.

6. Combine the sentences using defining relative clauses. Make any necessary
changes:

1. The site is really interesting. John sent me to the site.

2. The man lives next door to me. He designs websites.

3. Paul took us to the park. He plays football there.

4. The photo is not clear. Tom posted the photo on Facebook.

5. Everyone looked at the boy. His face was quite red.

6. I remember the day. You became my friend on Facebook that day.

7. Make one sentence from two. Use who / that / which.

Ms. TuMi – BTX High School

1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital. The

…………………………………………

2. A waitress served us. She was impolite and impatient. The

…………………………………………..

3. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt. The
……………………………………….

4. Some people were arrested. They have now been released. The
………………………………………..

5. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour. The

…………………………………………………….

8. Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.

1. I don’t like stories who have unhappy endings.

2. What was the name of the person who phoned you?

3. Where’s the nearest shop who sells newspapers?

4. The driver which caused the accident was fined 500$.

5. Do you know the person that took these photographs?

6. We live in a world what is changing all the time.

7. Dan said some things about me that were not true.

8. What was the name of the horse it won the race?

9. In some of these sentences you need who or that. Correct the sentences where
necessary.

1. The woman lives next door is a doctor.

2. Have you found the keys you lost?

3. The people we met last night were very nice.

4. The people work in the office are very nice.

5. The people I work with are very nice.

6. What have you done with the money I gave you?

7. What happened to the money was on the table?

8. What’s the worst film you’ve ever seen?

9. What’s the best thing it has ever happened to you?

Ms. TuMi – BTX High School

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

10. Make one sentence from two. Use the sentence in brackets to make a relative
clause. You will need to use who(m) / whose / which / where.

1. Catherine is very friendly. (She lives next door)

2. We stayed at the Park Hotel. ( A friend of ours had recommended it)

3. We often go to visit our friends in Bristol. (It is not very far away)

4. I went to see the doctor. (He told me to rest for a few days).

5. John is one of my closest friends. (I have known him for a very long time)

6. Sheila is away from home a lot. (Her job involves a lot of travelling).

7. The new stadium will be opened next month. (It can hold 90,000 people)

8. Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland. (My brother lives there).

9. A friend of mine helped me to get a job. (His father is the manager of a company).

11. Write the relative clauses in a more formal way using a preposition + whom /
which.

1. Yesterday we visited the City Museum, which I’d never been to before.
Yesterday we visited the City Museum,
………………………………………………………………….

2. My brother showed us his new car, which he’s very proud of.

My brother showed us his new car,

………………………………………………………………………….

3. This is a photograph of our friends Chris and Sam, who we went on holiday
with. This is a photograph of our friends Chris and Sam,
……………………………………………………….

4. The wedding, which only members of the family were invited to, took place in Friday.

The wedding, ……………………………………………………………………………, took place

on Friday.