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Text, Image and Sound

The document discusses different methods for representing various types of digital data, including text, sound, images, and compression techniques. It describes ASCII, Extended ASCII, and Unicode character encoding standards. It also covers how sound is converted to digital form through sampling and MIDI/MP3 file formats. For images, it discusses bitmap representation using pixels, resolution, and color depth. Finally, it summarizes lossless and lossy compression techniques.

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Tkinter Mastery
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
110 views

Text, Image and Sound

The document discusses different methods for representing various types of digital data, including text, sound, images, and compression techniques. It describes ASCII, Extended ASCII, and Unicode character encoding standards. It also covers how sound is converted to digital form through sampling and MIDI/MP3 file formats. For images, it discusses bitmap representation using pixels, resolution, and color depth. Finally, it summarizes lossless and lossy compression techniques.

Uploaded by

Tkinter Mastery
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

ASCII code
● ASCII code (American Standard Code for Information Interchange was set up in 1963 for use in
communication and computer systems.
● It uses 7-bit codes (0 to 127 in denary or 00 to 7F in hexadecimal.
● Can only represent English characters.

Advantages Disadvantages

Takes less space. Cannot represent non-English characters.

Stores all alphanumeric characters. Inefficient character encoding.

2. EXTENDED ASCII
● EXTENDED ASCII uses 8-bit codes (0 to 255 in denary)
● Can represent non-English characters and some graphical characters.

3. ASCII code VS. Unicode

ASCII code Unicode

Uses 7-bit codes Uses 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit codes

Uses a fixed-length encoding scheme Uses a variable-length encoding scheme

Can only represent English characters Supports a wide range of characters and symbols.
Including different languages and emojis

4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Unicode

Advantages Disadvantages

Supports a wide range of characters and symbols, Takes more space; larger file size.
including different languages and emojis.

Uses 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit codes. Slow processing when working with text-based data.
5. Representing Sound
● Sound is an analog signal that is converted into digital form to be processed by a computer.

● To convert sound into digital form, a process called sampling is used. Sampling is a process that
involves taking measurements of the original sound wave at regular intervals and converting them
into binary data.

● The quality of the digital sound depends on two factors:


❖ Sampling rate, which is the number of samples taken per second. A higher sampling rate
results in a more accurate representation of the original sound wave, but also increases the
file size.
❖ Sampling resolution, which is the number of bits per sample. A higher sampling resolution
results in a more accurate representation of the original sound wave, but also increases the
file size.

● MIDI:
➔ Musical Instrument Digital Interface (file)
➔ Stores a set of instructions for how the song should be played
➔ Data in the file has been recorded using musical instruments
➔ Specifies which note to be played
➔ Specifies when the note should be played or when to stop
➔ Specifies the duration of the note
➔ Specifies the volume of the notes
➔ Specifies the type of instrument
➔ Each individual note can be edited

● MP3:
➔ MP3 is a format for digital audio
➔ MP3 file has the actual recording of the sound
➔ Recorded using a microphone
➔ MP3 is a lossy compression format

6. Representing Image
● A Bitmap image is made up of a series of pixels (small dots of color arranged in a grid. Each pixel is
represented by a binary code which is processed by a computer.

● The quality of the image depends on two factors:


❖ Image resolution, which is the number of pixels in the image. A higher image resolution
means there are more pixels in the image and is, therefore, sharper and more detailed but,
also requires more storage space.
❖ Color depth, which is the number of bits used to represent each color. A higher color depth
means that more colors can be represented, resulting in a more realistic image, but also
requires more storage space.

● Increasing the image resolution or color depth increases the file size because more pixels and colors
require more binary data to represent them.
7. Types of Data Compression
● Lossless Compression:
★ It is a compression algorithm that reduces the file size without permanently removing any
data from the file.
★ Repeated patterns are identified and indexed.
★ Techniques like RLE (Run-length encoding) and Huffman encoding are used.
★ RLE replaces sequences of repeated patterns with a code that represents the character and
the number of times it is repeated.
★ Huffman encoding replaces the most frequently used characters with a shorter code and
replaces the less frequently used characters with a longer code.

● Lossy Compression:
★ It is a compression algorithm that reduces the file size by permanently removing some data
from the file.
★ It is often used for images and audio files where minor details or data can be removed
without significantly impacting the quality.
★ Techniques like downsampling, reducing sampling rate and sampling resolution, and
reducing image resolution and color depth.

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