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    Presentation 160223195813

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    Non Sy
    The document provides information on four early river valley civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and Ancient China. It focuses on Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. Mesopotamia emerged between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around 5,000 years ago and writing was developed there, marking the beginning of recorded human history. Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River, and was governed by powerful pharaohs who were believed to be gods. Both civilizations had hierarchical social structures and polytheistic religions, and made important cultural contributions such as cuneiform writing, legal codes, and monumental architecture like pyramids and ziggurats.

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    Presentation 160223195813

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    Non Sy
    76 views26 pages
    The document provides information on four early river valley civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and Ancient China. It focuses on Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. Mesopotamia emerged between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around 5,000 years ago and writing was developed there, marking the beginning of recorded human history. Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River, and was governed by powerful pharaohs who were believed to be gods. Both civilizations had hierarchical social structures and polytheistic religions, and made important cultural contributions such as cuneiform writing, legal codes, and monumental architecture like pyramids and ziggurats.

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    The document provides information on four early river valley civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and Ancient China. It focuses on Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. Mesopotamia emerged between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around 5,000 years ago and writing was developed there, marking the beginning of recorded human history. Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River, and was governed by powerful pharaohs who were believed to be gods. Both civilizations had hierarchical social structures and polytheistic religions, and made important cultural contributions such as cuneiform writing, legal codes, and monumental architecture like pyramids and ziggurats.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    76 views26 pages

    Presentation 160223195813

    Uploaded by

    Non Sy
    The document provides information on four early river valley civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and Ancient China. It focuses on Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. Mesopotamia emerged between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around 5,000 years ago and writing was developed there, marking the beginning of recorded human history. Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River, and was governed by powerful pharaohs who were believed to be gods. Both civilizations had hierarchical social structures and polytheistic religions, and made important cultural contributions such as cuneiform writing, legal codes, and monumental architecture like pyramids and ziggurats.

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    of 26

    Unit 10: Early civilizations

    Ancient
    Mesopotamia

    Ancient
    Egypt
    1. The beginning of History

    Writing appeared in Mesopotamia


    over 5,000 years ago. This invention
    was so important that it marks the
    end of the Prehistory, and the
    beginning of History

    As villages grew into towns, writing


    was a way of storing information
    about taxes, trade and population
    2. What were the first civilizations?

    Which are the four River Valley Civilizations?


    Four early River Valley Civilizations
    Mesopotamian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers
    Egyptian Civilization - Nile River
    Indian Civilization - Indus River
    Ancient China - Huang He (Yellow) River
    Sumerian Civilization:Tigris & Euphrates Rivers

    City-States in Mesopotamia
    Euphrates River

    Mesopotamia means: land between rivers

    Mesopotamia was a very dry area. However, irrigation canals


    allowed agriculture to develop.
    Cuneiform writing was essential, it consisted of signs drawn on
    clay tablets.
    City-States in Mesopotamia

    Although all the cities shared the same culture


    Each city had its own government, rulers, warriors,
    it’s own patron god, and functioned like an
    independent country
    Mesopotamian cities were Ur, Uruk, Kish, Lagesh
    At center of each city was the temple: a ziggurat (a
    massive, tiered, pyramid-shaped structure).
    What was the ziggurat made from?

    Mud brick
    Where was the temple?
    Mesopotamian religion

    They believed in many gods - polytheism

    Mesopotamian warrior-god, gold figurine. Marduk, the Dragon god


    (2.400-2.500 B.C.)
    Mesopotamian King and nobility
    Society
    Priests

    Scribes

    Craftsmen and Peasants

    Slaves
    Mesopotamian Society
    Three social classes
    a. Priests and aristocracy (kings)
    b. Civil servants: scribes
    c. Ordinary workers: Craftmens, Merchants and
    Peasants
    Slaves: were not free citizens
    Women had more rights than in many later
    civilizations, but not allowed to attend schools
    (could not read or write)
    Mesopotamian Society
    Powerful priests held much political power in the beginning.
    Military commanders eventually became monarch creating a
    new structure of government called a Dynasty.
    Dynasty is a series of rulers descending from a single family
    line
    The Akkadian Empire lasted about 200 years, 2350–2150
    B.C.
    Babylonian Empire
    They overtook Sumerians around 2000 B.C.
    And they built capital, Babylon, on Euphrates river
    The most famous king of Babylonian Empire was
    Hammurabi [1792-1750 B.C.]

    Famous Code of Law


    “the punishment fits
    the crime” and “eye
    for an eye”

    He took all the laws of the region’s city-states and unified


    them into one code. This helped unify the region.
    Mesopotamian culture
    One of the first writing systems - Cuneiform
    It's one of the most important
    civilizations in History. It
    emerged more than 5,000 years
    ago, along the River Nile in the
    north-east of Africa

    Ancient Egypt

    Ancient Egyptians lived near the


    River Nile, because the land was
    fertile there. Each year, water from
    the Nile rose and flooded the area.
    When the water went back, it left
    mud which made the fields fertile.
    Egyptians called their king a
    pharaoh. The pharaoh was all-
    powerful:
    ● He passed laws,
    ● He ruled the country,
    ● He owned most of the land,
    ● He controlled trade and led the
    armies

    Egyptians believed that


    the pharaohs were gods.
    Ancient Egyptian society
    Egyptian religion

    Egyptians
    were
    polytheistic:
    they
    worshipped
    many gods
    Egyptians believed
    there was an afterlife,
    as long as the body
    was preserved.
    Consequently, a dead
    body was dried to make
    a mummy, which was
    put in a sarcophagus.
    A wealthy person's
    tomb contained the
    things which were
    necessary in the
    afterlife, such as food,
    jewels or statues of
    servants.

    Mummies and afterlife


    Mummies and
    sarcophagus
    The biggest tombs were the spectacular pyramids which
    were built for the pharaohs
    Egyptian art Temples

    Statues

    Paintings

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