MOUNT ZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

IV Year- VII Semester - Mechanical Engineering

ME8781 – Mechatronics Laboratory

LAB MANUAL

Academic Year 2023-2024

(2017 Regulation)
ME8781 MECHATRONICS LABORATORY
REGULATION
2017
OBJECTIVES
To know the method of programming the microprocessor and also the
design, modeling &analysis of basic electrical, hydraulic & pneumatic
Systems which enable the students to understand the concept of
mechatronics.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Assembly language programming of 8085 – Addition – Subtraction-
Multiplication – Division –Sorting – Code Conversion.
2. Stepper motor interface.
3. Traffic light interface.
4. Speed control of DC motor.
5. Study of various types of transducers.
6. Study of hydraulic, pneumatic and electro-pneumatic circuits.
7. Modeling and analysis of basic hydraulic, pneumatic and electrical
circuits using Software.
8. Study of PLC and its applications.
9. Study of image processing technique.
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS

OUTCOMES
Upon the completion of this course the students will be able to

CO1 Demonstrate the functioning of mechatronics system with various

pneumatic, hydraulic and electrical systems.

CO2 Demonstrate the functioning of control systems with the help of PLC and
microcontrollers.
 CONTENT

SIGNATUR E
Exp DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

STAFF
No.

PAGE No.
STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING WITH 8051
MICROCONTROLLER (CLOCKWISE) 13
1.

STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING WITH 8051 14

MICROCONTROLLER (ANTI-CLOCKWISE)

MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF 16

PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT

2. MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF ELECTRO 18

PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT

MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF ELECTRO 20

PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT WITH PLC

MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF 22

HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT

STUDY OF HYDRAULIC, PNEUMATIC

3. AND ELECTRO PNEUMATIC CIRCUITS 24

4. SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR 27

 ADDITION OF TWO 8-BIT DATA
29

SUBTRACTION OF TWO 8-BIT DATA

31

MULTIPLICATION OF TWO 8 BIT DATA 33

5.

DIVISION OF TWO 8 BIT DATA

35

CODE CONVERSIONS
37

6. TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER 38

7. STUDY OF IMAGE PROCESSING 41

TECHNIQUE

8. STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF 43

TRANSDUCERS

9. STUDY OF PLC AND ITS APPLICATIONS 47

OPCODES TABLE OF 8085

MICROPROCESSOR 50

OPCODES TABLE OF 8051

MICROCONTROLLER 53
 STUDY OF MECHATRONICS SYSTEM

Ex.No: Date:
AIM:
To study about the important features in Mechatronics system.

INTRODUCTION TO MECHATRONICS SYSTEM:

Mechatronics may be defined as a multi-disciplinary field of study that implies the

synergistic integration of electronic engineering, electric engineering, control engineering
and computer technology with mechanical engineering for the design, manufacture,
analysis and maintenance of a wide range of engineering products and processes

Mechatronics is one of the new and existing fields on the engineering landscape,
subsuming parts of traditional engineering fields and requiring a broader approach to the
design of system that we can formally call as Mechatronics system.
Many industries improving their works through automation which is based on the inter
connection between the electronic control systems and mechanical engineering. Such control
systems generally use microprocessors as controllers and have electrical sensors extracting
information from mechanical inputs through electrical actuators to mechanical systems. This
can be considered to be application of computer based digital control techniques through
electronic and electric interfaces to mechanical engineering problems. Successful design of
Mechatronics can lead to products that are extremely attractive to customer in quality cost-
effectiveness.

Control System:
A control system can be defined as a block box which can be used to control its
output to some particular value.
Example: a domestic central heating control system.
We can set the required temperature on the thermostat or controller and the pump
can be adjusted to supply water through radiators. So the required temperature can be
maintained in the house.
Measurement Systems:
Measurement System can be considered to be made up of three elements as
shown in figure

Open and closed-loop systems:

closed-loop systems. The difference between these can be illustrated by a simple example.
a 2kW
heating element to be selected. If a person used the heating element to heat a room, he or she
might just switch on the 1 kW element if the room is not required to be at too high a
temperature. The room will heat up and reach a temperature which is only determined by the
fact the 1 kW element was switched on, and not the 2 kW elements. If there are changes in
the conditions perhaps someone opening a window, there is no way the heat output is adjusted
to compensate.
Basic elements of a closed-loop system:
The following figure shows the general form of a basic closed-loop system.

APPLICATIONS OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING:

Mechatronics engineering finds application in the following fields.
• Electronic home appliances
• Electronic entertainment products
• Engine systems (cars)
• Large scale application
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM:

Schematic Layout of Hydraulic System

Reservoir (or air tank):
A reservoir is an oil supply tank. It is provided to hold the hydraulic liquid (usually
oil).
Pump:
The pump is used to force the liquid into the system.
Prime mover:
A Prime mover, usually an electric motor, is used to drive the pump.
Valves:
Valves are refitted in the system to control liquid direction, pressure, and flow rate.
Actuator:
An actuator is provided to convert the liquid energy into mechanical force or torque to do
useful work. The actuator is the actual working element of the system. The actuators can be
either cylinders (to provide linear motion) or hydro motors (to provide rotary motion).
Fluid-transfer piping:
The hydraulic Piping is provided to carry the compressed liquid from one place to
another
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A PNEUMATIC SYSTEM:

Schematic Layout of Pneumatic System

Reservoir (or air tank):

An air tank is provided to store the compressed air required for the operations.
Compressor:
The compressor is used to compress the atmospheric air so as to increase the pressure
of the air.
Prime mover:
A Prime mover, usually an electric motor, is used to drive the compressor.
Valves:
Valves are refitted in the system to control air direction, pressure, and
Result:
Thus Study of mechatronics and its features (pneumatic and hydraulics symbols) were
studied.
 STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING WITH 8051 MICROCONTROLLER (CLOCKWISE)

EX.No: Date:
AIM:
To write an assembly language program for driving the stepper motor in clockwise
direction.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Stepper Motor
 8051 Micro Controller Kit
Program:
SD space 4100 press enter

MEMORY OPCODES LABEL MNEMONICS

4100 ORG 4100H
4100 90 45 00 START MOV DPTR, #4500H
4103 78 04 MOV R0, #04H
4105 E0 JO MOVX A, @DPTR
4106 C0 83 PUSH DPH
4108 C0 82 PUSH DPL
410A 90 FF CO MOV DPTR, #FFC0H
410D 7A 04 MOV R2, #04H
410F 79 0F MOV R1, #0FH
4111 7B 0F DLY 1 MOV R3, #0FH
4113 DB FE DLY DJNZ R3, DLY
4115 D9 FA DJNZ R1, DLY 1
4117 DA F8 DJNZ R2, DLY 1
4119 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A
411A D0 82 POP DPL
411C D0 83 POP DPH
411E A3 INC DPTR
411F D8 E4 DJNZ R0, J0
4121 80 DD SJMP START
4123 END

.
4123 enter SD 4500 enter
Clockwise :
4500 0A enter 4501 06 enter 4502 05 enter 4503 09 enter
Press INT key in 8051 microcontroller kit
GO space 4100 enter
Result:

Thus stepper motor was driven in clockwise direction.

 STEPPER MOTOR INTERFACING WITH 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
(ANTI-CLOCKWISE)
EX.No: Date:
AIM:
To write an assembly language program for driving the stepper motor in anti- clockwise
direction.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Stepper Motor
 8051 Micro Controller Kit
Program:

SD space 4100 press enter

MEMORY OPCODES LABEL MNEMONICS
4100 ORG 4100H
4100 90 45 00 START MOV DPTR, #4500H
4103 78 04 MOV R0, #04H
4105 E0 JO MOVX A, @DPTR
4106 C0 83 PUSH DPH
4108 C0 82 PUSH DPL
410A 90 FF CO MOV DPTR, #FFC0H
410D 7A 04 MOV R2, #04H
410F 79 0F MOV R1, #0FH
4111 7B 0F DLY 1 MOV R3, #0FH
4113 DB FE DLY DJNZ R3, DLY
4115 D9 FA DJNZ R1, DLY 1
4117 DA F8 DJNZ R2, DLY 1
4119 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A
411A D0 82 POP DPL
411C D0 83 POP DPH
411E A3 INC DPTR
411F D8 E4 DJNZ R0, J0
4121 80 DD SJMP START
4123 END

.
4123 enter SD 4500 enter
Clockwise :
4500 09 enter 4501 05 enter 4502 06 enter 4503 0A enter
Press INT key in 8051 microcontroller kit
GO space 4100 enter

Result:
Thus stepper motor was driven in anti-clockwise direction.
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT
 MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT

EX.No: Date:

AIM:

To design and operate the given Pneumatic circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Automation studio 7.0 Software
 PC
 Pneumatic trainer kit

PROCEDURE:

MODELING:
 Install the Automation studio 7.0
 Go to hierarchical view to get the components.
 Draw the pneumatic circuit according to the given option.
 Run the circuit.

OPERATION:

 Connect the FRL unit to the main air supply.

 The various components are connected as per the given circuit diagram.

Block the valve openings if necessary.

 Check the leakage of air supply and correct it

Open the valve and operate the cylinder.

Result:
Thus the modeling and operation of the given Pneumatic circuit has been done.
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF ELECTRO PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT
 MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF ELECTRO PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT

EX.No: Date:

AIM:

To design and operate the given Electro Pneumatic circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Automation studio 7.0 Software
 PC
 Electro Pneumatic trainer kit

PROCEDURE:

MODELING:
 Install the Automation studio 7.0
 Go to hierarchical view to get the components.
 Draw the pneumatic circuit according to the given option.
 Run the circuit.

OPERATION:

Connect the FRL unit to the main air supply.

The various components are connected as per the given circuit diagram.

Block the valve openings if necessary.

Check the leakage of air supply and correct it.

Open the valve and operate the cylinder.

Result:
Thus the modeling and operation of the given Electro Pneumatic circuit has been done.
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF ELECTRO PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT WITH PLC
 MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF ELECTRO PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT WITH PLC

EX.No: 06 Date:

AIM:

To design and operate the given Electro Pneumatic circuit with PLC.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Automation studio 7.0 Software
 PC
 Electro Pneumatic trainer kit
 PLC

PROCEDURE:

MODELING:
 Install the Automation studio 7.0
 Go to hierarchical view to get the components.
 Draw the pneumatic circuit according to the given option.
 Run the circuit.

OPERATION:

Connect the FRL unit to the main air supply.

The various components are connected as per the given circuit diagram.

Block the valve openings if necessary.

Check the leakage of air supply and correct it.

Open the valve and operate the cylinder.

Result:
Thus the modeling and operation of the given Electro Pneumatic circuit has been done.
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT
 MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT

EX.No: Date:

AIM:

To simulate the given Hydraulic circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Automation studio 7.0 Software
 PC

PROCEDURE:
 Install the Automation studio 7.0
 Go to hierarchical view to get the components.
 Draw the pneumatic circuit according to the given option.
 Run the circuit.

Result:

Thus the simulation of given Hydraulic circuit has been done.

 STUDY OF HYDRAULIC, PNEUMATIC AND ELECTRO PNEUMATIC CIRCUITS

EX.No: Date:

AIM
To study the circuits of hydraulic, pneumatic and electro pneumatic drives.

DESCRIPTION

 Control of a Single-Acting Hydraulic Cylinder

 Control of a Double-Acting Hydraulic Cylinder
 Control of single acting pneumatic cylinder
 Control of double acting pneumatic cylinder
 Control of single acting electro pneumatic cylinder
 Control of double acting electro pneumatic cylinder

HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS

A hydraulic circuit is a group of components such as pumps, actuators, control valves, conductors
and fittings arranged to perform useful work. There are three important considerations in designing a
hydraulic circuit:

Control of a Single-Acting Hydraulic Cylinder

The control of a single-acting, spring return cylinder using a three-way two- position manually
actuated, spring offset direction-control valve (DCV). In the spring offset mode, full pump flow goes to the
tank through the pressure-relief valve (PRV). The spring in the rod end of the cylinder retracts the piston as
the oil from the blank end drains back into the tank. When the valve is manually actuated into its next
position, pump flow extends the cylinder.
After full extension, pump flow goes through the relief valve. Deactivation of the DCV allows the
cylinder to retract as the DCV shifts into its spring offset mode.

RESULT:
DESIGN AND TESTING FOR ACTUATION OF HYDRUALIC CYLINDER
EX.No: Date:

AIM:
To actuate the hydraulic cylinder and find out the Speed Vs Discharge.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Oil tank
2. Single phase motor
3. Gear pump.
4. Pressure relief valve
5. 4/3 double acting solenoid valve
6. Flow control valve.
7. Double acting cylinder
8. Load cell
9. Data activation card than lab view software.
PROCEDURE:
 Switch on the electrical power supply with motor.
 Switch on the power supply to the control unit
 Open the lab view software in the system.
 Interface hydraulic trainer with system using RS-232
 Open the speed, go to operate, click the run then power on
 Now regulate the flow control valve contract the system by pressing down position.
After seen monitor in velocity cm/sec.
 Now regulate the flow control valve and set the maximum flow to find the up and
velocity
 Repeat the velocity values for different flows.

RESULT:
The Actuation of Hydraulic Cylinder Was Carried Out.
 SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR
EX.NO: Date:

AIM:
To control the speed of DC motor by using PID controller.

Apparatus Required:
1. Permanent Magnet D.C Motor
2. D.C Motor Speed control Trainer
3. Digital PID controller
4. Patch Cords

Procedure:
 Switch on power supply
 Select normal PID
 Set Auto mode
 Set maximum range 1500 (rpm)
 Give set point (0 to 1500)
 Enter kp value = 2.0 (use up & down arrow key)
 Enter ki value = 0.01
 Enter kd value = 0.01
 Press enter

Result :
Thus the speed of Dc motor has been controlled by using PID controller.
DATA CHECK MAP FOR 8 BIT ADDITION:

MEMORY
ADDRESS DATA

INPUT

OUTPUT
 ADDITION OF TWO 8-BIT DATA
EX.No: Date:

AIM:
To write and execute an assembly language program for addition of two 8 bit numbers
using 8085 microprocessor kit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Required Quantity

1. 8085 Microprocessor kit 1

2. Power supply -

PROGRAM FOR 8-BIT ADDITION:

MEMORY LABEL OPCODES MNEMONICS COMMENTS

4100 ORG 4100H Specify program starting address
4100 3A 00 42 LDA4200H Get 1st data in A and save in B
4103 47 MOV B,A Copy the content from A to B
4104 3A 01 42 LDA 4201H Get 1st data in A-Register
4107 0E 00 MVIC , 00H Clear C-Register to account for carry
4109 80 ADD B Get the sum in A-Register
410A D2 OE 41 JNC AHEAD If CF=0 go
410D 41 INR C If CF=1, increment C-Register
410E AHEAD 32 02 42 STA 4202H Store the sum in memory
4111 79 MOV A,C Copy the content from C to A
4112 32 03 42 STA 4203H Store the carry in memory
4115 76 HLT Half program execution
4116 END Assembly end.

RESULT:
Thus the addition of two 8 bit data was written and executed successfully by using 8085
microprocessor trainer kit.
DATA CHECK MAP FOR 8 BIT SUBTRACTION:

MEMORY ADDRESS DATA

INPUT

OUTPUT
 SUBTRACTION OF TWO 8-BIT DATA

EX.No: Date:
AIM:
To write and execute an assembly language program for subtraction of two 8 bit
numbers using 8085 microprocessor kit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Required Quantity

1. 8085 Microprocessor kit 1
2. Power supply -

PROGRAM FOR 8 BIT SUBTRACTIONS:

MEMORY LABEL OPCODE MNEMONICS COMMENTS

4100 ORG 4100H Specify program starting address
4100 LDA4201H Get Minuend in A-Register
4103 MOV B,A Get subtrahend in B-Register
4104 LDA 4200H Get Minuend in A-Register
4107 MVIC , 00H Clear C-Register to account for carry
4109 SUB B Get the difference in A-Register
410A JNC AHEAD If CF=0 go to AHEAD
410D INR C If CF=1, increment C-Register
410E CMA Get 2’s complement of difference
410F ADI 01H Result in A-reg
4111 AHEAD STA 4202H Store the sum in memory
4114 MOV A,C Copy the content from C to A
4115 STA 4203H Store the carry in memory
4118 HLT Half program execution
4119 END Assembly end.

RESULT:
Thus the subtraction of two 8 bit data was written and executed successfully by using 8085
microprocessor trainer kit.
DATA CHECK MAP FOR 8 BIT MULTIPLICATION:

MEMORY
DATA
ADDRESS

INPUT

OUTPUT
 MULTIPLICATION OF TWO 8 BIT DATA
EX.No: Date:
AIM:
To write and execute an assembly language program for multiplication of two 8 bit
numbers using 8085 microprocessor kit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Required Quantity

1. 8085 Microprocessor kit 1
2. Power supply -

PROGRAM FOR 8 BIT MULTIPLICATION:

MEMORY LABEL OPCODE MNEMONICS COMMENTS

4100 ORG 4100H Starting Address
4100 LXI H,4200H Set pointer for data
Clear C to Account for
4103 MVI C,00H
overflow(carry)
4105 XRA A Clear accumulator
4106 MOV B,M Get 1st data in B-Reg
Increment HL reg to point next
4107 INX H
memory location
4108 MOV D,M Get 2st data in D-Reg
4109 REPT ADD D Add D-Reg to accumulator
410A JNC AHEAD Jump to next if there is no carry
410D INR C If CF=1, increment C-Reg
410E AHEAD DCR B Decrement B-reg
410F JNZ REPT Repeat addition until ZF=1
4112 INX H increment HL-Reg
Store low byte of product in
4113 MOV M,A
memory
4114 INX H increment HL-Reg
Store high byte of product in
4115 MOV M,C
memory
4116 HLT Halt the program
4117 END Assembly end

RESULT:
Thus an ALP for multiplication of two 8 bit data was written and executed successfully by
using 8085 microprocessor trainer kit.
DATA CHECK MAP FOR 8 BIT DIVISION:

MEMORY DATA

INPUT

OUTPUT
 DIVISION OF TWO 8 BIT DATA
EX.No: Date:
AIM:
To write and execute an assembly language program for division of two 8 bit
numbers using 8085 microprocessor kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Apparatus Required Quantity
1. 8085 Microprocessor kit 1
2. Power supply -

PROGRAM FOR 8 BIT DIVISION:

OPCODE
MEMORY LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENTS

4100 ORG 4100H Starting Address

4100 LDA 4201H Load the data to accumulator

4103 MOV B,A Get the division in B-Reg

4104 LDA 4200H Get the Dividend in A-Reg

4107 MVI C,00H Clear C-reg for Quotient

4109 AGAIN CMP B Compare B-Reg

If Division is less than dividend go to
410A JC STORE
store
410D SUB B Subtract division from dividend
Increment quotient by one for each
410E INR C
subtraction
If divisor is less than dividend go to
410F JMP AGAIN
store
4112 STORE STA 4203H Store the remainder in memory
Copy the content of c-reg to
4115 MOV A,C
accumulator
4116 STA 4202H Store the quotient in memory

4119 HLT Halt program execution

411A END Assembly end

RESULT:
Thus the division of two 8 bit data was written and executed successfully by using 8085
microprocessor trainer kit.
DATA CHECK FOR HEX TO DECIMAL CONVERSION:

INPUT OUTPUT
(Hexadecimal) (Decimal)
Memory Data Memory Data
address address
 CODE CONVERSIONS

EX.No: Date:
AIM:
To write an assembly language program to convert, Hex to decimal conversion

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Required Quantity

1. 8085 Microprocessor kit 1
2. Power supply -

PROGRAM FOR HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION:

MEMORY LABEL OPCODE MNEMONICS COMMENTS

ADDRESS
4100 LXI H,4150 Point to data
4103 LXI B,0000 Initialize hundreds=0,tens=0
4106 MOV A,M Get hex data to A
4107 LOOP SUI 64
4109 JC LOOP1
410C INR B Hundreds=hundreds+1
410D JMP LOOP
If subtracted extra, add it clear carry
4110 LOOP1 ADI 64
flag
4112 LOOP2 SUI 0A
4114 JC LOOP3
4117 INR C Tens=Tens+1
4118 JMP LOOP2
411B LOOP3 ADI 0A If subtracted extra, add it again
411D INX H A=units
411E MOV M,B Store hundreds
411F MOV B,A Combine tens in C and
4120 MOV A,C Units in A to form a
4121 RLC Single 8 bit number
4122 RLC
4123 RLC
4124 RLC
4125 ADD B
4126 INX H
4127 MOV M,A Store tens and units
4128 HLT Halt the execution
4129 END End of assembly

RESULT:
Thus an assembly language program to convert, Hexadecimal to decimal conversion.
 TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER

EX.No: Date:
AIM:
To write an ALP to control the traffic light by interfacing traffic light controller unit with
8085 microprocessor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF ITEMS QUANTITY
1. 8085-Microprocessor kit 1
2 Traffic light interfacing kit 1
3 FRC Connector 1
4 Power chord 1
5 CRO 1
6 Probe 1

PROGRAM :

MEMORY OPCODE
LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENTS
ADDRESS
4100 SATRT MVI A,80 H Move data to A register
OUT
4102 CONTROL Control the output
LXI, DATA-
4104 REPEAT SQ Move the data to register
4107 LXI,DATA-E Move the data to register
410A CALL OUT Call to subroutine
410D XCHG Save 1st data in DE pair
Move the data from memory
410E MOV A,M
to accumulator
410F OUT PORTA Send mode control port A
4111 CALL DELAY Delay the some value
4114 XCHG Save the 2nd data in DE pair
4115 INX D Increment D
4116 INX H Increment H
4117 CALL OUT Call to subroutine
411A XCHG Save the 3rd data in DE pair
Move the data from memory
411B MOV A,M
to accumulator
411C OUT PORTB Send mode control port B
CALL
411E Delay the some value
DELAY1
4121 XCHG Save the 4th data in DE pair
4122 INX D Increment D
4123 INX H Increment H
4124 CALL OUT Call OUT subroutine
4127 XCHG Save 1st data in DE pair
4128 MOV A,M Move the data from memory
 to accumulator
4129 OUT PORTC Send mode control port C
412B CALL DELAY Delay the some value
412E XCHG Save the 2nd data in DE pair
4130 INX D Increment D
4131 INX H Increment H
4134 CALL OUT Call OUT subroutine
4135 XCHG Save 2nd data in DE pair
Move the data from memory
4136 MOV A,M
to accumulator
4138 OUT PORTC Read mode control portC
4139 INX H Increment H
CALL
413C DELAY1 Delay the some value
413F JMP REPEAT Jump to REPEAT
Move the data from memory
4142 OUT MOV A,M
toaccumulator
4143 OUT PORTC Send mode control port C
4145 INX H Increment H
Move the data from memory
4146 MOV A,M
to accumulator
4147 OUT PORT B Send mode control port B
4149 INX H Increment H
Move the data from memory
414A MOV A,M
to accumulator
414B OUT PORTA Send mode control port A
414D CALL DELAY Delay the some value
4150 RET Return to main program
16 bit content is pushed to the
4151 DELAY PUSH H stack
4152 LXI H,001F Load the data to H
4155 L1 LXI B,FFFF Load the data to B
4158 LOOP DCX B Decrement B
Move the data from B to
4159 MOV A,B
accumulator
415A ORA C
415B JNZ LOOP Jump if no zero to LOOP
415E DCX H Decrement H
Move the data from L to
415F MOV A,L accumulator
4160 ORA H
4161 JNZ LOOP1 Jump if no zero to LOOP1
The content of stack memory
4164 POP H is printed
4165 RET
4166 DELAY PUSH H Return to main program
4167 LXI H,001F Load the data to H
416A L2 LXI B,FFFF Load the data to B
416D LOOP2 DCX B Decrement B
 Move the data from B to
416E MOV A,B accumulator
416F ORA C
4170 JNZ LOOP2 Jump if no zero to LOOP2
4173 DCX H Decrement H
Move the data from L to
4174 MOV A,L
accumulator
4175 ORA H
4176 JNZ LOOP2 Jump if no zero to LOOP2
The content of stack memory
4179 POPH is printed
417A RET Return to main program
417B DATA-SQ DB Data from sequentially
4180 DATA-SQ DB Data from sequentially
4185 DATA-SQ DB Data from sequentially
4187 DATA-E DB Data from sequentially
418C END End of the program

RESULT:
Thus an ALP to control the traffic light by interfacing traffic light controller unit with 8085
microprocessor was written.
 STUDY OF IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUE

Ex.No : DATE :
AIM:
To study image processing techniques.
IMAGE PROCESSING:
 Image processing is a method to convert an image into digital form and perform some
operations on it, in order to get an enhanced image or to extract some useful
information from it.
 It is a type of signal dispensation in which input is image, like video frame or
photograph and output may be image or characteristics associated with that image.
 Usually Image Processing system includes treating images as two dimensional signals
while applying already set signal processing methods to them.
 It is among rapidly growing technologies today, with its applications in various
aspects of a business. Image Processing forms core research area within engineering
and computer science disciplines too.

STEPS:
 Importing the image with optical scanner or by digital photography.
 Analyzing and manipulating the image which includes data compression and image
enhancement and spotting patterns that are not to human eyes like satellite
photographs.
 Output is the last stage in which result can be altered image or report that is based on
image analysis.

TYPES
 Analog Image Processing

 Digital Image Processing

Analog or visual techniques of image processing can be used for the hard copies like
printouts and photographs. Image analysts use various fundamentals of interpretation while
using these visual techniques. The image processing is not just confined to area that has to be
studied but on knowledge of analyst. Association is another important tool in image
processing through visual techniques. So analysts apply a combination of personal knowledge
and collateral data to image processing.
 Digital Processing techniques help in manipulation of the digital images by using
computers. As raw data from imaging sensors from satellite platform contains deficiencies.
To get over such flaws and to get originality of information, it has to undergo various phases
of processing. The three general phases that all types of data have to undergo while using
digital technique are Pre- processing, enhancement and display, information extraction.

PURPOSE OF IMAGE PROCESSING:

The purpose of image processing is divided into 5 groups. They are:
1. Visualization - Observe the objects that are not visible.
2. Image sharpening and restoration - To create a better image.
3. Image retrieval - Seek for the image of interest.
4. Measurement of pattern – Measures various objects in an image.
5. Image Recognition – Distinguish the objects in an image.
Result:

Thus the image processing technique was studied.

 STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS
EX.No: Date:
AIM
To study various types of transducers.

Transducers

 The transducer can be defined as a device which is used for converting one form of
energy into another form.
 In general, transducers deal with different energy types such as electrical energy,
mechanical energy, chemical energy, light energy, electromagnetic energy, thermal
energy, acoustic energy, and so on.
 For example, consider mic (mic of telephone or mobile phone or audio set mic) we
use in our day-to-day life converts the audio signals into electrical signals and then
amplifies it into the desired range (depends on system and settings of the user).
 Then, converts the electrical signals into audio signals at the output of the speakers or
loudspeaker.
 The fluorescent bulbs we use for lighting, converts the electrical energy into light
energy. The mic, speaker, and fluorescent bulb can be considered as transducers.
 Similarly, there are different types of transducers used in practical applications.
Types of Transducers

 Piezoelectric transducer
 Pressure transducer
 Temperature transducer
 Ultrasonic transducer

Piezoelectric Transducer
In Piezoelectric transducers, mechanical energy can be converted into electrical
energy and similarly, electrical energy can be converted into mechanical energy.

Application
  Piezoelectric transducers are used for detecting the drummer’s sticks impact in
electronic drum pads.
 These are also used for the detection of muscle movements which can be termed as
acceleromyography.
 The engine load can be determined by measuring manifold absolute pressure, which
can be done by using piezoelectric transducers in fuel injection systems as MAP
sensors.
 Piezoelectric sensors can be used as knock sensors in automotive engine management
systems for detecting engine knock.

Pressure Transducer
Pressure transducer converts the pressure imposed into electrical signals. Pressure
transducers are also termed as pressure indicators, transmitters, manometers, piezometers, and
pressure sensors.

Application
 Pressure transducers are specially used for measuring the pressure of the particular
quantity such as gas or liquid by converting the pressure into electrical energy.
 There are different types of pressure transducers such as a millivolt pressure
transducer, amplified voltage pressure transducer, 4-20mA pressure transducer, and
strain-gage base pressure transducer.
 The pressure transducers are used in numerous applications such as pressure sensing,
altitude sensing, flow sensing, level or depth sensing, and leak testing.
 The pressure transducers can be used for electrical power generation by using these
sensors under the speed breakers of the roads or highways where the pressure of the
vehicles can be converted into electrical energy.
Temperature Transducer
Temperature transducer converts temperature of a system or device into other quantity
such as electrical energy or mechanical energy or pressure, which is then sent to the control
system for controlling the temperature of the system.
Application
 Temperature transducers are majorly used for measuring air temperature such that to
control the temperature of many control systems such as heating, air-conditioning,
ventilation, and so on. There are different types of transducers used for measuring
temperature of various systems.

Temperature based Fan Speed Regulator using Arduino

 Let us consider a practical temperature transducer used for controlling temperature of
any device based on requirement for various industrial applications. The Arduino
based temperature controlled automatic fan speed regulator project is used for
controlling the fan speed and displaying temperature measure on an LCD display.

Temperature based Fan Speed Regulator using Arduino Block Diagram

 The IC LM35 used as a temperature transducer, an Arduino board for controlling the
functions which consists of ADC, and an LCD display which are connected as shown
in the figure. The temperature can be set by using DEC for decreasing and INC for
increasing settings. Based on the measured temperature a PWM output is generated
by the Arduino program. This output is used for controlling the DC fan through motor
driver IC.
Ultrasonic Transducer
The transducers that convert ultrasound waves to electrical signals and similarly,
electrical signals to ultrasound waves are called as ultrasonic transducers. These types of
transducers are also termed as piezoelectric or capacitive transducers.
Application
 The ultrasonic transducer can be used for measuring distance based on reflection of
sound. The ultrasonic transducer based distance measurement is an appropriate
method compared to the conventional methods which use various measuring scales.
The areas which are inaccessible, such as very high temperature and pressure areas,
the distance measurement are not an easy task using conventional methods. So, this
ultrasonic transducer based measuring system can be used in these types of zones.

Ultrasonic Sound Reflecting Means of Distance Measurement

 This project uses 8051 microcontroller, an ultrasonic transducer
module that consists of transmitter and receiver, LCD display, and power supply
block are used which are connected in the block diagram shown in the figure.

Ultrasonic Sound Reflecting Means of Distance Measurement Block Diagram

 Here, if any object is found or obstacle is detected by ultrasonic transducer then the
waves transmitted from the ultrasonic transmitter gets reflected back from the
obstacle or device and these reflected waves are received by the ultrasonic transducer.
The time consumed by the ultrasonic transducer for transmitting and receiving the
waves can be noted by considering the sound velocity. Then, based on this velocity
and program dumped in the microcontroller is executed such that the distance is
calculated and displayed on an LCD display which is interfaced with microcontroller.
The sound waves produced by ultrasonic transducer are at a frequency of 40 kHz.

Result:

Thus the various types of transducer was studied.

 STUDY OF PLC AND ITS APPLICATIONS
EX.NO: DATE:

AIM:

To study Programmable Logic Control and its applications.

i).PLC
A PLC (Programmable Logic Controllers) is an industrial computer used to monitor
inputs, and depending upon their state make decisions based on its program or logic, to
control (turn on/off) its outputs to automate a machine or a process.

NEMA defines a PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER as:

“A digitally operating electronic apparatus which uses a programmable memory for the
internal storage of instructions by implementing specific functions such as logic sequencing,
timing, counting, and arithmetic to control, through digital or analog input/output modules,
various types of machines or processes”.

ii).Hardware Components of a PLC System

 Processor unit (CPU)
 Memory
 Input/Output
 Power supply unit
 Programming device

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

CPU – Microprocessor based, may allow arithmetic operations, logic operators, block
memory moves, computer interface, local area network, functions, etc. CPU makes a great
number of check-ups of the PLC controller itself so eventual errors would be discovered
early.

System Busses
The internal paths along which the digital signals flow within the PLC are called
busses.
The system has four busses:
– The CPU uses the data bus for sending data between the different elements,
– The address bus to send the addresses of locations for accessing stored data,
– The control bus for signals relating to internal control actions,
– The system bus is used for communications between the I/O ports and the I/O unit.

Memory
System (ROM) to give permanent storage for the operating system and the fixed data
used by the CPU.RAM for data. This is where information is stored on the status of input and
output devices and the values of timers and counters and other internal devices. EPROM for
ROM’s that can be programmed and then the program made permanent.

I/O Sections
Inputs monitor field devices, such as switches and sensors. Outputs control other
devices, such as motors, pumps, solenoid valves, and lights.
Power Supply
Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. Some PLC controllers
have electrical supply as a separate module, while small and medium series already contain
the supply module.

Programming Device
The programming device is used to enter the required program into the memory of the
processor.The program is developed in the programming device and then transferred to
the memory unit of the PLC.
i) Programming Console
ii) PC
iii) Hand Programmer

iii).PLC operation
Input Relays
These are connected to the outside world. They physically exist and receive signals
from switches, sensors, etc. Typically they are not relays but rather they are transistors.

Internal Utility Relays

These do not receive signals from the outside world nor do they physically exist. They
are simulated relays and are what enables a PLC to eliminate external relays.There are also
some special relays that are dedicated to performing onlyone task.

Counters
These do not physically exist. They are simulated counters and they can be programmed
to count pulses.Typically these counters can count up, down or both up and down. Since they
are simulated they are limited in their counting speed.Some manufacturers also include
highspeed counters that are hardware based.

Timers
These also do not physically exist. They come in many varieties and increments.The
most common type is an on-delay type.Others include off-delay and both retentive and non-
retentive types. Increments vary from 1ms through 1s.

Output Relays
These are connected to the outside world. They physically exist and send on/off signals
to solenoids, lights, etc.They can be transistors, relays, or triacs depending upon the model
chosen.

Data Storage
Typically there are registers assigned to simply store data. Usually used as temporary
storage for math or data manipulation. They can also typically be used to store data when
power is removed from thePLC.

Programming Languages
A program loaded into PLC systems in machine code, a sequence of binary code
numbers to represent the program instructions. Assembly language based on the use of
mnemonics can be used, and a computer program called an assembler is used to translate the
mnemonics into machine code.High level Languages (C, BASIC, etc.) can be used.

Introduction to Ladder Logic

Ladder logic uses graphic symbols similar to relay schematic circuit diagrams.
Ladder diagram consists of two vertical lines representing the power rails. Circuits are
connected as horizontal lines between these two verticals.

Ladder diagram features

 Power flows from left to right.

 Output on right side cannot be connected directly with left side.
 Contact cannot be placed on the right of output.
 Each rung contains one output at least.
 Each output can be used only once in the program.
 A particular input a/o output can appear in more than one rung of a ladder.
 The inputs a/o outputs are all identified by their addresses, the notation used
depending on the PLC manufacturer.

Disadvantages of PLC control

 Too much work required in connecting wires.
 Difficulty with changes or replacements.
 Difficulty in finding errors; requiring skillful work force.
 When a problem occurs, hold-up time is indefinite, usually long.

Advantages of PLC control

 Rugged and designed to withstand vibrations, temperature, humidity, and noise.
 Have interfacing for inputs and outputs already inside the controller.
 Easily programmed and have an easily understood programming language.

Result:
Thus the programmable logic circuit and its applications were studied.
 OPCODES TABLE OF INTEL 8085

Sr. No. Mnemonics Opcode 50.

1. ACI Data CE DAD D 19
2. ADC A 8F 51. DAD H 29
3. ADC B 88 52. DAD SP 39
4. ADC C 89 53. DCR A 3D
5. ADC D 8A 54. DCR B 05
6. ADC E 8B 55. DCR C 0D
7. ADC H 8C 56. DCR D 15
8. ADC L 8D 57. DCR E 1D
9. ADC M 8E 58. DCR H 25
10. ADD A 87 59. DCR L 2D
11. ADD B 80 60. DCR M 35
12. ADD C 81 61. DCX B 0B
13. ADD D 82 62. DCX D 1B
14. ADD E 83 63. DCX H 2B
15. ADD H 84 64. DCX SP 3B
16. ADD L 85 65. DI F3
17. ADD M 86 66. EI FB
18. ADI Data C6 67. HLT 76
19. ANA A A7 68. IN Port-address DB
20. ANA B A0 69. INR A 3C
21. ANA C A1 70. INR B 04
22. ANA D A2 71. INR C 0C
23. ANA E A3 72. INR D 14
24. ANA H A4 73. INR E 1C
25. ANA L A5 74. INR H 24
26. ANA M A6 75. INR L 2C
27. ANI Data E6 76. INR M 34
28. CALL Label CD 77. INX B 03
29. CC Label DC 78. INX D 13
30. CM Label FC 79. INX H 23
31. CMA 2F 80. INX SP 33
32. CMC 3F 81. JC Label DA
33. CMP A BF 82. JM Label FA
34. CMP B B8 83. JMP Label C3
35. CMP C B9 84. JNC Label D2
36. CMP D BA 85. JNZ Label C2
37. CMP E BB 86. JP Label F2
38. CMP H BC 87. JPE Label EA
39. CMP L BD 88. JPO Label E2
40. CMP M BD 89. JZ Label CA
41. CNC Label D4 90. LDA Address 3A
42. CNZ Label C4 91. LDAX B 0A
43. CP Label F4 92. LDAX D 1A
44. CPE Label EC 93. LHLD Address 2A
45. CPI Data FE 94. LXI B 01
46. CPO Label E4 95. LXI D 11
47. CZ Label CC 96. LXI H 21
48. DAA 27 97. LXI SP 31
49. DAD B 09 98. MOV A, A 7F
99. MOV A, B 78 149. MOV L, D 6A
100. MOV A, C 79 150. MOV L, E 6B
101. MOV A, D 7A 151. MOV L, H 6C
102. MOV A, E 7B 152. MOV L, L 6D
103. MOV A, H 7C 153. MOV L, M 6E
104. MOV A, L 7D 154. MOV M, A 77
105. MOV A, M 7E 155. MOV M, B 70
106. MOV B, A 47 156. MOV M, C 71
107. MOV B, B 40 157. MOV M, D 72
108. MOV B, C 41 158. MOV M, E 73
109. MOV B, D 42 159. MOV M, H 74
110. MOV B, E 43 160. MOV M, L 75
111. MOV B, H 44 161. MVI A, Data 3E
112. MOV B, L 45 162. MVI B, Data 06
113. MOV B, M 46 163. MVI C, Data 0E
114. MOV C, A 4F 164. MVI D, Data 16
115. MOV C, B 48 165. MVI E, Data 1E
116. MOV C, C 49 166. MVI H, Data 26
117. MOV C, D 4A 167. MVI L, Data 2E
118. MOV C, E 4B 168. MVI M, Data 36
119. MOV C, H 4C 169. NOP 00
120. MOV C, L 4D 170. ORA A B7
121. MOV C, M 4E 171. ORA B B0
122. MOV D, A 57 172. ORA C B1
123. MOV D, B 50 173. ORA D B2
124. MOV D, C 51 174. ORA E B3
125. MOV D, D 52 175. ORA H B4
126. MOV D, E 53 176. ORA L B5
127. MOV D, H 54 177. ORA M B6
128. MOV D, L 55 178. ORI Data F6
129. MOV D, M 56 179. OUT Port- D3
130. MOV E, A 5F 180. PCHL E9
131. MOV E, B 58 181. POP B C1
132. MOV E, C 59 182. POP D D1
133. MOV E, D 5A 183. POP H E1
134. MOV E, E 5B 184. POP PSW F1
135. MOV E, H 5C 185. PUSH B C5
136. MOV E, L 5D 186. PUSH D D5
137. MOV E, M 5E 187. PUSH H E5
138. MOV H, A 67 188. PUSH PSW F5
139. MOV H, B 60 189. RAL 17
140. MOV H, C 61 190. RAR 1F
141. MOV H, D 62 191. RC D8
142. MOV H, E 63 192. RET C9
143. MOV H, H 64 193. RIM 20
144. MOV H, L 65 194. RLC 07
145. MOV H, M 66 195. RM F8
146. MOV L, A 6F 196. RNC D0
147. MOV L, B 68 197. RNZ C0
148. MOV L, C 69 198. RP F0
199. RPE E8 224.
200. RPO E0
201. RRC 0F STAX B 02
202. RST 0 C7 225. STAX D 12
203. RST 1 CF 226. STC 37
204. RST 2 D7 227. SUB A 97
205. RST 3 DF 228. SUB B 90
206. RST 4 E7 229. SUB C 91
207. RST 5 EF 230. SUB D 92
208. RST 6 F7 231. SUB E 93
209. RST 7 FF 232. SUB H 94
210. RZ C8 233. SUB L 95
211. SBB A 9F 234. SUB M 96
212. SBB B 98 235. SUI Data D6
213. SBB C 99 236. XCHG EB
214. SBB D 9A 237. XRA A AF
215. SBB E 9B 238. XRA B A8
216. SBB H 9C 239. XRA C A9
217. SBB L 9D 240. XRA D AA
218. SBB M 9E 241. XRA E AB
219. SBI Data DE 242. XRA H AC
220. SHLD Address 22 243. XRA L AD
221. SIM 30 244. XRA M AE
222. SPHL F9 245. XRI Data EE
223. STA Address 32 246. XTHL E3
 OPCODES TABLE OF 8051 52 33 RLC A
MICROPROCESSOR 53 34 ADDC A, #immed
54 35 ADDC A, direct
S.No OP Code Mnemonic Operands
55 36 ADDC A, @R0
1 0 NOP
56 37 ADDC A, @R1
2 1 AJMP addr11
57 38 ADDC A, R0
3 2 LJMP addr16
58 39 ADDC A, R1
4 3 RR A
59 3A ADDC A, R2
5 4 INC A
60 3B ADDC A, R3
6 5 INC direct
61 3C ADDC A, R4
7 6 INC @R0
62 3D ADDC A, R5
8 7 INC @R1
63 3E ADDC A, R6
9 8 INC R0
64 3F ADDC A, R7
10 9 INC R1
65 40 JC offset
11 0A INC R2
66 41 AJMP addr11
12 0B INC R3
67 42 ORL direct, A
13 0C INC R4
68 43 ORL direct, #immed
14 0D INC R5
69 44 ORL A, #immed
15 0E INC R6
70 45 ORL A, direct
16 0F INC R7
71 46 ORL A, @R0
17 10 JBC bit, offset
72 47 ORL A, @R1
18 11 ACALL addr11
73 48 ORL A, R0
19 12 LCALL addr16
74 49 ORL A, R1
20 13 RRC A
75 4A ORL A, R2
21 14 DEC A
76 4B ORL A, R3
22 15 DEC direct
77 4C ORL A, R4
23 16 DEC @R0
78 4D ORL A, R5
24 17 DEC @R1
79 4E ORL A, R6
25 18 DEC R0
80 4F ORL A, R7
26 19 DEC R1
81 50 JNC offset
27 1A DEC R2
82 51 ACALL addr11
28 1B DEC R3
83 52 ANL direct, A
29 1C DEC R4
84 53 ANL direct, #immed
30 1D DEC R5
85 54 ANL A, #immed
31 1E DEC R6
86 55 ANL A, direct
32 1F DEC R7
87 56 ANL A, @R0
33 20 JB bit, offset
88 57 ANL A, @R1
34 21 AJMP addr11
89 58 ANL A, R0
35 22 RET
90 59 ANL A, R1
36 23 RL A
91 5A ANL A, R2
37 24 ADD A, #immed
92 5B ANL A, R3
38 25 ADD A, direct
93 5C ANL A, R4
39 26 ADD A, @R0
94 5D ANL A, R5
40 27 ADD A, @R1
95 5E ANL A, R6
41 28 ADD A, R0
96 5F ANL A, R7
42 29 ADD A, R1
97 60 JZ offset
43 2A ADD A, R2
98 61 AJMP addr11
44 2B ADD A, R3
99 62 XRL direct, A
45 2C ADD A, R4
100 63 XRL direct, #immed
46 2D ADD A, R5
101 64 XRL A, #immed
47 2E ADD A, R6
102 65 XRL A, direct
48 2F ADD A, R7
103 66 XRL A, @R0
49 30 JNB bit, offset
104 67 XRL A, @R1
50 31 ACALL addr11
105 68 XRL A, R0
51 32 RETI
106 69 XRL A, R1
 162
A1 AJMP addr11
107 6A XRL A, R2 163 A2 MOV C, bit
108 6B XRL A, R3 164 A3 INC DPTR
109 6C XRL A, R4 165 A4 MUL AB
110 6D XRL A, R5 166 A5 reserved
111 6E XRL A, R6 167 A6 MOV @R0, direct
112 6F XRL A, R7 168 A7 MOV @R1, direct
113 70 JNZ offset 169 A8 MOV R0, direct
114 71 ACALL addr11 170 A9 MOV R1, direct
115 72 ORL C, bit 171 AA MOV R2, direct
116 73 JMP @A+DPTR 172 AB MOV R3, direct
117 74 MOV A, #immed 173 AC MOV R4, direct
118 75 MOV direct, #immed 174 AD MOV R5, direct
119 76 MOV @R0, #immed 175 AE MOV R6, direct
120 77 MOV @R1, #immed 176 AF MOV R7, direct
121 78 MOV R0, #immed 177 B0 ANL C, /bit
122 79 MOV R1, #immed 178 B1 ACALL addr11
123 7A MOV R2, #immed 179 B2 CPL bit
124 7B MOV R3, #immed 180 B3 CPL C
125 7C MOV R4, #immed A, #immed,
181
B4 CJNE offset
126 7D MOV R5, #immed
127 7E MOV R6, #immed 182 B5 CJNE A, direct, offset
128 7F MOV R7, #immed @R0, #immed,
183
B6 CJNE offset
129 80 SJMP offset
@R1, #immed,
130 81 AJMP addr11 184
B7 CJNE offset
131 82 ANL C, bit R0, #immed,
132 83 MOVC A, @A+PC 185
B8 CJNE offset
133 84 DIV AB R1, #immed,
134 85 MOV direct, direct 186
B9 CJNE offset
135 86 MOV direct, @R0 R2, #immed,
187 BA CJNE offset
136 87 MOV direct, @R1
137 88 MOV direct, R0 R3, #immed,
188
BB CJNE offset
138 89 MOV direct, R1
139 8A MOV direct, R2 R4, #immed,
189
BC CJNE offset
140 8B MOV direct, R3
R5, #immed,
141 8C MOV direct, R4 190
BD CJNE offset
142 8D MOV direct, R5 R6, #immed,
143 8E MOV direct, R6 191
BE CJNE offset
144 8F MOV direct, R7 R7, #immed,
145 90 MOV DPTR, #immed 192
BF CJNE offset
146 91 ACALL addr11 193 C0 PUSH direct
147 92 MOV bit, C 194 C1 AJMP addr11
148 93 MOVC A, @A+DPTR 195 C2 CLR bit
149 94 SUBB A, #immed 196 C3 CLR C
150 95 SUBB A, direct 197 C4 SWAP A
151 96 SUBB A, @R0 198 C5 XCH A, direct
152 97 SUBB A, @R1 199 C6 XCH A, @R0
153 98 SUBB A, R0 200 C7 XCH A, @R1
154 99 SUBB A, R1 201 C8 XCH A, R0
155 9A SUBB A, R2 202 C9 XCH A, R1
156 9B SUBB A, R3 203 CA XCH A, R2
157 9C SUBB A, R4 204 CB XCH A, R3
158 9D SUBB A, R5 205 CC XCH A, R4
159 9E SUBB A, R6 206 CD XCH A, R5
160 9F SUBB A, R7 207 CE XCH A, R6
161 A0 ORL C, /bit 208 CF XCH A, R7
209 D0 POP direct
210 D1 ACALL addr11
211 D2 SETB bit
212 D3 SETB C
213 D4 DA A
214 D5 DJNZ direct, offset
215 D6 XCHD A, @R0
216 D7 XCHD A, @R1
217 D8 DJNZ R0, offset
218 D9 DJNZ R1, offset
219 DA DJNZ R2, offset
220 DB DJNZ R3, offset
221 DC DJNZ R4, offset
222 DD DJNZ R5, offset
223 DE DJNZ R6, offset
224 DF DJNZ R7, offset
225 E0 MOVX A, @DPTR
226 E1 AJMP addr11
227 E2 MOVX A, @R0
228 E3 MOVX A, @R1
229 E4 CLR A
230 E5 MOV A, direct
231 E6 MOV A, @R0
232 E7 MOV A, @R1
233 E8 MOV A, R0
234 E9 MOV A, R1
235 EA MOV A, R2
236 EB MOV A, R3
237 EC MOV A, R4
238 ED MOV A, R5
239 EE MOV A, R6
240 EF MOV A, R7
241 F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
242 F1 ACALL addr11
243 F2 MOVX @R0, A
244 F3 MOVX @R1, A
245 F4 CPL A
246 F5 MOV direct, A
247 F6 MOV @R0, A
248 F7 MOV @R1, A
249 F8 MOV R0, A
250 F9 MOV R1, A
251 FA MOV R2, A
252 FB MOV R3, A
253 FC MOV R4, A
254 FD MOV R5, A
255 FE MOV R6, A
256 FF MOV R7, A