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    Module4 - Solar Energy

    Uploaded by

    Gurushankara M
    Fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy of a fuel into electricity through electrochemical reactions. They differ from batteries in that they do not store energy but continuously convert fuel into electricity as long as fuel is supplied. Advantages include high efficiency, no harmful emissions, and no need for recharging. Limitations are moderate power output and high cost of electrodes. Methanol-oxygen fuel cells use methanol and oxygen as reactants to produce electricity through reactions at the anode and cathode. Photovoltaic cells convert solar energy into electrical energy using a semiconductor material with a p-n junction, generating electron-hole pairs when light hits the junction.

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    Module4 - Solar Energy

    Uploaded by

    Gurushankara M
    6 views4 pages
    Fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy of a fuel into electricity through electrochemical reactions. They differ from batteries in that they do not store energy but continuously convert fuel into electricity as long as fuel is supplied. Advantages include high efficiency, no harmful emissions, and no need for recharging. Limitations are moderate power output and high cost of electrodes. Methanol-oxygen fuel cells use methanol and oxygen as reactants to produce electricity through reactions at the anode and cathode. Photovoltaic cells convert solar energy into electrical energy using a semiconductor material with a p-n junction, generating electron-hole pairs when light hits the junction.

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    Module4 - Solar energy

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    Fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy of a fuel into electricity through electrochemical reactions. They differ from batteries in that they do not store energy but continuously convert fuel into electricity as long as fuel is supplied. Advantages include high efficiency, no harmful emissions, and no need for recharging. Limitations are moderate power output and high cost of electrodes. Methanol-oxygen fuel cells use methanol and oxygen as reactants to produce electricity through reactions at the anode and cathode. Photovoltaic cells convert solar energy into electrical energy using a semiconductor material with a p-n junction, generating electron-hole pairs when light hits the junction.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views4 pages

    Module4 - Solar Energy

    Uploaded by

    Gurushankara M
    Fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy of a fuel into electricity through electrochemical reactions. They differ from batteries in that they do not store energy but continuously convert fuel into electricity as long as fuel is supplied. Advantages include high efficiency, no harmful emissions, and no need for recharging. Limitations are moderate power output and high cost of electrodes. Methanol-oxygen fuel cells use methanol and oxygen as reactants to produce electricity through reactions at the anode and cathode. Photovoltaic cells convert solar energy into electrical energy using a semiconductor material with a p-n junction, generating electron-hole pairs when light hits the junction.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    KSIT, BENGALURU SEM: I/II Course Code/ Title: 21CHE12/22 Engg.

    Chemistry

    Module – 4:

    Fuel Cells
    Fuel cells are the galvanic cells in which chemical energy of fuel is directly converted into
    electrical energy.

    Differences between a battery and a fuel cell


    Battery Fuel cell
    1. Store chemical energy. Do not store chemical energy.
    2. Reactants are within the cell. Reactants are supplied continuously.
    3. Products remain in the cell. Products are continuously removed from the cell.
    4. Electrodes are relatively cheaper Electrodes are costly
    5. Recharging of cell is required Recharging of the fuel cell is not required

    Advantages of fuel cells:


    1. Theoretically, the efficiency can be 100%. In practice, the efficiency is 50-80% which is
    high compared to conventional methods
    2. Harmful products are absent. Hence fuel cells are environment friendly
    3. No need of charging
    4. Silent operation.
    5. No moving parts. Hence wear and tear is eliminated

    Limitations of fuel cells:


    1. Power output is moderate
    2. Electrodes are very costly
    3. Fuels are to be stores in tanks under very high pressure

    1
    Dr. Kiran Kumar S. R, Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, KSIT, BENGALURU
    KSIT, BENGALURU SEM: I/II Course Code/ Title: 21CHE12/22 Engg.Chemistry

    Methanol – Oxygen fuel cell

    CH3OH O2

    Cathode
    Anode
    Membrane

    H2SO4 (electrolyte)
    Excess Oxygen
    CO2
    and water

    Construction: It consists of anode and cathode made of platinum. Sulfuric acid acts as the
    electrolyte. A membrane is inserted adjacent to the cathode on the electrolyte side to minimize
    the diffusion of methanol into the cathode. Methanol – H2SO4 mixture is circulated through the
    anode chamber. Pure oxygen is passed through the cathode chamber.

    Cell reactions:
    At anode : CH3OH + H2O CO2 + 6H+ + 6e-
    At cathode : 11/2 O2 + 6H+ + 6e- 3H2O
    Over all reaction: CH3OH + 11/2 O2 CO2 + 2H2O
    Uses:
    1. It is used in large-scale power production.
    2. Used in military applications such as soldier carried equipments, power for test
    and training equipments, battery chargers etc.

    2
    Dr. Kiran Kumar S. R, Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, KSIT, BENGALURU
    KSIT, BENGALURU SEM: I/II Course Code/ Title: 21CHE12/22 Engg.Chemistry

    SOLAR ENERGY
    Photovoltaic Cells:
    Photovoltaic cells are semiconductor device which convert solar energy into electrical energy.
    (Photovoltaic cell is based on the principle of photoelectric effect) E = hv
    Working of Photovoltaic Cell:

    Sunlight

    Antireflective layer

    Metal grid
    n-type layer

    h+ p- Type layer

    e
    -

    e-
    Metallic layer

    Photo voltaic cell is composed of a thin wafer consisting of an ultra thin layer of phosphorous
    doped (n-type) silicon on top of boron doped (p-type) silicon. Hence a p-n junction is formed
    between the two.
     It has two electrical contacts, one of which is in the form of metallic grid and the other is
    a layer of noble metal such as silver on the back of the cell.
     A metallic grid forms one of the electrical contacts of the diode and allows light to fall on
    the semiconductor between the grid lines.
     An antireflective layer between the grid lines increase the amount of light transmitted to
    the semiconductor.
     When light radiation falls on the p-n junction diode, electron-hole pairs are generated by
    the absorption of the radiation
     The electrons are drifted to and collected at the n- type end and the holes are drifted to
    and collected at the p-type end.
     When these two ends are electrically connected through a conductor, there is a flow of
    current between the two ends through the external circuit.
     Thus photoelectric current is produced and available for use.
    Importance:

     These cells ensure sustainable, pollution free energy production.


     It provides power for space craft and satellite.
    3
    Dr. Kiran Kumar S. R, Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, KSIT, BENGALURU
    KSIT, BENGALURU SEM: I/II Course Code/ Title: 21CHE12/22 Engg.Chemistry

     They can be used for domestic lighting, spinning of fans, grinding grains, transistors.
    Radios. Small TV sets and tape recorders.
     They can be used in health centers for surgery, in telephones, broadcasting stations,

    Advantages:
     Fuel source is vast and essentially infinite.
     They need no recharging.
     No emissions, no combustion or radioactive residues for disposal. Does not contribute to
    global change or pollution.
     Low operating cost (no fuel).
     No moving parts and so no wear and tear.
     They operate at ambient temperature.
     They do not corrode.

    Disadvantages:
     Sun light is a diffuse, i.e., it is relatively low density energy.
     High installation cost.
     Poor reliability of auxiliary elements including storage.
     Energy can be produced only during the day time.

    4
    Dr. Kiran Kumar S. R, Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, KSIT, BENGALURU

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