End-of-Unit Test Unit 7

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Date:
Mark: / 80 marks

Reading
1 Read the article about the Stele of Hammurabi.

Ancient laws
In 1901, while excavating an ancient archaeological site in the Middle East, a French Egyptologist found a large
carved black stone, broken into three pieces. Called the Stele of Hammurabi, language experts soon found that
the stone, dating from around 1754 BCE, recorded what was then the earliest known example of a written legal
system. It was, in fact, one of the oldest pieces of writing of any length in the world. It consisted of 282 laws which
established standards for business transactions and set out fines and punishments in an early justice system.
The laws had been carved into a single piece of basalt, a very hard stone, that has preserved the writing for nearly
4,000 years. The stone was the work of King Hammurabi, who reigned in Babylon (in modern-day Iraq) from 1792
to 1750 BCE. Displayed in a public place, so everyone could see the laws and nobody could claim ignorance of
them, most of the seven-foot-five-inch (2.2-metre) monument is covered with cuneiform script, setting out the laws
in clearly organised groups. At the top of the stone is a two-and-a-half-foot carving of Hammurabi, standing to
receive the law – symbolised by a measuring stick.

The laws are remarkably sophisticated and show a detailed justice system. Many of them relate to business, for
example, setting out prices for goods and wages for different professions, including a sort of ancient ‘minimum
wage’ for manual labourers. Other sections address crimes like assault or theft, or issues relating to family
relationships, such as adoption, marriage or divorce.

The laws include many legal concepts that we consider to be at the foundation of modern society. It is one of the
earliest examples of the idea that people are innocent until proved guilty, and that the accuser needs to provide
evidence to prove the guilt of the accused. Some of the best-known laws from Hammurabi’s code are an early
example of the type of justice we often refer to as ‘an eye for an eye’: If a man destroys the eye of another man,
they shall destroy his eye. If one break a man’s bone, they shall break his bone. Some of these attitudes seem
brutal to modern eyes.

The laws also show that Babylonian society did not consider all people to be equal. Punishments varied according
to the gender and social status of the person committing the crime, as well as the victim. In addition, the
payments set out for services also depended on income and social status, so a doctor’s fee for treating a wound
would be either ten, five or two units of currency depending on the status of the patient.

In the 120 years since the discovery of the stele, older evidence of similar legal systems has been discovered, in
particular, two Sumerian legal documents dating back to 2100 and 1930 BCE, suggesting that the Hammurabi
code may in fact have come from an earlier source, rather than being an original set of ideas. Some people
believe that Hammurabi sent out representatives to collect existing laws, which he then put together to create his
own legal framework. Whatever the truth, the Hammurabi stele remains the most comprehensive overview we
have of laws and social attitudes in this ancient period of history and in this part of the world.
carved (adj): cut into stone
cuneiform (n): relating to a writing system used in ancient times in the Middle East
assault (n): the crime of attacking someone physically
foundation (n): the most basic part of something from which the rest develops
brutal (adj): violent and cruel

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2 Complete the Exam Task.
Exam TASK
For questions 1–6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
1 The Stele of Hammurabi is special because
A it was the oldest object ever found in an archaeological site.
B it shows us the rules people created thousands of years ago.
C it is longer than any other piece of ancient writing.
D it contained more ancient laws than anything else discovered.
2 Originally, the single stone showed
A King Hammurabi dictating his laws.
B the place where it used to be displayed.
C a list of business transactions in cuneiform script.
D official regulations, arranged in a clear way.
3 The article says that the Stele included legal information on
A what to do if it was ever stolen.
B how to train people in different jobs.
C ending a marriage.
D where people could safely put their money.
4 The Stele shows us that ancient societies had modern-seeming ideas, including the idea that
A people who are accused of a crime are not necessarily criminals.
B if someone is guilty of a crime, then they should be punished.
C we should avoid harming people, whether or not they have harmed us.
D treating someone in a very strict or severe way is wrong.
5 From studying the Stele, it seems that Babylonian society
A did not respect doctors.
B did not deal with all criminals in the same way.
C thought that some people should not pay for services.
D used more than one currency.
6 According to the final paragraph, the Stele of Hammurabi
A may not show what people really did in ancient times.
B was widely copied by other societies.
C is unlikely to be the oldest set of laws ever created.
D was first written created in another form by King Hammurabi.
( / 6 marks)

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Vocabulary and Use your English
1 Match the beginnings of the sentences (1–8) with the endings (a–h).

1 
After seeing the evidence, the man confessed a a year in prison.
2 
There wasn’t enough evidence to formally accuse b the woman.
3 
She knew that what she had done was against c to court.
4 
He was caught and arrested d of shoplifting.
5 
The man was sentenced to e the crime.
6 
The youngsters were suspected f the law.
7 
Next week, the man will be taken g to the crime.
8 
The woman was found to be innocent of h for shoplifting.
 ( / 8 marks)

2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words.

1 
The teenagers had never committed any kind of ________________________ before.   OFFEND
2 ________________________ acts should be punished.   CRIME
3 
Police are investigating a series of bank ________________________ .   ROB
4 
A fine is one type of ________________________ .   PUNISH
5 
Who do you think is ________________________ of the crime?   GUILT
6 
It’s ________________________ to drive a car which isn’t insured.   LEGAL
7 
A serious ________________________ took place in my street last night.   BURGLE
8 
I saw a man in the shop, behaving in a ________________________ way.   SUSPECT
 ( / 8 marks)

3 Complete the sentences with one word in each gap.

1 
I hope the person who committed the crime doesn’t get away ________________________ it.
2 
I woke up last night because a car alarm in my street went ________________________ at 3 a.m.
3 
The man was telling lies, but I saw ________________________ them immediately.
4 
I’ve asked my neighbours to keep an ________________________ on my apartment while I’m away.
5 
Laura couldn’t care ________________________ about whether you’re upset or not. She’s not interested.
6 
After a long trial, justice was finally ________________________ when the man was sentenced to prison.
7 
I couldn’t find a parking space, so I had ________________________ choice but to park my car a long way away.
8 
There’s a great new crime series on TV at the moment. Why don’t you ________________________ it a go?
9 
I ________________________ a fool of myself today when I got someone’s name wrong.
10 
The book I was reading was so good that I completely ________________________ track of time. I ended up going
to bed really late.
 ( / 10 marks)

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Grammar
1 Complete the second sentence, using the passive, so that it has a similar meaning to the first.

1 
A pickpocket stole my wallet!
My _________________________________________________________________________ .

2 
The Special Squad is investigating the case.
The case ____________________________________________________________________ .

3 
They are holding the trial in Madrid.
The trial _____________________________________________________________________ .

4 
I’m worried about someone cheating me.
I’m _________________________________________________________________________ .

5 
They will give her plenty of time to consider the verdict.
She _________________________________________________________________________ .

6 
Has anyone shown them the evidence?
Have ________________________________________________________________________ ?

7 
I don’t like people telling me lies.

I ____________________________________________________________________________ .

8 
What are they doing to combat crime in Spain?
What _______________________________________________________________________ ?

 ( / 8 marks)

2 Complete the text with a passive form of the verbs.

Three teenagers (1) ____________________________ (arrest) this morning, following a tip off from a local resident.
The suspects (2) ____________________________ (know) to the authorities and had been under suspicion for some
time. Previously, they (3) ____________________________ (observe) spray-painting graffiti on the school wall. When the
police arrived, the wall (4) ____________________________ (cover) with rude messages about the staff at the school. The
headmaster (5) ____________________________ (inform) about the damage this morning. Since then, the offending
graffiti (6) _________________________ (clean off) the wall and measures (7) ____________________________
(take) to ensure that it does not happen again. The headmaster announced that security cameras
(8) ____________________________ (install) around the school later this week.
 ( / 8 marks)

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3 Complete the Exam Task.
Exam TASK
For questions 1–6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do not
change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
1 Someone installed a burglar alarm at our house last month.
HAD
We ________________________________________________ at our house last month.

2 Their house is being painted this week.

HAVING
They ________________________________________________ this week.

3 Someone stole my wallet.

STOLEN
I ________________________________________________ .

4 Sue is being photographed.

TAKEN
Sue ________________________________________________ .

5 We should make Olivia clean up her mess.

GET
We should ________________________________________________ up the mess she made.

6 I need to ask someone to look at my laptop.

HAVE
I’m going to ________________________________________________ at my laptop.

 ( / 6 marks)

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Listening
1 7.1 Listen and complete the task.
You will hear people talking in six situations. For questions 1–6, choose the correct answer, (A, B or C).
1 
You hear a podcast about a recent court case. What punishment did the man receive?
A He had to pay a fine.
B He was sent to prison.
C His driving licence was taken away.
2 
What problem did the woman have at her workplace?
A She didn’t feel she had a great future there.
B She felt she wasn’t offered enough money.
C Some of the men she worked with were rude to her.
3 
You hear a man talking to his daughter. How does he feel?
A happy that she is doing well at school
B upset about what the police have said
C concerned about what he has heard
4 
You hear a prison officer talking. What makes her feel negative about her job?
A Sometimes, unpleasant events happen.
B Most of the people she works with are unpleasant.
C Her work is more boring than other jobs.
5 
You hear a young offender talking about being caught shoplifting. What did his mother do after he was caught?
A She got angry and hit him.
B She went to see him at the police station.
C She said sorry to the people in the shop.
6 
You hear two friends talking about a woman who was released from prison. What are they concerned about?
A People won’t leave her alone.
B Her prison sentence was too short.
C She shouldn’t have been released.
( / 6 marks)

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Writing
Complete the Exam Task. Write your answer in 140–190 words in an appropriate style.
Exam TASK
You are interested in doing volunteer work in your city. You have heard about a program which helps collect unwanted
food from local supermarkets, and then distributes it to families around the city who need it.
Write a letter to the organisers of the program. In your letter you should:
• explain your interest in the volunteer program and why you want to take part
• ask how you can become involved
• ask for information about whether volunteers need their own transport, and what times of day volunteers are
expected to work.
Write your letter.
( / 20 marks)

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