JAVA

Question: What is transient variable?

Answer: Trong quá trình serialization object có một số giá trị mà ta muốn nó không được serialization, nghĩa là nó
sẽ không được lưu trữ giá trị đó , khi khởi tạo thì nó sẽ là giá trị mặc định. Để làm được thì ta thêm Transient trước
giá trị đó.

Question: What do you understand by Synchronization?

Synchronization( Đồng Bộ hóa)

Answer: Synchronization là quá trình kiểm soát các tài nguyên được chia sẻ bởi nhiều luồng theo cách một luồng
truy cập một tài nguyên ở một thời gian nhất định. Trong ứng dụng không có Synchronization thì một luồng có thể
sửa một tài nguyên trong khi luồng khác đang cập nhật hoặc sử dụng tài nguyên đó

Question: What is Collection API?

Answer: The Collection API is a set of classes and interfaces that support operation on collections of objects. These
classes and interfaces are more flexible, more powerful, and more regular than the vectors, arrays, and hashtables
if effectively replaces.
Example of classes: HashSet, HashMap, ArrayList, LinkedList, TreeSet and TreeMap.
Example of interfaces: Collection, Set, List and Map.

Question: Is Iterator a Class or Interface? What is its use?

Answer: Iterator is an interface which is used to step through the elements of a Collection.

Question: What is similarities/difference between an Abstract class and Interface?

Answer: Differences are as follows:
● Interfaces provide a form of multiple inheritance. A class can extend only one other class.

● Interfaces are limited to public methods and constants with no implementation. Abstract classes can have
a partial implementation, protected parts, static methods, etc.
● A Class may implement several interfaces. But in case of abstract class, a class may extend only one
abstract class.
● Interfaces are slow as it requires extra indirection to to find corresponding method in in the actual class.
Abstract classes are fast.
Similarities:
● Neither Abstract classes or Interface can be instantiated.

Question: How to define an Abstract class?

Answer: A class containing abstract method is called Abstract class. An Abstract class can't be instantiated.
Example of Abstract class:
abstract class testAbstractClass {
protected String myString;
public String getMyString() {
return myString;
}
public abstract string anyAbstractFunction();
}
Question: How to define an Interface?
Answer: In Java Interface defines the methods but does not implement them. Interface can include constants. A
class that implements the interfaces is bound to implement all the methods defined in Interface.
Emaple of Interface:

Question: Explain the user defined Exceptions?

Answer: User defined Exceptions are the separate Exception classes defined by the user for specific purposed. An
user defined can created by simply sub-classing it to the Exception class. This allows custom exceptions to be
generated (using throw) and caught in the same way as normal exceptions.
Example:
class myCustomException extends Exception {
// The class simply has to exist to be an exception
}

Question: Explain the new Features of JDBC 2.0 Core API?

Answer: The JDBC 2.0 API includes the complete JDBC API, which includes both core and Optional Package API, and
provides inductrial-strength database computing capabilities.
New Features in JDBC 2.0 Core API:
● Scrollable result sets- using new methods in the ResultSet interface allows programmatically move the to
particular row or to a position relative to its current position
● JDBC 2.0 Core API provides the Batch Updates functionality to the java applications.

● Java applications can now use the ResultSet.updateXXX methods.

● New data types - interfaces mapping the SQL3 data types

● Custom mapping of user-defined types (UTDs)

● Miscellaneous features, including performance hints, the use of character streams, full precision for
java.math.BigDecimal values, additional security, and support for time zones in date, time, and timestamp
values.

Question: Explain garbage collection?

Answer: Garbage collection is one of the most important feature of Java. Garbage collection is also called
automatic memory management as JVM automatically removes the unused variables/objects (value is null) from
the memory. User program cann't directly free the object from memory, instead it is the job of the garbage
collector to automatically free the objects that are no longer referenced by a program. Every class
inherits finalize() method from java.lang.Object, the finalize() method is called by garbage collector when it
determines no more references to the object exists. In Java, it is good idea to explicitly assign null into a variable
when no more in use. I Java on calling System.gc() andRuntime.gc(), JVM tries to recycle the unused objects, but
there is no guarantee when all the objects will garbage collected.

Question: How you can force the garbage collection?

Answer: Garbage collection automatic process and can't be forced.

Question: What is OOPS?

Answer: OOP is the common abbreviation for Object-Oriented Programming.

Question: Describe the principles of OOPS.

Answer: There are three main principals of oops which are called Polymorphism, Inheritance and Encapsulation.
Question: Explain the Encapsulation principle.
Answer: Encapsulation is a process of binding or wrapping the data and the codes that operates on the data into a
single entity. This keeps the data safe from outside interface and misuse. One way to think about encapsulation is
as a protective wrapper that prevents code and data from being arbitrarily accessed by other code defined outside
the wrapper.

Question: Explain the Inheritance principle.

Answer: Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object.

Question: Explain the Polymorphism principle.

Answer: The meaning of Polymorphism is something like one name many forms. Polymorphism enables one entity
to be used as as general category for different types of actions. The specific action is determined by the exact
nature of the situation. The concept of polymorphism can be explained as "one interface, multiple methods".

Question: Explain the different forms of Polymorphism.

Answer: From a practical programming viewpoint, polymorphism exists in three distinct forms in Java:
● Method overloading

● Method overriding through inheritance

● Method overriding through the Java interface

Question: What are Access Specifiers available in Java?

Answer: Access specifiers are keywords that determines the type of access to the member of a class. These are:
● Public

● Protected

● Private

● Defaults
Question: Describe the wrapper classes in Java.
Answer: Wrapper class is wrapper around a primitive data type. An instance of a wrapper class contains, or wraps,
a primitive value of the corresponding type.
Following table lists the primitive types and the corresponding wrapper classes:
Primitive Wrapper
boolean java.lang.Boolean
byte java.lang.Byte
char java.lang.Character
double java.lang.Double
float java.lang.Float
int java.lang.Integer
long java.lang.Long
short java.lang.Short
void java.lang.Void

Question: what is the class variables ?

Answer: When we create a number of objects of the same class, then each object will share a common copy of
variables. That means that there is only one copy per class, no matter how many objects are created from it. Class
variables or static variables are declared with the static keyword in a class, but mind it that it should be declared
outside outside a class. These variables are stored in static memory. Class variables are mostly used for constants,
variable that never change its initial value. Static variables are always called by the class name. This variable is
created when the program starts i.e. it is created before the instance is created of class by using new operator and
gets destroyed when the programs stops. The scope of the class variable is same a instance variable. The class
variable can be defined anywhere at class level with the keyword static. It initial value is same as instance variable.
When the class variable is defined as int then it's initial value is by default zero, when declared boolean its default
value is false and null for object references. Class variables are associated with the class, rather than with any
object.
Question: What is the difference between the instanceof and getclass, these two are same or not ?
Answer: instanceof is a operator, not a function while getClass is a method of java.lang.Object class. Consider a
condition where we use
if(o.getClass().getName().equals("java.lang.Math")){ }
This method only checks if the classname we have passed is equal to java.lang.Math. The class java.lang.Math is
loaded by the bootstrap ClassLoader. This class is an abstract class.This class loader is responsible for loading
classes. Every Class object contains a reference to the ClassLoader that defines. getClass() method returns the
runtime class of an object. It fetches the java instance of the given fully qualified type name. The code we have
written is not necessary, because we should not compare getClass.getName(). The reason behind it is that if the
two different class loaders load the same class but for the JVM, it will consider both classes as different classes so,
we can't compare their names. It can only gives the implementing class but can't compare a interface, but
instanceof operator can.
The instanceof operator compares an object to a specified type. We can use it to test if an object is an instance of a
class, an instance of a subclass, or an instance of a class that implements a particular interface. We should try to
use instanceof operator in place of getClass() method. Remember instanceof opeator and getClass are not same.
Try this example, it will help you to better understand the difference between the two.

1.What are the principle concepts of OOPS?

There are four principle concepts upon which object oriented design and programming rest. They are:
● Abstraction

● Polymorphism

● Inheritance

● Encapsulation
(i.e. easily remembered as A-PIE).

2.What is Abstraction?
Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including the background details or
explanations.

3.What is Encapsulation?
Encapsulation is a technique used for hiding the properties and behaviors of an object and allowing outside access
only as appropriate. It prevents other objects from directly altering or accessing the properties or methods of the
encapsulated object.

4.What is the difference between abstraction and encapsulation?

● Abstraction focuses on the outside view of an object (i.e. the interface) Encapsulation (information
hiding) prevents clients from seeing it’s inside view, where the behavior of the abstraction is
implemented.
● Abstraction solves the problem in the design side while Encapsulation is the Implementation.

● Encapsulation is the deliverables of Abstraction. Encapsulation barely talks about grouping up your
abstraction to suit the developer needs.
5.What is Inheritance?
● Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire the properties of objects of another class.

● A class that is inherited is called a superclass.

● The class that does the inheriting is called a subclass.

● Inheritance is done by using the keyword extends.

● The two most common reasons to use inheritance are:

o To promote code reuse
o To use polymorphism

6.What is Polymorphism?
Polymorphism is briefly described as "one interface, many implementations." Polymorphism is a characteristic of
being able to assign a different meaning or usage to something in different contexts - specifically, to allow an entity
such as a variable, a function, or an object to have more than one form.

7.How does Java implement polymorphism?

(Inheritance, Overloading and Overriding are used to achieve Polymorphism in java).
Polymorphism manifests itself in Java in the form of multiple methods having the same name.
● In some cases, multiple methods have the same name, but different formal argument lists (overloaded
methods).
● In other cases, multiple methods have the same name, same return type, and same formal argument list
(overridden methods).

8.Explain the different forms of Polymorphism.

There are two types of polymorphism one is Compile time polymorphism and the other is run time polymorphism.
Compile time polymorphism is method overloading. Runtime time polymorphismis done using inheritance and
interface.
Note: From a practical programming viewpoint, polymorphism manifests itself in three distinct forms in Java:
● Method overloading

● Method overriding through inheritance

● Method overriding through the Java interface

9.What is runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch?

In Java, runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which a call to an overridden method is
resolved at runtime rather than at compile-time. In this process, an overridden method is called through the
reference variable of a superclass. The determination of the method to be called is based on the object being
referred to by the reference variable.

10.What is Dynamic Binding?

Binding refers to the linking of a procedure call to the code to be executed in response to the call. Dynamic binding
(also known as late binding) means that the code associated with a given procedure call is not known until the time
of the call at run-time. It is associated with polymorphism and inheritance.

11.What is method overloading?

Method Overloading means to have two or more methods with same name in the same class with different
arguments. The benefit of method overloading is that it allows you to implement methods that support the same
semantic operation but differ by argument number or type.
Note:
● Overloaded methods MUST change the argument list

● Overloaded methods CAN change the return type

● Overloaded methods CAN change the access modifier

● Overloaded methods CAN declare new or broader checked exceptions

● A method can be overloaded in the same class or in a subclass

12.What is method overriding?

Method overriding occurs when sub class declares a method that has the same type arguments as a method
declared by one of its superclass. The key benefit of overriding is the ability to define behavior that’s specific to a
particular subclass type.
Note:
● The overriding method cannot have a more restrictive access modifier than the method being overridden
(Ex: You can’t override a method marked public and make it protected).
● You cannot override a method marked final

● You cannot override a method marked static

13.What are the differences between method overloading and method overriding?
Overloaded Method Overridden Method
Arguments Must change Must not change
Return type Can change Can’t change except for covariant returns
Exceptions Can change Can reduce or eliminate. Must not throw new or
broader checked exceptions
Access Can change Must not make more restrictive (can be less
restrictive)
Invocation Reference type determines which Object type determines which method is selected.
overloaded version is selected. Happens at runtime.
Happens at compile time.

14.Can overloaded methods be override too?

Yes, derived classes still can override the overloaded methods. Polymorphism can still happen. Compiler will not
binding the method calls since it is overloaded, because it might be overridden now or in the future.

15.Is it possible to override the main method?

NO, because main is a static method. A static method can't be overridden in Java.

16.How to invoke a superclass version of an Overridden method?

To invoke a superclass method that has been overridden in a subclass, you must either call the method directly
through a superclass instance, or use the super prefix in the subclass itself. From the point of the view of the
subclass, the super prefix provides an explicit reference to the superclass' implementation of the method.
// From subclass
 super.overriddenMethod();

17.What is super?
super is a keyword which is used to access the method or member variables from the superclass. If a method hides
one of the member variables in its superclass, the method can refer to the hidden variable through the use of the
super keyword. In the same way, if a method overrides one of the methods in its superclass, the method can
invoke the overridden method through the use of the super keyword.
Note:
● You can only go back one level.

● In the constructor, if you use super(), it must be the very first code, and you cannot access
any this.xxx variables or methods to compute its parameters.

18.How do you prevent a method from being overridden?

To prevent a specific method from being overridden in a subclass, use the final modifier on the method
declaration, which means "this is the final implementation of this method", the end of its inheritance hierarchy.
public final void exampleMethod() {
// Method statements
}

19.What is an Interface?
An interface is a description of a set of methods that conforming implementing classes must have.
Note:
● You can’t mark an interface as final.

● Interface variables must be static.

● An Interface cannot extend anything but another interfaces.

20.Can we instantiate an interface?

You can’t instantiate an interface directly, but you can instantiate a class that implements an interface.

21.Can we create an object for an interface?

Yes, it is always necessary to create an object implementation for an interface. Interfaces cannot be instantiated in
their own right, so you must write a class that implements the interface and fulfill all the methods defined in it.

22.Do interfaces have member variables?

Interfaces may have member variables, but these are implicitly public, static, and final- in other words, interfaces
can declare only constants, not instance variables that are available to all implementations and may be used as key
references for method arguments for example.

23.What modifiers are allowed for methods in an Interface?

Only public and abstract modifiers are allowed for methods in interfaces.

24.What is a marker interface?

Marker interfaces are those which do not declare any required methods, but signify their compatibility with certain
operations. The java.io.Serializable interface and Cloneable are typical marker interfaces. These do not contain any
methods, but classes must implement this interface in order to be serialized and de-serialized.

25.What is an abstract class?

Abstract classes are classes that contain one or more abstract methods. An abstract method is a method that is
declared, but contains no implementation.
Note:
● If even a single method is abstract, the whole class must be declared abstract.

● Abstract classes may not be instantiated, and require subclasses to provide implementations for the
abstract methods.
● You can’t mark a class as both abstract and final.

26.Can we instantiate an abstract class?

An abstract class can never be instantiated. Its sole purpose is to be extended (subclassed).

27.What are the differences between Interface and Abstract class?

Abstract Class Interfaces
An abstract class can provide complete, default code
An interface cannot provide any code at all,just the signature.
and/or just the details that have to be overridden.
In case of abstract class, a class may extend only one
A Class may implement several interfaces.
abstract class.
An abstract class can have non-abstract methods. All methods of an Interface are abstract.
An abstract class can have instance variables. An Interface cannot have instance variables.
An abstract class can have any visibility: public, private,
An Interface visibility must be public (or) none.
protected.
If we add a new method to an abstract class then we If we add a new method to an Interface then we have to track
have the option of providing default implementation down all the implementations of the interface and define
and therefore all the existing code might work properly. implementation for the new method.
An abstract class can contain constructors . An Interface cannot contain constructors .
Interfaces are slow as it requires extra indirection to find
Abstract classes are fast.
corresponding method in the actual class.

28.When should I use abstract classes and when should I use interfaces?
Use Interfaces when…
● You see that something in your design will change frequently.

● If various implementations only share method signatures then it is better to use Interfaces.

● you need some classes to use some methods which you don't want to be included in the class, then you
go for the interface, which makes it easy to just implement and make use of the methods defined in the
interface.
Use Abstract Class when…
● If various implementations are of the same kind and use common behavior or status then abstract class is
better to use.
● When you want to provide a generalized form of abstraction and leave the implementation task with the
inheriting subclass.
● Abstract classes are an excellent way to create planned inheritance hierarchies. They're also a good choice
for nonleaf classes in class hierarchies.
29.When you declare a method as abstract, can other nonabstract methods access it?
Yes, other nonabstract methods can access a method that you declare as abstract.

30.Can there be an abstract class with no abstract methods in it?

Yes, there can be an abstract class without abstract methods.

31.What is Constructor?
● A constructor is a special method whose task is to initialize the object of its class.

● It is special because its name is the same as the class name.

● They do not have return types, not even void and therefore they cannot return values.

● They cannot be inherited, though a derived class can call the base class constructor.

● Constructor is invoked whenever an object of its associated class is created.

32.How does the Java default constructor be provided?

If a class defined by the code does not have any constructor, compiler will automatically provide one no-
parameter-constructor (default-constructor) for the class in the byte code. The access modifier
(public/private/etc.) of the default constructor is the same as the class itself.

33.Can constructor be inherited?

No, constructor cannot be inherited, though a derived class can call the base class constructor.

34.What are the differences between Contructors and Methods?

Constructors Methods
Purpose Create an instance of a class Group Java statements
Modifiers Cannot be abstract, final, native, static, Can be abstract, final, native, static, or synchronized
or synchronized
Return Type No return type, not even void void or a valid return type
Name Same name as the class (first letter is Any name except the class. Method names begin with a
capitalized by convention) -- usually a lowercase letter by convention -- usually the name of an
noun action
this Refers to another constructor in the Refers to an instance of the owning class. Cannot be used by
same class. If used, it must be the first static methods.
line of the constructor
super Calls the constructor of the parent class. Calls an overridden method in the parent class
If used, must be the first line of the
constructor
Inheritance Constructors are not inherited Methods are inherited

35.How are this() and super() used with constructors?

● Constructors use this to refer to another constructor in the same class with a different parameter list.

● Constructors use super to invoke the superclass's constructor. If a constructor uses super, it must use it in
the first line; otherwise, the compiler will complain.

36.What are the differences between Class Methods and Instance Methods?
Class Methods Instance Methods
 Instance methods on the other hand require an instance of the
Class methods are methods which are declared as static.
class to exist before they can be called, so an instance of a
The method can be called without creating an instance of
class needs to be created by using the new keyword.
the class
Instance methods operate on specific instances of classes.
Class methods can only operate on class members and not Instance methods of the class can also not be called from
on instance members as class methods are unaware of within a class method unless they are being called on an
instance members. instance of that class.
Class methods are methods which are declared as static.
The method can be called without creating an instance of Instance methods are not declared as static.
the class.

37.How are this() and super() used with constructors?

● Constructors use this to refer to another constructor in the same class with a different parameter list.

● Constructors use super to invoke the superclass's constructor. If a constructor uses super, it must use it in
the first line; otherwise, the compiler will complain.

38.What are Access Specifiers?

One of the techniques in object-oriented programming is encapsulation. It concerns the hiding of data in a class
and making this class available only through methods. Java allows you to control access to classes, methods, and
fields via so-called access specifiers..

39.What are Access Specifiers available in Java?

Java offers four access specifiers, listed below in decreasing accessibility:
● Public- public classes, methods, and fields can be accessed from everywhere.

● Protected- protected methods and fields can only be accessed within the same class to which the
methods and fields belong, within its subclasses, and within classes of the same package.
● Default(no specifier)- If you do not set access to specific level, then such a class, method, or field will be
accessible from inside the same package to which the class, method, or field belongs, but not from
outside this package.
● Private- private methods and fields can only be accessed within the same class to which the methods and
fields belong. private methods and fields are not visible within subclasses and are not inherited by
subclasses.

Situation public protected default private

Accessible to class
yes yes yes no
from same package?
Accessible to class
no, unless it is
from different yes no no
a subclass
package?

40.What is final modifier?

The final modifier keyword makes that the programmer cannot change the value anymore. The actual meaning
depends on whether it is applied to a class, a variable, or a method.
● final Classes- A final class cannot have subclasses.

● final Variables- A final variable cannot be changed once it is initialized.

 ● final Methods- A final method cannot be overridden by subclasses.

41.What are the uses of final method?

There are two reasons for marking a method as final:
● Disallowing subclasses to change the meaning of the method.

● Increasing efficiency by allowing the compiler to turn calls to the method into inline Java code.

42.What is static block?

Static block which exactly executed exactly once when the class is first loaded into JVM. Before going to the main
method the static block will execute.

43.What are static variables?

Variables that have only one copy per class are known as static variables. They are not attached to a particular
instance of a class but rather belong to a class as a whole. They are declared by using the static keyword as a
modifier.
static type varIdentifier;
where, the name of the variable is varIdentifier and its data type is specified by type.
Note: Static variables that are not explicitly initialized in the code are automatically initialized with a default value.
The default value depends on the data type of the variables.

44.What is the difference between static and non-static variables?

A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with specific instances of a class. Non-static
variables take on unique values with each object instance.

45.What are static methods?

Methods declared with the keyword static as modifier are called static methods or class methods. They are so
called because they affect a class as a whole, not a particular instance of the class. Static methods are always
invoked without reference to a particular instance of a class.
Note:The use of a static method suffers from the following restrictions:
● A static method can only call other static methods.

● A static method must only access static data.

● A static method cannot reference to the current object using keywords super or this.
46.What is an Iterator ?
● The Iterator interface is used to step through the elements of a Collection.

● Iterators let you process each element of a Collection.

● Iterators are a generic way to go through all the elements of a Collection no matter how it is organized.

● Iterator is an Interface implemented a different way for every Collection.

47.How do you traverse through a collection using its Iterator?

To use an iterator to traverse through the contents of a collection, follow these steps:
● Obtain an iterator to the start of the collection by calling the collection’s iterator() method.
 ● Set up a loop that makes a call to hasNext(). Have the loop iterate as long as hasNext() returns true.

● Within the loop, obtain each element by calling next().

48.How do you remove elements during Iteration?

Iterator also has a method remove() when remove is called, the current element in the iteration is deleted.

49.What is the difference between Enumeration and Iterator?

Enumeration Iterator
Enumeration doesn't have a remove() method Iterator has a remove() method
Enumeration acts as Read-only interface, because it has Can be abstract, final, native, static, or synchronized
the methods only to traverse and fetch the objects
Note: So Enumeration is used whenever we want to make Collection objects as Read-only.

50.How is ListIterator?
ListIterator is just like Iterator, except it allows us to access the collection in either the forward or backward
direction and lets us modify an element

51.What is the List interface?

● The List interface provides support for ordered collections of objects.

● Lists may contain duplicate elements.

52.What are the main implementations of the List interface ?

The main implementations of the List interface are as follows :
● ArrayList : Resizable-array implementation of the List interface. The best all-around implementation of
the List interface.
● Vector : Synchronized resizable-array implementation of the List interface with additional "legacy
methods."
● LinkedList : Doubly-linked list implementation of the List interface. May provide better performance than
the ArrayList implementation if elements are frequently inserted or deleted within the list. Useful for
queues and double-ended queues (deques).

53.What are the advantages of ArrayList over arrays ?

Some of the advantages ArrayList has over arrays are:
● It can grow dynamically

● It provides more powerful insertion and search mechanisms than arrays.

54.Difference between ArrayList and Vector ?
ArrayList Vector
ArrayList is NOT synchronized by default. Vector List is synchronized by default.
Vector list can use Iterator and Enumeration Interface to
ArrayList can use only Iterator to access the elements.
access the elements.
The ArrayList increases its array size by 50 percent if it runs A Vector defaults to doubling the size of its array if it runs
out of room. out of room
ArrayList has no default size. While vector has a default size of 10.

55.How to obtain Array from an ArrayList ?

Array can be obtained from an ArrayList using toArray() method on ArrayList.
List arrayList = new ArrayList();
arrayList.add(…

Object a[] = arrayList.toArray();

56.Why insertion and deletion in ArrayList is slow compared to LinkedList ?

● ArrayList internally uses and array to store the elements, when that array gets filled by inserting elements
a new array of roughly 1.5 times the size of the original array is created and all the data of old array is
copied to new array.
● During deletion, all elements present in the array after the deleted elements have to be moved one step
back to fill the space created by deletion. In linked list data is stored in nodes that have reference to the
previous node and the next node so adding element is simple as creating the node an updating the next
pointer on the last node and the previous pointer on the new node. Deletion in linked list is fast because it
involves only updating the next pointer in the node before the deleted node and updating the previous
pointer in the node after the deleted node.

57.Why are Iterators returned by ArrayList called Fail Fast ?

Because, if list is structurally modified at any time after the iterator is created, in any way except through the
iterator's own remove or add methods, the iterator will throw a ConcurrentModificationException. Thus, in the
face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-
deterministic behavior at an undetermined time in the future.

58.How do you decide when to use ArrayList and When to use LinkedList?
If you need to support random access, without inserting or removing elements from any place other than the end,
then ArrayList offers the optimal collection. If, however, you need to frequently add and remove elements from
the middle of the list and only access the list elements sequentially, then LinkedList offers the better
implementation.
59.What is the Set interface ?

● The Set interface provides methods for accessing the elements of a finite mathematical set

● Sets do not allow duplicate elements

● Contains no methods other than those inherited from Collection

● It adds the restriction that duplicate elements are prohibited

● Two Set objects are equal if they contain the same elements
60.What are the main Implementations of the Set interface ?
The main implementations of the List interface are as follows:
● HashSet

● TreeSet
 ● LinkedHashSet

● EnumSet
61.What is a HashSet ?
● A HashSet is an unsorted, unordered Set.

● It uses the hashcode of the object being inserted (so the more efficient your hashcode() implementation
the better access performance you’ll get).
● Use this class when you want a collection with no duplicates and you don’t care about order when you
iterate through it.
62.What is a TreeSet ?

TreeSet is a Set implementation that keeps the elements in sorted order. The elements are sorted according to the
natural order of elements or by the comparator provided at creation time.

63.What is an EnumSet ?

An EnumSet is a specialized set for use with enum types, all of the elements in the EnumSet type that is specified,
explicitly or implicitly, when the set is created.

64.Difference between HashSet and TreeSet ?

HashSet TreeSet
HashSet is under set interface i.e. it does not guarantee for TreeSet is under set i.e. it provides elements in a sorted
either sorted order or sequence order. order (acceding order).
We can add only similar types
We can add any type of elements to hash set.
of elements to tree set.

65.What is a Map ?

● A map is an object that stores associations between keys and values (key/value pairs).

● Given a key, you can find its value. Both keys and values are objects.

● The keys must be unique, but the values may be duplicated.

● Some maps can accept a null key and null values, others cannot.

66.What are the main Implementations of the Map interface ?

The main implementations of the List interface are as follows:
● HashMap

● HashTable

● TreeMap

● EnumMap
67.What is a TreeMap ?

TreeMap actually implements the SortedMap interface which extends the Map interface. In a TreeMap the data
will be sorted in ascending order of keys according to the natural order for the key's class, or by the comparator
provided at creation time. TreeMap is based on the Red-Black tree data structure.

68.How do you decide when to use HashMap and when to use TreeMap ?

For inserting, deleting, and locating elements in a Map, the HashMap offers the best alternative. If, however, you
need to traverse the keys in a sorted order, then TreeMap is your better alternative. Depending upon the size of
your collection, it may be faster to add elements to a HashMap, then convert the map to a TreeMap for sorted key
traversal.

69.Difference between HashMap and Hashtable ?

HashMap Hashtable
HashMap lets you have null values as well as one null
HashTable does not allows null values as key and value.
key.
The iterator in the HashMap is fail-safe (If you change
The enumerator for the Hashtable is not fail-safe.
the map while iterating, you’ll know).
HashMap is unsynchronized. Hashtable is synchronized.
Note: Only one NULL is allowed as a key in HashMap. HashMap does not allow multiple keys to be NULL.
Nevertheless, it can have multiple NULL values.

70.How does a Hashtable internally maintain the key-value pairs?

TreeMap actually implements the SortedMap interface which extends the Map interface. In a TreeMap the data
will be sorted in ascending order of keys according to the natural order for the key's class, or by the comparator
provided at creation time. TreeMap is based on the Red-Black tree data structure.

71.What Are the different Collection Views That Maps Provide?

Maps Provide Three Collection Views.
● Key Set - allow a map's contents to be viewed as a set of keys.

● Values Collection - allow a map's contents to be viewed as a set of values.

● Entry Set - allow a map's contents to be viewed as a set of key-value mappings.

72.What is a KeySet View ?

KeySet is a set returned by the keySet() method of the Map Interface, It is a set that contains all the keys present in
the Map.

73.What is a Values Collection View ?

Values Collection View is a collection returned by the values() method of the Map Interface, It contains all the
objects present as values in the map.

74.What is an EntrySet View ?

Entry Set view is a set that is returned by the entrySet() method in the map and contains Objects of type Map.
Entry each of which has both Key and Value.

75.How do you sort an ArrayList (or any list) of user-defined objects ?

Create an implementation of the java.lang.Comparable interface that knows how to order your objects and pass it
to java.util.Collections.sort(List, Comparator).

76.What is the Comparable interface ?

The Comparable interface is used to sort collections and arrays of objects using
the Collections.sort() and java.utils.Arrays.sort() methods respectively. The objects of the class implementing the
Comparable interface can be ordered.
The Comparable interface in the generic form is written as follows:
interface Comparable<T>
where T is the name of the type parameter.

All classes implementing the Comparable interface must implement the compareTo() method that has the return
type as an integer. The signature of the compareTo() method is as follows:
int i = object1.compareTo(object2)

● If object1 < object2: The value of i returned will be negative.

● If object1 > object2: The value of i returned will be positive.

● If object1 = object2: The value of i returned will be zero.

77.What are the differences between the Comparable and Comparator interfaces ?
Comparable Comparato
t uses the compare() method.
It uses the compareTo() method.
int objectOne.compareTo(objectTwo).
int compare(ObjOne, ObjTwo)
It is necessary to modify the class whose instance is going
A separate class can be created in order to sort the instances.
to be sorted.
Only one sort sequence can be created. Many sort sequences can be created.
It is frequently used by the API classes. It used by third-party classes to sort instances.