DPG INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY &
MANAGEMENT

PRACTICAL FILE
ON
COMPUTER NETWORK & INTERNET
(Subject Code BBA - 5004)
Section ‘A’
Branch BBA / 3rd Year (5th semester)

Submitted To:- Submitted By:-

Ms. Deepika Kalra Kunal

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 INDEX
s.no Topics Date Page Teacher’s
No. Signature

1 Computer Network

2 Need of Networking

3 Merits of Networking

4 Demerits of Networking

5 Types of Networking

6 Local Area Network ( LAN )

7 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

8 Wide Area of Network ( WAN )

9 Data Communication & Its Mode

10 Digital & Analog Transmission

11 Network Devices

12 Repeater

13 HUB

14 Bridge

15 Routers

16 Analog & Digital Signal

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Question.1
 What is Computer Network ? Discuss its needs ,merits and
demerits ?
Answer :-
 Computer network
A computer network is a system that connects two or more computing
devices for transmitting and sharing information. Computing devices
include everything from a mobile phone to a server. These devices are
connected using physical wires such as fiber optics, but they can also
be wireless.
How does a computer network work?
Devices attached to a computer network use IP addresses that
are resolved into hostnames through a domain name system server to
communicate with each other over the internet and on other computer networks. A
variety of protocols and algorithms are also used to specify the transmission of
data among endpoints.

 Need of Computer Network

 Easy resource sharing − Computer networks allow users and devices to

share resources like printers, documents, and apps easily. This increases
efficiency while decreasing the expense of offering resources.

 Good communication facility − Computer networks help individuals to

communicate with one another regardless of where they are. Individuals can
communicate in real-time using networking tools such as instant messaging,
email, and video conferencing.

 Access information − Networks enable access to a diverse set of services

and information, such as the internet, database servers, and cloud-based
services for computing. Individuals can now obtain and share data all over
the globe.

 High security − Networks enable the deployment of security precautions like

encrypted connections, firewalls, and access control that help protect
sensitive information and data from illicit access and other safety hazards.

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 Collaboration − Networks enable collaboration among people and groups
engaged in the same task, regardless of their geographical location. This
encourages collaboration, improves productivity, and fosters creativity.
 Centralized management − Networks enable centralized handling of
resources, apps, and information.

 Multimedia transfer – Computer can have fax system integrated with

networking. This along them to send pictures along with the text. Thus,
the newspaper reports can be prepared and sent all over the world at
a very high speed by composing and publishing them from different
centre.

 Low cost of transfer data – Computers can send data at a very fast
speed over long distances using satellite and microwave links. Therefore,
the cost of transfer of documents using computer connected on
networks is cheaper than other conventional means like telegrams.

 Instantaneous Availability of Information – Different Computers on a

network can be connected together and the users can work together
as a group. Fluctuations in price in foreign exchange and
shares/equities can be communicated instantaneously using the
medium of computer communications.

 Merits of Computer Networking

 Central Storage of Data: Files can be stored on a central node (the

file server) that can be shared and made available to every user in an
organization.

 Connectivity: There is a negligible range of abilities required to

connect to a modern computer network. The effortlessness of joining
makes it workable for even youthful kids to start exploring the data.

 Faster Problem-solving: Since an extensive procedure is

disintegrated into a few littler procedures and each is taken care of by
all the associated gadgets, an explicit issue can be settled in lesser
time.

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 Reliability: Reliability implies backing up information. Due to some
reason equipment crashes, and so on, the information gets undermined
or inaccessible on one PC, and another duplicate of similar information
is accessible on another workstation for future use, which prompts
smooth working and further handling without interruption.

 Flexible: This innovation is known to be truly adaptable, as it offers

clients the chance to investigate everything about fundamental things,
for example, programming without influencing their usefulness.

 Security through Authorization: Security and protection of

information are additionally settled through the system. As just the
system clients are approved to get to specific records or
applications, no other individual can crack the protection or security of
information.

 Storage capacity: Since you will share data, records, and assets with
other individuals, you need to guarantee all information and substance
are legitimately put away in the framework. With this systems
administration innovation, you can do most of this with no issue,
while having all the space you require for capacity.

 Demerits of Computer Networking

 Expensive: Execution of the network can be expensive in the case of

an initial setup, as the wires and the cost of the cable are high and
sometimes equipment is also costly.

 Virus and Malware: Computer Networking can lead to the spreading

of viruses to another computer through the network.

 Management of the network: Management of the Network is quite

difficult as it requires skilled persons to handle that large network. It
requires training of people who are employed in this work.

 Loss of Information: In case of a crash of the Computer Network, it

can lead to the loss of information or not being able to access
information for some time.

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  The system can be Hacked: In the case of Wide Area Networks
(WAN), there is a threat of Hacking of the System. Some security
features should be added to prevent such things.

Question no. 2

 What are the various type of networking? Discuss in details with proper
diagram.

 Below mentioned are different types of networks:

 PAN (Personal Area Network)
 LAN (Local Area Network)
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
 WAN (Wide Area Network)

 PAN (Personal Area Network)

A personal area network (PAN) connects electronic devices within a user's

immediate area. The size of a PAN ranges from a few centimeters to a few
meters. One of the most common real-world examples of a PAN is the
connection between a Bluetooth earpiece and a smartphone.
One of the most common real-world examples of a PAN is
the connection between a Bluetooth earpiece and a smartphone.

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  LAN (local area network)

A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together in one

physical location, such as a building, office, or home. A LAN can be m small or
large, ranging from a home network with one user to an enterprise network with
thousands of users and devices in an office or school.

Examples of Local Area Network (LAN)

 Networking in home, office.
 Networking in school, laboratory, university campus.
 Networking between two computers.
 Wi-Fi (When we consider wireless LAN).

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  MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that is

larger than a single building local area network (LAN) but is located in
a single geographic area that is smaller than a wide area network
(WAN). Generally, it is several LANs interconnected by dedicated
backbone connections.
Example of MAN
 Cable TV network.
 Telephone networks providing high-speed DSL lines.
 IEEE 802.16 or WiMAX, that provides high-speed broadband access with
Internet connectivity to customer premises

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  WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK)
A wide-area network (WAN) is the technology that connects your
offices, data centers, cloud applications, and cloud storage together.
It is called a wide-area network because it spans beyond a single
building or large campus to include multiple locations spread across a
specific geographic area, or even the world.
WAN Examples

A bank, including its branch offices and ATM machines, is another

example of an organization using a WAN. The branches may be in
multiple U.S. states, or even global locations, but they are all linked
through various secure connections. Both bank employees and customers
are users.

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Question No. 3
 Write a short note on :-
Data communication & modes.
Network devices (Repeater, HUB, Bridge, & Router).
Analog &Digital signals.
 Data communication and its modes
 Data communications refers to the transmission of this digital data between
two or more computers and a computer network or data network is a
telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. The
physical connection between networked computing devices is established
using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer
network is the Internet.
 This tutorial should teach you basics of Data Communication and Computer
Network (DCN) and will also take you through various advance concepts
related to Data Communication and Computer Network.
 data communication refers to the exchange of data between two or more networked or
connected devices. These devices must be capable of sending and receiving data over
a communication medium. Examples of such devices include personal computers,
mobile phones, laptops, etc.
 Digital Transmission
 Digital Transmission is a type of signal transmission in which the signals vary
discretely with time between two values: one representing the binary number 0 and
the other representing 1. The variable quantity in copper cabling is generally the
voltage or electrical potential.
 Analog Transmission
 Analog signals are commonly used in communication systems that convey voice,
data, image, signal, or video information using a continuous signal. There are two
basic kinds of analog transmission, which are both based on how they adapt data to
combine an input signal with a carrier signal.

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  Asynchronous Transmission

Asynchronous transmission is a type of data transmission which works on

start and stop bits. In Asynchronous transmission, each character
contains its start and stop bit and irregular interval of time between them

Asynchronous transmission is also referred to as start and stop transmission. It

sends data from the transmitter to the receiver using the flow control approach
and synchronizes data between the source and destination without utilizing a
clock. This transmission technique sends 8 bits or one letter at a time.

 Synchronous Transmission

Synchronous transmission is a method of sending large amounts of

data. It is widely regarded as an effective and dependable method of
data transfer. During synchronous transmission, the clocks of the
sender and receiver are unified, and data transmission occurs between
the two without an interval.

Because the volume of data being transmitted is relatively large, data

signals are streamed continuously, accompanied by timing signals.
Each character has start and stop bits, which show how they should be
combined into data frames.

The first part of a data frame contains a set of synchronization

characters that notify the receiver that data has been received. For the
data to be transmitted correctly, both the sender and the receiver must
be synced. This is another function performed by the synchronization
characters.

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  Modes of communication
The Transmission mode is divided into three categories:
 Simplex mode.
 Half-duplex mode.
 Full-duplex mode.
 Simplex mode.
In simplex transmission mode, the communication between sender
and receiver occurs in only one direction. The sender can only send
the data, and the receiver can only receive the data. The receiver
cannot reply to the sender.
 Advantages of Simplex mode
 The main advantage is that the full capacity of the communication
channel can be utilised during transmission.
 In simplex mode, the station can utilize the entire bandwidth of the
communication channel, so that more data can be transmitted at a
time.
 Disadvantages of simplex mode
The only disadvantage of simplex is that the communication
is unidirectional. So it has no inter-communication between
devices.

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  Half - duplex mode.
In half-duplex mode, Sender can send the data and also can
receive the data one at a time. It is two-way directional
communication but one at a time. Full duplex mode: In full-
duplex mode, Sender can send the data and also can receive the
data simultaneously.
In a half-duplex or semiduplex system, both parties can communicate
with each other, but not simultaneously; the communication is one
direction at a time. An example of a half- duplex device is a walkie-
talkie, a two-way radio that has a push- to-talk button.
 Advantages of Half – duplex mode
The advantage of half-duplex mode is that in half-duplex mode,
both the devices can send and receive the data and also can
utilise the entire bandwidth of the communication channel during
the transmission of data.

 Disadvantages of Half – duplex mode

The disadvantage of half-duplex mode is that in half-duplex
mode, when one device is sending the data, then another has to
wait, this causes the delay in sending the data at the right time.

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  Full – duplex mode.
Full-duplex data transmission means that data can be transmitted in
both directions on a signal carrier at the same time. For example, on
a local area network with a technology that has full-duplex
transmission, one workstation can be sending data on the line while
another workstation is receiving data.
A commonplace example of full duplex communications is a
telephone call where both parties can communicate at the same time.
Half duplex, by comparison, would be a walkie-talkie conversation
where the two parties take turns in speaking.
 Advantages of Full - duplex mode
 The advantage of Full-duplex mode is that both the stations can
send and receive the data at the same time.
 Disadvantages of Full – duplex mode
 The disadvantage of Full-duplex mode is that if no dedicated path
exists between the devices, then the capacity of the
communication channel is divided into two parts.

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  Commonly used communication channels.

Communication Channels

Communication is central to all meaningful collaboration and teamwork.

Communication keeps a whole organization moving. There are different
ways we can communicate such as written communication, verbal
communication, non-verbal communication and visual communication.

It is important that whatever type of communication we choose, the

information needs to be conveyed effectively. Various modes or medium to
transmit and receive the information is referred as “communication
channels”.

Number of communication channels

There has to be a direct channel between any of the 2 people involved in a

communication. The number of direct channels which can exist with “N”
number of stakeholders will be “N(N-1)/2”. As the number of stakeholder
increases in a team, the number of channels increases much faster. The
high number of channels can make communication very complex.

There are number of different types of communication channels exist

as listed below:

1. Face-to-face conversations
2. Videoconferencing
3. Audio conferencing
4. Emails
5. Written letters and memos
6. Chats and messaging
7. Blogs
8. Formal written documents
9. Spreadsheets etc.

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  Network devices (Repeater, HUB, Bridge, &Router).

Network Devices: Network devices, also known as networking hardware,

are physical devices that allow hardware on a computer network to
communicate and interact with one another. For example Repeater, Hub,
Bridge, Switch, Routers, Gateway, Brouter, and NIC, etc.

A repeater is a powerful network hardware device that regenerates an

incoming signal from the sender before retransmitting it to the receiver. It is
1. Repeater
also known as– A repeater
a signal operates
booster, and itathelps
the physical layer.
in extending theIts job is toarea of
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regenerate the Incoming
signal overdata
thecan be innetwork
same optical,before
wireless orsignal
the electrical signals.too
becomes It
worksoratcorrupted
weak the physical layer the
to extend of the OSI to
length model.
which the signal can be
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When theisincoming
repeaters that theysignals
not onlyareamplify
attenuated, it copies
the signal themregenerate
but also bit by bit it.
and
retransmits them at their original strength. It is used for longer-distance data
When the signal becomes weak, they copy it bit by bit and regenerate it at
transmission without compromising data security or quality.
its star topology connectors connecting following the original strength. It is
Repeaters are two-port devices.
a 2-port device.
Let's understand about repeaters with an example:
Assume that one person communicates with the other using a one-to- one
communication device such as a walkie talkie. If there is a clear path between
the two points, the data can be transmitted successfully. If there is a hill or
mountain in the way, the data cannot be delivered flawlessly.

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Why are Repeaters needed?
Here are some of the reasons why repeaters are needed.
 Repeaters are used to amplify the signal and transmit it at a
higher power level.

 It acts as a bridge between different network standards.

 It helps in increasing network coverage by connecting various

network segments.

 It increases the distance networks can travel over a network

cable.

Features of Repeaters in Computer Network

 It strengthens the system signals by transmitting signals to the
weaker locations.

 The Repeaters can continuously monitor the signals generated

between the two LANs.

 Repeaters can help with networking flexibility.

 All of the Repeaters are linked together using an IP site

connection network. Any problem in the repeater network can be
quickly resolved by using that IP network.

 Repeaters do not necessitate any additional processing. The only

time they need to be investigated is when performance suffers.

 Signals can be connected using various types of cables by

using repeaters

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  HUB
 A hub is a physical layer networking device which is used to
connect multiple devices in a network. They are generally used to
connect computers in a LAN.
 A hub has many ports in it. A computer which intends to be
connected to the network is plugged in to one of these ports. When
a data frame arrives at a port, it is broadcast to every other port,
without considering whether it is destined for a particular
destination or not

Types of Hub

There are three types of the hub that are given below:

1. Passive Hub
2. Active Hub
3. Intelligent Hub

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Features of Hub
o It acts with shared bandwidth and broadcasting.
o It includes only one collision domain and broadcast domain.
o It works at the physical layer of the OSI model and also offers
support for half-duplex transmission mode.
o It cannot create a virtual LAN and does not support spanning tree
protocol.
o Furthermore, mainly packet collisions occur inside the hub.
o It also has a feature of flexibility, which means it includes a high
transmission rate to different devices.

Applications of Hub

The important applications of a hub are given below:

o Hub is used to create small home networks.

o It is used for network monitoring.
o They are also used in organizations to provide connectivity.
o It can be used to create a device that is available thought out of
the network.

Advantages of Hub
o It provides support for different types of Network Media.
o It can be used by anyone as it is very cheap.
o It can easily connect many different media types.
o The use of a hub does not impact on the network performance.
o Additionally, it can expand the total distance of the network.

Disadvantages of Hub
o It has no ability to choose the best path of the network.
o It does not include mechanisms such as collision detection.
o It does not operate in full-duplex mode and cannot be divided into
the Segment.
o It cannot reduce the network traffic as it has no mechanism.
o It is not able to filter the information as it transmits packets to all
the connected segments.
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  Bridge
 Bridge in Computer Network:
A bridge in a computer network is a device used to connect multiple
LANs together with a larger Local Area Network (LAN). The mechanism
of network aggregation is known as bridging. The bridge is a physical
or hardware device but operates at the OSI model’s data link layer
and is also known as a layer of two switches.
The primary responsibility of a switch is to examine the incoming
traffic and determine whether to filter or forward it. Basically, a bridge
in computer networks is used to divide network connections into
sections, now each section has separate bandwidth and a separate
collision domain. Here bridge is used to improve network
performance.

 Types of Bridges:
There are three types of bridges in computer networks, which are as
follows:
1. Transparent bridge
2. Source routing bridge
3. Translational bridge

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  Transparent Bridge:

Transparent bridges are invisible to other devices on the network.

This bridge doesn’t reconfigure the network on the addition or
deletion of any station. The prime function of the transparent bridge is
to block or forward the data according to the MAC address.

 Source Routing Bridge:

Source routing bridges were developed and designed by IBM

specifically for token ring networks. The frame’s entire route is
embedded with the data frames by the source station to perform the
routing operation so that once the frame is forwarded it must follow a
specific defined path/route.

Translational Bridge:

Translational bridges convert the received data from one networking

system to another. Or it is used to communicate or transmit data
between two different types of networking systems. Like if we are
sending data from a token ring to an Ethernet cable, the translational
cable will be used to connect both the networking system and
transmit data.
 Advantages:
 Bridges can be used as a network extension like they can
connect two network topologies together.
 It has a separate collision domain, which results in increased
bandwidth.
 It can create a buffer when different MAC protocols are there
for different segments.
 Highly reliable and maintainable. The network can be divided
into multiple LAN segments.
 Simple installation, no requirement of any extra hardware or
software except the bridge itself.
 Protocol transparency is higher as compared to other
protocols.

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 Disadvantages:
 Expensive as compared to hubs and repeaters.
 Slow in speed.
 Poor performance as additional processing is required to view
the MAC address of the device on the network.
 As the traffic received is in bulk or is broadcasted traffic,
individual filtering of data is not possible.
 During the broadcasting of data, the network has high
broadcast traffic and broadcast storms can be formed.

 Functions of Bridges in the Network

 The bridge is used to divide LANs into multiple segments.
 To control the traffic in the network.
 It can interconnect two LANs with a similar protocols.
 It can filter the data based on destination/MAC address

 Router
 A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched
networks or subnetworks. It serves two primary functions:
managing traffic between these networks by forwarding data
packets to their intended IP addresses, and allowing multiple
devices to use the same Internet connection.
 There are several types of routers, but most routers pass data
between LANs (local area networks) and WANs (wide area
networks). A LAN is a group of connected devices restricted to a
specific geographic area. A LAN usually requires a single router.
 A WAN, by contrast, is a large network spread out over a vast
geographic area. Large organizations and companies that
operate in multiple locations across the country, for instance,
will need separate LANs for each location, which then connect
to the other LANs to form a WAN. Because a WAN is distributed
over a large area, it often necessitates multiple routers and
switches

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  Types of routers:
Wired and wireless routers
These routers are mostly used in homes and small offices. Wired routers share
data over cables and create wired local area networks (LANs), while wireless
routers use antennas to share data and create wireless local area networks
(WLANs).
 Features of Routers
 A router is a layer 3 or network layer device.
 It connects different networks together and sends data
packets from one network to another.
 A router can be used both in LANs (Local Area Networks)
and WANs (Wide Area Networks).
 It transfers data in the form of IP packets. In order to transmit
data, it uses IP address mentioned in the destination field
of the IP packet.
 Routers have a routing table in it that is refreshed periodically
according to the changes in the network. In order to
transmit data packets, it consults the table and uses a routing
protocol.
 In order to prepare or refresh the routing table, routers
share information among each other.
 Routers provide protection against broadcast storms.
 Routers are more expensive than other networking devices
like hubs, bridges and switches.
 Routers are manufactured by some popular companies like −

o Cisco

o D-Link

o HP

o 3Com

o Juniper

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 Advantages of Router :

1. Security –
Having a Routers is unquestionably an initial move towards
making sure about an organization association. Since
interfacing with the web straightforwardly with a modem
opens your PC to assortment of security dangers.
Subsequently, switches can be utilized as a transitionally
between 2 organizations so the climate is secure somewhat.
While this isn’t a trade for an antivirus or a firewall, positively
it is commendable.

2. Dynamic Routing –
For encouraging internetwork correspondence, the Routers
utilizes dynamic directing strategies. Dynamic directing
decides the best way accessible for the internetwork. And
further more it makes broadcast and impact areas. This would
overall be able to diminish the organization traffic.

3. Bundle Filtering –
Different administrations of Routers incorporates bundle
exchanging and parcel separating Routers channel the
organization utilizing a bunch of separating rules. As per this
standards the bundles are either permitted or gone through.

4. Reinforcement Plan –
On the off chance that in the event that one of the outside
organization segments ends up falling flat, switches utilize
elective parts for staying away from issues in directing
rush hour gridlock. Associations particularly of huge scope
take utilization of this to oversee traffic effectively.

5. NAT Usage –
Routers take utilization of Network Address Translation
(NAT). With NAT Routers can share the association by
utilizing single public IP address and portion of UDP ports.

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 Additionally it is practically unimaginable for huge
organizations to associate with the web without
NAT.

6. Reconciliations –
Routers can normally be coordinated with modems. This
guarantees that Wireless Access Points are given to make
little organizations.

 Disadvantages of Router :

1. Speed –
In contrast to repeaters and scaffolds, Routers doesn’t simply
peruse 2 layers of information’s. It totally investigates
information from physical to arrange layer. Subsequently the
association could turn out to be moderate. Also utilizing
switches, numerous PCs can share the organization for which
the switch goes through a circumstance known as
“Connection Wait”. This perhaps eases back the association
more.

2. Cost Routers –
Are expensive more than some other systems administration
gadgets. This incorporates center point, extension and
security. Accordingly, Routers are not generally the best
choice regarding cost.

3. Similarity –
There is likewise a similarity issues for the Routers
particularly for the 5GHz recurrence. Except if your PC and its
connectors do uphold designs of 5GHz recurrence you can’t
get its advantages. Subsequently, you ought to think about
going for a more less expensive Routers.

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4. Unwavering quality –
Not all the time switches are dependable. Still some cutting
edge gadgets utilize 2.4GHz range which often gets
disengaged. Most now and again these sorts of separations
are capable by individuals living in pads and condos.

5. Usage –
An average Routers requires heaps of beginning
arrangements and NAT to arrangement. And furthermore in
any event, for the easiest association there should be a private
IP address doled out. On the off chance that there are more
administrations empowered it needs more designs too. This
fundamentally makes more complexities in the arrangement.

6. Data transmission Shortage –

Dynamic directing methods are utilized by the switches for
the correspondence purposes. This conceivably causes
additionally organizing overheads. Systems administration
overheads devour huge measure of transmission capacities
bringing about transfer speed deficiencies. Moreover for
keeping up steering tables, switches routinely update on the
organization. This also can cause data transfer capacity
utilization.

7. Convention Support –
Routers just does it tasks utilizing routable conventions. A
convention that is routable can give remarkable IP delivers to the
gadgets so it very well may be recognized across networks.

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  Aaloge and Digital Signals
 Analog and digital signals are the types of signals
carrying information. The major difference between both
signals is that the analog signals have continuous
electrical signals, while digital signals have non-continuous
electrical signals. The difference between analog and
digital signal can be observed with the examples of
different types of waves.

What Are Analog Signals?

Analog signals were used in many systems to produce signals
to carry information. These signals are continuous in both
values and time. The use of analog signals has declined with
the arrival of digital signals. In short, to understand analog
signals – all signals that are natural or come naturally are
analog signals.
 Features of Analog signals
 These sort of electronic signals are time-varying.
 lowest and highest values which is either positive or negative.
 It are often either periodic or non-periodic.
 Analog Signal works on continuous data.

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 The accuracy of the analog signal isn’t high in comparison to the digital
signal.

28
  It helps you to live natural or physical values.
Analog signal output form is like Curve, Line, or Graph, so it’s going to not be
meaningful to all or any
 Analog Signal Advantage:
 Analog signal’s prime advantage is the infinite
data that they have.
 The data density is very high.
 These signals use less bandwidth.
 The accuracy is another advantage of Analog signals.
 Processing Analog signals is easy.
 They are less expensive.
 Analog Signal Disadvantage:
 The biggest disadvantage is distortion due to noise.
 The transmission rate is slow.
 The transmission quality is low.
 Data can be corrupted easily, and encryption is
very difficult.
 Not easily portable, as analog wires are expensive.
 Synchronization is difficult.

What Are Digital Signals?

Unlike analog signals, digital signals are not continuous, but

signals are discrete in value and time. These signals are
represented by binary numbers and consist of different
voltage values.

 Features of Digital Signals

Here, are essential features of Digital signals

 Digital signals are time separated signals.

 This type of electronic l signals can be processed and transmitted better
compared to analog signal.
 Digital signals are versatile, so it is widely used.
 The accuracy of the digital signal is better than that of the analog signal.
 It contains finite numbers, i.e., 0 and 1.
 It doesn't give any observational error as digital; instruments don't
include any scale

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 Digital Signal Advantage:
 Digital signals are reliable and distortion due to noise is negligible.
 They are flexible, and system upgrade is easier.
 They can be transported easily and are less expensive.
 The security is better and can be encrypted and compressed
easily.
 The digital signals are easier to edit, manipulate, and configure.
 They can be cascaded without loading issues.
 They are free from observational errors.
 They can be stored easily in magnetic media.
 Digital Signal Disadvantage:
 Digital signals use high bandwidth.
 They require detection, require the communications system to be
synchronized.
 Bit errors are possible.
 Processing is complex.

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 Difference between Analog & Digital Signals

Analog signals Digital signals

Analog signals are difficult to get analysed at first. Digital signals are easy to analyse.

Analog signals are more accurate than digital Digital signals are less accurate.
signals.

Analog signals take time to be stored. It has Digital signals can be easily stored.
infinite memory.

To record an analog signal, the technique used, In recording digital signal, the sample signals
preserves the original signals. are taken and preserved.

There is a continuous representation of signals in There is a discontinuous representation of

analog signals. signals in digital signals.

Analog signals produce too much noise. Digital signals do not produce noise.

Examples of analog signals are Human voice, Examples of digital signals are Computers,
Thermometer, Analog phones etc. Digital Phones, Digital pens, etc.

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