Cavalry

11/06/2023, 10:34 Cavalry - Wikipedia
Cavalry
Historically, cavalry (from the French word
cavalerie, itself derived from "cheval" meaning
"horse") are soldiers or warriors who fight mounted
on horseback. Cavalry were the most mobile of the
combat arms, operating as light cavalry in the roles
of reconnaissance, screening, and skirmishing in
many armies, or as heavy cavalry for decisive shock
attacks in other armies. An individual soldier in the
cavalry is known by a number of designations
depending on era and tactics, such as
cavalryman, horseman, trooper, cataphract,
knight, drabant, hussar, uhlan, mamluk, cuirassier,
lancer, dragoon, or horse archer. The designation of
cavalry was not usually given to any military forces
that used other animals for mounts, such as camels French 4th Hussars at the Battle of Friedland,
or elephants. Infantry who moved on horseback, 1807
but dismounted to fight on foot, were known in the
early 17th to the early 18th century as dragoons, a
class of mounted infantry which in most armies
later evolved into standard cavalry while retaining
their historic designation.
Cavalry had the advantage of improved mobility,

and a soldier fighting from horseback also had the
advantages of greater height, speed, and inertial
mass over an opponent on foot. Another element of
horse mounted warfare is the psychological impact
a mounted soldier can inflict on an opponent.
The speed, mobility, and shock value of cavalry was

greatly appreciated and exploited in armed forces A trumpeter of the Representative Cavalry
in the Ancient and Middle Ages; some forces were Squadron in the Polish Army
mostly cavalry, particularly in nomadic societies of
Asia, notably the Huns of Attila and the later
Mongol armies.[1] In Europe, cavalry became increasingly armoured (heavy), and eventually
evolving into the mounted knights of the medieval period. During the 17th century, cavalry in
Europe discarded most of its armor, which was ineffective against the muskets and cannons that
were coming into common use, and by the mid-18th century armor had mainly fallen into
obsolescence, although some regiments retained a small thickened cuirass that offered protection
against lances, sabres, and bayonets; including some protection against a shot from distance.
In the interwar period, while some cavalry still served during World War II (notably in the Red
Army, the Mongolian People's Army, the Royal Italian Army, the Royal Hungarian Army, the
Romanian Army, the Polish Land Forces, and light reconnaissance units within the Waffen SS)
many cavalry units were converted into motorized infantry and mechanized infantry units, or
reformed as tank troops. The cavalry tank or cruiser tank was one designed with a speed and
purpose beyond that of infantry tanks and would subsequently develop into the main battle tank.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry#Indian_subcontinent 1/41
Most cavalry units that are horse-mounted in modern armies serve in purely ceremonial roles, or
as mounted infantry in difficult terrain such as mountains or heavily forested areas. Modern usage
of the term generally refers to units performing the role of reconnaissance, surveillance, and target
acquisition (analogous to historical light cavalry) or main battle tank units (analogous to historical
heavy cavalry).
Role
Historically, cavalry was divided into light cavalry and heavy cavalry.
The differences were their roles in combat, the size of their mounts,
and how much armor was worn by the mount and rider.
Heavy cavalry, such as Byzantine cataphracts and knights of the Early

Middle Ages in Europe, were used as shock troops, charging the main
body of the enemy at the height of a battle; in many cases their actions
decided the outcome of the battle, hence the later term battle
cavalry.[2] Light cavalry, such as horse archers, hussars, and Cossack
cavalry, were assigned all the numerous roles that were ill-suited to
more narrowly-focused heavy forces. This includes scouting, deterring
enemy scouts, foraging, raiding, skirmishing, pursuit of retreating
enemy forces, screening of retreating friendly forces, linking separated
friendly forces, and countering enemy light forces in all these same
roles. the heavy cavalry were more respected. A Polish winged hussar
Light and heavy cavalry roles continued through early modern

warfare, but armor was reduced, with light cavalry mostly unarmored. Yet many cavalry units still
retained cuirasses and helmets for their protective value against sword and bayonet strikes, and
the morale boost these provide to the wearers, despite these giving little protection from firearms.
By this time the main difference between light and heavy cavalry was their training and weight; the
former was regarded as best suited for harassment and reconnaissance, while the latter was
considered best for close-order charges. By the start of the 20th century, as total battlefield
firepower increased, all cavalry tended to become dragoons in practice, riding mounted between
battles, but dismounting to act as infantry during any battle, even if many retained their unit
names that reflected their older cavalry roles.
With the development of armored warfare, the heavy cavalry role of decisive shock troops had
been taken over by armored units employing medium and heavy tanks, and later main battle
tanks.[3] Despite horse-born cavalry becoming obsolete, the term cavalry is still used, referring in
modern times to units continuing to fulfill the traditional light cavalry roles, employing fast
armored cars, light tanks, and infantry fighting vehicles instead of horses, while air cavalry
employs helicopters.
Early history
Origins
Before the Iron Age, the role of cavalry on the battlefield was largely performed by light chariots.
The chariot originated with the Sintashta-Petrovka culture in Central Asia and spread by nomadic
or semi-nomadic Indo-Iranians.[4] The chariot was quickly adopted by settled peoples both as a
military technology and an object of ceremonial status, especially by the pharaohs of the New
Kingdom of Egypt from 1550 BC as well as the Assyrian army and Babylonian royalty.[5]
The power of mobility given by mounted units was recognized

early on, but was offset by the difficulty of raising large forces
and by the inability of horses (then mostly small) to carry
heavy armor. Nonetheless, there are indications that, from the
15th century BC onwards, horseback riding was practiced
amongst the military elites of the great states of the ancient
Near East, most notably those in Egypt, Assyria, the Hittite
Empire, and Mycenaean Greece.[6]
Assyrian cavalry
Cavalry techniques, and the rise of true cavalry, were an
innovation of equestrian nomads of the Central Asian and
Iranian steppe and pastoralist tribes such as the Iranic Parthians and Sarmatians. Together with a
core of armoured lancers,[7] these were predominately horse archers using the Parthian shot
tactic.[8]
The photograph straight above shows Assyrian cavalry from reliefs of

865–860 BC. At this time, the men had no spurs, saddles, saddle
cloths, or stirrups. Fighting from the back of a horse was much more
difficult than mere riding. The cavalry acted in pairs; the reins of the
mounted archer were controlled by his neighbour's hand. Even at this
early time, cavalry used swords, shields, spears, and bows. The
sculpture implies two types of cavalry, but this might be a
simplification by the artist. Later images of Assyrian cavalry show
saddle cloths as primitive saddles, allowing each archer to control his
own horse.[9]
Parthian horseman, now on
As early as 490 BC a breed of large horses was bred in the Nisaean display at the Palazzo
plain in Media to carry men with increasing amounts of armour Madama, Turin
(Herodotus 7,40 & 9,20), but large horses were still very exceptional
at this time. By the fourth century BC the Chinese during the Warring
States period (403–221 BC) began to use cavalry against rival states,[10] and by 331 BC when
Alexander the Great defeated the Persians the use of chariots in battle was obsolete in most
nations; despite a few ineffective attempts to revive scythed chariots. The last recorded use of
chariots as a shock force in continental Europe was during the Battle of Telamon in 225 BC.[11]
However, chariots remained in use for ceremonial purposes such as carrying the victorious general
in a Roman triumph, or for racing.
Outside of mainland Europe, the southern Britons met Julius Caesar with chariots in 55 and 54
BC, but by the time of the Roman conquest of Britain a century later chariots were obsolete, even
in Britannia. The last mention of chariot use in Britain was by the Caledonians at the Mons
Graupius, in 84 AD.
Ancient Greece: city-states, Thebes, Thessaly and Macedonia
During the classical Greek period cavalry were usually limited to those citizens who could afford
expensive war-horses. Three types of cavalry became common: light cavalry, whose riders, armed
with javelins, could harass and skirmish; heavy cavalry, whose troopers, using lances, had the
ability to close in on their opponents; and finally those whose equipment allowed them to fight
either on horseback or foot. The role of horsemen did however remain secondary to that of the
hoplites or heavy infantry who comprised the main strength of the citizen levies of the various city
states.[12]
Cavalry played a relatively minor role in ancient Greek city-states,

with conflicts decided by massed armored infantry. However, Thebes
produced Pelopidas, their first great cavalry commander, whose
tactics and skills were absorbed by Philip II of Macedon when Philip
was a guest-hostage in Thebes. Thessaly was widely known for
producing competent cavalrymen,[13] and later experiences in wars
both with and against the Persians taught the Greeks the value of
cavalry in skirmishing and pursuit. The Athenian author and soldier
Xenophon in particular advocated the creation of a small but well-
trained cavalry force; to that end, he wrote several manuals on
horsemanship and cavalry operations.[14]
The Macedonian Kingdom in the north, on the other hand, developed

Warrior's departure; an
a strong cavalry force that culminated in the hetairoi (Companion
Athenian amphora dated
cavalry)[15] of Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great. In 550–540 BC
addition to these heavy cavalry, the Macedonian army also employed
lighter horsemen[16] called prodromoi for scouting and screening, as
well as the Macedonian pike phalanx and various kinds of light infantry. There were also the
Ippiko (or "Horserider"), Greek "heavy" cavalry, armed with kontos (or cavalry lance), and sword.
These wore leather armour or mail plus a helmet. They were medium rather than heavy cavalry,
meaning that they were better suited to be scouts, skirmishers, and pursuers rather than front line
fighters. The effectiveness of this combination of cavalry and infantry helped to break enemy lines
and was most dramatically demonstrated in Alexander's conquests of Persia, Bactria, and
northwestern India.[17]
Roman Republic and Early Empire
The cavalry in the early Roman Republic remained the preserve of the
wealthy landed class known as the equites—men who could afford the
expense of maintaining a horse in addition to arms and armor heavier
than those of the common legions. Horses were provided by the
Republic and could be withdrawn if neglected or misused, together
with the status of being a cavalryman.[18]
As the class grew to be more of a social elite instead of a functional

property-based military grouping, the Romans began to employ
Italian socii for filling the ranks of their cavalry.[19] The weakness of
Roman cavalry was demonstrated by Hannibal Barca during the
Second Punic War where he used his superior mounted forces to win
several battles. The most notable of these was the Battle of Cannae,
where he inflicted a catastrophic defeat on the Romans. At about the Tombstone of a Roman
same time the Romans began to recruit foreign auxiliary cavalry from auxiliary trooper from
among Gauls, Iberians, and Numidians, the last being highly valued as Cologne, Germany. Second
mounted skirmishers and scouts (see Numidian cavalry). Julius half of the first century AD
Caesar had a high opinion of his escort of Germanic mixed cavalry,
giving rise to the Cohortes Equitatae. Early emperors maintained an
ala of Batavian cavalry as their personal bodyguards until the unit was dismissed by Galba after
the Batavian Rebellion.[20]
For the most part, Roman cavalry during the early Republic functioned as an adjunct to the
legionary infantry and formed only one-fifth of the standing force comprising a consular army.
Except in times of major mobilisation about 1,800 horsemen were maintained, with three hundred
attached to each legion.[21] The relatively low ratio of horsemen to infantry does not mean that the
utility of cavalry should be underestimated, as its strategic role in scouting, skirmishing, and
outpost duties was crucial to the Romans' capability to conduct operations over long distances in
hostile or unfamiliar territory. On some occasions Roman cavalry also proved its ability to strike a
decisive tactical blow against a weakened or unprepared enemy, such as the final charge at the
Battle of Aquilonia.[22]
After defeats such as the Battle of Carrhae, the Romans learned the importance of large cavalry
formations from the Parthians.[23] At the same time heavy spears and shields modelled on those
favoured by the horsemen of the Greek city-states were adopted to replace the lighter weaponry of
early Rome.[24] These improvements in tactics and equipment reflected those of a thousand years
earlier when the first Iranians to reach the Iranian Plateau forced the Assyrians to undertake
similar reform. Nonetheless, the Romans would continue to rely mainly on their heavy infantry
supported by auxiliary cavalry.
Late Roman Empire and the Migration Period
In the army of the late Roman Empire, cavalry played an increasingly

important role. The Spatha, the classical sword throughout most of
the 1st millennium was adopted as the standard model for the
Empire's cavalry forces. By the 6th century these had evolved into
lengthy straight weapons influenced by Persian and other eastern
patterns.[25]
The most widespread employment of heavy cavalry at this time was

found in the forces of the Iranian empires, the Parthians and their
Persian Sasanian successors. Both, but especially the former, were
famed for the cataphract (fully armored cavalry armed with lances)
even though the majority of their forces consisted of lighter horse
archers. The West first encountered this eastern heavy cavalry during
the Hellenistic period with further intensive contacts during the eight Reenactor as a Roman
centuries of the Roman–Persian Wars. At first the Parthians' mobility auxiliary cavalryman
greatly confounded the Romans, whose armoured close-order infantry
proved unable to match the speed of the Parthians. However, later the
Romans would successfully adapt such heavy armor and cavalry tactics by creating their own units
of cataphracts and clibanarii.[26]
The decline of the Roman infrastructure made it more difficult to field large infantry forces, and
during the 4th and 5th centuries cavalry began to take a more dominant role on the European
battlefield, also in part made possible by the appearance of new, larger breeds of horses. The
replacement of the Roman saddle by variants on the Scythian model, with pommel and cantle,[27]
was also a significant factor as was the adoption of stirrups and the concomitant increase in
stability of the rider's seat. Armored cataphracts began to be deployed in eastern Europe and the
Near East, following the precedents established by Persian forces, as the main striking force of the
armies in contrast to the earlier roles of cavalry as scouts, raiders, and outflankers.[28]
The late-Roman cavalry tradition of organized units in a standing army differed fundamentally
from the nobility of the Germanic invaders—individual warriors who could afford to provide their
own horses and equipment. While there was no direct linkage with these predecessors the early
medieval knight also developed as a member of a social and martial elite, able to meet the
considerable expenses required by his role from grants of land and other incomes.[29]
Asia
Central Asia
Xiongnu, Tujue, Avars, Kipchaks, Khitans, Mongols, Don

Cossacks and the various Turkic peoples are also examples of
the horse-mounted groups that managed to gain substantial
successes in military conflicts with settled agrarian and urban
societies, due to their strategic and tactical mobility. As
European states began to assume the character of bureaucratic
nation-states supporting professional standing armies,
recruitment of these mounted warriors was undertaken in
Chinese caltrop jar
order to fill the strategic roles of scouts and raiders.
The best known instance of the continued employment of

mounted tribal auxiliaries were the Cossack cavalry regiments
of the Russian Empire. In Eastern Europe, and out onto the
steppes, cavalry remained important much longer and
dominated the scene of warfare until the early 17th century and
even beyond, as the strategic mobility of cavalry was crucial for
the semi-nomadic pastoralist lives that many steppe cultures
led. Tibetans also had a tradition of cavalry warfare, in several
military engagements with the Chinese Tang dynasty (618–907
AD). Mongols at war 14th century
Khanates of Central Asia
Mongol mounted archer of Tatar vanguard in Eastern

Genghis Khan late 12th Europe 13th–14th centuries.
century.
East Asia
China
An Eastern Han glazed ceramic statue of a horse with bridle and halter headgear, from Sichuan, late 2nd
century to early 3rd century AD
Further east, the military history of China, specifically northern China, held a long tradition of
intense military exchange between Han Chinese infantry forces of the settled dynastic empires and
the mounted nomads or "barbarians" of the north. The naval history of China was centered more
to the south, where mountains, rivers, and large lakes necessitated the employment of a large and
well-kept navy.
In 307 BC, King Wuling of Zhao, the ruler of the former state of Jin, ordered his commanders and
troops to adopt the trousers of the nomads as well as practice the nomads' form of mounted
archery to hone their new cavalry skills.[10]
The adoption of massed cavalry in China also broke the

tradition of the chariot-riding Chinese aristocracy in battle,
which had been in use since the ancient Shang dynasty
(c. 1600–1050 BC).[30] By this time large Chinese infantry-
based armies of 100,000 to 200,000 troops were now
buttressed with several hundred thousand mounted cavalry in
support or as an effective striking force.[31] The handheld
pistol-and-trigger crossbow was invented in China in the
fourth century BC;[32] it was written by the Song dynasty
scholars Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide in their
book Wujing Zongyao (1044 AD) that massed missile fire by
A bas-relief of a soldier and horse
crossbowmen was the most effective defense against enemy
with saddle and stirrups, from the
cavalry charges.[33] tomb of Chinese Emperor Taizong
of Tang (r 626–649), c 650
On many occasions the Chinese studied nomadic cavalry
tactics and applied the lessons in creating their own potent
cavalry forces, while in others they simply recruited the tribal horsemen wholesale into their
armies; and in yet other cases nomadic empires proved eager to enlist Chinese infantry and
engineering, as in the case of the Mongol Empire and its sinicized part, the Yuan dynasty (1279–
1368). The Chinese recognized early on during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) that they were
at a disadvantage in lacking the number of horses the northern nomadic peoples mustered in their
armies. Emperor Wu of Han (r 141–87 BC) went to war with the Dayuan for this reason, since the
Dayuan were hoarding a massive amount of tall, strong, Central Asian bred horses in the
Hellenized–Greek region of Fergana (established slightly earlier by Alexander the Great).
Although experiencing some defeats early on in the campaign, Emperor Wu's war from 104 BC to
102 BC succeeded in gathering the prized tribute of horses from Fergana.
Cavalry tactics in China were enhanced by the invention of the saddle-attached stirrup by at least
the 4th century, as the oldest reliable depiction of a rider with paired stirrups was found in a Jin
dynasty tomb of the year 322 AD.[34][35][36] The Chinese invention of the horse collar by the 5th
century was also a great improvement from the breast harness,

allowing the horse to haul greater weight without heavy burden on its
skeletal structure.[37][38]
Korea
The horse warfare of Korea was first started during the ancient
Korean kingdom Gojoseon. Since at least the 3rd century BC, there
was influence of northern nomadic peoples and Yemaek peoples on
Korean warfare. By roughly the first century BC, the ancient kingdom
of Buyeo also had mounted warriors.[39] The cavalry of Goguryeo, one
of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, were called Gaemamusa (개마무사,
The Qianlong Emperor in 鎧馬武士), and were renowned as a fearsome heavy cavalry force. King
ceremonial armor on Gwanggaeto the Great often led expeditions into the Baekje, Gaya
horseback, painted by confederacy, Buyeo, Later Yan and against Japanese invaders with his
Giuseppe Castiglione, cavalry.[40]
dated 1739 or 1758
In the 12th century, Jurchen tribes began to violate the Goryeo–
Jurchen borders, and eventually invaded Goryeo Korea. After
experiencing the invasion by the Jurchen, Korean general Yun Gwan realized that Goryeo lacked
efficient cavalry units. He reorganized the Goryeo military into a professional army that would
contain decent and well-trained cavalry units. In 1107, the Jurchen were ultimately defeated, and
surrendered to Yun Gwan. To mark the victory, General Yun built nine fortresses to the northeast
of the Goryeo–Jurchen borders (동북 9성, 東北九城).
Japan
The ancient Japanese of the Kofun period also adopted cavalry and
equine culture by the 5th century AD. The emergence of the samurai
aristocracy led to the development of armoured horse archers,
themselves to develop into charging lancer cavalry as gunpowder
weapons rendered bows obsolete. Japanese cavalry was largely made
up of landowners who would be upon a horse to better survey the
troops they were called upon to bring to an engagement, rather than
traditional mounted warfare seen in other cultures with massed
cavalry units.
An example is Yabusame ( 流鏑馬 ), a type of mounted archery in

traditional Japanese archery. An archer on a running horse shoots A mounted samurai with
three special "turnip-headed" arrows successively at three wooden bow and arrows, wearing a
horned helmet. c. 1878
targets.
This style of archery has its origins at the beginning of the Kamakura
period. Minamoto no Yoritomo became alarmed at the lack of archery skills his samurai had. He
organized yabusame as a form of practice. Currently, the best places to see yabusame performed
are at the Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū in Kamakura and Shimogamo Shrine in Kyoto (during Aoi
Matsuri in early May). It is also performed in Samukawa and on the beach at Zushi, as well as
other locations.
Kasagake or Kasakake (笠懸, かさがけ lit. "hat shooting") is a type of

Japanese mounted archery. In contrast to yabusame, the types of
targets are various and the archer shoots without stopping the horse.
While yabusame has been played as a part of formal ceremonies,
kasagake has developed as a game or practice of martial arts, focusing
on technical elements of horse archery.
South Asia
Indian subcontinent
In the Indian subcontinent, cavalry played a major role from the

Gupta dynasty (320–600) period onwards. India has also the oldest In the Battle of Ichi-no-Tani,
evidence for the introduction of toe-stirrups.[41] Japanese cavalry moving
down a mountain-side
Indian literature contains numerous references to the mounted
warriors of the Central Asian horse nomads, notably the Sakas,
Kambojas, Yavanas, Pahlavas and Paradas. Numerous Puranic texts refer to a conflict in ancient
India (16th century BC)[42] in which the horsemen of five nations, called the "Five Hordes"
(pañca.ganan) or Kṣatriya hordes (Kṣatriya ganah), attacked and captured the state of Ayudhya
by dethroning its Vedic King Bahu[43]
The Mahabharata, Ramayana, numerous Puranas and some

foreign sources attest that the Kamboja cavalry frequently
played role in ancient wars. V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar
writes: "Both the Puranas and the epics agree that the horses of
the Sindhu and Kamboja regions were of the finest breed, and
that the services of the Kambojas as cavalry troopers were
utilised in ancient wars".[44] J.A.O.S. writes: "Most famous
horses are said to come either from Sindhu or Kamboja; of the
latter (i.e. the Kamboja), the Indian epic Mahabharata speaks
Manuscript illustration of the Battle
of Kurukshetra
among the finest horsemen".[45]
The Mahabharata speaks of the

esteemed cavalry of the Kambojas,
Sakas, Yavanas and Tusharas, all of whom had participated in the
Kurukshetra war under the supreme command of Kamboja ruler
Sudakshin Kamboj.[46]
Mahabharata and Vishnudharmottara Purana pay especial attention

to the Kambojas, Yavansa, Gandharas etc. being
ashva.yuddha.kushalah (expert cavalrymen). [47] In the Mahabharata
war, the Kamboja cavalry along with that of the Sakas, Yavanas is
Coin of Chandragupta II or
reported to have been enlisted by the Kuru king Duryodhana of Vikramaditya, one of the
Hastinapura.[48] most powerful emperors of
the Gupta empire during
Herodotus (c. 484 – c. 425 BC) attests that the Gandarian mercenaries
times referred to as the
(i.e. Gandharans/Kambojans of Gandari Strapy of Achaemenids) Golden Age of India
from the 20th strapy of the Achaemenids were recruited in the army
of emperor Xerxes I (486–465 BC), which he led against the
Hellas.[49] Similarly, the men of the Mountain Land from north of Kabul-River equivalent to
medieval Kohistan (Pakistan), figure in the army of Darius III against

Alexander at Arbela, providing a cavalry force and 15 elephants.[50]
This obviously refers to Kamboja cavalry south of Hindukush.
The Kambojas were famous for their horses, as well as cavalrymen

(asva-yuddha-Kushalah).[51] On account of their supreme position in
horse (Ashva) culture, they were also popularly known as Ashvakas,
i.e. the "horsemen"[52] and their land was known as "Home of
Horses".[53] They are the Assakenoi and Aspasioi of the Classical
writings, and the Ashvakayanas and Ashvayanas in Pāṇini's
Ashtadhyayi. The Assakenoi had faced Alexander with 30,000
infantry, 20,000 cavalry and 30 war elephants.[54] Scholars have
identified the Assakenoi and Aspasioi clans of Kunar and Swat valleys
as a section of the Kambojas.[55] These hardy tribes had offered Rajput warrior on
stubborn resistance to Alexander (c. 326 BC) during latter's campaign horseback
of the Kabul, Kunar and Swat valleys and had even extracted the
praise of the Alexander's historians. These highlanders, designated as
"parvatiya Ayudhajivinah" in Pāṇini's Astadhyayi,[56] were rebellious, fiercely independent and
freedom-loving cavalrymen who never easily yielded to any overlord.[57]
The Sanskrit drama Mudra-rakashas by Visakha Dutta and the Jaina work Parishishtaparvan
refer to Chandragupta's (c. 320 BC – c. 298 BC) alliance with Himalayan king Parvataka. The
Himalayan alliance gave Chandragupta a formidable composite army made up of the cavalry forces
of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Kiratas, Parasikas and Bahlikas as attested by Mudra-Rakashas
(Mudra-Rakshasa 2).[58] These hordes had helped Chandragupta Maurya defeat the ruler of
Magadha and placed Chandragupta on the throne, thus laying the foundations of Mauryan dynasty
in Northern India.
The cavalry of Hunas and the Kambojas is also attested in the Raghu Vamsa epic poem of Sanskrit
poet Kalidasa.[59] Raghu of Kalidasa is believed to be Chandragupta II (Vikaramaditya) (375–
413/15 AD), of the well-known Gupta dynasty.
As late as the mediaeval era, the Kamboja cavalry had also formed part of the Gurjara-Pratihara
armed forces from the eighth to the 10th centuries AD. They had come to Bengal with the
Pratiharas when the latter conquered part of the province.[60][61][62][63][64]
Ancient Kambojas organised military sanghas and shrenis (corporations) to manage their political
and military affairs, as Arthashastra of Kautiliya as well as the Mahabharata record. They are
described as Ayuddha-jivi or Shastr-opajivis (nations-in-arms), which also means that the
Kamboja cavalry offered its military services to other nations as well. There are numerous
references to Kambojas having been requisitioned as cavalry troopers in ancient wars by outside
nations.
Mughal Empire
The Mughal armies (lashkar) were primarily a cavalry force. The elite corps were the ahadi who
provided direct service to the Emperor and acted as guard cavalry. Supplementary cavalry or
dakhilis were recruited, equipped and paid by the central state. This was in contrast to the tabinan
horsemen who were the followers of individual noblemen. Their training and equipment varied
widely but they made up the backbone of the Mughal cavalry. Finally there
were tribal irregulars led by and loyal to tributary chiefs. These included
Hindus, Afghans and Turks summoned for military service when their
autonomous leaders were called on by the Imperial government.[65]
European Middle Ages

As the quality and availability
of heavy infantry declined in
Europe with the fall of the
Roman Empire, heavy cavalry Akbar leads the
became more effective. Infantry Mughal Army
that lack the cohesion and during a
Horse-mounted Normans charging in the Bayeux discipline of tight formations campaign
Tapestry, 11th century are more susceptible to being
broken and scattered by shock
combat—the main role of heavy cavalry, which rose
to become the dominant force on the European battlefield.[66]
As heavy cavalry increased in importance, it became the main focus of military development. The
arms and armour for heavy cavalry increased, the high-backed saddle developed, and stirrups and
spurs were added, increasing the advantage of heavy cavalry even more.[67]
This shift in military importance was reflected in an increasingly hierarchical society as well. From
the late 10th century onwards heavily armed horsemen, milites or knights, emerged as an
expensive elite taking centre stage both on and off the battlefield.[68] This class of aristocratic
warriors was considered the "ultimate" in heavy cavalry: well-equipped with the best weapons,
state-of-the-art armour from head to foot, leading with the lance in battle in a full-gallop, close-
formation "knightly charge" that might prove irresistible, winning the battle almost as soon as it
began.
But knights remained the minority of total available combat

forces; the expense of arms, armour, and horses was only
affordable to a select few. While mounted men-at-arms focused
on a narrow combat role of shock combat, medieval armies
relied on a large variety of foot troops to fulfill all the rest
(skirmishing, flank guards, scouting, holding ground, etc.).
Medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the
knights at the expense of the common soldiers, which led early
students of military history to suppose that heavy cavalry was A 13th-century depiction of a riding
the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields. horse. Note resemblance to the
But well-trained and disciplined infantry could defeat knights. modern Paso Fino
Massed English longbowmen triumphed over French cavalry at

Crécy, Poitiers and Agincourt, while at Gisors (1188), Bannockburn (1314), and Laupen (1339),[69]
foot-soldiers proved they could resist cavalry charges as long as they held their formation. Once
the Swiss developed their pike squares for offensive as well as defensive use, infantry started to
become the principal arm. This aggressive new doctrine gave the Swiss victory over a range of
adversaries, and their enemies found that the only reliable way to defeat them was by the use of an
even more comprehensive combined arms doctrine, as evidenced in the Battle of Marignano. The
introduction of missile weapons that required less skill than the longbow, such as the crossbow
and hand cannon, also helped remove the focus somewhat from cavalry elites to masses of cheap
infantry equipped with easy-to-learn weapons. These missile weapons were very successfully used
in the Hussite Wars, in combination with Wagenburg tactics.
This gradual rise in the dominance of infantry led to the

adoption of dismounted tactics. From the earliest times
knights and mounted men-at-arms had frequently dismounted
to handle enemies they could not overcome on horseback, such
as in the Battle of the Dyle (891) and the Battle of Bremule
(1119), but after the 1350s this trend became more marked with
the dismounted men-at-arms fighting as super-heavy infantry
with two-handed swords and poleaxes. In any case, warfare in
the Middle Ages tended to be dominated by raids and sieges
rather than pitched battles, and mounted men-at-arms rarely A Hussite war wagon: it enabled
had any choice other than dismounting when faced with the peasants to defeat knights
prospect of assaulting a fortified position.
Greater Middle East
Arabs
The Islamic Prophet Muhammad made use of cavalry in many

of his military campaigns including the Expedition of Dhu
Qarad,[70] and the expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha in al-Is
which took place in September, 627 AD, fifth month of 6 AH of
the Islamic calendar.[71]
Early organized Arab mounted forces under the Rashidun

caliphate comprised a light cavalry armed with lance and
sword. Its main role was to attack the enemy flanks and rear.
Arab camelry These relatively lightly armored horsemen formed the most
effective element of the Muslim armies during the later stages
of the Islamic conquest of the Levant. The best use of this
lightly armed fast moving cavalry was revealed at the Battle of Yarmouk (636 AD) in which
Khalid ibn Walid, knowing the skills of his horsemen, used them to turn the tables at every critical
instance of the battle with their ability to engage, disengage, then turn back and attack again from
the flank or rear. A strong cavalry regiment was formed by Khalid ibn Walid which included the
veterans of the campaign of Iraq and Syria. Early Muslim historians have given it the name Tali'a
mutaharrikah(‫)طليعة متحركة‬, or the Mobile guard. This was used as an advance guard and a strong
striking force to route the opposing armies with its greater mobility that give it an upper hand
when maneuvering against any Byzantine army. With this mobile striking force, the conquest of
Syria was made easy.[72]
The Battle of Talas in 751 AD was a conflict between the Arab Abbasid Caliphate and the Chinese
Tang dynasty over the control of Central Asia. Chinese infantry were routed by Arab cavalry near
the bank of the River Talas.
Later Mamluks were trained as cavalry soldiers. Mamluks were to follow the dictates of al-
furusiyya,[73] a code of conduct that included values like courage and generosity but also doctrine
of cavalry tactics, horsemanship, archery and treatment of wounds.
Maghreb
The Islamic Berber states of North Africa employed elite horse mounted cavalry armed with spears
and following the model of the original Arab occupiers of the region. Horse-harness and weapons
were manufactured locally and the six-monthly stipends for horsemen were double those of their
infantry counterparts. During the 8th century Islamic conquest of

Iberia large numbers of horses and riders were shipped from North
Africa, to specialise in raiding and the provision of support for the
massed Berber footmen of the main armies.[74]
Maghrebi traditions of mounted warfare eventually influenced a

number of sub-Saharan African polities in the medieval era. The Esos
of Ikoyi, military aristocrats of the Yoruba peoples, were a notable
manifestation of this phenomenon.[75]
Al-Andalus
A Moroccan with his
Arabian horse along the
Iran Barbary coast
Qizilbash, were a class of Safavid militant warriors in Iran

during the 15th to 18th centuries, who often fought as elite
cavalry.[76][77][78][79]
Kanem-Bu warriors armed with

spears in the retinue of a mounted
war chief. The Earth and Its
Inhabitants, 1892
Manikin of a Safavid Persian Zamburak.

Qizilbash, showing
characteristic red
cap (Sa'dabad
Palace, Tehran).
Ottoman Empire
During its period of greatest expansion, from the 14th to 17th centuries, cavalry formed the
powerful core of the Ottoman armies. Registers dated 1475 record 22,000 Sipahi feudal cavalry
levied in Europe, 17,000 Sipahis recruited from Anatolia, and 3,000 Kapikulu (regular body-guard
cavalry).[80] During the 18th century however the Ottoman mounted troops evolved into light
cavalry serving in the thinly populated regions of the Middle East and North Africa.[81] Such
frontier horsemen were largely raised by local governors and were separate from the main field
armies of the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 19th century modernised Nizam-I Credit
("New Army") regiments appeared, including full-time cavalry units officered from the horse
guards of the Sultan.[82]
Ottoman Sipahi. An Ottoman Mamluk Akinci of the Ottoman Ghazi

cavalryman from Balkans. cavalrymen during
1810, armed with a the Battle of
pistol. Nicopolis. [83]
Renaissance Europe
Ironically, the rise of infantry in the early 16th century coincided
with the "golden age" of heavy cavalry; a French or Spanish army
at the beginning of the century could have up to half its numbers
made up of various kinds of light and heavy cavalry, whereas in
earlier medieval and later 17th-century armies the proportion of
cavalry was seldom more than a quarter.
Knighthood largely lost its military functions and became more

closely tied to social and economic prestige in an increasingly
capitalistic Western society. With the rise of drilled and trained
infantry, the mounted men-at-arms, now sometimes called
gendarmes and often part of the standing army themselves,
adopted the same role as in the Hellenistic age, that of delivering
Knighted cavalry and noblemen, a decisive blow once the battle was already engaged, either by
painting by Jan van Eyck (c. charging the enemy in the flank or attacking their commander-in-
1390–1441) chief.
From the 1550s onwards, the use of

gunpowder weapons solidified infantry's dominance of the battlefield
and began to allow true mass armies to develop. This is closely related
to the increase in the size of armies throughout the early modern
period; heavily armored cavalrymen were expensive to raise and
maintain and it took years to train a skilled horseman or a horse,
while arquebusiers and later musketeers could be trained and kept in
the field at much lower cost, and were much easier to recruit.
The Spanish tercio and later formations relegated cavalry to a

supporting role. The pistol was specifically developed to try to bring
cavalry back into the conflict, together with manoeuvres such as the
caracole. The caracole was not particularly successful, however, and
the charge (whether with lance, sword, or pistol) remained as the Husarz (Polish Hussar) by
primary mode of employment for many types of European cavalry, Józef Brandt
although by this time it was delivered in much deeper formations and
with greater discipline than before. The demi-lancers and the heavily armored sword-and-pistol
reiters were among the types of cavalry whose heyday was in the 16th and 17th centuries. During
this period the Polish Winged hussars were a dominating heavy cavalry force in Eastern Europe
that initially achieved great success against Swedes, Russians, Turks and other, until repeatably
beaten by either combined arms tactics, increase in firepower or beaten in melee with the Drabant
cavalry of the Swedish Empire. From their last engagement in 1702 (at the Battle of Kliszów) until
1776, the obsolete Winged hussars were demoted and largely assigned to ceremonial roles. The
Polish Winged hussars military prowess peaked at the Siege of Vienna in 1683, when hussar
banners participated in the largest cavalry charge in history and successfully repelled the Ottoman
attack.
18th-century Europe and Napoleonic Wars

Cavalry retained an important role in this age of regularization
and standardization across European armies. They remained
the primary choice for confronting enemy cavalry. Attacking an
unbroken infantry force head-on usually resulted in failure, but
extended linear infantry formations were vulnerable to flank or
rear attacks. Cavalry was important at Blenheim (1704),
Rossbach (1757), Marengo (1800), Eylau and Friedland (1807),
Cavalry charge at Eylau, painted by remaining significant throughout the Napoleonic Wars.
Jean-Antoine-Siméon Fort
Even with the increasing
prominence of infantry,
cavalry still had an irreplaceable role in armies, due to their
greater mobility. Their non-battle duties often included
patrolling the fringes of army encampments, with standing
orders to intercept suspected shirkers and deserters as well
as[84]: 257, 266 serving as outpost pickets in advance of the main
body. During battle, lighter cavalry such as hussars and uhlans
might skirmish with other cavalry, attack light infantry, or
charge and either capture enemy artillery or render them
useless by plugging the touchholes with iron spikes. Heavier
cavalry such as cuirassiers, dragoons, and carabiniers usually
charged towards infantry formations or opposing cavalry in
order to rout them. Both light and heavy cavalry pursued
retreating enemies, the point where most battle casualties
occurred.[84]: 266
Portrait of a Dutch cavalry officer at
The greatest cavalry charge of modern history was at the 1807
the Battle of Ekeren
Battle of Eylau, when the entire 11,000-strong French cavalry
reserve, led by Joachim Murat, launched a huge charge on and
through the Russian infantry lines. Cavalry's dominating and menacing presence on the battlefield
was countered by the use of infantry squares. The most notable examples are at the Battle of
Quatre Bras and later at the Battle of Waterloo, the latter which the repeated charges by up to
9,000 French cavalrymen ordered by Michel Ney failed to break the British-Allied army, who had
formed into squares.[85]
Massed infantry, especially those formed in squares were deadly to cavalry, but offered an
excellent target for artillery. Once a bombardment had disordered the infantry formation, cavalry
were able to rout and pursue the scattered foot soldiers. It was not until individual firearms gained
accuracy and improved rates of fire that cavalry was diminished in this role as well. Even then light
cavalry remained an indispensable tool for scouting, screening

the army's movements, and harassing the enemy's supply lines
until military aircraft supplanted them in this role in the early
stages of World War I.
British infantry formed into anti- 19th century

cavalry squares at the Battle of
Quatre Bras
Europe
By the beginning of the 19th century, European

cavalry fell into four main categories:
Cuirassiers, heavy cavalry

Dragoons, originally mounted infantry, but later
regarded as medium cavalry The charge of the Venezuelan First Division's
cavalry at the Battle of Carabobo
Hussars, light cavalry
Lancers or Uhlans, light cavalry, primarily
armed with lances
There were cavalry variations for individual nations

as well: France had the chasseurs à cheval; Prussia
had the Jäger zu Pferde;[86] Bavaria,[87] Saxony
and Austria[88] had the Chevaulegers; and Russia
had Cossacks. Britain, from the mid-18th century,
had Light Dragoons as light cavalry and Dragoons,
Dragoon Guards and Household Cavalry as heavy
cavalry. Only after the end of the Napoleonic wars "The Thin Red Line" at the Battle of Balaclava,
were the Household Cavalry equipped with where the 93rd Regiment held off Russian
cuirasses, and some other regiments were Cavalry
converted to lancers. In the United States Army
prior to 1862 the cavalry were almost always
dragoons. The Imperial Japanese Army had its cavalry uniformed as hussars, but they fought as
dragoons.
In the Crimean War, the Charge of the Light Brigade and the Thin Red Line at the Battle of
Balaclava showed the vulnerability of cavalry, when deployed without effective support.[89]
Franco-Prussian War
During the Franco-Prussian War, at the Battle of Mars-la-Tour in 1870, a Prussian cavalry brigade
decisively smashed the centre of the French battle line, after skilfully concealing their approach.
This event became known as Von Bredow's Death Ride after the brigade commander Adalbert
von Bredow; it would be used in the following decades to argue that massed cavalry charges still
had a place on the modern battlefield.[90]
Imperial expansion
Cavalry found a new role in colonial campaigns (irregular warfare), where modern weapons were
lacking and the slow moving infantry-artillery train or fixed fortifications were often ineffective
against indigenous insurgents (unless the latter offered a fight on an equal footing, as at Tel-el-
Kebir, Omdurman, etc.). Cavalry "flying columns" proved effective, or at least cost-effective, in
many campaigns—although an astute native commander (like Samori

in western Africa, Shamil in the Caucasus, or any of the better Boer
commanders) could turn the tables and use the greater mobility of
their cavalry to offset their relative lack of firepower compared with
European forces.
In 1903 the British Indian Army maintained forty regiments of

cavalry, numbering about 25,000 Indian sowars (cavalrymen), with
British and Indian officers.[91]
Among the more famous regiments in the lineages of the modern

Indian and Pakistani armies are:
Governor General's Bodyguard (now President's Bodyguard) Monument to the Spanish

Skinner's Horse (now India's 1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)) Regiment of light cavalry of
Alcántara
Gardner's Lancers (now India's 2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse))
Hodson's Horse (now India's 3rd Horse (Hodson's)) of the
Bengal Lancers fame
6th Bengal Cavalry (later amalgamated with 7th Hariana
Lancers to form 18th King Edward's Own Cavalry) now
18th Cavalry of the Indian Army
Probyn's Horse (now 5th Horse, Pakistan)
Royal Deccan Horse (now India's The Deccan Horse)
Poona Horse (now India's The Poona Horse) The charge of the 21st Lancers at
Omdurman
Scinde Horse (now India's The Scinde Horse)
Queen's Own Guides Cavalry (now Pakistan).
11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)
(now 11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), Pakistan)
Several of these formations are still active, though they now are
armoured formations, for example the Guides Cavalry of
Pakistan.[92]
The French Army maintained substantial cavalry forces in

Algeria and Morocco from 1830 until the end of the Second 19th Lancers near Mametz during
World War. Much of the Mediterranean coastal terrain was the Battle of the Somme, 15 July
suitable for mounted action and there was a long established 1916
culture of horsemanship amongst the Arab and Berber
inhabitants. The French forces included Spahis, Chasseurs d'
Afrique, Foreign Legion cavalry and mounted Goumiers.[93] Both Spain and Italy raised cavalry
regiments from amongst the indigenous horsemen of their North African territories (see regulares,
Italian Spahis[94] and savari respectively).
Imperial Germany employed mounted formations in South West Africa as part of the
Schutztruppen (colonial army) garrisoning the territory.[95]
United States
In the early American Civil War the regular United States Army mounted rifle, dragoon, and two
existing cavalry regiments were reorganized and renamed cavalry regiments, of which there were
six.[96] Over a hundred other federal and state cavalry regiments were organized, but the infantry
played a much larger role in many battles due to its larger numbers, lower cost per rifle fielded,
and much easier recruitment.

However, cavalry saw a role as
part of screening forces and in
foraging and scouting. The later
phases of the war saw the Federal
army developing a truly effective
cavalry force fighting as scouts,
raiders, and, with repeating rifles,
Union Cavalry capture Confederate as mounted infantry. The
guns at Culpeper distinguished 1st Virginia Cavalry
ranks as one of the most effectual
and successful cavalry units on the
Confederate side. Noted cavalry commanders included Confederate
general J.E.B. Stuart, Nathan Bedford Forrest, and John Singleton Algerian spahis of the
Mosby (a.k.a. "The Grey Ghost") and on the Union side, Philip French Army 1886
Sheridan and George Armstrong Custer. [97] Post Civil War, as the
volunteer armies disbanded, the regular army cavalry regiments
increased in number from six to ten, among them Custer's U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment of Little
Bighorn fame, and the African-American U.S. 9th Cavalry Regiment and U.S. 10th Cavalry
Regiment. The black units, along with others (both cavalry and infantry), collectively became
known as the Buffalo Soldiers. According to Robert M. Utley:
the frontier army was a conventional military force trying to control, by conventional military
methods, a people that did not behave like conventional enemies and, indeed, quite often
were not enemies at all. This is the most difficult of all military assignments, whether in
Africa, Asia, or the American West.[98]
These regiments, which rarely took the field as complete organizations, served throughout the
American Indian Wars through the close of the frontier in the 1890s. Volunteer cavalry regiments
like the Rough Riders consisted of horsemen such as cowboys, ranchers and other outdoorsmen,
that served as a cavalry in the United States Military.[99]
Developments 1900–1914
At the beginning of the 20th century, all armies still
maintained substantial cavalry forces, although there was
contention over whether their role should revert to that of
mounted infantry (the historic dragoon function). With
motorised vehicles and aircraft still under development, horse
mounted troops remained the only fully mobile forces available
for manoeuvre warfare until 1914.[100]
Italian cavalry officers practice their
horsemanship in 1904 outside
Britain Rome
Following the experience of the South African War of 1899–

1902 (where mounted Boer citizen commandos fighting on foot from cover proved more effective
than regular cavalry), the British Army withdrew lances for all but ceremonial purposes and placed
a new emphasis on training for dismounted action in 1903. Lances were however readopted for
active service in 1912.[101]
Russia
In 1882, the Imperial Russian Army converted all its line hussar and lancer regiments to dragoons,
with an emphasis on mounted infantry training. In 1910 these regiments reverted to their historic
roles, designations and uniforms.[102]
Germany
By 1909, official regulations dictating the role of the Imperial German cavalry had been revised to
indicate an increasing realization of the realities of modern warfare. The massive cavalry charge in
three waves which had previously marked the end of annual maneuvers was discontinued and a
new emphasis was placed in training on scouting, raiding and pursuit; rather than main battle
involvement.[103] The perceived importance of cavalry was however still evident, with thirteen new
regiments of mounted rifles (Jäger zu Pferde) being raised shortly before the outbreak of war in
1914.[104]
France
In spite of significant experience in mounted warfare in Morocco during 1908–14, the French
cavalry remained a highly conservative institution.[105] The traditional tactical distinctions
between heavy, medium, and light cavalry branches were retained.[106] French cuirassiers wore
breastplates and plumed helmets unchanged from the Napoleonic period, during the early months
of World War I.[107] Dragoons were similarly equipped, though they did not wear cuirasses and did
carry lances.[108] Light cavalry were described as being "a blaze of colour". French cavalry of all
branches were well mounted and were trained to change position and charge at full gallop.[109]
One weakness in training was that French cavalrymen seldom dismounted on the march and their
horses suffered heavily from raw backs in August 1914.[110]
First World War
Opening stages
Europe 1914
In August 1914, all combatant armies still retained substantial

numbers of cavalry and the mobile nature of the opening
battles on both Eastern and Western Fronts provided a
number of instances of traditional cavalry actions, though on a
smaller and more scattered scale than those of previous wars.
The 110 regiments of Imperial German cavalry, while as Austro-Hungarian cavalry, 1898
colourful and traditional as any in peacetime appearance,[111]
had adopted a practice of falling back on infantry support when
any substantial opposition was encountered.[112] These cautious tactics aroused derision amongst
their more conservative French and Russian opponents[113] but proved appropriate to the new
nature of warfare. A single attempt by the German army, on 12 August 1914, to use six regiments of
massed cavalry to cut off the Belgian field army from Antwerp floundered when they were driven
back in disorder by rifle fire.[114] The two German cavalry brigades involved lost 492 men and 843
horses in repeated charges against dismounted Belgian lancers and infantry.[115] One of the last
recorded charges by French cavalry took place on the night of 9/10 September 1914 when a
squadron of the 16th Dragoons overran a German airfield at Soissons, while suffering heavy
losses.[116] Once the front lines stabilised on the Western Front with the start of Trench Warfare, a
combination of barbed wire, uneven muddy terrain, machine

guns and rapid fire rifles proved deadly to horse mounted
troops and by early 1915 most cavalry units were no longer
seeing front line action.
On the Eastern Front, a more fluid form of warfare arose from

flat open terrain favorable to mounted warfare. On the
outbreak of war in 1914 the bulk of the Russian cavalry was
deployed at full strength in frontier garrisons and, during the
German cavalryman in September
period that the main armies were mobilizing, scouting and
1914, German South-West Africa
raiding into East Prussia and Austrian Galicia was undertaken
by mounted troops trained to fight with sabre and lance in the
traditional style.[117] On 21 August 1914 the 4th Austro-
Hungarian Kavalleriedivison fought a major mounted
engagement at Jaroslavic with the Russian 10th Cavalry
Division,[118] in what was arguably the final historic battle to
involve thousands of horsemen on both sides.[119] While this
was the last massed cavalry encounter on the Eastern Front,
the absence of good roads limited the use of mechanized
transport and even the technologically advanced Imperial
German Army continued to deploy up to twenty-four horse-
mounted divisions in the East, as late as 1917.[120] Dead German cavalry horses after
the Battle of Halen - where the
Belgian cavalry, fighting
Europe 1915–18 dismounted, decimated their still
mounted German counterparts
For the remainder of the War on the Western Front, cavalry
had virtually no role to play. The British and French armies
dismounted many of their cavalry regiments and used them in
infantry and other roles: the Life Guards for example spent the
last months of the War as a machine gun corps; and the
Australian Light Horse served as light infantry during the
Gallipoli campaign. In September 1914 cavalry comprised
9.28% of the total manpower of the British Expeditionary
Force in France—by July 1918 this proportion had fallen to
1.65%.[121] As early as the first winter of the war most French
cavalry regiments had dismounted a squadron each, for service A British cavalry trooper in marching
in the trenches.[122] The French cavalry numbered 102,000 in order (1914–1918)
May 1915 but had been reduced to 63,000 by October
1918.[123] The German Army dismounted nearly all their
cavalry in the West, maintaining only one mounted division on that front by January 1917.
Italy entered the war in 1915 with thirty regiments of line

cavalry, lancers and light horse. While employed effectively
against their Austro-Hungarian counterparts during the initial
offensives across the Isonzo River, the Italian mounted forces
ceased to have a significant role as the front shifted into
mountainous terrain. By 1916 most cavalry machine-gun
sections and two complete cavalry divisions had been
dismounted and seconded to the infantry.[124]
German dragoons, armed with
Some cavalry were retained as mounted troops in reserve lances, after the capture of Warsaw,
behind the lines, in anticipation of a penetration of the August 1915
opposing trenches that it seemed would never come. Tanks,
introduced on the Western Front by the British in September 1916 during the Battle of the Somme,
had the capacity to achieve such breakthroughs but did not have the reliable range to exploit them.
In their first major use at the Battle of Cambrai (1917), the plan was for a cavalry division to follow
behind the tanks, however they were not able to cross a canal because a tank had broken the only
bridge.[125] On a few other occasions, throughout the war, cavalry were readied in significant
numbers for involvement in major offensives; such as in the Battle of Caporetto and the Battle of
Moreuil Wood. However it was not until the German Army had been forced to retreat in the
Hundred Days Offensive of 1918, that limited numbers of cavalry were again able to operate with
any effectiveness in their intended role. There was a successful charge by the British 7th Dragoon
Guards on the last day of the war.[126]
In the wider spaces of the Eastern Front, a more fluid form of warfare continued and there was still
a use for mounted troops. Some wide-ranging actions were fought, again mostly in the early
months of the war.[127] However, even here the value of cavalry was overrated and the
maintenance of large mounted formations at the front by the Russian Army put a major strain on
the railway system, to little strategic advantage.[128] In February 1917, the Russian regular cavalry
(exclusive of Cossacks) was reduced by nearly a third from its peak number of 200,000, as two
squadrons of each regiment were dismounted and incorporated into additional infantry
battalions.[129] Their Austro-Hungarian opponents, plagued by a shortage of trained infantry, had
been obliged to progressively convert most horse cavalry regiments to dismounted rifle units
starting in late 1914.[130]
Middle East
In the Middle East, during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign mounted forces (British, Indian,
Ottoman, Australian, Arab and New Zealand) retained an important strategic role both as
mounted infantry and cavalry.
In Egypt, the mounted infantry formations like the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade and
Australian Light Horse of ANZAC Mounted Division, operating as mounted infantry, drove
German and Ottoman forces back from Romani to Magdhaba and Rafa and out of the Egyptian
Sinai Peninsula in 1916.
After a stalemate on the Gaza–Beersheba line between March and October 1917, Beersheba was
captured by the Australian Mounted Division's 4th Light Horse Brigade. Their mounted charge
succeeded after a coordinated attack by the British Infantry and Yeomanry cavalry and the
Australian and New Zealand Light Horse and Mounted Rifles brigades. A series of coordinated
attacks by these Egyptian Expeditionary Force infantry and mounted troops were also successful at
the Battle of Mughar Ridge, during which the British infantry divisions and the Desert Mounted
Corps drove two Ottoman armies back to the Jaffa—Jerusalem line. The infantry with mainly
dismounted cavalry and mounted infantry fought in the Judean Hills to eventually almost encircle
Jerusalem which was occupied shortly after.
During a pause in operations necessitated by the German spring offensive in 1918 on the Western
Front, joint infantry and mounted infantry attacks towards Amman and Es Salt resulted in retreats
back to the Jordan Valley which continued to be occupied by mounted divisions during the
summer of 1918.
The Australian Mounted Division was armed with swords and in September, after the successful
breaching of the Ottoman line on the Mediterranean coast by the British Empire infantry XXI
Corps was followed by cavalry attacks by the 4th Cavalry Division, 5th Cavalry Division and
Australian Mounted Divisions which almost encircled two Ottoman armies in the Judean Hills
forcing their retreat. Meanwhile, Chaytor's Force of infantry and mounted infantry in ANZAC
Mounted Division held the Jordan Valley, covering the right flank to later advance eastwards to
capture Es Salt and Amman and half of a third Ottoman army. A subsequent pursuit by the 4th
Cavalry Division and the Australian Mounted Division followed by the 5th Cavalry Division to
Damascus. Armoured cars and 5th Cavalry Division lancers were continuing the pursuit of
Ottoman units north of Aleppo when the Armistice of Mudros was signed by the Ottoman
Empire.[131]
Post–World War I
A combination of military conservatism in almost all armies and post-war financial constraints
prevented the lessons of 1914–1918 being acted on immediately. There was a general reduction in
the number of cavalry regiments in the British, French, Italian[132] and other Western armies but it
was still argued with conviction (for example in the 1922 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica)
that mounted troops had a major role to play in future warfare.[133] The 1920s saw an interim
period during which cavalry remained as a proud and conspicuous element of all major armies,
though much less so than prior to 1914.
Cavalry was extensively used in the Russian Civil War and the Soviet-Polish War.[134] The last
major cavalry battle was the Battle of Komarów in 1920, between Poland and the Russian
Bolsheviks. Colonial warfare in Morocco, Syria, the Middle East and the North West Frontier of
India provided some opportunities for mounted action against enemies lacking advanced
weaponry.
The post-war German Army (Reichsheer) was

permitted a large proportion of cavalry (18
regiments or 16.4% of total manpower) under
the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles.[135]
The British Army mechanised all cavalry

regiments between 1929 and 1941, redefining
Lithuanian lancers training in the 1930s
their role from horse to armoured vehicles to
form the Royal Armoured Corps together with
the Royal Tank Regiment. The U.S. Cavalry abandoned its sabres in 1934[136] and commenced the
conversion of its horsed regiments to mechanized cavalry, starting with the First Regiment of
Cavalry in January 1933.[137]
During the Turkish War of Independence, Turkish cavalry under General Fahrettin Altay was
instrumental in the Kemalist victory over the invading Greek Army in 1922 during the Battle of
Dumlupınar. The 5th Cavalry Division was able to slip behind the main Greek army, cutting off all
communication and supply lines as well as retreat options. This forced the surrender of the
remaining Greek forces and may have been the last time in history that cavalry played a definitive
role in the outcome of a battle.
During the 1930s, the French Army experimented with

integrating mounted and mechanised cavalry units into larger
formations.[138] Dragoon regiments were converted to
motorised infantry (trucks and motor cycles), and cuirassiers
to armoured units; while light cavalry (chasseurs a' cheval,
hussars and spahis) remained as mounted sabre
squadrons.[139] The theory was that mixed forces comprising
these diverse units could utilise the strengths of each according
Turkish cavalry during mopping‐up
to circumstances. In practice mounted troops proved unable to
operation 1922
keep up with fast moving mechanised units over any distance.
The 39 cavalry regiments of the British Indian Army were reduced to 21 as the result of a series of
amalgamations immediately following World War I. The new establishment remained unchanged
until 1936 when three regiments were redesignated as permanent training units, each with six, still
mounted, regiments linked to them. In 1938, the process of mechanization began with the
conversion of a full cavalry brigade (two Indian regiments and one British) to armoured car and
tank units. By the end of 1940, all of the Indian cavalry had been mechanized, initially and in the
majority of cases, to motorized infantry transported in 15cwt trucks.[140] The last horsed regiment
of the British Indian Army (other than the Viceroy's Bodyguard and some Indian States Forces
regiments) was the 19th King George's Own Lancers which had its final mounted parade at
Rawalpindi on 28 October 1939. This unit still exists in the Pakistan Army as an armored
regiment.
World War II
While most armies still maintained cavalry units at the outbreak of World War II in 1939,
significant mounted action was largely restricted to the Polish, Balkan, and Soviet campaigns.
Rather than charge their mounts into battle, cavalry units were either used as mounted infantry
(using horses to move into position and then dismounting for combat) or as reconnaissance units
(especially in areas not suited to tracked or wheeled vehicles).
Polish
A popular myth is that Polish cavalry armed with lances charged

German tanks during the September 1939 campaign. This arose
from misreporting of a single clash on 1 September near Krojanty,
when two squadrons of the Polish 18th Lancers armed with sabres
scattered German infantry before being caught in the open by
German armoured cars.[141] Two examples illustrate how the
myth developed. First, because motorised vehicles were in short
supply, the Poles used horses to pull anti-tank weapons into
position.[142] Second, there were a few incidents when Polish
cavalry was trapped by German tanks, and attempted to fight free.
However, this did not mean that the Polish army chose to attack Polish uhlan with wz. 35 anti-
tanks with horse cavalry.[143] Later, on the Eastern Front, the Red tank rifle. Military instruction
Army did deploy cavalry units effectively against the published in Warsaw in 1938
Germans.[144]
A more correct term would be "mounted infantry" instead of

"cavalry", as horses were primarily used as a means of
transportation, for which they were very suitable in view of the
very poor road conditions in pre-war Poland. Another myth
describes Polish cavalry as being armed with both sabres and
lances; lances were used for peacetime ceremonial purposes
only and the primary weapon of the Polish cavalryman in 1939
was a rifle. Individual equipment did include a sabre, probably
because of well-established tradition, and in the case of a melee
A German cavalry patrol in May combat this secondary weapon would probably be more
1940, during the Battle of France effective than a rifle and bayonet. Moreover, the Polish cavalry
brigade order of battle in 1939 included, apart from the
mounted soldiers themselves, light and heavy machine guns
(wheeled), the Anti-tank rifle, model 35, anti-aircraft weapons, anti tank artillery such as the
Bofors 37 mm, also light and scout tanks, etc. The last cavalry vs. cavalry mutual charge in Europe
took place in Poland during the Battle of Krasnobród, when Polish and German cavalry units
clashed with each other.
The last classical cavalry charge of the war took place on March 1, 1945, during the Battle of
Schoenfeld by the 1st "Warsaw" Independent Cavalry Brigade. Infantry and tanks had been
employed to little effect against the German position, both of which floundered in the open
wetlands only to be dominated by infantry and antitank fire from the German fortifications on the
forward slope of Hill 157, overlooking the wetlands. The Germans had not taken cavalry into
consideration when fortifying their position which, combined with the "Warsaw"s swift assault,
overran the German anti-tank guns and consolidated into an attack into the village itself, now
supported by infantry and tanks.
Greek
The Italian invasion of Greece in October 1940 saw mounted cavalry used effectively by the Greek
defenders along the mountainous frontier with Albania. Three Greek cavalry regiments (two
mounted and one partially mechanized) played an important role in the Italian defeat in this
difficult terrain.[145]
Soviet
The contribution of Soviet cavalry to the development of modern military operational doctrine and
its importance in defeating Nazi Germany has been eclipsed by the higher profile of tanks and
airplanes.[146] Soviet cavalry contributed significantly to the defeat of the Axis armies.[146] They
were able to provide the most mobile troops available in the early stages, when trucks and other
equipment were low in quality; as well as providing cover for retreating forces. Considering their
relatively limited numbers, the Soviet cavalry played a significant role in giving Germany its first
real defeats in the early stages of the war. The continuing potential of mounted troops was
demonstrated during the Battle of Moscow, against Guderian and the powerful central German 9th
Army. Pavel Belov was given by Stavka a mobile group including the elite 9th tank brigade, ski
battalions, Katyusha rocket launcher battalion among others, the unit additionally received new
weapons. This newly created group became the first to carry the Soviet counter-offensive in late
November, when the general offensive began on December 5. These mobile units often played
major roles in both defensive and offensive operations.
Cavalry were amongst the first Soviet units to complete the encirclement in the Battle of
Stalingrad, thus sealing the fate of the German 6th Army. Mounted Soviet forces also played a role
in the encirclement of Berlin, with some Cossack cavalry units reaching the Reichstag in April
1945. Throughout the war they performed important tasks such as the capture of bridgeheads
which is considered one of the hardest jobs in battle, often doing so with inferior numbers. For
instance the 8th Guards Cavalry Regiment of the 2nd Guards Cavalry Division (Soviet Union), 1st
Guards Cavalry Corps often fought outnumbered against elite German units.
By the final stages of the war only the Soviet Union was still fielding mounted units in substantial
numbers, some in combined mechanized and horse units. The main advantage of this tactical
approach was in enabling mounted infantry to keep pace with advancing tanks. Other factors
favoring the retention of mounted forces included the high quality of Russian Cossacks, which
provided about half of all mounted Soviet cavalry throughout the war. They excelled in warfare
manoeuvers, since the lack of roads limited the effectiveness of wheeled vehicles in many parts of
the Eastern Front. Another consideration was that sufficient logistic capacity was often not
available to support very large motorized forces, whereas cavalry was relatively easy to maintain
when detached from the main army and acting on its own initiative. The main usage of the Soviet
cavalry involved infiltration through front lines with subsequent deep raids, which disorganized
German supply lines. Another role was the pursuit of retreating enemy forces during major front-
line operations and breakthroughs.
Hungarian
During World War II, the Royal Hungarian Army's hussars were typically only used to undertake
reconnaissance tasks against Soviet forces, and then only in detachments of section or squadron
strength.
The last documented hussar attack was conducted by Lieutenant Colonel Kálmán Mikecz on
August 16, 1941, at Nikolaev. The hussars arriving as reinforcements, were employed to break
through Russian positions ahead of German troops. The hussars equipped with swords and
submachine guns broke through the Russian lines in a single attack.
An eyewitness account of the last hussar attack by Erich Kern, a German officer, was written in his
memoir in 1948:[147]
… We were again in a tough fight with the desperately defensive enemy who dug
himself along a high railway embankment. We've been attacked four times already, and
we've been kicked back all four times. The battalion commander swore, but the
company commanders were helpless. Then, instead of the artillery support we asked
for countless times, a Hungarian hussar regiment appeared on the scene. We laughed.
What the hell do they want here with their graceful, elegant horses? We froze at once:
these Hungarians went crazy. Cavalry Squadron approached after a cavalry squadron.
The command word rang. The bronze-brown, slender riders almost grew to their
saddle. Their shining colonel of golden parolis jerked his sword. Four or five armored
cars cut out of the wings, and the regiment slashed across the wide plain with flashing
swords in the afternoon sun. Seydlitz attacked like this once before. Forgetting all
caution, we climbed out of our covers. It was all like a great equestrian movie. The first
shots rumbled, then became less frequent. With astonished eyes, in disbelief, we
watched as the Soviet regiment, which had so far repulsed our attacks with desperate
determination, now turned around and left its positions in panic. And the triumphant
Hungarians chased the Russian in front of them and shredded them with their
glittering sabers. The hussar sword, it seems, was a bit much for the nerves of Russians.
Now, for once, the ancient weapon has triumphed over modern equipment ....
Italian
The last mounted sabre charge by Italian cavalry occurred on August 24, 1942, at Isbuscenski
(Russia), when a squadron of the Savoia Cavalry Regiment charged the 812th Siberian Infantry
Regiment. The remainder of the regiment, together with the Novara Lancers made a dismounted
attack in an action that ended with the retreat of the Russians after heavy losses on both sides.[148]
The final Italian cavalry action occurred on October 17, 1942, in Poloj (now Croatia) by a squadron
of the Alexandria Cavalry Regiment against a large group of Yugoslav partisans.
Other Axis
Romanian, Hungarian and Italian cavalry were dispersed or disbanded following the retreat of the
Axis forces from Russia.[149] Germany still maintained some mounted (mixed with bicycles) SS
and Cossack units until the last days of the War.
Finnish
Finland used mounted troops against Russian forces effectively in forested terrain during the
Continuation War.[150] The last Finnish cavalry unit was not disbanded until 1947.
United States
The U.S. Army's last horse cavalry actions were fought during World War II: a) by the 26th Cavalry
Regiment—a small mounted regiment of Philippine Scouts which fought the Japanese during the
retreat down the Bataan peninsula, until it was effectively destroyed by January 1942; and b) on
captured German horses by the mounted reconnaissance section of the U.S. 10th Mountain
Division in a spearhead pursuit of the German Army across the Po Valley in Italy in April 1945.[151]
The last horsed U.S. Cavalry (the Second Cavalry Division) were dismounted in March 1944.
British Empire
All British Army cavalry regiments had been mechanised since 1 March 1942 when the Queen's
Own Yorkshire Dragoons (Yeomanry) was converted to a motorised role, following mounted
service against the Vichy French in Syria the previous year. The final cavalry charge by British
Empire forces occurred on 21 March 1942 when a 60 strong patrol of the Burma Frontier Force
encountered Japanese infantry near Toungoo airfield in central Myanmar. The Sikh sowars of the
Frontier Force cavalry, led by Captain Arthur Sandeman of The Central India Horse (21st King
George V's Own Horse), charged in the old style with sabres and most were killed.
Mongolia
In the early stages of World War II, mounted units of the

Mongolian People's Army were involved in the Battle of
Khalkhin Gol against invading Japanese forces. Soviet forces
under the command of Georgy Zhukov, together with
Mongolian forces, defeated the Japanese Sixth army and
effectively ended the Soviet–Japanese Border Wars. After the
Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact of 1941, Mongolia remained
neutral throughout most of the war, but its geographical
situation meant that the country served as a buffer between Mongolian cavalry in the Khalkhin
Japanese forces and the Soviet Union. In addition to keeping Gol (1939)
around 10% of the population under arms, Mongolia provided
half a million trained horses for use by the Soviet Army. In
1945 a partially mounted Soviet-Mongolian Cavalry Mechanized Group played a supporting role
on the western flank of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. The last active service seen by cavalry
units of the Mongolian Army occurred in 1946–1948, during border clashes between Mongolia and
the Republic of China.
Post–World War II to the present day
While most modern "cavalry" units have some historic

connection with formerly mounted troops this is not always the
case. The modern Irish Defence Forces (DF) includes a
"Cavalry Corps" equipped with armoured cars and Scorpion
tracked combat reconnaissance vehicles. The DF has never
included horse cavalry since its establishment in 1922 (other
than a small mounted escort of Blue Hussars drawn from the
Artillery Corps when required for ceremonial occasions).
However, the mystique of the cavalry is such that the name has
U.S. Special Forces and Combat been introduced for what was always a mechanised force.
Controllers on horseback with the
Northern Alliance of Afghanistan, Some engagements in late 20th and early 21st century guerrilla
which frequently used horses as wars involved mounted troops, particularly against partisan or
military transport guerrilla fighters in areas with poor transport infrastructure.
Such units were not used as cavalry but rather as mounted
infantry. Examples occurred in Afghanistan, Portuguese Africa
and Rhodesia. The French Army used existing mounted squadrons of Spahis to a limited extent for
patrol work during the Algerian War (1954–62). The Swiss Army maintained a mounted dragoon
regiment for combat purposes until 1973. The Portuguese Army used horse mounted cavalry with
some success in the wars of independence in Angola and Mozambique in the 1960s and 1970s.[152]
During the 1964–79 Rhodesian Bush War the Rhodesian Army created an elite mounted infantry
unit called Grey's Scouts to fight unconventional actions against the rebel forces of Robert Mugabe
and Joshua Nkomo. The horse mounted infantry of the Scouts were effective and reportedly feared
by their opponents in the rebel African forces. In the 1978 to present Afghan Civil War period there
have been several instances of horse mounted combat.
Central and South American armies maintained mounted cavalry for longer than those of Asia,
Europe, or North America. The Mexican Army included a number of horse mounted cavalry
regiments as late as the mid-1990s and the Chilean Army had five such regiments in 1983 as
mounted mountain troops.[153]
The Soviet Army retained horse cavalry divisions until 1955.[154]
Operational horse cavalry
Today the Indian Army's 61st Cavalry is reported to be the largest existing horse-mounted cavalry
unit still having operational potential.[155] It was raised in 1951 from the amalgamated state
cavalry squadrons of Gwalior, Jodhpur, and Mysore. While primarily utilised for ceremonial
purposes, the regiment can be deployed for internal security or police roles if required.[156] The
61st Cavalry and the President's Body Guard parade in full dress uniform in New Delhi each year
in what is probably the largest assembly of traditional cavalry still to be seen in the world. Both the
Indian and the Pakistani armies maintain armoured regiments with the titles of Lancers or Horse,
dating back to the 19th century.
As of 2007, the Chinese People's Liberation Army employed two battalions of horse-mounted
border guards in Xinjiang for border patrol purposes. PLA mounted units last saw action during
border clashes with Vietnam in the 1970s and 1980s, after which most cavalry units were
disbanded as part of major military downsizing in the 1980s.[157] In the wake of the 2008 Sichuan
earthquake, there were calls to rebuild the army horse inventory for disaster relief in difficult
terrain. Subsequent Chinese media reports[157][158][159] confirm that the PLA maintains
operational horse cavalry at squadron strength in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia for scouting,
logistical, and border security purposes.
The Chilean Army still maintains a mixed armoured cavalry regiment, with elements of it acting as
mounted mountain exploration troops, based in the city of Angol, being part of the III Mountain
Division[160], and another independent exploration cavalry detachment in the town of Chaitén.
The rugged mountain terrain calls for the use of special horses suited for that use.
The Argentine Army has two mounted cavalry units: the Regiment of Horse Grenadiers, which
performs mostly ceremonial duties but at the same time is responsible for the president's security
(in this case, acting as infantry), and the 4th Mountain Cavalry Regiment (which comprises both
horse and light armoured squadrons), stationed in San Martín de los Andes, where it has an
exploration role as part the 6th Mountain Brigade. Most armoured cavalry units of the Army are
considered successors to the old cavalry regiments from the Independence Wars, and keep their
traditional names, such as Hussars, Cuirassiers, Lancers, etc., and uniforms. Equestrian training
remains an important part of their tradition, especially among officers.
Ceremonial horse cavalry and armored cavalry retaining traditional titles
Cavalry or mounted gendarmerie units continue to be

maintained for purely or primarily ceremonial purposes by the
Algerian, Argentine, Bolivian, Brazilian, British, Bulgarian,
Canadian, Chilean, Colombian, Danish, Dutch, Finnish,
French, Hungarian, Indian, Italian, Jordanian, Malaysian,
Moroccan, Nepalese, Nigerian, North Korean, Omani,
Pakistani, Panamanian, Paraguayan, Peruvian, Polish,
Portuguese, Russian, Senegalese, Spanish, Swedish, Thai,
Italian Army regiment "Lancieri di
Tunisian, Turkmenistan, United States, Uruguayan and
Montebello" (8th) on public duties in
Venezuelan armed forces. Rome 2019
A number of armoured regiments in the British Army retain

the historic designations of Hussars, Dragoons, Light
Dragoons, Dragoon Guards, Lancers and Yeomanry. Only the Household Cavalry (consisting of the
Life Guards' mounted squadron, The Blues and Royals' mounted squadron, the State Trumpeters
of The Household Cavalry and the Household Cavalry Mounted Band) are maintained for mounted
(and dismounted) ceremonial duties in London.
The French Army still has regiments with the historic designations of Cuirassiers, Hussars,
Chasseurs, Dragoons and Spahis. Only the cavalry of the Republican Guard and a ceremonial
fanfare detachment of trumpeters for the cavalry/armoured branch[161] as a whole are now
mounted.
In the Canadian Army, a number of regular and reserve units have cavalry roots, including The
Royal Canadian Hussars (Montreal), the Governor General's Horse Guards, Lord Strathcona's
Horse, The British Columbia Dragoons, The Royal Canadian Dragoons, and the South Alberta
Light Horse. Of these, only Lord Strathcona's Horse and the Governor General's Horse Guards
maintain an official ceremonial horse-mounted cavalry troop or squadron.[162]
The modern Pakistan army maintains about 40 armoured regiments with the historic titles of
Lancers, Cavalry or Horse. Six of these date back to the 19th century, although only the President's
Body Guard remains horse-mounted.
In 2002, the Army of the Russian Federation reintroduced a ceremonial mounted squadron
wearing historic uniforms.
Both the Australian and New Zealand armies follow the British practice of maintaining traditional
titles (Light Horse or Mounted Rifles) for modern mechanised units. However, neither country
retains a horse-mounted unit.
Several armored units of the modern United States Army retain the designation of "armored
cavalry". The United States also has "air cavalry" units equipped with helicopters. The Horse
Cavalry Detachment of the U.S. Army's 1st Cavalry Division, made up of active duty soldiers, still
functions as an active unit, trained to approximate the weapons, tools, equipment and techniques
used by the United States Cavalry in the 1880s.[163][164]
Non-combat support roles
The First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry is a volunteer unit within the Pennsylvania Army
National Guard which serves as a combat force when in federal service but acts in a mounted
disaster relief role when in state service.[165] In addition, the Parsons' Mounted Cavalry is a
Reserve Officer Training Corps unit which forms part of the Corps of Cadets at Texas A&M
University. Valley Forge Military Academy and College also has a Mounted Company, known as D-
Troop .
Some individual U.S. states maintain cavalry units as a part of their respective state defense forces.
The Maryland Defense Force includes a cavalry unit, Cavalry Troop A, which serves primarily as a
ceremonial unit.[166] The unit training includes a saber qualification course based upon the 1926
U.S. Army course.[167] Cavalry Troop A also assists other Maryland agencies as a rural search and
rescue asset.[167] In Massachusetts, The National Lancers trace their lineage to a volunteer cavalry
militia unit established in 1836 and are currently organized as an official part of the Massachusetts
Organized Militia.[168] The National Lancers maintain three units, Troops A, B, and C, which serve
in a ceremonial role and assist in search and rescue missions.[168] In July 2004, the National
Lancers were ordered into active state service to guard Camp Curtis Guild during the 2004
Democratic National Convention.[168] The Governor's Horse Guard of Connecticut maintains two
companies which are trained in urban crowd control.[167] In 2020, the California State Guard
stood up the 26th Mounted Operations Detachment, a search-and-rescue cavalry unit.[169]
Social status
From the beginning of civilization to the 20th century, ownership of heavy cavalry horses has been
a mark of wealth amongst settled peoples. A cavalry horse involves considerable expense in
breeding, training, feeding, and equipment, and has very little productive use except as a mode of
transport.
For this reason, and because of their often decisive military role, the cavalry has typically been
associated with high social status. This was most clearly seen in the feudal system, where a lord
was expected to enter combat armored and on horseback and bring with him an entourage of
lightly armed peasants on foot. If landlords and peasant levies came into conflict, the poorly
trained footmen would be ill-equipped to defeat armored knights.
In later national armies, service as an officer in the cavalry was generally a badge of high social
status. For instance prior to 1914 most officers of British cavalry regiments came from a socially
privileged background and the considerable expenses associated with their role generally required
private means, even after it became possible for officers of the line infantry regiments to live on
their pay. Options open to poorer cavalry officers in the various European armies included service
with less fashionable (though often highly professional) frontier or colonial units. These included
the British Indian cavalry, the Russian Cossacks or the French Chasseurs d'Afrique.
During the 19th and early 20th centuries most monarchies maintained a mounted cavalry element
in their royal or imperial guards. These ranged from small units providing ceremonial escorts and
palace guards, through to large formations intended for active service. The mounted escort of the
Spanish Royal Household provided an example of the former and the twelve cavalry regiments of
the Prussian Imperial Guard an example of the latter. In either case the officers of such units were
likely to be drawn from the aristocracies of their respective societies.
On film
Some sense of the noise and power of a cavalry charge can be gained from the 1970 film Waterloo,
which featured some 2,000 cavalrymen,[170] some of them Cossacks. It included detailed displays
of the horsemanship required to manage animal and weapons in large numbers at the gallop
(unlike the real battle of Waterloo, where deep mud significantly slowed the horses).[171] The Gary
Cooper movie They Came to Cordura contains a scene of a cavalry regiment deploying from march
to battle line formation. A smaller-scale cavalry charge can be seen in The Lord of the Rings: The
Return of the King (2003); although the finished scene has substantial computer-generated
imagery, raw footage and reactions of the riders are shown in the Extended Version DVD
Appendices.
Other films that show cavalry actions include:
The Charge of the Light Brigade, about the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War
40,000 Horsemen, about the Australian Light Horse during the Sinai and Palestine campaign
of World War I
The Lighthorsemen, about the Battle of Beersheba, 1917
War Horse, about the British cavalry in Europe during World War I
Hubal, about the last months (September 1939 – April 1940) of Poland's first World War II
guerrilla, Major Henryk Dobrzański, "Hubal"
The Patriot includes light cavalry usage.
And Quiet Flows the Don depicts Don Cossacks during World War I
Kingdom of Heaven includes a cavalry charge during the Siege of Kerak
The Life and Times of Joseph J. Dumas (film) semi-fictional video biography of a notable,
modern cavalry officer
Examples
Types
Heavy cavalry
Cataphracts
Cuirassier
Polish winged hussars
Light cavalry
Hobelars (medieval light horse)
Hussar
Numidian cavalry
Horse-mounted color guard from
Soldado de cuera
Marine Corps Logistics Base
Uhlans Barstow
Horse archer
Shock troops
Companion cavalry
Lancers
Mounted infantry
Carabinier
Dragoons
Military communities
Cossacks
Equites / Roman cavalry
Kalmyks
Mamluks
Polish cavalry
Chariot
Scythed chariot
Elephantry, a cavalry unit containing elephant-mounted A cavalryman of Hakkapeliitta, the
troops
Finnish cavalry of Thirty Years' War,
Camel cavalry featured on a 1940 Finnish stamp
Mounted police
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Dubious
Moose cavalry, cavalry mounted on moose (European
elk)
Units
2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment (United Ironside
States) King's Royal Hussars (British Army)
278th Armored Cavalry Regiment (United Light Dragoons (British Army)
States)
Panserbataljonen (Norwegian Army)
Australian Light Horse Queen's Own Yeomanry (a British Army
Bayreuth Dragoons Reserve Light Cavalry Regiment)
The Blues and Royals (British Army)(who Queen's Royal Hussars (British Army)
with the Life Guards form the Household
Regulares (Spanish Morocco)
Cavalry)
Royal Dragoon Guards (British Army)
British Columbia Dragoons (Canadian Army)
Royal Lancers (British Army)
1st Cavalry Division (United States)
Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers &
1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards (British
Greys) (British Army)
Army)
Royal Wessex Yeomanry (a British Army
Cavalry Corps (Irish Army)
Reserve Armoured Regiment)
Chasseurs d'Afrique (French Army) Royal Yeomanry (a British Army Reserve
Chinacos (Mexican irregular cavalry of the Light Cavalry Regiment)
19th century) Savage Division (North Caucasus)
Garde Républicaine (French Gendarmerie)
Savari (Italian North African)
Governor General's Horse Guards (Canada)
Scottish and North Irish Yeomanry (a British
Guarda Nacional Republicana (Portuguese Army Reserve Light Cavalry Regiment)
National Guard) Sipahi (Ottoman)
Guides Cavalry (Pakistan Army)
South Alberta Light Horse (Canadian Army)
Hakkapeliitta (Finnish cavalry of Thirty
Spahi (French North African)
Years' War)
Tagmata (Byzantine)
United States Cavalry
Notable horse cavalrymen

Georgios Stanotas, commander of the Hellenic Army's Cavalry Division during World War
II[172]
Didier Courrèges, major in the French Army, member of École Nationale d'Équitation's Cadre
Noir, Olympian at 2004 Summer Olympics
Edwin Ramsey, lieutenant colonel in the 26th Cavalry Regiment during World War II, recipient
of the Distinguished Service Cross, led the last cavalry charge in American military history[173]
General Fahrettin Altay, commander of the V. Cavalry Division of the Turkish 1st Army during
the Turkish War of Independence, which was instrumental in victory over the invading Greek
Army. His name is given to the new Turkish battle tank Altay. Atatürk'ün Bütün Eserleri, Cilt 27,
Kaynak Yayınları, 1998, ISBN 978-975-343-235-1, p. 81.
Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. Dumas, 46th Professor of Military Science at Michigan State
University and a notable member and representative of the distinguished cavalry lineage.
Gallery
Washington French cuirassiers, Spanish light cavalry Cavalry of Poland in

National Guard wearing (cazadores) during Warsaw, August
cavalry pictured in breastplates and the Rif War 1921. 1939.
Tacoma, helmets, parade
Washington in 1907. through Paris on the
way to battle,
August 1914.
Polish PZL W-3 The mounted French Republican The President's

Sokół of the 66 Air President's Guard – 2008 Body Guard of the
Cavalry Squadron, Bodyguard of the Bastille Day military Pakistan Army,
25th Aeromobile Indian Army parade 2006.
Cavalry Brigade.
Troopers of the Turkmenistan A Mongolian military Representative

Blues and Royals on ceremonial cavalry horseman, 2013 Cavalry Squadron of
mounted duty in in the Independence the Polish Army on
Whitehall, London Day parade 2011 military parade in
Warsaw, 2006
See also
Cavalry tactics
Shock tactics
Horses in warfare
Armored reconnaissance – a modern role in most militaries for 'cavalry' titled units
Notes
1. John Keegan, pages 188-189, A History of Warfare, ISBN 0-09-174527-6
2. p. 490, Lynn
3. "eARMOR The Principles of the Employment of Armor" (https://www.benning.army.mil/armor/e
armor/content/Historical/Principles.html). www.benning.army.mil. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
4. p. 1, Menon
5. Terrence Wise, p. 18, "Ancient Armies of the Middle East", Osprey Publishing Ltd 1981
ISBN 0-85045-384-4
6. Kelder, Jorrit. "Horseback riding and Cavalry in Mycenaean Greece" (https://www.academia.ed
u/1532320).
7. Brzezinski, R. (19 August 2002). The Sarmatians 600 BC - AD 450. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-84176-
485-6.
8. Brzezinski, R. (19 August 2002). The Sarmatians 600 BC - AD 450. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-84176-
485-6.
9. Terrence Wise, plate H, "Ancient Armies of the Middle East", Osprey Publishing Ltd 1981
ISBN 0-85045-384-4
10. Ebrey and others, Pre-Modern East Asia, pp. 29–30.
11. Warry, John (1980). Warfare in the Classical World. p. 164. ISBN 0-86101-034-5.
13. Sekunda, Nick (1984). The Army of Alexander the Great (https://archive.org/details/armyalexan
dergre00seku). p. 18 (https://archive.org/details/armyalexandergre00seku/page/n18). ISBN 0-
85045-539-1.
dergre00seku). p. 17 (https://archive.org/details/armyalexandergre00seku/page/n17). ISBN 0-
85045-539-1.
16. Sekunda, Nicholas (20 November 2012). Macedonian Armies after Alexander 323-168 BC.
p. 42. ISBN 978-1-84908-714-8.
dergre00seku). pp. 14 (https://archive.org/details/armyalexandergre00seku/page/n14)–22.
ISBN 0-85045-539-1.
18. Sekunda, Nick (1996). Republican Roman Army 200-104 BC (https://archive.org/details/republi
canromana00seku_961). p. 36 (https://archive.org/details/republicanromana00seku_961/page/
n36). ISBN 1-85532-598-5.
19. Sekunda, Nick (17 July 1995). Early Roman Armies. p. 33. ISBN 1-85532-513-6.
20. Rankov, Dr Boris (27 January 1994). The Praetorian Guard. p. 12. ISBN 1-85532-361-3.
canromana00seku_961). pp. 36 (https://archive.org/details/republicanromana00seku_961/pag
e/n36)–37. ISBN 1-85532-598-5.
22. Sekunda, Nick (17 July 1995). Early Roman Armies. pp. 37–38. ISBN 1-85532-513-6.
23. Negin, Nick (20 November 2018). Roman heavy Cavalry (1) Cataphractarii & Clibanarii, 1st
Century BC-5th Century AD. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4728-3004-3.
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45. Journal of American Oriental society, 1889, p. 257, American Oriental Society; The Social and
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46. MBH 1.185.13; Felicitation Volume Presented to Professor Sripad Krishna Belvalkar, 1957, p.
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47. Ashva.yuddha.kushalah: Mahabharata 7.7.14; See also: Vishnudharmottara Purana, Part II,
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asti tava Shaka-Yavana-Kirata-Kamboja-Parasika-Bahlika parbhutibhih

Chankyamatipragrahittaishcha Chandergupta Parvateshvara
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to the End of the War. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by
Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. 2 Part I. London:
Falls, Cyril; A. F. Becke (maps) (1930). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917
to the End of the War. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by
Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. 2 Part II. London:
Lynn, John Albert, Giant of the Grand Siècle: The French Army, 1610–1715, Cambridge
University Press, 1997
Menon, Shanti (April 1995). "Chariot racers of the Steppes" (https://web.archive.org/web/2007
1013231330/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1511/is_n4_v16/ai_16720826). Discover.
Archived from the original (http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1511/is_n4_v16/ai_1672
0826) on 2007-10-13.
Muir, William (1883). Annals of the Early Caliphate: From Original Sources (https://archive.org/
details/in.ernet.dli.2015.534182). London: Smith, Elder & co.
Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China. Vol. 4, Physics and Physical
Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
Pargiter, Frederick Eden, Dr., Chronology based on: Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, Oxford
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Osprey Publishing.
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W. Norton & Co Ltd. ISBN 0-393-04579-X.
External links
CavalryScouts.org (https://web.archive.org/web/20171004203253/http://www.cavalryscouts.or
g/)
Napoleonic Cavalry (http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/French_Cavalry.html)
Cavalry tactics from Francis J. Lippitt's, A Treatise on the Tactical Use of the Three Arms:
Infantry, Artillery and Cavalry (1865) (https://web.archive.org/web/20050430232514/http://www.
usregulars.com/Lippitt6.html)
Cavalry in Mass (U.S. report on Russian cavalry organization and operations in World War II)
(http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/cavalry/index.html)
Society of the Military Horse (https://web.archive.org/web/20060105152729/http://www.military
horse.org/)
Gesellschaft der Freunde der Kavallerie (German) (http://kavallerie.8ung.at/)
The Horse and Mule in the British Army during WW1 (http://www.historicaleye.com/horseandm
ule.html)
Historic films showing cavalry during World War I at europeanfilmgateway.eu (http://www.europ
eanfilmgateway.eu/node/33/cavalry%20efg1914/multilingual:1/showOnly:video)
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What are the main differences between light and heavy cavalry?

What are the main differences between light and heavy cavalry?

How did cavalry evolve over time?

How did cavalry evolve over time?

11/06/2023, 10:34 Cavalry - Wikipedia

Cavalry had the advantage of improved mobility,

The speed, mobility, and shock value of cavalry was

Heavy cavalry, such as Byzantine cataphracts and knights of the Early

Light and heavy cavalry roles continued through early modern

The power of mobility given by mounted units was recognized

The photograph straight above shows Assyrian cavalry from reliefs of

Ancient Greece: city-states, Thebes, Thessaly and Macedonia

Cavalry played a relatively minor role in ancient Greek city-states,

The Macedonian Kingdom in the north, on the other hand, developed

Roman Republic and Early Empire

As the class grew to be more of a social elite instead of a functional

Late Roman Empire and the Migration Period

In the army of the late Roman Empire, cavalry played an increasingly

The most widespread employment of heavy cavalry at this time was

Xiongnu, Tujue, Avars, Kipchaks, Khitans, Mongols, Don

The best known instance of the continued employment of

Khanates of Central Asia

Mongol mounted archer of Tatar vanguard in Eastern

The adoption of massed cavalry in China also broke the

century was also a great improvement from the breast harness,

An example is Yabusame ( 流 鏑 馬 ), a type of mounted archery in

Kasagake or Kasakake (笠懸, かさがけ lit. "hat shooting") is a type of

In the Indian subcontinent, cavalry played a major role from the

The Mahabharata, Ramayana, numerous Puranas and some

The Mahabharata speaks of the

Mahabharata and Vishnudharmottara Purana pay especial attention

medieval Kohistan (Pakistan), figure in the army of Darius III against

The Kambojas were famous for their horses, as well as cavalrymen

European Middle Ages

But knights remained the minority of total available combat

Massed English longbowmen triumphed over French cavalry at

This gradual rise in the dominance of infantry led to the

Greater Middle East

The Islamic Prophet Muhammad made use of cavalry in many

Early organized Arab mounted forces under the Rashidun

infantry counterparts. During the 8th century Islamic conquest of

Maghrebi traditions of mounted warfare eventually influenced a

Qizilbash, were a class of Safavid militant warriors in Iran

Kanem-Bu warriors armed with

Manikin of a Safavid Persian Zamburak.

Ottoman Sipahi. An Ottoman Mamluk Akinci of the Ottoman Ghazi

Knighthood largely lost its military functions and became more

From the 1550s onwards, the use of

The Spanish tercio and later formations relegated cavalry to a

18th-century Europe and Napoleonic Wars

cavalry remained an indispensable tool for scouting, screening

British infantry formed into anti- 19th century

By the beginning of the 19th century, European

Cuirassiers, heavy cavalry

There were cavalry variations for individual nations

many campaigns—although an astute native commander (like Samori

In 1903 the British Indian Army maintained forty regiments of

Among the more famous regiments in the lineages of the modern

Governor General's Bodyguard (now President's Bodyguard) Monument to the Spanish

An example is Yabusame ( 流鏑馬 ), a type of mounted archery in