Ba5e9 August 2023

Table of Contents
1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCEx _______________ 4 3.10. Urban Infrastructure Development Fund (UIDF)
1.1. Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 ____ 4 _________________________________________ 45
1.2. Reforming India’s Criminal Laws ____________ 7 3.11. BharatNet ____________________________ 47
1.2.1. Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 _______________ 8 3.12. Functioning of Major Ports in India ________ 48
1.2.2. Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 ______ 9 3.13. Sixth Census report on Minor Irrigation
1.2.3. Bharatiya Sakshya Bill 2023 ________________ 10 Schemes __________________________________ 50
1.3. CEC and Other EC (Appointment, Conditions of 3.14. Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and
Service and Term of Office) Bill, 2023___________ 10 Regulation) Amendment Act, 2023_____________ 51
1.4. Aspects of Election Process and Reform _____ 12 3.15. Medical and Wellness Tourism ___________ 53
1.4.1. Common Electoral Roll (CER) _______________ 12 3.16. Pharmacy (Amendment) Act, 2023 ________ 55
1.4.2. False Declarations During Filing of Nomination for 3.17. News in Shorts ________________________ 56
Elections ____________________________________ 13 3.17.1. Public Tech Platform for Frictionless Credit ___ 56
1.4.3. Establishing Parity Between Minimum Age of 3.17.2. CAG’s Audit Report on Railways Finances ____ 56
Voting and Contesting Elections __________________ 13
3.17.3. Maharatna and Navratna Category _________ 57
1.5. Government of National Capital Territory of 3.17.4. Report on Onshoring Indian Innovation to GIFT
Delhi (Amendment) Act 2023 _________________ 14 IFSC ________________________________________ 57
1.6. No-confidence Motion ___________________ 16 3.17.5. Rate Hike to Curb Inflation ________________ 58
1.7. Mediation Bill, 2023 _____________________ 17 3.17.6. Goldilocks Scenario ______________________ 58
1.8. Guidelines for Celebrities, Influencers, and 3.17.7. UDGAM (Unclaimed Deposits – Gateway to Access
Virtual Influencers __________________________ 19 Information) Portal ____________________________ 58
1.9. Registration of Birth and Death (Amendment) 3.17.8. Revised Timeline for Initial Public Offering (IPO)
Act, 2023 _________________________________ 20 ___________________________________________ 58
3.17.9. Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) __________ 58
1.10. News in Shorts ________________________ 21
3.17.10. Regulation of Online Advertisement _______ 59
1.10.1. Press and Registration of Periodicals (PRP) Bill,
3.17.11. Amrit Bharat Station Scheme (ABSS) _______ 59
2023 _______________________________________ 21
3.17.12. Stalled Housing Projects _________________ 59
1.10.2. Advocates (Amendment) Bill, 2023 _________ 22
3.17.13. India Smart Cities Awards Contest (ISCAC) 2022
2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ______________23 ___________________________________________ 60
2.1. India- Greece __________________________ 23 3.17.14. Insurance Surety Bonds _________________ 60
2.2. BRICS _________________________________ 24 3.17.15. Rail-Sea-Rail (RSR) Transportation _________ 60
2.3. Malabar: Not Just An Exercise _____________ 27 3.17.16. Mera Bill Mera Adhikaar Scheme __________ 60
2.4. Global Value Chains _____________________ 28 3.17.17. High Price Day Ahead Market and Surplus Power
2.5. News in Shorts _________________________ 30 Portal (PUShP portal) __________________________ 61
2.5.1. Outcome Document of G20 Digital Economy 3.17.18. ‘Namoh 108’ Lotus _____________________ 61
Ministers Meeting ____________________________ 30 3.17.19. ‘Bhagwa’ Pomegranate __________________ 61
2.5.2. Business 20 (B20) Summit Held in New Delhi ___ 30 4. SECURITY _____________________________ 62
2.5.3. Panama Canal ___________________________ 31 4.1. Defense Research and Development
2.5.4. Sulina Channel __________________________ 31 Organization (DRDO) ________________________ 62
2.5.5. The Spirit of Camp David __________________ 31 4.2. Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) ________ 63
2.5.6. 70 Years of Coup in Iran ___________________ 31 4.3. Inter-Services Organisation (Command, Control
2.5.7. Errata _________________________________ 32
& Discipline) Bill, 2023 _______________________ 64
3. ECONOMY _____________________________33 4.4. News in Shorts _________________________ 65
3.1. Credit Rating Agencies ___________________ 33 4.4.1. Mobile User Protection Reforms ____________ 65
3.2. Incremental Cash Reserve Ratio (ICRR) ______ 34 4.4.2. Acoustic Side Channel Attacks (ASCA) ________ 65
3.3. Startups in India ________________________ 35 4.4.3. Spike NON-LINE of Sight (NLOS) Anti-tank Guided
3.4. CSR Spending in India ____________________ 37 Missile ______________________________________ 65
3.5. Self Help Groups (SHGs) __________________ 38 4.4.4. Swathi Weapon Locating Radar Mountains (WLR-
3.6. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) ______________ 40 M) _________________________________________ 65
3.7. Draft National Policy on Official Statistics____ 42 4.4.5. ASTRA Missile ___________________________ 65
3.8. Bharat New Car Assessment Program (Bharat 4.4.6. 3D-Printed Bombs ________________________ 66
4.4.7. Military Exercises ________________________ 66
NCAP) ____________________________________ 43
3.9. UDAN (Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik) Scheme __ 44 5. ENVIRONMENT ________________________ 67
5.1. Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF) _ 67
1 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

5.2. Unregulated Tourism in the Indian Himalayan 7.3.1. India Stack _____________________________ 102
Region (IHR) _______________________________ 68 7.3.2. Release of Radioactive Water ______________ 102
5.3. Water Trading __________________________ 70 7.3.3. Green Hydrogen Standard ________________ 103
5.4. Coastal Aquaculture Authority (Amendment) 7.3.4. Graphene-Aurora Program ________________ 103
7.3.5. Digital India RISC-V Microprocessor (DIR-V)
Act, 2023 _________________________________ 72
Program ___________________________________ 103
5.5. Agroforestry ___________________________ 73 7.3.6. Finger Minutiae Record – Finger Image Record
5.6. Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) _______________ 75 (FMR-FIR) modality ___________________________ 104
5.7. Tidal Energy ___________________________ 76 7.3.7. Low-Pungent Mustard ___________________ 104
5.8. News in Shorts _________________________ 78 7.3.8. Einstein Cross __________________________ 104
5.8.1. Urban River Management Plans (URMPs) _____ 78 7.3.9. Space Debris ___________________________ 104
5.8.2. FloodWatch Mobile Application _____________ 78 7.3.10. Earth Observation (EO) __________________ 105
5.8.3. Minamata Convention on Mercury __________ 79 7.3.11. Agnibaan SubOrbital Technological Demonstrator
5.8.4. Plastic Overshoot Day Report _______________ 79 (SOrTeD) ___________________________________ 105
5.8.5. Earth Overshoot Day______________________ 79 7.3.12. Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar
5.8.6. Belem Declaration _______________________ 79 Operations (DRACO) Program___________________ 105
5.8.7. Debt-for-Nature Swap ____________________ 80 7.3.13. Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO-
5.8.8. Export Policy of Red Sanders Wood __________ 80 A) Spacecraft ________________________________ 105
5.8.9. Dholpur-Karauli Tiger Reserve (DKTR) ________ 80 7.3.14. Galaxy ESO 300-16 _____________________ 106
5.8.10. IUCN’s Integrated Tiger Habitat Conservation 7.3.15. Neerakshi ____________________________ 106
Programme (ITHCP) or Tiger Program _____________ 81 7.3.16. Ayushman Bharat Microsite Project ________ 106
5.8.11. State of India’s Birds 2023’ Report __________ 81 7.3.17. Promotion of Research and Innovation in Pharma
5.8.12. Report on ‘Inclusive Conservation Initiative (ICI)’ MedTech Sector (PRIP) ________________________ 106
___________________________________________ 81 7.3.18. Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) ______ 107
5.8.13. Tharosaurus Indicus _____________________ 82 7.3.19. FEVR and Risks from Pandemics ___________ 107
5.8.14. Methylotuvimicrobium Buryatense 5GB1C ___ 82 7.3.20. AMR and Air Pollution___________________ 108
5.8.15. Turtles and Tortoises ____________________ 82 7.3.21. G20 Welcomes Global Initiatives to Curtail AMR
5.8.16. Fujiwhara Effect ________________________ 82 __________________________________________ 108
6. SOCIAL ISSUES _________________________83 7.3.22. G 20 Pandemic Fund ____________________ 108
6.1. Anusandhan National Research Foundation 7.3.23. Chromodomain Helicase DNA Binding Protein 1
(NRF) Act, 2023 ____________________________ 83 Like (CHD1L) ________________________________ 108
6.2. National Curriculum Framework for School 7.3.24. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) __________ 108
7.3.25. Net Energy Gain (NEG) __________________ 109
Education (NCF-SE) _________________________ 85
7.3.26. Demon Particle ________________________ 109
6.3. National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) 87 7.3.27. Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar (SSB) Awards ____ 109
6.4. Ayushman Bharat - Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya 7.3.28. Lunar Codex __________________________ 109
Yojana (AB-PMJAY) _________________________ 88 7.3.29. Bhu-Vision (Krishi-RASTAA) Platform _______ 110
6.5. Tribal Health ___________________________ 89 8. CULTURE ____________________________ 111
6.6. Drug Abuse in India _____________________ 91 8.2. Sri Aurobindo Ghosh ___________________ 111
6.7. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 8.3. Chess World Cup 2023 __________________ 112
2023 _____________________________________ 92 8.4. News in Shorts ________________________ 114
6.8. News in Shorts _________________________ 94 8.4.1. Geographical Indication (GI) Tags ___________ 114
6.8.1. Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act __ 94 8.4.2. Mylara Cult ____________________________ 114
6.8.2. State of Education in Rural India Report ______ 94 8.4.3. Seethakali Folk Art ______________________ 115
6.8.3. Recognition and Grant of Equivalence to 8.4.4. National Film Awards, 2023 _______________ 115
Qualifications from FHEI ________________________ 94 9. ETHICS ______________________________ 116
6.8.4. Suicide Cases among Students ______________ 95
9.1. Media Ethics and Self-Regulation _________ 116
6.8.5. Global Initiative on Digital Health (GIDH) ______ 95
6.8.6. Digital in Health – Unlocking Value for Everyone” 10. SCHEMES IN NEWS ___________________ 118
report ______________________________________ 96 10.1. Digital India Programme _______________ 118
7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ______________97 10.2. SVAMITVA Scheme ____________________ 119
7.1. Chandrayaan-3 Soft Landing ______________ 97 APPENDIX 1: BHARATNET ________________ 120
7.1.1 India’s Race to Space ______________________ 98 APPENDIX 2: AYUSHMAN BHARAT - PRADHAN
7.2. Superconductivity _____________________ 100 MANTRI JAN AROGYA YOJANA (AB-PMJAY) __ 121
7.3. News in Shorts ________________________ 102

1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCEX
1.1. DIGITAL PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION ACT 2023
Why in the news?
The President of India recently granted
assent to the Digital Personal Data
Protection Bill (DPDP), 2023.
Background
• In 2017, the Supreme Court
recognised privacy as a fundamental
right in the K.S. Puttaswamy vs.
Union of India case.
• Following this, the Justice Srikrishna
Committee (established by the
Ministry of Electronics and
Information Technology (MeitY))
proposed the initial draft of the
Personal Data Protection (PDP) Bill in
2018.
• The government revised the
draft and introduced it as the
PDP Bill 2019. Bill referred to a
joint committee of both the
Houses of Parliament (JPC).
• However, in 2022, the
government withdrew the PDP
Bill 2019 by citing the extensive
changes made by the Joint
Committee of Parliament to it.
• MeitY released a draft of the
DPDP Bill 2022 for public
consultations, which later
became the DPDP Act 2023.
About Digital Personal Data
Protection (DPDP) Act 2023
• DPDP Act aims to regulate the
processing of digital personal
data while ensuring individuals'
right to protect their data and
the need to process it for lawful
purposes.
• It protects digital personal data
(that is, the data by which a person may be identified) by providing:
o The obligations of Data Fiduciaries (that is, persons, companies and government entities who process data) for
data processing (that is, collection, storage or any other operation on personal data);
o The rights and duties of Data Principals (that is, the person to whom the data relates);
o Financial penalties for breach of rights, duties, and obligations.

Key Provisions of the Act
Specifications Details
Applicability • Processing of digital personal data within India where such data is collected:
o in digital form or
o in non-digital form and digitised subsequently.
• Processing of personal data outside India if it is for offering goods or services in India.
• Does not apply to:
o personal data processed for any personal purpose.
o personal data that is made or caused to be made publicly available by-
✓ Data Principal to whom such personal data relates; or
✓ any other person who is under legal obligation to make such personal data publicly available.
Consent • Personal data may be processed only for a lawful purpose after obtaining the consent of the Data Principal
(who shall have the right to withdraw consent at any time).
o Consent will not be required for ‘legitimate uses’ including the provision of benefits or services by the
government, medical emergency etc.
• For a child or a person with a disability, consent will be provided by the parent or legal guardian.
Data Protection • Provides for the establishment of DPBI by the Central government.
Board of India • Key functions of the Board:
(DPBI) o Monitoring compliance and imposing penalties.
o Directing data fiduciaries to take necessary measures in event of a data breach.
o Hearing grievances made by affected persons.
• Board members will be appointed for two years and will be eligible for re-appointment.
• Appeals against its decisions will lie with the Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT)
Rights and • Data principal will have the right to-
Duties of Data o Obtain information about processing.
Principal o Seek correction and erasure of personal data.
o Grievance redressal.
o Right to nominate a person to exercise rights in case of death or incapacity.
• Data principals must not register a false or frivolous complaint and furnish any false particulars.
• Violation of duties will be punishable with a penalty of up to Rs 10,000.
Obligations of • Data Fiduciary (Entity determining the purpose and means of processing) must-
Data o Ensure the accuracy and completeness of data.
Fiduciaries o Build reasonable security safeguards to prevent a data breach.
o Inform DPBI and affected persons in the event of a breach.
o Erase personal data as soon as the purpose has been met and retention is not necessary for legal
purposes.
Significant Data • Central Government may notify any Data Fiduciary as SDF, based on factors such as:
Fiduciaries o Volume and sensitivity of personal data processed.
(SDF) o Risk to the rights of data principal
o Potential impact on the sovereignty and integrity of India
o Security of the State
o Risk to electoral democracy
o Public order
• SDF will have certain additional obligations including appointing a data protection officer and an
independent data auditor and undertaking impact assessment.
Exemptions • Rights of the data principal and obligations of data fiduciaries (except data security) will not apply in
specified cases, including:
o For notified agencies, in the interest of security, sovereignty, public order, etc.;
o For research, archiving or statistical purposes;
o For start-ups or other notified categories of Data Fiduciaries;
o To enforce legal rights and claims;
o Prevention and investigation of offences;
o To perform judicial or regulatory functions;
o To process in India personal data of non-residents under foreign contract.
• The central government may exempt certain activities in the interest of the security and public order.
Processing of • While processing the personal data of a child, data fiduciary must not undertake:
personal data o processing that is likely to cause any detrimental effect on well-being of child, and
of children o tracking, behavioural monitoring, or targeted advertising.
Cross-border • Bill allows the transfer of personal data outside India, except to countries restricted by the government.
transfer
Penalties • Act specifies penalties for various offences such as up to Rs 200 crore for non-fulfilment of obligations for
children, and Rs 250 crore for failure to take security measures to prevent data breaches.
Limitations of Act
• Violate Fundamental Rights: Exemptions for the State may lead to data collection, processing, and retention beyond
what is necessary and may violate the fundamental right to privacy.
o Using exemptions, a government agency may collect data about citizens to create a 360-degree profile for
surveillance.
• Inadequate Safeguard: The transfer of personal data outside India may not ensure adequate data protection
standards in the countries where the transfer of personal data is allowed.
• No compensation: The Act has removed Section 43A of the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000, which mandated
companies to compensate users in case of mishandling their data.
• Complicated approach to grievance redressal: Aggrieved individuals are required to first approach the data fiduciary's
redressal mechanism.
o Unresolved grievances can be escalated to the Data Protection Board, with further appeals to the TDSAT.
• RTI Exemption: The Act proposes that the personal information of public officials will not be disclosed under the
Right to Information (RTI) Act, which could aid corrupt practices by not disclosing assets, liabilities etc.
• Clear definition: The Act provides that the data fiduciary will not undertake any processing that has a detrimental
effect on the well-being of a child. However, there is no definition of detrimental effect or any guidance for
determining such effect.
• No provision for some rights: The Act does not grant the right to data portability and the right to be forgotten to
the data principal.
Way forward
• Cross-Border Data Governance: Mechanisms need to
be developed for governing cross-border transfer of
data especially to countries not mentioned in the list
provided by the notification.
• Data Rights: The right to data portability and the right
to be forgotten should be provided especially in cases
where data collection and storage pose harm to the
reputation, life, identity etc. of a person.
• Prevent Misuse: Terms like sovereignty and integrity of
India should be clearly defined along with a defined
procedure to provide exemption.
• Quantifying time duration: A specific time should be
defined to delete the data once the purpose has been fulfilled or the Data Principal withdraws his/her consent to the
processing of personal data.

1.2. REFORMING INDIA’S CRIMINAL LAWS
Why in the news?
The government introduced three bills in the Lok Sabha to replace the existing criminal laws in India.
More on news
• The three bills include:
o Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 replacing the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860.
o Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 replacing the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973.
o Bharatiya Sakshya Bill 2023 replacing the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
• These bills have been referred to the Standing Committee.
Need of these bills
• Addressing large pendency in courts: Union Law Minister stated that almost 4.7 crore cases are pending collectively
in the Supreme Court, High Courts and Subordinate Courts.
• Timely justice delivery: Complex legal procedures and a lack of resources have led to many undertrials languishing in
jails, constituting around 70% of the prison population.
• Increasing conviction rates: The criminal justice system's inefficiencies, including inadequate forensic investigation,
policing deficiencies, and the influence of powerful individuals on law enforcement, contribute to low conviction
rates (around 50%).
• Evolution of the criminal justice system: Societal changes and emerging challenges require an evolving and adaptable
criminal justice system.
o Also, integrating modern technology in evidence gathering, storage, and presentation would aid in discovering
various criminal dimensions.
• Erasing colonial legacy: India's criminal justice system is rooted in its colonial past, which has led to a set of laws and
procedures that may not be entirely relevant or suitable for the country's current socio-economic and cultural
context.
1.2.1. BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA 2023

Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 will repeal the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC), which is the principal law on criminal offences.
Background
• In 1834, the first Indian Law Commission was constituted under the
Chairmanship of Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay to examine the jurisdiction,
power and rules of the existing Courts as well as the police establishments and
the laws in force in India.
o It produced a draft of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) in 1837, which was based
on the English common law and with colonial interests in mind.
o The enactment of the IPC was delayed due to subsequent revisions and the
1857 revolt. It was enacted in 1860 and came into force in 1862.
• After independence, it underwent several amendments, and all these alterations and modifications made it a
complicated code of law.
• The new bill aims to:
o strengthen law and order,
o focus on simplifying the legal procedure, and
o make existing laws relevant to the contemporary situation of the common man.
Major Provisions of the Bill
• Sedition: The Bill removes the offence of sedition (Section 124A of IPC). It instead penalises the following*:
o exciting or attempting to excite secession, armed rebellion, or subversive activities,
o encouraging feelings of separatist activities, or
o endangering the sovereignty or unity and integrity of India.
*These offences may involve the exchange of words or signs, electronic communication, or the use of financial
means. These will be punishable with imprisonment of up to seven years or life imprisonment and a fine.
• Terrorism as an offence: The Bill defines terrorism as an act that intends to threaten the unity, integrity, and security
of the country, to intimidate the general public or disturb public order. Terrorist acts include:
o Using firearms, bombs, or hazardous substances (biological or chemical) to cause death, danger to life, or spread
a message of fear,
o Destroying property or disrupting essential services, and
o Activities included in the treaties listed in the Second Schedule of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967,
such as unlawful seizure of aircraft or taking of hostages.
• Organised Crime as an offence: The Bill defines organised crime as a continuing unlawful activity such as kidnapping,
extortion, contract killing, financial scams, cybercrime etc., carried out by individuals acting singly or jointly as
members of or on behalf of a crime syndicate.

Potential Impact
• Subjective interpretation: Unclear definitions of “criminal activity” may lead to their improper application and affect
Freedom of Speech and Expression. For example-
o “Subversive activities” might include any form of critique, or
o ‘Terrorist acts’, which now include damage to property and provocation or intimidation.
• Enhanced policing powers: Enhanced discretionary action-taking powers of police personnel may increase the scope
for arbitrary police action.
• Delays in existing trials: Though these bills exclude their application to pending proceedings and trials, courts are
likely to be bombarded with interpretation, resulting in delays in the actual trial of the offences.
1.2.2. BHARATIYA NAGARIK SURAKSHA SANHITA 2023

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 will repeal the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. The Code provides for the
procedure for arrest, prosecution, and bail for offences under various Acts, including the Indian Penal Code, 1860.
Background
• CrPC was first enacted in 1882 by the British Parliament and has undergone several amendments, most importantly
in 1898, 1923 and 1955.
• The Law Commission of India, in its 41st report, recommended a significant revision of the code, which led to the
creation of CrPC 1973.
• Detention of Undertrials: First-time offenders will be released on bail if they have completed detention for one-third
of the maximum imprisonment for an offence.
o If the accused has spent half of the maximum period of imprisonment during investigation or trial, he/she must
be released on a personal bond. This does not apply to offences which are punishable by death and life
imprisonment.
• Trials in electronic mode: All trials, inquiries and proceedings can be held in electronic mode.
• Medical examination of the accused: Any police officer can request for medical examination of the accused in certain
cases, such as rape.
• Forensic investigation: It mandates forensic investigation for offences punishable with at least seven years of
imprisonment.
o If a state does not have a forensics facility, it shall utilise such facility in another state.
• Signature and finger impressions: It allows for the collection of specimen signatures, handwriting, finger impressions
and voice samples from any person, whether arrested or not.
• Timelines: It prescribes timelines for various procedures such as giving judgment, informing victims of the progress
of the investigation and framing of charges.
• Trial in the absence of offender: It provides for the conduct of trial and pronouncement of judgment in the absence
of a proclaimed offender.
o Proclaimed offender refers to a person who is accused of an offence punishable with imprisonment of at least 10
years or death and fails to appear at a specified time and place as specified by a Court.
• Stopping political waiver of punishments: The bill adds that death sentences can only be converted to life
imprisonment and life imprisonment can be pardoned only within seven years of punishment.
Potential Impact
• Expedited case disposal: Prescribed timelines for different judicial procedures and framing of chargesheets will help
in the timely delivery of justice.
• Integration of technology: The bills provide for the forensic investigation of crimes and the integration of Information
and Communication Technology (ICT) tools into the investigation and judicial process.
• Improvement in rights of victims: Provision allows registration of FIR in any police station irrespective of where the
offence was committed.

• Fairness in investigation: Mandatory video recording of search and seizure seeks to address fairness in police
investigations.
• Increase in detention period: The period during which an arrested person can be sent to police custody has been
expanded.
1.2.3. BHARATIYA SAKSHYA BILL 2023

Bhartiya Sakshya Bill, 2023 will repeal the Indian
Evidence Act, 1872. The Act provides rules for the
admissibility of evidence in legal proceedings.
Background
• The Evidence Act was enacted in 1872 with a view
to consolidate the laws relating to evidence on
which the court could come to a conclusion and
pronounce the judgment.
• The law of evidence (not being substantive or
procedural law), falls in the category of ‘adjective
law’, which defines the pleading and
methodology by which the substantive or
procedural laws are operationalised.
• The existing law does not address the technological advancement undergone in the country during the last few
decades.
• Electronic or digital records as evidence: It provides that electronic or digital records will have the same legal effect
as paper records.
o It expands electronic records to include information stored in semiconductor memory or any communication
devices (smartphones, laptops).
o This will also include records on emails, server logs, smartphones, locational evidence and voicemails.
• Oral evidence: Oral evidence includes statements made before Courts by witnesses in relation to a fact under inquiry.
The Bill adds any information given electronically to be considered as oral evidence.
• Joint trials: It refers to the trial of more than one person for the same offence. In a joint trial, if a confession made
by one of the accused which also affects other accused is proven, it will be treated as a confession against both.
Potential Impact
• Expansion in the use of electronic evidence: This can lead to a reduction in wrongful convictions and provide help in
investigating cases faster.
• Issues of privacy: It emerges from the seizure of electronic devices and access to the sensitive information that may
be stored within them.
Conclusion
The potency of reforms in the criminal justice system hinges on their alignment with its capacity to implement it
effectively. The success of criminal law reforms has to take an arduous journey from its inception, formulation,
implementation approach and regular oversight.
1.3. CEC AND OTHER EC (APPOINTMENT, CONDITIONS OF SERVICE AND TERM

OF OFFICE) BILL, 2023
Why in the news?
Recently, the Union Government introduced the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners
(Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Bill, 2023, in Rajya Sabha.
More on news
• It repeals the Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business)
Act, 1991.
• Bill aims to regulate the appointment, conditions of service and term of office of the Chief Election Commissioner
(CEC) and other Election Commissioners (ECs).
o It also seeks to set up a procedure for the transaction of business by the Election Commission and for matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto.
The present process of appointment of CEC and EC
• As per Article 324, the Election Commission consists of the CEC and such a number of other ECs as the President may
decide.
• Supreme Court in Anoop Baranwal vs Union of India judgment declared that the President shall make appointment
of CEC and the ECs on the advice of a Committee consisting of the
o Prime Minister,
o Leader of the Opposition (LoP) of the Lok Sabha, and in case no LoP is available, the leader of the largest
opposition Party in the Lok Sabha in terms of numerical strength and
o Chief Justice of India (CJI).
• Till this SC ruling, Election Commissioners and CECs had been appointed by the President after recommendations
from the government.
Key highlights of Bill
Specifications Details
Appointment • CEC and other ECs will be appointed by President on the recommendation of a Selection Committee.
Selection • It will consist of:
Committee o Prime Minister as Chairperson,
o Leader of opposition in Lok Sabha as member, and
o A Union Cabinet Minister is nominated by the Prime Minister as a member.
• If the LoP in Lok Sabha has not been recognised, the leader of the single largest opposition party in Lok
Sabha will assume the role.
Search • Headed by the Cabinet Secretary and comprising of two other members, not below the rank of Secretary
Committee to the Government of India, having knowledge and experience in matters relating to elections.
• It will prepare a panel of five persons for the consideration of the Selection Committee for appointment
as CEC and other ECs.
• The Selection Committee may also consider any other person than those included in the panel by the
Search Committee.
Qualification of • Persons who are holding or have held a post equivalent to the rank of Secretary to the Government of
CEC and ECs India.
• Such a person must have knowledge and experience in the management and conduct of elections.
Term of office • CEC and other ECs shall hold office for a term of six years from the date on which he assumes his office or
till he attains the age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier.
• CEC and other ECs shall not be eligible for re-appointment.
• Where an EC is appointed as CEC, his term of office shall not be more than six years in aggregate as the
EC and the CEC.
Salary and • Salary, allowance, and service conditions of the CEC and other ECs will be the same as that of the Cabinet
allowances Secretary.
Removal and • Under Article 324 of the Constitution, CEC can only be removed from his office in a manner similar to that
resignation of a Supreme Court judge. This is done through an order of the President, based on a motion passed by
both Houses of Parliament in the same session.
• Motion for removal must be adopted with:
o majority support of total membership of each House, and
o at least two-thirds support from members present and voting.
• An EC can only be removed from office on the recommendation of the CEC.
Conduct of • All business of the Election Commission is to be conducted unanimously. In case of difference of opinion
business between the CEC and the other ECs on any matter, it shall be decided through majority.
Concerns associated with bill
• Against SC Order: The proposed legislation seeks to drop the Chief Justice of India from the selection process and
override the SC judgment in the Anoop Baranwal vs. Union of India case.
• Neutrality: The composition of the selection committee may lead to the dominance of the ruling party.
• Eligibility criteria: Bill authorises the selection committee to go beyond the search committee’s recommendations
and appoint anyone it wants as CEC/EC, thus making the entire ‘search’ process redundant.
• Independence of CEC/EC: Bringing the Election Commission of India (ECI) under the control of the political executive
is repugnant to the concept of an independent and impartial election commission.
Way ahead
• Removal of EC: Article 324(5) of the Constitution should be amended to equate the removal procedures of the two
Election Commissioners with that of the Chief Election Commissioner. Thus, equal constitutional protection should
be given to all members of the ECI in matters of removability from office.
• Multi-Stakeholder approach: Steps should be taken to engage prominent jurists, CJI, independent experts, civil
society members, etc., to widen the committee’s scope and ensure transparency in the appointment process.
• Seniority Principle: The elevation of an Election Commissioner should be based on seniority unless the three-member
committee, for reasons to be recorded in writing, finds such Commissioner unfit, as recommended by the law
commission.
• More comprehensive consultation: Before finalising the Bill, the government should conduct comprehensive
consultations with opposition parties, legal experts, and stakeholders.
1.4. ASPECTS OF ELECTION PROCESS AND REFORM

Why in the news?
Recently, the Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice
tables a report on “Specific aspects of the election process and their reform”.
More about news
• The report analyses the significance of elections in India and their influence on democratic governance, political
representation, and societal progress.
• It explores different facets, including voter participation and comprehensive representation through a single
electoral roll, transparency and accountability of candidature and the minimum age for contesting elections.
1.4.1. COMMON ELECTORAL ROLL (CER)

By consolidating the Electoral Rolls into a single, comprehensive database, the government could eliminate duplication
and streamline the process.
Provision
• India has two types of electoral rolls, i.e. General electoral rolls (overseen by ECI) and Separate electoral rolls
(prepared by SEC).
• Election Commission of India (ECI): Under Article 324, ECI administers Union and State elections like Lok Sabha,
Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, etc. in India.
• State Election Commissions (SEC): Under Article 243K (1), the SEC in each state has been constituted to conduct fair
elections to local bodies (Panchayat and Municipality).
Issues in the Preparation of CER
• Absence of permanent electoral roll: Before every election, a fresh electoral roll for the local body is prepared.
Unlike the Assembly, Local bodies do not maintain a permanent electoral roll.
o This leads to duplication of efforts.

• Delimitation frequency: For assembly and parliamentary constituencies, delimitation happens less frequently,
usually every 15 to 20 years. On the other hand, Delimitation of local bodies is often done before elections.
o Periodic delimitation ensures fair political representation in the broader landscape.
• Constitutional challenge: Implementing a CER, as proposed by the central government and ECI, is presently outside
the scope of Article 325, which mandates the use of separate electoral rolls for elections to Parliament and state
legislatures.
Recommendations
• ECI may develop a comprehensive plan that considers all the factors involved in implementing a Common Electoral
Roll before making any changes to the current regulations.
• ECI should consider the constitutional provisions before preparing the CER and adhere to the principles of
federalism.
• ECI and the Legislative Department should collaborate to examine the effects of the delimitation process, especially
in challenging terrains.
• ECI and the Legislative Department collaborate to encourage States to utilise the Election Commission's electoral
roll when creating their own until there is a change in constitutional and statutory provisions.
• ECI should establish a legal provision or an alternative mechanism to ensure that non-citizens with Aadhaar are not
included in CER.
1.4.2. FALSE DECLARATIONS DURING FILING OF NOMINATION FOR ELECTIONS

To ensure the integrity of the democratic process, it is crucial for the government to take strict measures to deter the
filing of false declarations/ affidavits.
Provision
• Candidates in elections must submit an Affidavit (Form 26) per the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, disclosing assets,
liabilities, education, etc.
• False information is a legal violation, punishable under Section 125A of the RPA.
Issues
• False affidavits can be detrimental to the fairness of the election process as they can mislead voters and affect their
choices.
Recommendations
• Government should set up a verification process for affidavits and promptly inform the Election Commission of any
false data to ensure adherence to regulations.
• RPA, 1951 needs to have a clear definition of what constitutes a false declaration/affidavit.
• Punishment under Section 125A of RPA, 1951 should be increased for filing a false affidavit from six months to up
to two years and a fine, depending on the severity of the offence.
o However, this penalty should only be applied in exceptional cases and not for minor errors.
• Expediting resolution of disqualification cases, as prolonged litigation undermines the intended purpose of legal
provisions.
1.4.3. ESTABLISHING PARITY BETWEEN MINIMUM AGE OF VOTING AND CONTESTING

ELECTIONS
Youthful representation in legislative bodies is crucial as they advocate for peers, address youth-centric concerns, and
transform political discourse, influencing both internal and external government discussions.
Provision
• Presently, the age for contesting elections for
o Lok Sabha (Article 84) and Legislative Assembly (Article 173) is 25 years.
o Rajya Sabha (Article 84) and Legislative Council (Article 173) is 30 years.
Issues
• Only 2.2% of Lok Sabha MPs are under the age of 30.
• Lack of parity between the minimum age of voting (18 years) and contesting elections (25 years) has led to low
participation by India's youth population in the political arena.
• As per ECI, it is unrealistic to expect 18-year-olds to possess the necessary experience and maturity for these
responsibilities.
Recommendations
• Suggests reducing the minimum age requirement for candidacy in Assembly Elections.
o Reducing the minimum age requirement for candidacy in elections would give young individuals equal
opportunities to engage in democracy.
• Prioritise providing comprehensive civic education programs to equip young people with the knowledge and skills
necessary for political engagement.
• Governments, political parties, and youth organisations should work together towards enabling greater youth
participation in decision-making processes.
1.5. GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL CAPITAL TERRITORY OF DELHI

(AMENDMENT) ACT 2023
Why in the news?
The Parliament passed the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (GNCTD) (Amendment) Act 2023.
More on news
• GNCTD (Amendment) Act repeals the National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Ordinance 2023.
• The ordinance, giving the Delhi Lieutenant Governor (LG) more powers over the Delhi government, was issued after
the decision of the Supreme Court in the GNCTD vs. Union of India (2023) case.
o The question before the Court was whether the Delhi government (headed by the elected Chief Minister) or the
LG (appointed by the President) would have control over services and civil servants in Delhi.
o The Supreme Court granted that the government of Delhi had complete command over most services in the
capital, leaving out public order, land, and police, over which the central government has exclusive powers.
• In 2018, the Supreme Court ruled that the LG did not have independent decision-making powers and was bound to
follow the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers.
The governance model of Delhi NCT
• Classification as a Union Territory (UT): Under the States’ Reorganization Act of 1956, Delhi was classified as a UT,
governed under Article 239 of the Constitution.
o It states that UTs are directly governed by the President or an administrator appointed by the President.
• Special Status: Following the recommendations of the S Balakrishnan Committee, the 69th Constitutional
Amendment Act of 1991 conferred special status on Delhi and designated it as the National Capital Territory of Delhi
(NCTD).
o It added Article 239AA to the Constitution and made Delhi a UT with a legislature and a council of ministers.
o The Lieutenant Governor (LG) is designated as the administrator of Delhi, operating with the aid and advice of
the council of ministers of Delhi.
• Powers of Delhi Legislature: The Delhi Legislative Assembly has the power to legislate over subjects in the State List
and Concurrent List, except for police, public order, and land. The Delhi government has executive powers over the
same subjects.
o Also, Parliament can legislate over all matters in the State and Concurrent Lists related to Delhi.
• GNCTD Act: The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (GNCTD) Act, 1991 lays down the framework for
the functioning of the Delhi Assembly and the Delhi government.
o It outlines the powers of the Assembly, the discretionary powers of the LG, and the Chief Minister’s duty to
provide information to the LG.
Challenges in the Governance of Delhi
• Unclear status: Article 1, read with Article 239, provides that the UTs are to be governed solely by the President.
However, Delhi’s special status creates ambiguity in the administrative process.
• Presence of national and international institutions: The President, the Parliament, the Supreme Court, various
constitutional functionaries, foreign diplomatic missions, international agencies, etc., are located in Delhi.
o This requires maintaining the highest possible national standards in the administration and governance of the NCT
of Delhi.
• National Prestige: Any decision taken in respect of Delhi also affects the entire country, having the potential of putting
the national reputation, image, credibility, and prestige at stake.
• Delays in decision-making: Due to disagreements between LG and the elected government, there are delays in decision
making, creating inefficiencies and uncertainty in governance.
Key provisions of the Act
• National Capital Civil Services Authority (NCCSA): The Act establishes the NCCSA to make recommendations to the
Lieutenant Governor of Delhi (LG) on certain matters related to services.
• Functioning of NCCSA: The central government will appoint both the Principal Home Secretary and Chief Secretary.
o All decisions of the Authority will be based on a majority vote of the members present and voting.
• Powers of the LG: Matters where the LG may act solely on his discretion are:
o Matters outside the legislative competence of the Delhi Legislative Assembly but which have been delegated to
the LG, or
o Matters where he/she is required by law to act in his discretion or exercise any judicial or quasi-judicial
functions.
• Primacy to LG: The Act expands the discretionary role of the LG by
giving him powers to approve the recommendations of the NCCSA, or
return them for reconsideration.
o In the case of a difference of opinion between the LG and the
NCCSA, the former’s decision will be final.
• Disposal of matters by Ministers: Certain matters must be submitted
to the LG by the ministers of the Delhi Government, through the Chief
Minister and the Chief Secretary, for his/her opinion prior to the issue
of any order. These include proposals affecting:
o The peace and tranquillity of Delhi,
o Relations between the Delhi government and the central
government, Supreme Court, or other state governments,
o Summoning, prorogation, and dissolution of the Legislative
Assembly, and
o Matters on which LG is to give an order in his sole discretion.
• Duties of Secretaries: The concerned Department Secretary must bring certain matters, that may bring the Delhi
Government into controversy to the notice of the LG, the Chief Minister, and the Chief Secretary.
Key issues with the Act
• Powers to central government: The Act gives the central government control over the transfer and posting of officers
in Delhi. This is a departure from the Supreme Court’s judgement in the Govt. of NCT of Delhi vs. Union Of India 2023.
o The meeting of NCCSA can be convened without the presence of the Chief Minister as the quorum is of two
members.
• Triple Chain of Accountability: Conferring powers over the transfer and posting of officers to the NCSSA may break
the triple chain of accountability.
o According to the Supreme Court, democratic government rests on a triple chain of accountability:
✓ Civil servants are accountable to ministers,
✓ Ministers are accountable to legislatures, and
✓ Legislatures are accountable to the electorate.
o The Act contradicting the first link may violate the principle of parliamentary democracy, which is a part of the
basic structure doctrine.
• Violates collective responsibility: Department secretaries will bring certain matters directly to the LG, the Chief
Minister and the Chief Secretary without consulting the concerned minister.
• Enhanced discretion of LG: As per Article 239AA, the LG has to act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers,
except when exercising functions at his/her discretion. Provisions of the Act expand the discretionary and overriding
powers of LG.
• Non-clarity on controversial matters: The Act provides for bringing matters that may bring GNCTD in controversy
with the central government to the notice of the LG but does not define these controversial matters.
Way Forward
Given the system of Delhi’s Administration has been in flux for a long time, the following ideas can be explored for
creating a more stable system.
• Different models: There are varying models for governance of capital cities in other countries which can be studied
for adopting a model for Delhi. These include:
o Capital as a federal district – Abuja, Brasilia, Canberra, Washington DC. There are varying degrees of federal
control over these cities.
o Capital as city-states – Berlin, Brussels, Buenos Aires. Here, the city government also carries out state functions.
o Capital as a city-in-a-state – Bern, Ottawa. Here, the capital is a municipality under the state government.
o Capital as a full-fledged state – Mexico City.
• Decentralisation of decision-making: A two-tier metropolitan authority can be created with elected municipal
councils and regional government. In Australia, the Sydney metropolitan area is divided into 31 local governments,
with the state government playing a coordinating role.
• Domain demarcation: The places with central government offices and their affiliates can be placed under central
administration, while the rest of the NCT can be the domain of the State of Delhi.
• Enforcement powers: Municipalities can be provided with enforcement powers exercised through community police
officers for civil compliance, whereas Delhi police can deal with criminal issues.
To know more about’ “Federalism: Unique Status of Delhi”, kindly refer to January 2023 Monthly Current Affairs.
1.6. NO-CONFIDENCE MOTION

Why in the news?
Recently, the union government faced a no-confidence motion in the Monsoon session of the parliament.
About No Confidence motion
• No-confidence motion: A legislative resolution introduced in the Lok Sabha that allows the Opposition to challenge
the government's majority and ability to govern.
o In a parliamentary democracy, a government can be in power only if it commands a majority in the directly elected
House. Implying that if a No-confidence motion is passed, the Government of the day will have to resign.
o The motion of No-Confidence can only be moved in Lok Sabha by any of its MPs.
• Constitutional articles/rules of business in Lok Sabha
o Article 75(3) of our Constitution embodies this rule by specifying that the Council of Ministers are collectively
responsible to the Lok Sabha.
o Rule 198 of Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha provides a provision regarding the motion
of No Confidence in Council of Ministers.
• Grounds: A Motion of No-confidence need not set out any grounds on which it is based.
o Even when grounds are mentioned in the notice and read out in the House, they do not form part of the No-
confidence Motion.
• Speeches: Unless leave is granted by the House to move the motion, no speech is permitted in support of the motion
at the time of obtaining the leave of the House.
• Repeat Motion: After a No-confidence Motion has been discussed and negatived by the House, another No-
confidence Motion cannot be moved in the same Session.
Implications of the No-confidence motion

• Political Vacuum: The passing of a No-confidence motion leads to the resignation of the Council of Ministers, which
may lead to a political vacuum.
• Administrative Challenge: The sudden removal of the political executive may lead to administrative confusion and
policy uncertainty.
• Parliamentary efficiency: Politically motivated No-confidence motions tend to affect the optimal time utilisation in
Parliament. For instance, up till the current motion, a total of 456 hours have been spent discussing no-confidence
motions in Parliament.
• Burden on Exchequer: If no other party is able to prove the majority, then the citizens have to bear the expense of
conducting general elections.
Conclusion
The first No-confidence motion was discussed in the Third Lok Sabha; since then a total of 26 No-confidence motions have
been discussed in Parliament. 25 of them were negatived, and one motion led to the resignation of the Government in
1979. This record highlights the prevalence of opportunity to challenge the government and, at the same time, the
stability of India’s democratic system.
1.7. MEDIATION BILL, 2023

Why in the news?
Both houses of Parliament recently passed the Mediation Bill 2023 seeking to promote mediation as a preferred mode
of Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in India.
About Mediation Bill, 2023
• Defines Mediation: It includes expression mediation, pre-litigation mediation, online mediation, community
mediation, conciliation or an expression of similar import.
o Here, parties attempt to reach an amicable settlement of their dispute with the assistance of a third person
referred to as mediator.
• Voluntary Pre-litigation Mediation: Parties can attempt to settle civil or commercial disputes by mediation before
approaching any court or certain tribunals.
• Disputes not fit for mediation: Centre may amend this list. List includes:
o relating to claims against minors or persons of unsound mind,
o involving criminal prosecution,
o affecting the rights of third parties.

• Territorial Jurisdiction: Mediation to take place within the territorial jurisdiction of the court or tribunal of competent
jurisdiction, unless parties agree otherwise or undertake mediation in online mode.
• Timeline for conducting Mediation: Must be completed within 120 days, which may be extended by another 60
days with the consent of the parties.
o A party may withdraw from mediation after two sessions.
o Court annexed mediation must be conducted as per the rules framed by the Supreme Court or High Courts.
• Establishment of Mediation Council of India (MCI): To promote mediation and develop India as a robust centre for
domestic and international mediation and make regulations for registration of mediators.
o MCI consist of 1 chairperson, 2 full-time member (with experience in mediation or ADR), 1 part-time member
(including the Law Secretary, and the Expenditure Secretary) and 3 ex officio members
• Defines Mediation Service Providers: As a body or organization recognized by the MCI for conducting mediation.
o Mediation can be done by the Authority, constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 also.
• Conduct of community mediation: To resolve disputes likely to affect the peace and harmony amongst residents of
a locality by a panel of 3 mediators.
• Enforceability: Agreements resulting from mediation will be binding and enforceable in the same manner as court
judgments.
o Verdict can be challenged before a competent court within 90 days.
o Mediated settlement can be challenged on grounds of fraud, corruption, impersonation, and disputes not fit for
mediation only.
About Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
• ADR refers to the different ways people can resolve disputes without a trial. Other than Mediation ADR mechanisms include
o Arbitration: Procedure in which a dispute is submitted, by agreement of the parties, to one or more arbitrators who make
a binding decision on the dispute.
o Conciliation: A non-binding procedure in which an impartial third party, the conciliator, assists the parties to a dispute in
reaching a mutually satisfactory agreed settlement of the dispute.
o Negotiation: A non-binding procedure in which discussions between the parties are initiated without the intervention of
any third party with the object of arriving at a negotiated settlement to the dispute.
• Other steps to promote ADR in India
o Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 and Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2019 for establishment of the
Arbitration Council of India.
o Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987
o New Delhi International Arbitration Centre (NDIAC) Act, 2019 for the establishment NDIAC for facilitating institutional
arbitration.
o Commercial Courts Act, 2015 provides for the such Commercial Courts for adjudicating commercial disputes.
Need of Mediation bill
• Dedicated Act: Presently, there is no comprehensive law governing the various aspects of mediation.
• Reduces the burden of court: 5.02 crore cases were pending in various courts (as per Ministry of Law and Justice).
• Amicable Solution: Helps to preserve relationships amongst disputants and reduces the chance of any future
disputes.
• Fulfilling Singapore Convention commitment: This is also in line with India’s commitment as a signatory to the United
Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation.
• Reduces cost of Mediation: Bill introduces the concept of online mediation which can reduce the travel cost of
litigants.
• Less Time Consuming: People resolve their disputes in short period as compared to courts.
Concerns related with the bill
• Online Mediation: Only 55% of India have access to the internet and only 27% possess compatible devices (as per
NITI Aayog report).
• Prior approval: Mediation Council requires prior approval from the central government before issuing regulations
related to its essential functions.
o This raises the conflict of interest as the government is the biggest litigant in the country.

• Issue of International Mediation: It does not provide for the enforcement of settlement agreements resulting from
international mediation conducted outside India.
• No punishment/liability for breaching confidentiality.
Way forward
• Include Government-related disputes: Standing committee had recommended that government-related disputes be
included in the bill.
• Confidentiality agreement: With the start of the mediation to ring-fence any potential breach of confidentiality need
to have a formal agreement.
o Also, there is a need for the provision of punishment/ liability for breaching confidentiality.
• Reducing the disputes from the list: The number of disputes in the Schedule should be reduced to ensure that a
maximum number of disputes go through pre-litigation mediation.
1.8. GUIDELINES FOR CELEBRITIES, INFLUENCERS, AND VIRTUAL

INFLUENCERS
Why in the news?
The Advertising Standards Council of India
(ASCI) has released the comprehensive
Guidelines for Influencer Advertising in
Digital Media.
More on the news
• These guidelines are an extension to the
Guidelines for Prevention of Misleading
Advertisements and Endorsements for
Misleading Advertisements, 2022.
• Department of Consumer Affairs,
Consumer Affairs Ministry will actively
monitor and enforce these guidelines.
• Influencers found to be in violation of the
new guidelines could face penalties under the Consumer Guidelines for Prevention of Misleading Advertisements
Protection Act (2019). and Endorsements for Misleading Advertisements 2022
Key Provisions for celebrities, influencers, and virtual • Key Provisions of Guidelines:
influencers o Prohibit Surrogate Advertisements: No surrogate
advertisement (like Alcohol brands advertising for
• Guidelines for All: sodas/music) shall be made for goods or services
o Disclosure: All material connection (such as whose advertising is prohibited or restricted.
monetary or other compensation, free products) o Prohibit Targeting Children: Advertisements that
between the advertiser and the influencer. take advantage of children’s inexperience have
✓ It must be upfront and prominent so that it is not been prohibited.
o Penalties: Violations may lead to penalties under
missed by an average consumer.
the Consumer Protection Act 2019 and other
✓ Terms including advertisement, sponsored, relevant provisions of the law.
collaboration, and paid promotion can be used, ✓ CCPA can impose a penalty of up to Rs 10 lakh
which must be indicated as a hashtag or headline on manufacturers, advertisers, and
text. endorsers. For subsequent offences, a
o Due Diligence: Endorsers are encouraged to conduct penalty can go up to Rs 50 lakh.
a thorough review and ensure they are in a position
to substantiate the claims made in the advertisement.
✓ They must use or experience a product or service before endorsement.
✓ Influencers must refrain from making false, misleading, or exaggerated claims.

• For Health Influencer:
o Disclose Certification: Endorsers must disclose that they are certified health/fitness experts and medical
practitioners.
o Disclaimer: Endorsers must ensure that the audience understands that their endorsements should not be seen
as a substitute for professional medical advice.
• For Finfluencers:
o Registration: Can offer investment-related advice
{with subjects like banking, financial services, and
insurance (BFSI)} only after registering with the
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).
✓ Other financial influencers must also possess
appropriate credentials, such as a licence
from the Insurance Regulatory and
Development Authority of India (IRDAI).
Need of the Guidelines
• Affects decision-making of Consumers: People
believe in celebrities, influencers, and virtual
influencers. They tend to follow whatever they say or endorse.
o This may lead to negative consequences such as financial loss, health issues, etc.
o It violates the Right to Choose, the Right to information, and the Right to be safeguarded against harmful
products and services.
• Rising horizon of Influencers: The social influencer market is expanding quickly, projected to be worth around Rs
2,800 crore by 2025.
o Increased use of social media for promotional activities and influencer violations comprising almost 30% of
advertisements taken up by the ASCI.
o People have ample information about celebrities (for instance any cricketer), but consumers may not necessarily
know much about influencers.
• Clarity for Celebrities and Influencers: Guidelines will help celebrities and influencers to understand their social
responsibility, and will make them more sensitive towards their followers.
• Deceptive marketing: Posting an advertisement without mentioning that it is an advertisement.
o Also, they claim themselves as experts (in the sphere of BFSI, and health and nutrition products and services) but
the reality may be different.
Conclusion
Guidelines will help protect the interests of consumers. It will bring transparency to advertisements by checking
misleading advertisements. It will help consumers identify promotional content and make informed decisions on products
or services.
1.9. REGISTRATION OF BIRTH AND

DEATH (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2023
Why in the news?
Recently, the Act to amend the Registration of Birth and
Death Act 1969 was passed.
Background
• Key features of the Registration of Births and Deaths
Act of 1969
o Provides for the regulation and registration of
births and deaths in India.
o Provides for the appointment of a Registrar General of India by the Central Government for the implementation
of this Act.
o Chief Registrar, District Registrar & Registrar to be appointed in every State by the state government for the
implementation of the Act in the state, district & local area, respectively.
o Certain persons to report births and deaths to the Registrar, like a medical officer in charge.
o Provides to obtain an extract from the register related to any birth or death.
o In respect of birth or death occurring in a house, it is the duty of the Head of the house, and in a hospital, the
medical officer in charge is responsible for reporting.
o A birth certificate can be obtained without the name of the child.
• The registration of births and deaths falls under the Concurrent List.
• As of 2019, the national level of registration of births was 93%, and death registration was at 92%.
• This Act had not been amended since its inception, therefore new amendment is brought to:
o To keep pace with societal change and technological advancements and to make act more citizen-friendly.
o For efficient and transparent delivery of public services and social benefits.
Key features of the Birth and Death (Amendment) Act, 2023
• Database of births and deaths: It adds that the Registrar General of India will maintain a national database of
registered births and deaths.
o Chief Registrars and Registrars will be obligated to share data of registered births and deaths to the national
database.
o The Chief Registrar shall maintain a similar database at the state level.
• Electronic certificates: Provide digital registration and electronic delivery of certificates of births and deaths.
• Linking with Aadhaar: To collect Aadhaar numbers of parents and informants in case of birth registration.
• Connecting database: It states that the national database may be made available to other authorities preparing or
maintaining other databases like population registers, electoral rolls, ration cards, etc.
• Use of birth certificate: The information will be used for purposes including admission to an educational institution,
preparation of voter lists, appointment to a government post, etc.
• Appeal process: Any person aggrieved by any action or order of the Registrar or District Registrar may appeal to the
District Registrar or Chief Registrar, respectively, within 30 days.
Issues with the Act
• Against Fundamental right
o Denying admission to school without a birth certificate may violate the fundamental right to education under
Article 21A.
o Linkage across databases does not require consent from the person whose data is being linked, which is against
the right to privacy.
• Sole conclusive proof of age: The Act does not provide alternative proof if a person does not have a birth certificate.
• Surveillance state: Centralizing the database may lead to mass surveillance.
Conclusion
The Act, in its implementation, will help with e-governance. Although the act defined a database (organised collection of
data, generally stored and accessed in electronic form from a computer network), the government could bring robust
privacy and surveillance laws.
1.10. NEWS IN SHORTS

1.10.1. PRESS AND REGISTRATION OF • Key Highlights
PERIODICALS (PRP) BILL, 2023 o The Central Government may appoint a Press
Registrar General of India (PRG) and empowers
• Bill, introduced in Rajya Sabha, seeks to replace the PGI to suspend/ cancel certificate of registration.
Press and Registration of Books (PRB) Act, 1867 which o Restricts persons convicted of offenses involving
governs the registration of print and publishing terrorist or unlawful activities, to bring out
industry in the country. periodicals.
o Decriminalization of various offenses as About PRB Act 1867
mentioned under the PRB Act 1867, e.g., improper • Enacted during the Viceroyalty of Lord John Lawrence
declaration of offenses • The 1867 act helped governments control the press,
o Provides for an Appellate Board (Press and regulate book publishing, and inadvertently curb the
Registration Appellate Board), headed by the freedom of speech and expression.
Chairman, Press Council of India to hear an appeal
against refusal of grant of registration, imposition
1.10.2. ADVOCATES (AMENDMENT) BILL,
of penalty or suspension/cancellation of 2023
registration by PRG. • The bill, passed by Rajya Sabha, seeks to make the act
o Books taken out of the purview of the PRP Bill, of ‘Tout’ punishable and repeal certain provisions of
which were earlier subject to PRB Act, 1867 (Books Legal Practitioners Act, 1879 which have become
as a subject are administered by Ministry of obsolete.
Education) • Provisions
• Significance of the bill o Bill provides that every high court and district
o Simplifies registration process of periodicals and judge can frame and publish lists of touts.
brings transparency in governance of press and o Such persons named in the list of touts will be
periodicals. excluded from entering the court premises.
o Upholding media freedom o Tout refers to a person who either proposes to
o Improves ease of doing business, particularly for procure or procures the employment of a legal
small and medium publishers. practitioner in return of any payment.

2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
2.1. INDIA- GREECE
Why in the news?
The Indian Prime Minister
recently visited Greece for the
first time in four decades.
More about news
• India and Greece agreed
to upgrade their bilateral
ties to a level of strategic
partnership and further
expand bilateral
cooperation in political,
security and economic
spheres.
• Indian Prime Minister was
conferred with the Grand
Cross of the Order of
Honour, Greece’s second
highest civilian honour.
• Highlights of visit
o India welcomed
Greece into the
International Solar Alliance and looked forward to Greece’s membership of the Coalition for Disaster Resilient
Infrastructure.
o Encourage joint efforts in preserving and protecting ancient sites and strengthen cooperation within UNESCO.
o Both countries agreed on the finalisation of the Mobility and Migration Partnership Agreement to facilitate
skilled migration.
Significance of Greece for India
• Support at the Global arena: Greece supported India’s membership at NSG (National Supplier Group) and bid for a
permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council.
• Geopolitical: India’s relations with Greece and Armenia are crucial in the context of an emerging Turkey-Pakistan-
Azerbaijan military axis (often referred to as the Three Brothers) and can counter increased Chinese presence in the
region. Other Aspects of India- Greece Relations
• Geostrategic: Greece borders the • Historical linkage: Chanakya, in Chandragupta’s Court records in
Mediterranean Sea, which covers three Arthashastra about the Yavan Ambassador in the Kings’ court, named
continents, i.e., Asia, Africa and Europe and Megasthenes.
thus can help enhance India’s outreach to o Trading between Mauryan Kings and Greece is evidenced by
the Mediterranean region. coinage and writings. Gandhara art is believed to be a fusion of
o The Mediterranean region is vital for Indian and Greek influences.
India’s Indo-Pacific policy. • Political: Diplomatic relations were established between the two
• Access to the European Market: India is countries in 1950. Greece opened its Embassy in Delhi in 1950 and
India in Athens in 1978.
exploring a multi-modal link between
• Science & Technology: Agreement on Science & Technology was
Mumbai and the European mainland via the
ratified by both sides to encourage and support cooperation in the
Greek transhipment port of Piraeus. science and technology field based on equality and mutual benefit.
o This will allow much faster shipment of
Indian goods to markets in the entire Eurasian region.
o This is also part of the Newly announced India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor Sealed at G20 Summit
2023 (Details of this will be covered in September 2023 Magazine)
• Energy Hub: The Mediterranean region can be a potential source to meet India’s increasing energy demand and
enhance energy security given its vast resources of oil (1.7 billion barrels) and gas (112 trillion cubic feet).
o Greece's abundant sunshine and its robust wind energy capacity present substantial untapped opportunities for
electricity generation.
• Defence and Security: With Greece expanding its defence expenditure from US$5 billion to 8.4 billion (2019- 2022),
it can act as a potential market for India’s defence exports.
o India and Greece have engaged in joint naval exercises in the Mediterranean Sea and multinational air force
exercise INIOCHOS-23.
Concerns associated with India- Greece relations
• Lack of bilateral engagements: The absence of high-level interaction in four decades has resulted in a lack of strong
strategic connections.
• China’s Presence: Chinese state-owned shipping company COSCO has approx 60% stake in the Piraeus port and thus
can hamper India’s connectivity plans and trade opportunities through the port.
• Low Trade and Investment: India's trade relations with Greece face challenges characterised by limited business
opportunities, insufficient investment and capital inflow, a shortage of enterprises capable of bolstering exports, etc.
Way forward
• Enhance engagements: Greece and Cyprus are two EU member states that can act as a bridge between the European
Union and India, and thus, urgent steps are required to strengthen bilateral ties.
• Developmental aid: India can extend its Line of Credit, utilise its soft power and diaspora to counter China’s presence
and provide an alternative to China’s Debt Trap Policy.
• Promote Tourism: Collaborate on tourism promotion efforts, including joint marketing campaigns and improved air
connectivity.
o Greece is emerging as a popular tourist destination among Indians.
• Maritime Cooperation: Enhance cooperation on maritime security, including information sharing and joint naval
exercises.
2.2. BRICS
Why in the news?
The 15th BRICS summit, the first in-person meeting since 2019 was held in Johannesburg, South Africa.
More on News
• South Africa has chosen the theme “BRICS and Africa: Partnership for Mutually Accelerated Growth, Sustainable
Development, and Inclusive Multilateralism” for the summit.
• Apart from BRICS leaders, South Africa had invited all 55 members of the African Union (AU) to the event and about
20 other leaders from Asia, South America and Small Island States who represent the Global South for sessions on
the sidelines of the summit.

Outcome of BRICS Summit
• Expansion of BRICS: BRICS members agreed to induct six new member countries with their membership coming into
effect from January 2024. These countries include Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia and the UAE.
• Johannesburg II Declaration: It encapsulates significant BRICS viewpoints on global economic, financial and political
matters.
• Three pillars: BRICS members committed themselves to strengthening the framework of mutually beneficial BRICS
cooperation under the three pillars of-
o Political and security,
o Economic and financial, and
o Cultural and people-to-people cooperation.
• Enhancing Strategic Partnership: With a focus on areas like the promotion of peace, a more representative, fairer
international order, a reinvigorated and reformed multilateral system, sustainable development and inclusive
growth.
• Trading in local Currencies: The BRICS summit tasked BRICS finance ministers and/or central bank governors to
consider the issue of local currencies, payment instruments and platforms.
• Push for UN reforms: The statement for the first time in the recent past said that BRICS countries support a
comprehensive reform of the UN, including its Security Council.
India’s Proposals
• Space cooperation: India’s Prime Minister called for establishing a BRICS space exploration consortium that could focus on
space research and weather monitoring for global good.
o BRICS is already working on the BRICS satellite constellation.
• Inclusion in G20: India proposed that all the BRICS nations and the African Union be permanent members of the G20.
• Future ready BRICS: India called for cooperation in the areas of education, skills development and technology to make BRICS
a future-ready organisation.
o India also proposed a skills mapping exercise to complement each other in their development journey.
• Other proposals advocated by India-
o Big Cat Protection between the five countries.
o Building resilient supply chains advocated during BRICS Business Forum.
o Building a repository for traditional medicine.
Significance of BRICS Expansion
• Geopolitical and geoeconomic expansion: The expansion signifies a growing alignment of geopolitical and economic
agendas within the BRICS.
o It incorporates major global oil producers near crucial trade chokepoints, such as the Suez Canal and the Strait
of Hormuz and Bab-al Mandab Strait.
• Infrastructure linkages: Expanding BRICS opens up new horizons of economic and people-to-people connect.
o India, Iran, and Russia are already developing the International North-South Transport Corridor.
• Africa’s growth: Inclusion of two African countries strengthens the ongoing efforts to promote integration,
development, and growth through the African Continental Free Trade Area.
• Global Peace: The induction of 4 major Middle East Players- Egypt, Iran, UAE and Saudi gives BRICS a major boost –
as these countries have been at odds with each other.
• Reform of the multilateral system: BRICS will greatly push forward the agenda for reform in the present system of
multilateralism, where Western powers play a dominant role.
Emerging challenges to BRICS with expansion and other reforms
• Dilution of original purpose: The rapid expansion of members could dilute the original purpose of the BRICS grouping,
especially if China is seen as taking a dominant position in the grouping.
o China factor: It is believed by many that the expansion of BRICS is a political manoeuvre to advance China’s vision
of international order.
• India’s balancing interests: As the BRICS, an economic grouping, becomes more strategic and political, India may find
its balancing act with the Quad, Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Indo-Pacific Economic Framework more
difficult.
• Geopolitical dimensions: Tensions between different countries may now make BRICS more unwieldy to run, akin to
SAARC, due to tensions between India and Pakistan.
o Egypt and Ethiopia continue to dispute the management of the Nile River.
o Although a Chinese-brokered deal has eased tensions, Saudi Arabia and Iran remain historical rivals for regional
dominance in the Middle East.
• No clear membership criteria: A clearly defined membership criteria has not been put in the public domain.
• Difficulties in Intra-BRICS trade: The sanctions Iran faces might make intra-BRICS trade more difficult to grow- both
Russia and Iran are now off the SWIFT system.
• Push to minilateralism: With expanded BRICS, we are seeing a new wave of “minilateralism” — a style of diplomatic
engagement that gives prominence to small- and medium-sized coalitions of like-minded states.
o One problem with minilateralism is that it threatens to further erode our means of global collective action
needed to tackle the massive threats posed to humanity today.
How should India respond to these developments?
• Do the Balancing Act: India needs to strategically balance its ties with the Western powers, especially the US, since
the expanded BRICS will also include Iran (sanctioned by the US).
o However, the expansion could advance Indian interests, giving India more clout with a set of nations with which
it is keen to expand relations.
• Checking Chinese influence: India needs to balance the strategic influence that China exerts in the BRICS grouping
with its economic diplomacy and its relations with Russia and Iran.
• Engaging with Global South via BRICS: BRICS expansion means India’s increased influence and added opportunity to
collaborate on the problems of the Global South.
• Indian Payment Systems: India should push for institutionalising intra-BRICS trade in the national currencies of
members via the Indian payment mechanisms and systems.
o This will also indirectly encourage the idea of the Internationalization of the Rupee.
• Energy Security: The inclusion of major oil-producing Middle Eastern powers such as Saudi Arabia and UAE in BRICS
increases the opportunity for energy diversification and better energy pricing for India.
• Defining membership criteria: Advocating a clear membership criterion for BRICS will help ease India’s concerns
about who could be future members of the BRICS.
Conclusion
BRICS stands for a multipolar world order that is equitable and builds on international law and the principles of the United
Nations Charter.
2.3. MALABAR: NOT JUST AN EXERCISE

Why in the news?
India, Japan, the United States and Australia held the Malabar naval exercise off the coast of Sydney (Pacific Ocean) for
the first time. Previously, it was held in the Indian Ocean.
Background of the exercise in conjunction with QUAD
• 1992: Malabar naval exercise commenced in 1992 as a bilateral exercise between India and USA.
• 2007: For the first time, the exercise also included Australia, Japan and Singapore.
o In the same year, the US, Japan, Australia and India converged in the Quad 1.0 (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue).
• 2008: Due to China’s protest to the accord, Australia and, subsequently, Japan dropped out of the exercise and
Quad.
• 2015: Japan became a permanent participant in the Malabar exercise
• 2020: Australia rejoined it after the revival of Quad (Quad 2.0).
o The ‘China factor’—which was key to the failure of Quad 1.0 to take off—just a decade later appears to be serving
as the pivot around which Quad 2.0 rejuvenated.
In the decade since 2007, rising Chinese domination via its land and maritime disputes, the increasingly questionable
intent of its One Belt, One Road (OBOR) programme, and its related debt trap diplomacy have encouraged the idea of
Quad‘ further.
Geopolitical importance of Malabar exercise and connected events
• Strategic Convergence: Shifting exercise from the Malabar Coast to the Bay of Bengal and alternating between the
latter and the Western Pacific region suggests a strategic convergence between the participants in the ‘Indo-Pacific’.
• Balance of Power: China’s assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region through OBOR, logistics bases, debt traps, etc.,
disturbs the balance of power in the region.
o The exercise tilts the balance of power towards the larger Pacific region and, in some ways, acts as a
reinforcement exercise in the context of the rising power of China.
• General Indo-Pacific Stability: The QUAD and the Malabar Exercise should be viewed as a major step towards building
a sustainable Indo-Pacific coalition.
• Protecting global commons: The growing instability in the international order, including the weakening of US
influence in the Indo-Pacific, makes a stronger case for the protection of the global commons. Quad and Malabar help
in this regard.
• Rules-based international order: Quad countries have affirmed their commitment to uphold the rule of law and
freedom of navigation in the international seas and upholding the territorial integrity and sovereignty of all states as
essential.
• Establishing trust and military cooperation: The naval cooperation among major powers in the Indian Ocean region
has had limited success, and the strategic distrust levels still remain quite high due to their competing interests.
o Malabar exercise is one of such other initiatives like the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) and the Indian Ocean
Naval Symposium (IONS) to address this issue.
Significance of these developments for India
• Development of strong maritime order: A conducive maritime order requires to be underpinned by naval power
projection capabilities. This includes sea-control (aircraft carriers/surface ships) and sea-denial (submarines,
underwater drones, et cetera) capabilities.
o Malabar exercise helps further enhance such capabilities along with the protection of navigation routes for
seaborne commercial traffic and control over navigational chokepoints.

• National Military Capabilities: Although the Quad’s present objectives, its members also actively cooperate to build
each other’s economic, technological and military capabilities, specifically in the context of rising China.
• Strengthening India’s SAGAR policy: ‘SAGAR’ (‘Security and Growth for All in the Region’) vision posits the
requirement to safeguard the region alongside protecting our national interests.
o These exercises can help enable this policy. For example, information sharing during natural disasters and
enhanced capacity in case of search and rescue.
• Economic Significance: As India’s economy grew, so did its larger maritime interests. Thus, encouraging to look
beyond the proximate oceanic space.
o Japan and the USA bring to the table considerable capital and economic support.
Conclusion
‘Malabar Exercise’, on the surface of it, seems to address only India’s maritime security concerns. However, the evolution
of the Malabar exercise series could be seen as representing a barometer of the shifting geopolitics in the Indo-Pacific
region.
2.4. GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS

Why in the news?
Trade and Investment Ministers of G20 nations
under India’s G20 Presidency agreed to map
Global Value Chains (GVCs) and adopted a G20
Generic Framework for Mapping GVCs.
What are GVCs?
• Definition: GVCs consist of intricate
production networks that are fragmented
across multiple firms and countries for cost
optimization and for achieving production
efficiency.
• Distinct from international trade: Unlike
traditional international trade whose
transactions involve only two countries (an
exporting country and an importing
country), GVC trade crosses borders
multiple times.
• GVC Participation: Countries can participate
in GVCs by engaging in either backward or
forward linkages:
o Backward GVC participation is when a country uses inputs from another country for domestic production.
o Forward GVC participation is when a country supplies inputs that are used for production in another country.
• Current GVC distribution: A few countries in Asia, Europe, and North America have driven GVC expansion over the
past 30 years.
o Europe is the most regionally integrated region, with four times as many regional linkages as global linkages.
o South Asia, the Middle East and North Africa are the least regionally integrated regions.

Risks and Challenges in GVC Participation
• Economic gaps: There is a risk of widening economic gaps between countries since the gains from GVC participation
are not distributed equally across and within countries.
o Some developing countries participating in GVCs, for example, may find themselves locked into low-value-added
activities in the long run.
• Risk of external shocks: GVC participation increases the local economy’s exposure—albeit not necessarily its ability
to cope with—external shocks.
o Recent examples suggest that the increasing complexities of GVCs are contributing to increased dependencies
and heightened vulnerabilities to disruptions.
• Inflation linkage: GVCs create strong links in price formation, implying that inflation in one country is more likely to
spill over to its direct and indirect trading partners.
• Gaps in GVC participation: There exists a significant gap between the ability of developing and developed countries
in GVC participation.
o Participation in GVCs partially depends on the capacity of countries to attract global production, including by
promoting and fostering linkages between foreign enterprises and domestic companies, particularly MSMEs.
• Challenges to MSMEs: MSMEs across the world, especially in developing countries, face significant impediments with
the entry of global firms and the associated competition in local markets.
G20 Generic Framework for Mapping GVCs
It is a voluntary, and non-binding generic mapping framework based on the following building blocks:
• Data: GVC resilience framework should be based on collecting timely high-quality sectoral data and voluntarily providing firm-
level data.
• Analysis: The complexity of GVCs necessitates the use of models and indicators, which can provide key insights from such GVC
data.
• Representation: GVC resilience framework should use advanced technological tools that present underlying patterns from
data analysis in a user-friendly manner.
By incorporating these building blocks, the framework can help in the identification of the sectors and products critical to GVC
resilience.
What should be the strategy for participation in GVCs?
• Building trust: A key to robust and adaptable global supply chains is trust. Quality infrastructure fosters this trust
among trading partners, addressing consumer demands and facilitating private-sector collaboration.
o For instance, enhance domestic monitoring of the logistics sector to ensure quality physical and digital logistics
infrastructure.
• Encouraging interoperability: The interoperability of standards and protocols among countries is essential for
allowing supply chains to operate properly. These standards encapsulate best practices for safety, quality, and
efficiency.
• Mapping vulnerabilities: It is crucial to identify the hidden vulnerabilities within GVCs and develop resilience
strategies to mitigate the impact of external shocks. For example, developing capabilities of local industries through
schemes like Performance Linked Incentive (PLI).
• Clear Legal framework: Facilitate the establishment of legal frameworks that promote transparency and ease of doing
business, keep pace and evolve with technological advancements.
o Also, strengthen contract enforcement, protect intellectual property rights, and improve standards regimes.
• Promoting Investment: Sustainable and inclusive GVCs require investment. The robust flow of capital transforms the
economic relations of countries, integrating it effectively into the GVCs.
• Integrating MSMEs in global trade: MSMEs, particularly in developing countries, plays significant role in value chain
but often lack the requisite resources to collect and analyse all the relevant information for their target markets.
2.5. NEWS IN SHORTS

2.5.1. OUTCOME DOCUMENT OF G20 2.5.2. BUSINESS 20 (B20) SUMMIT HELD
DIGITAL ECONOMY MINISTERS MEETING IN NEW DELHI
Key highlights of the outcome document • Theme of summit is R.A.I.S.E – Responsible,
Priority Areas Initiatives announced/adopted
Accelerated, Innovative, Sustainable and Equitable
Digital Public • G20 Framework for Systems of DPI-a
Businesses.
Infrastructure voluntary and suggested framework • B20 was established in 2010 as the official G20
(DPI) for development, deployment and dialogue forum with global business community.
governance of DPI o It brings policymakers, business leaders and
o DPI refers to a set of shared digital experts from across the world to deliberate and
building blocks, such as discuss B20 India Communique.
applications, systems, and • Key Recommendations/Policy actions
platforms, powered by Areas Recommendations/Policy Actions
interoperable open standards or
Global Economic • Creation of Global SDG
specifications.
Recovery Acceleration Fund (GSAF) for
o India Stack is a set of commonly
financing Global Public Goods
used DPIs in India.
and bridging SDG financing
Security in the • G20 High-Level Principles (HLPs) to gap.
Digital Support Businesses in Building Safety,
• GSAF is proposed as a global
Economy Security, Resilience, and Trust in the
multi-donor fund where G20
Digital Economy.
countries and next ten
o It draws from the practices,
largest countries by GDP
strategies and tools developed
would allocate and contribute
and implemented by G20
a fixed capital.
members.
Inclusive GVCs for • Facilitate FDI flows towards
• G20 Toolkit on Cyber Education and
Resilient green, sustainable, and
Cyber Awareness of Children and
Global Trade and circular business model.
Youth to protect children's privacy and
Investment • Identify niche opportunities
personal data, uphold children’s
with competitive advantages
dignity, and respect their rights
for less represented
Digital Skilling • G20 Toolkit for Designing and segments.
Introducing Digital Upskilling and
Financial Inclusion • Provide
Reskilling Programs to help better
for incubation/mentorship
assess and improve strategies towards
Economic assistance to small businesses
building a future-ready workforce.
Empowerment to enable them access to right
• G20 Roadmap to Facilitate Cross-
resources.
Country Comparison of Digital Skills to
Digital • Set unified standards and
enable a common understanding of job
Transformation metrics for digital literacy.
roles, digital skills, and related
credentials. Technology, • Set up Virtual Digital Lab and
Innovation and Library as a platform for
R&D cross-border collaboration.
• Establish 'Council for Earth
Observation' to leverage
space technology with focus ✓ For example, Strait of Gibraltar connecting
on water conservation etc. the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic
Future of Work, • Develop Universal Labour Ocean.
skilling and mobility Information Management • Role of Straits and Isthmus in Global Trade:
System that provide o Important trade link: Approximately 12% of global
centralised data on
trade passes through the Suez canal.
employment trends, job
vacancies etc. o Time and Cost Savings
Energy, Climate • Develop harmonised o Global Supply Chain: Supporting the movement of
Change and international carbon markets. various commodities, including Dry Bulk,
Resource Efficiency Container, etc.
o Strategic significance: Panama Canal's significance
2.5.3. PANAMA CANAL goes beyond economic benefits and encompasses
national security, defense capabilities, and
• Shipping disruptions occurred in a drought hit Panama
logistical resilience for the region, especially for
Canal.
USA.
• Panama Canal is a constructed waterway that connects
the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. 2.5.4. SULINA CHANNEL
o It enables ships to avoid the lengthy and
hazardous voyage around Cape Horn at the • Sulina Channel – a distributary of Danube river,
southern tip of South America. connects major Ukrainian ports on the river to Black
o Panama Canal connects nearly 2,000 ports in 170 Sea.
countries. o Chilia, Sulina and St George are major channels in
• Panama is an isthmus connecting North and South Danube delta.
America. o Of these three, Sulina Channel is the only one
deep and wide enough for freight transport.
o It lies completely within Romania, a NATO
member.
• Danube Delta has provided Ukraine with an
alternative passage after Russia withdrew from Black
Sea grain deal.
2.5.5. THE SPIRIT OF CAMP DAVID

• Leaders of United States, Japan, and South Korea
issued a joint statement titled ‘The Spirit of Camp
David’.
○ Summit was held to project unity in the face of
China's growing power and nuclear threats from
North Korea.
• Key highlights of the joint statement
○ Consult promptly with each other during crises.
○ Hold annual multi-domain trilateral exercise
○ Develop the Partnership for Resilient and Inclusive
Supply-chain Enhancement (RISE)
○ Hold trilateral summits annually
2.5.6. 70 YEARS OF COUP IN IRAN

•In 1953 US orchestrated coup toppled Iran's prime
• Isthmus is narrow strip of land connecting two larger minister.
landmasses. For example, Suez Canal is constructed • The coup was driven by America's fears about a
on the isthmus of Suez. possible tilt toward the Soviet Union and the loss of
o However, they are different from Straits which are Iranian crude oil.
narrow waterways connecting two larger bodies • It is considered to be backed by the country's leading
of water. Shiite clergy and brought Shah Mohammad Reza
Pahlavi to power.
• It also lit the fuse for the 1979 Islamic Revolution. was incorrectly mentioned that "State visit to the US
o The revolution forced Shah to flee Iran and was in 1969".
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini usher in the o Correct information is " Earlier, only 2 Indian leaders
theocracy that still governs the country. have been hosted by the US as an official state
guest: President S Radhakrishnan in 1963, and PM
2.5.7. ERRATA Manmohan Singh in 2009. India's first PM,
Jawaharlal Nehru made a US visit for the first time
• Due to a typographical error in Article 2.1 “India-US
in 1949 ".
relations” of June 2023 Current Affairs Magazine, it

3. ECONOMY
3.1. CREDIT RATING AGENCIES
Why in the news?
Ratings agency Moody's has affirmed a BAA3 rating on India and maintained a stable outlook on the Indian economy.
More on news
• Other research shows that India’s sovereign credit rating could be downgraded due to the impact of climate change
and the rise in temperature volatility by the 2030s.
o The reason behind this is the delay in green investment, which later increases the borrowing cost for nations
and subsequently increases debt.
• Sovereign ratings assess the creditworthiness of countries and are a key gauge for investors.
• Covering more than $66 trillion in sovereign debt, the credit ratings agencies act as gatekeepers to global capital.
• Currently, India is rated investment grade by three major Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) - Standard & Poor's(S&P),
Moody’s and Fitch.
o There are several criteria behind rating a government’s creditworthiness -
✓ Political risk, taxation, currency value and labour laws.
✓ Another is sovereign risk, where a country's central bank can change its foreign exchange regulations.
Issues with India's sovereign
ratings by global agencies
• Historical anomaly:
Recently, S&P and Fitch
rated India 'BBB-' while
Moody's has 'Baa3',
indicative of the lowest
possible investment
grade.
o Economic Survey
2020-21 noted that
never in the history of
sovereign credit ratings has the 5th largest economy in the world been rated at the lowest rung of the investment
grade (BBB-/Baa3) except in the case of China and India.
• Structural issues: Flawed “issuer-pays” model where the entity also pays the rating agency for its services. This often
leads to a conflict of interest, with tremendous potential for rating biases.
• Ratings do not capture India’s fundamentals: India’s willingness to pay is unquestionably demonstrated through,
o It’s zero sovereign default history. In India, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
o Comfortable size of its foreign exchange regulates all credit rating firms under the SEBI (Credit Rating
reserves (As of July 2023, Forex Reserves Agencies) Regulations, 1999.
stood at US$ 607 bn) and low external debt • There are seven credit rating agencies in India.
to GDP ratio around 19-20%. o They are CRISIL; CARE; ICRA; Acuité Ratings; Brickwork
o India is one of the largest recipients of FDI Rating; India Rating and Research Pvt. Ltd., and Infomerics
and is also high on the scale of foreign Valuation and Rating Pvt. Ltd.
portfolio investment. • What do they do?
• Bias and Subjectivity in sovereign credit ratings: o Empower market participants with timely information
and unbiased opinions.
Especially against countries with lower ratings as
o Help the financial market grow and be more efficient.
highlighted by Economic Survey.
o Evaluate and assess an individual’s or a company’s
o One study highlighted in the survey found creditworthiness.
that CRAs gave higher ratings (from 1999-
2010) to developed countries regardless of their macroeconomic fundamentals.
• Pro-cyclical nature of credit ratings: Can have a potentially adverse impact on economies and can affect equity and
debt FPI flows of developing countries, causing damage and worsening crisis.
• Complete regulatory void in global CRAs: Lack of transparent mechanism to disclose more information on how
decisions have been made by CRAs.
Way Ahead
• Refocus regulatory scrutiny: A global “super-regulator” of CRAs would be best placed to address regulatory issues.
o The global regulator, where Emerging Market and Developing Economies (EMDEs) would be adequately
represented, would complement the activities of national regulators.
• Reducing dependency on credit ratings in regulation: There is a need for mechanisms to determine capital
requirements that suffer less from the pro-cyclicality and contagion sensitivity of ratings.
• Long-term ratings: Rating agencies should be compelled to make more explicit long-term credit analyses; the relative
short-term perspective of the ratings can be misleading.
• Improving transparency of CRA methodologies: Sovereign credit rating methodology to be made more transparent,
less subjective and better attuned to reflect an economy’s fundamentals (Economic Survey 2020-21).
3.2. INCREMENTAL CASH RESERVE RATIO (ICRR)

Why in the news?
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently asked banks to
maintain an Incremental Cash Reserve Ratio (ICRR) of 10%.
CRR and ICRR
• Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): It is the share of a bank’s Net
Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL) that is mandated by
the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to be maintained with the
latter as reserves in the form of liquid cash.
o As per the RBI Act 1934, all Scheduled Commercial Banks (that includes public and private sector banks, foreign
banks, regional rural banks, and cooperative banks) are required to maintain the CRR.
• Incremental Cash Reserve Ratio (ICRR): I-CRR is similar to the CRR, wherein banks need to set aside a certain portion
of their money with the RBI. They do not earn any interest on this. RBI has the option to impose ICRR in addition to
the CRR.
o For instance, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) asked banks to maintain an ICRR of 10% on the increase in their
deposits between May 19 and July 28, 2023 due to discontinuation of 2000 notes. This implies that Banks must
maintain both CRR and ICRR.

Need of ICRR
• Manage Liquidity: There was a recent increase in liquidity in the economy due to a pickup in government spending,
sustained foreign inflows, and withdrawal of Rs. 2000 notes, among others.
o Estimates suggest that ICRR will pull out somewhere between ₹20,000 crore and ₹40,000 crore from the system.
• Inflation Control: India’s retail inflation (measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI)) rose to 7.5% in July compared
with 4.9% in June. Hence requiring a tighter monetary policy.
• Banking Resilience: Increased CRR protects banks in uncertain times by creating cash buffers, which can be used in
case of external or internal economic shocks.
o For instance, the incremental CRR increases protection
against the potential threat of Bank Run.
• Decreased Lending: Decreased liquidity implies a decrease in
the lending capacity of the Banks.
o Lower lending will, in turn, bring down demand for goods
and services, reducing the Aggregate Demand of the
Economy.
Conclusion
As stated by RBI, ICRR is only a temporary measure that is aimed to be a non-disruptive way of dealing with the issue of
excess liquidity in the system. In the long term, a combination of other liquidity control measures can also be applied.
Other Liquidity Management Tools
• Standing Deposit Facility (SDF): SDF allows the RBI to absorb liquidity (deposit) from banks without giving government
securities in return to the banks.
• Altering Repo and Reverse repo rates: Altering these rates directly affects the deposit rate in banks as well as their lending
rates.
• Open Market Operation (OMO): OMO refers to sale or purchase of government securities (bonds) by the RBI.
• Ways and Means Advances (WMA): It is a temporary loan facility to the central and state governments.
3.3. STARTUPS IN INDIA

Why in the news?
The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Commerce recently released a report titled ‘Ecosystem of Startups to Benefit
India’.

Impact of Startups
• Promoted employment opportunities: Approximately 47% of
the recognised startups are from Tier 2 and 3 cities, which
provides employment opportunities to the youth.
• Women Empowerment: Approximately 47% of recognised
startups in the country have at least one-woman director.
• Rise in Research and Development: They promote new ideas
and innovations. For instance, Deep Tech Startups (refer to
the box at the end of the article).
• Promoted democratisation of technology and Inclusivity:
Fintech startups are now reaching out to remote areas, for instance, Paytm, etc.
• Attracted new investments: Startups have attracted multinational corporations to bring in foreign investments.
Issues/Challenges in the Startup Ecosystem of India
• Less focus on Agriculture: Out of the total recognised startups, only 5.18% are in agriculture sector.
• Low Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Only 11% of the patent applications filed by startups have been granted
patents.
• Flipping (Registering in a foreign country): The Economic Survey 2022-23 highlighted the flipping trend due to more
access to overseas debt, eliminating the risk of angel tax, better IP protection, etc.
• Low utilisation of Income Tax Exemptions: Under Section 80-IAC of the Income Tax Act, 1961, only 1% of recognised
startups have received the Certificate of Eligibility.
o This Section allows recognised startups a 100% tax exemption for three consecutive profit-making years.
• Lack of Infrastructure Support: Absence of adequate and specific testing standards, particularly for startups dealing
with hardware products.
• Uncertainty with Funding: Funding from angel investors and venture capital firms becomes available to startups only
after the proof of concept has been provided.
Recommendations of the Committee
• Encourage the adoption of advanced technologies: Such as the Internet of Things (IoT), data analytics, etc., to
improve productivity, optimise resource utilisation, and enhance decision-making in agriculture.
• Establishing women entrepreneurs-focused funds: To ensure uninterrupted access to capital.
• Relaxation in regulatory/legal framework: To enable direct overseas listing of unlisted Indian startups and steps to
facilitate reverse flipping.
• Amendments to the Income Tax Act, 1961: So that Employee Stock Option Plans (ESOPs) are taxed only at the time
of sale of shares and not on notional gains.
• Dynamic testing and certification standards: Shall be established as per international best practices.
• Filling up the talent gap: Encouraging industries to collaborate with educational institutions to create customised
courses.
• Encourage partnerships: Between startups and research institutes for collaborative innovation and R&D
partnerships.
Related News: Draft National Deep Tech Startup Policy (NDTCP),
2023
• Deep Tech Startup: A deep tech startup typically produces a
solution along an unexplored pathway based on new
knowledge within a scientific or engineering discipline or by
combining knowledge from multiple disciplines.
o Majority of them operate on a business-to-business
(B2B) model, indicating their focus on serving
enterprise clients and providing technology solutions
tailored to specific industry needs.
• Key Highlights of Draft NDTCP 2023:
o Investment in basic and curiosity-driven scientific
research.
o Strengthening Intellectual Property Regime.
o Encourage participation of public/private industries
especially MSMEs and Startups to create an ecosystem
for the development of cutting-edge and dual-use
technologies.
o Establishing Frontier Scientific Infrastructure (FSI), in
academic institutions and R&D establishments.
o Regulatory sandboxes shall be established across
different deep technology domains.
3.4. CSR SPENDING IN INDIA

Why in the news?
Recently, CSR Spending data was released by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs.
What is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)?
• CSR is a management concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business
operations and interactions with their stakeholders.
○ It is a form of self-regulation that reflects a business’s accountability
and commitment to contributing to the well-being of communities and
society.
• It is governed by Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013 and Companies
(CSR Policy) Rules, 2014 in India.
○ Schedule VII of the Act provides the list of activities to be included by
companies for CSR policies.
○ India was the first country to have statutorily mandated CSR for
specified companies.
○ Companies are required to spend, annually, at least 2% of average net
profits made in the previous 3 financial years.
• Significance of CSR: Aids societal contribution of companies, promotes their positive brand image and upholds the
principles of equitable sharing of wealth.

Issues with CSR Spending in India
• Lack of Proper Enforcement: The mandate to spend CSR funds according to the act lacks effective monitoring. For
example, lack of transparency with local implementing agencies of corporates.
• Focus on avoiding regulatory liability: For most companies, the approach towards CSR centres around regulatory
compliance. This hinders the development of a long-term plan for CSR engagement in companies.
• Geographical Bias: According to a KPMG report, companies tend to spend their CSR funds in economically developed
states, i.e., Maharashtra, Karnataka etc.
• Low Spending: According to KPMG, 52 out of the country’s 100 largest companies failed to spend the required 2% on
CSR activities.
• Lack of Community Participation in CSR Activities: The local community often lacks interest in participating and
contributing to the CSR activities of companies. This is largely attributable to the fact that there exists little or no
knowledge about CSR within the local communities.
• Non-availability of well-organized NGOs: Companies face difficulty in identifying the real needs of the community.
The NGOs can fill this gap, acting as a bridge between them and streamlining the projects.
What can be done to improve CSR spending and its efficiency?
• Bottom-Up approach: CSR spending can be contextualised with local needs. For example, investing in cottage
industries to provide employment opportunities to reduce migration.
• Prioritising Social welfare: CSR spending should prioritise the idea of social and economic justice. For example,
ensuring equitable redistribution of profits from mining or selling of minor forest produce.
• Performance Management and Program Evaluation: This includes regular monitoring of CSR projects, development
of teams and regular assessment of impact on local communities.
• Diversification: CSR spending should be diversified according to developmental priorities, addressing the skewed
allocation. For example, investment in agricultural modernisation.
• Alignment with SDGs: Companies can align their goals and CSR spending with SDGs. For example, gender equality,
sustainable consumption, etc.
• Role of Media: Media can help highlight good cases of successful CSR initiatives. It will create awareness and sensitise
the local population about various ongoing CSR initiatives of companies.
3.5. SELF HELP GROUPS (SHGS)

Why in the news?
Recently, the Government announced that skill development training will cover two crore women under the 'Lakhpati
Didi' scheme, which aims to encourage them to start micro-enterprises.

About Lakhpati Didi Scheme About Self Help Group (SHG)
• Objective: Enable rural SHG women to earn at least Rs.1 lakh • SHG is a village-based financial intermediary
committee usually composed of 10-20 local
per annum.
women.
o In 2021, the Ministry of Rural Development launched the
• It is voluntary in nature.
Lakhpati SHG women initiative. • India has around 1.2 crore SHGs, 88% of them
o It is based on a women-led development approach. all women-based.
• Activities Covered: Women would be trained in skills like • SHG success stories include Kudumbashree in
plumbing, LED bulb making, and operating and repairing Kerala, Jeevika in Bihar, Mahila Arthik Vikas
drones, among others. Mahamandal in Maharashtra, and Looms of
Ladakh.
Role of SHG’s in Empowering Women
• Economic Sphere:
o Promoted entrepreneurship Culture: Among rural women by enhancing their skills and allowing them to engage
in various entrepreneurial activities.
o Providing Finance: SHG provides micro-loans to sustain businesses while also creating an environment for them
to develop greater agency and decision-making skills.
o Participation in Labour Force: Rise in Rural Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) from 19.7% in 2018-
19 to 27.7% in 2020-21 (Economic Survey 2023-23).
o They are also bridging the gap between rural and urban India.
• Social Sphere:
o Contributed to strong social networks and stronger local institutions, thus contributing to social capital.
o Enhanced position of women, for instance, their participation in family decision-making has increased, etc.
o Meet national targets, such as those under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 5 (gender equality), 16
(peace, justice and strong institutions) etc.
o During Disaster and Other Exigencies: During the COVID-19 pandemic, SHGs led from the front in producing
masks, sanitisers, and protective gear.
• Political Sphere:
o Many SHGs have started to advocate for their rights and, through pressure groups, have forayed into activism
while sustaining livelihoods.
Challenges/Issues Faced by SHG
• Less availability of Finance: The contribution of private banks in providing funds to SHGs is low in comparison to
public sector banks and government funding mechanisms.
• Lack of Cooperation: SHG members often find it difficult to sustain cohesiveness as they come from different
backgrounds (caste, religion, etc.).
• Prevalence of Patriarchy: In many cases, women are only used as a face for the business, whereas the actual work is
done by the male members.
• Limited definition of SHG: Future expansion of SHGs becomes an issue because an SHG cannot have more than 20
members.
• Poor Marketing: Despite having a very good product and team, they are not able to make their product available in
the market through efficient market linkages.
• Other: Lack of understanding about core values of business, Short-term orientations, Feeble management framework,
etc.

Way Forward
• Policy Making: A policy should be designed and implemented to support their activities so that they can sustain their
livelihoods.
• Gender-neutral ecosystem: For women entrepreneurs by ensuring the development of adequate infrastructure,
providing training, removing red-tapism, etc.
• Capacity Development: Specialised training should be given on emerging business activities such as artificial
technologies.
• Improving Funding Mechanism: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) support, international funding, and multilateral
bank support should be facilitated to SHGs.
3.6. DIRECT BENEFIT TRANSFER (DBT)

Why in the news?
According to the Union Finance Ministry, the
government has saved Rs 2.73 lakh crore of
taxpayers' money from 2014 to 2023 by adopting
Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) to send money
directly to the targeted beneficiaries.
About Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)
• Objective: Bring transparency and terminate
pilferage from the distribution of funds
sponsored by the Union Government.
• Launch: It was rolled out in 2013 in certain
districts. Later, it was implemented across the
country in 2014.
• Nodal Agency: DBT Mission, Cabinet Secretariat under Secretary (Co-ordination & PG).
o Disbursements are channelled through the Public Finance Management System (PFMS).
• Aadhaar Requirement: Aadhaar is not mandatory in DBT schemes.
o Since Aadhaar provides a unique identity and is useful in targeting the intended beneficiaries, Aadhaar is
preferred, and beneficiaries are encouraged to have Aadhaar.
• Key Enablers for DBT:
o JAM (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, and Mobiles) trinity: Enabled transfer benefits in a leakage-proof, well-targeted,
cashless, and timely manner.
o Business Correspondents (BC) Infrastructure: Ensure that payments are disbursed to the beneficiaries on time,
at their doorstep, and of full value.
o Payments Bank: Increased the penetration level of financial services in remote areas of the country.
o Mobile money: Develop a comprehensive eco-system for cashless transactions over a mobile platform using
Aadhaar as an identifier.
Impacts of DBT
• Expedited Fund Transfer: DBT expedited the flow of funds and information securely while reducing the possibility of
fraud. Also, the cost of transferring funds from the government to the beneficiary has been reduced.
o Schemes like PM Awas Yojana and LPG Pahal scheme have been successfully implemented.
• Reduced Corruption: It ensured accurate targeting of beneficiaries.
o It eliminated the need for intermediaries, including government officers.
o Beneficiaries can link only one bank by seeding the fund deposits to their Aadhaar details to avoid duplication of
subsidies.
• Financial Inclusion: It encouraged people to open bank accounts.
• Better Monitoring: Enabled the Government to simultaneously monitor and reach out to both citizens and
beneficiaries of the scheme.
• Empowered Citizen: DBT encouraged people to take benefit of other e-governance services of the government.
Challenges in the implementation of DBT
• Identification of beneficiaries: For instance, reportedly, due to complex eligibility criteria under PM-KISAN, crores of
funds were distributed to ineligible beneficiaries.
o After identification and enrolment, there is also the challenge of database management.
• Compliance and operational Issues: Aadhaar-related errors such as fingerprint mismatch, inadequate training of
data entry operators at the field level, etc., have led to transaction failure.
• Low Financial Inclusion: People in rural areas, scheduled tribes, etc., have less access to bank accounts, due to which
benefits of DBT do not reach all.
• Digital divide and illiteracy: Among the poorest 20 per cent of households, only 2.7 per cent have access to a computer
and 8.9 per cent to internet facilities (India Inequality Report 2022: Digital Divide by Oxfam).
• Others: Ineffective grievance redressal mechanism for beneficiaries who face issues with DBT, data security, privacy
breaches, etc.
Way Forward
• Grievance redressal: A proper customer grievance redressal mechanism is required to be conceptualised and
coordinated by the PMO.
• Better coordination and interaction: Between all the stakeholders, such as the ministry which has launched the
scheme, the nodal bank, and the NPCI (National Payments Corporation of India) system.
• Promotion of Women Agents: Greater focus should be given to increasing the number of women agents in the field
to improve access to women beneficiaries.
• Promoting Digital Infrastructure initiatives like BharatNet (for Broadband Connectivity).

3.7. DRAFT NATIONAL POLICY ON OFFICIAL STATISTICS
Why in the news?
The Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has formulated a Draft “National Policy on Official
Statistics (NPOS)”.
More on News
• This policy promotes the use of the latest technologies and lays down a road map towards modernised data collection
and timely dissemination of information.
• The policy reinforces the United Nations Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics (UNFPOS) (India adopted the
UNFPOS in 2016).
• Definition: According to UNFPOS, Official Statistics are statistics derived by Government agencies from statistical
surveys, administrative and registration records and other forms that are published regularly.
Present status Official Statistical System in India
• Role of Central Government: The Official Statistical system in India is laterally divided amongst Union Ministries at
the central level and vertically distributed between the Centre and the States/Union Territories (UTs).
o At the national level, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) is the nodal agency for
planning integrated development of the statistical system in the country.
• Role of State Government: The Official Statistical System in the States is generally decentralised laterally over the
Departments of the State Government.
o At the apex level, the Directorates of Economics & Statistics (DES) coordinates statistical activities in the
State/UT.
• National Statistical Commission (NSC): The government constituted the NSC in 2006 as an apex advisory body on
statistical matters on the recommendations of the C. Rangarajan Commission.
• Place in Seventh Schedule: The subject ‘Statistics’ is covered in Entry 94 of the Union List (List – I) and Entry 45 of
the Concurrent List (List – III).
• Legislations: Exclusive statistical laws, such as the Census Act 1948, the Registration of Births and Deaths Act 1969
and the Collection of Statistics Act 2008, have guided the respective statistical exercises.
Need and Significance of NPOS
• Improved data quality: Innovations in surveys, reduction in respondent burden, optimum use of administrative
statistics and continuous monitoring will improve data quality.
• Digital transformation: NPOS supports contemporary digital-driven statistical transformations that revolutionise the
exercises of data collection, compilation processing, storage, integration, analysis and dissemination.
o This includes adopting key emerging technologies such as Big data analytics, Artificial Intelligence (AI)/Machine
Learning (ML), Blockchain, etc.
• Increase in public confidence: Timely release of
quality data, participatory and informed citizenry
and feedback from users will increase public
confidence in official statistics and, in turn, trust in
government.
Key Initiatives/Thrust Areas Mentioned in the Policy
• Creation of Integrated Data System (IDS): An IDS
led by MoSPI would seamlessly interlink data sets
and enable interoperability among different data-
producing systems at the National and State/UT
levels. It will have the following features:
o Digital survey platform for computer-assisted
interviewing and online data interchange.

o Data warehouse for data ingestion, storage, processing, analytics and archiving, along with a metadata
repository.
o A state-of-the-art output system for better access & dissemination.
o An innovation hub for piloting emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning
(ML).
• Core Official Statistics: Key statistical products, such as GDP, price indices, SDGs, etc., are to be designed as core
statistics.
o A list of core statistics has been prepared for eight domains.
• Innovation on Surveys: NPOS seeks to reorient the planning and development of various Surveys to identify gaps in
data availability, avoid duplication, and disseminate their results while maintaining decided timelines.
• Augmentation of Quality of Official Statistics: It encourages periodic reviews of statistics, documentation of steps
involved, alignment of data products with the Data Governance Quality Index of NITI Aayog, and application of
advanced technological tools.
• Enhancing Statistical Coordination: Establishment of an institutional mechanism for central ministries and states/UTs
to coordinate with MoSPI through statistical advisers.
• Capacity Development of Statistical Officials: Through funding various schemes, which include training,
infrastructure augmentation, public awareness exercises, exposure of statistical professionals to international
practices, etc.
Conclusion
The NPOS is expected to provide a robust and modern framework for delivering reliable, timely, and credible socio-
economic statistics and ushering in a data-driven governance and decision-making system.
3.8. BHARAT NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (BHARAT NCAP)

Why in the news?
The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) has rolled out an indigenous star-rating system for vehicles to
assess their safety in cases of collision.
More on news
• It will enable Indian auto manufacturers to get their vehicles tested and evaluated on a five-star rating scale as per
Automotive Industry Standard (AIS) 197.
o AIS 197 contains the overall assessment method, vehicle selection procedure, various tests and their assessment
protocols.
• It is modelled on the Global New Car Assessment Programme (Global NCAP) that promotes the universal adoption
of the United Nation’s motor vehicle safety standards worldwide.
o Global NCAP is a major project of the Towards Zero Foundation, which is a UK registered charity.
Features of the Bharat NCAP
• Applicability: To passenger vehicles with not more than eight seats in addition to the driver’s seat (8+1) with gross
vehicle weight not exceeding 3,500 kg, which are either manufactured or sold in India.
o Combustion engine vehicles, as well as CNG and Electric vehicles, can be tested under the program.
• Testing protocol: It will evaluate Adult Occupant Protection (AOP), Child Occupant Protection (COP) and fitment of
Safety Assist Technologies.
o For this, three tests will be conducted: a frontal impact test, a side impact test, and a side pole impact test.
o Based on the assessment, two separate star ratings will be awarded for AOP and COP.
o The pole impact test will only be conducted for cars securing 3 stars and above.
• Format of testing: Testing will be voluntary, and carmakers will be encouraged to offer their models for testing as
per the AIS 197.
o Bharat NCAP team will pick a base variant of the model offered through random sampling.
o The Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) is mandated with testing the vehicles under the scheme at
its laboratories in Pune and Chakan.
o Though voluntary, authority can select a particular vehicle model for safety assessment in certain cases:
✓ Base model of a popular variant (minimum clocked sale of 30,000 units).
✓ When MoRTH recommends a model for testing based on market feedback or in the interest of public safety.
Significance
• Road Safety: Help consumers make an informed
decision before purchasing a car and spur
demand for safer cars.
• Technology: Align manufacturing practices with
recent road safety regulations, including
mandatory dual front airbags, anti-lock braking
system, and reverse parking sensors, etc.
• Cost Saving: Reduced cost of safety testing for
car manufacturers under Bharat NCAP (approx.
₹ 60 Lakhs) as compared to a similar test
overseas (₹ 2.5 crores).
• Competitiveness: Enhanced export-worthiness
of Indian cars to the global market.
Conclusion
Bharat NCAP will help reduce casualties and injuries,
lessen the strain on healthcare and insurance
sectors and foster a positive societal impact by
reducing trauma caused by road traffic injuries and
deaths.
For more details on road safety, kindly refer to the
monthly current affairs of June, 2023.
3.9. UDAN (UDE DESH KA AAM NAAGRIK) SCHEME

Why in the news?
Comptroller and Auditor General’s (CAG) Audit report on the Regional Connectivity Scheme – UDAN (Ude Desh Ka Aam
Naagrik) was laid down in the Parliament.
About UDAN Scheme
• Objective: Promote cheaper travel and better connectivity from underserved airports.
o It seeks to create a demand-driven mechanism for regional air connectivity.
• Launch: It was initiated in 2017 (for ten years) to fulfil the objective of the National Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP),
2016.
o It envisaged a Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) to enhance regional air connectivity through fiscal support
and infrastructure development.
• Ministry: Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA).
• Implementing Agency: Airports Authority of India (AAI)
• Key Features:
o Concessions: Central and State Governments provided concessions to airline and airport operators.
o Viability Gap Funding (VGF): Financial assistance through VGF to airline operators for their operations on RCS
routes.
o Regional Air Connectivity Fund (RCF): Funded by a levy or fee per departure on all domestic flights for providing
concessions/ VGF for operations on regional routes.
o Budgetary support: By the Government for the development/ revival of the airports/ heliports/ water
aerodromes.
Key Issues in the Implementation of the Scheme
• Identification: No exercise was carried out by MoCA/ AAI to identify eligible heliports based on their potential.
o The majority of heliports identified for operations from the proposals submitted by helicopter operators.
• Absence of Rules: MoCA did not frame any rules to regulate the collection and remittance mechanism of the RCF
levy.
o Also, there was a delay on the part of RCF Trust in raising RCF levy claims on the airline operators.
o No penal clause was incorporated with regard to delays in the realisation of the RCF levy.
• Non-compliance: The decision of the Regional Connectivity Advisory Board to accept VGF claims by AAI on a self-
certification basis resulted in non-compliance to various provisions of the scheme.
o Out of 371 commenced routes, only 30% (112 routes) completed the full concession period of three years.
• Big vs. small Airlines Companies: As smaller airlines have to compete with big airlines, the former is at a disadvantage
due to a lack of resources.
o Most prominent airlines operate on routes that do not have sufficient passengers.
• High Cost of Operation: Due to rising costs of fuel, maintenance, etc., airline operators resist in operating on regional
routes.
Way Forward (Recommendation of the CAG)
• Feasibility: Assess the feasibility of routes for achieving the sustainability of operations in the long run and for the
identification of unserved/underserved airports.
o A better mechanism for the identification of airports for revival/development should be devised.
• Monitoring: Devise a mechanism to monitor the RCF levy collected by airlines and ensure that the amount collected
from the passengers is not more than the amount to be remitted to the Government.
• Incorporation of Penal Clause: RCF levy claims should be raised promptly as per the draft Standard Operating
Procedure, and a penal clause may be incorporated for delay in the realisation of dues from the airlines.
• Reconcile the VGF: A suitable mechanism should be devised to reconcile the VGF claims lodged by the airlines from
the flight data available with Airport operators instead of disbursing the VGF on a self-certification basis.
3.10. URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT FUND (UIDF)

Why in the news?
National Housing Bank (NHB) has operationalised the Urban Infrastructure Development Fund (UIDF) with the outlay of
₹10,000 crore.
More on News
• Its establishment was announced in the Union Budget
2023-24.
• It will be funded through the use of priority sector
lending shortfall.
• Established on the lines of the Rural Infrastructure
Development Fund (RIDF).
About UIDF
• Objective: Supplement the efforts of the State
governments/UTs by providing a stable and
predictable source of finance for the creation of
infrastructure.
o States will be encouraged to leverage resources
from the grants of the 15th Finance Commission,
as well as existing schemes, to adopt appropriate user About RIDF
charges while accessing the UIDF. • Establishment: 1995-96
• Coverage (Cities as per Census 2011): • Objective: Financing rural Infrastructure
o 459 Tier 2 cities (population between 1 lakh to 9,99,999) projects.
• Managed by: National Bank for Agriculture
o 580 Tier 3 cities (population between 50,000 to 99,999)
and Rural Development (NABARD)
• Allocations of Funds: Based on the population of the eligible
• Funding Mechanism: Domestic commercial
cities of each state/UTs. banks contribute to the Fund to the extent
o Interest rate on funds will be Bank Rate minus 1.5. of their shortfall in stipulated priority
• Eligible Activities: Shall be aligned to the Missions and sector lending to agriculture.
programmes of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
o Basic services like sewerage and solid waste management,
water supply and sanitation, etc., and impact-oriented
projects would be prioritised.
o Minimum size and maximum size of the project proposal
shall be ₹5 crores (₹ 1 crore for northeast & hilly States) and
₹ 100 crore, respectively.
• Nodal Agency: Finance Department of the respective States.
• Other Features:
o Funding for administrative expenses and maintenance will
be kept out of the purview.
o Housing, power and telecom, rolling stock (buses and trams),
urban transport, health, and education institutions are not covered.
o Principal loan amount is repayable in five equal annual installments within seven years, including a two-year
moratorium period.
o Borrowing by States will be governed by Article 293 (3) of the Constitution of India. i.e., within borrowing powers
of the State from the market and financial institutions during a financial year.
Need/Relevance of UIDF
• Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): SDG 11 provides for Making cities and human settlements
inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.
• Promoting Town Planning: States will be encouraged to undertake urban planning reforms.
• Improving Infrastructure: Will help them to become major hubs for small and medium-sized enterprises and major
producers of textiles, etc.
o These cities are nodal points in the logistics and supply chain networks of the country.
• Reduce Urban Congestion: As per the Census of 2011, 40% of India’s Urban population lives in Tier 2 and 3 cities,
which is expected to grow at a very fast pace.
o At present, people from rural and other remote areas directly migrate to Metropolitan cities such as Mumbai,
Delhi, etc. Development of Tier 2 and 3 cities will attract such
migration. Other Initiatives for Infrastructure
development of Tier 2 and 3 cities
• Others: Provide adequate resources to the Municipal corporation
• Smart Cities Mission (2015)
for development work, create employment opportunities, Balanced
• AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and
Regional Development, etc. Urban Transformation), 2015
Conclusion • Other: Heritage City Development and
Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY), 2015, etc.
UIDF will play a crucial role in the development of Tier 2 and 3 cities. It
will help in enhancing the overall quality of urbanisation in India. All the stakeholders need to play an effective role in its
implementation.
3.11. BHARATNET
Why in the news?
The Government recently approved Rs 1.39 lakh crore for modernising the BharatNet project.
More about News
• It involves changing its execution strategy and providing fibre connections to the last mile through Village Level
Entrepreneurs (VLEs).
o VLEs, known as Udyamis, will take the fibre connections to households on a 50:50 revenue-sharing basis.
• With this upgrade, the government is looking to speed up its process of connecting all 640,000 villages over the next
two years.
• The cost of taking the infrastructure to the home will be borne by the government.
o Rural entrepreneur will only need to be involved in the maintenance and operations of home connections,
including addressing consumer complaints related to fiber cuts, etc.
• For BharatNet, this is the third such package approved by the Centre.
o In 2017, the Cabinet approved financial assistance for the first two phases.
o In 2021, the Cabinet allocated more funds to implement the last-mile connectivity under a PPP model, which
failed to attract much interest.
For more details of the scheme, refer Appendix at the end of the document.
Significance of Bharat Net
• Village Modernization: By digitalising the basic
infrastructures such as banking, post office, etc.
• Agriculture sector: Help improve farmers' awareness, such
as being tutored online on how to apply pesticides.
• Better Medical Facilities: Broadband connectivity helps
medical service delivery at the door.
• Improving Quality of Education: Students get quality
education online, and it also helps in government schemes
penetration, such as DIKSHA, etc., in rural areas.
• E-Commerce penetration: Village-level broadband Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF)
connectivity will help in the penetration of e- • Under Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Act, 2003.
commerce, such as government initiatives of Open • It is the pool of funds generated by a 5% Universal Service
Networks for Digital Commerce. Levy that is charged upon all the telecom fund operators on
• Employment: As extension program will provide their Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR).
nearly 2.50 lakh jobs. • Aims to provide for quality and affordable mobile and digital
services across the rural and remote areas of the country.
Challenges in implementing BharatNet
• Delay in project completion: The earlier project deadline was 2019; however, work is ongoing.
• Lack of Basic supporting infrastructure: Infrastructure support at Gram panchayat in the form of protected space and
power supply are the major issues.
• High project costs: Project costs have skyrocketed because of delays in project completion.
o For instance, the cost of laying one kilometre of optic fibre cable (OFC) has doubled between 2020-21 and 2021-
22.
• Low utilisation: As of March 2022, only 27% of the expected villages had received network connectivity.
• Quality of service (QoS): Complaints by village officials about frequent line faults, connection outages, and the lack
of response to requests for service and repairs have grown increasingly common
• Poor administrative capacity of BSNL: BSNL itself has incurred major losses over the past few years and has been
criticised for slow decision-making and red-tapism.
• Poor Private Participation: In the 2022 bid, not a single bid was received, and the tender was eventually cancelled
because of low incentives and more responsibility for operating and upgrading BharatNet for the private sector.
Way forward
• Participation of Panchayat Raj institution for enhancing the implementation and utility of the BharatNet project.
• Improve the efficiency of project implementation: Proper administrative framework and governance for the
efficiency of the project is required.
• More private sector involvement is required in investment, infrastructure, and running the project.
• Awareness Generation: BharatNet is not so popular among the rural population and faces competition from private-
sector broadband providers.
3.12. FUNCTIONING OF MAJOR PORTS IN INDIA

Why in the news?
Recently, the Department-related
Parliamentary Standing Committee on
Transport, Tourism and Culture presented
the 352nd Report on 'Functioning of
Major Ports in the Country’.
Ports in India
• Ports in India are broadly categorised
into two types based on traffic they
handle.
○ Major Ports: They are under the
direct administrative control of
the Central Government and fall in
the Union List in the 7th Schedule
of the Constitution.
○ Minor Ports: They fall under the
jurisdiction of the respective State
Maritime Board and fall in the
Concurrent List.
• There are 12 major ports and about 213 non-major ports.
• The Major Port Authorities Act,2021 and the Indian Ports Act are the two principal statutes governing the functioning
of Major Ports.
Performance of Ports in India
• Turn Around Time (TRT): The turnaround time(time spent by a vessel at the port from its arrival to its departure)
across Indian ports has been consistently declining from 94 hours (FY13-14) to 52 hours (FY23-24).
• Traffic: Indian ports have witnessed a consistent rise in container traffic from 555 million tonnes (FY13-14) to 796
million tonnes (FY23-24).
• Cargo: Cargo handling of the Major Ports has steadily increased over the years, with a 10% increase from last year.
• Operating Ratio: The operating ratio, the rupee spent for every rupee earned, has come down to Rs. 48 from Rs. 53
in 2020-21 (i.e., Rs. 48 is spent for every Rs. 100 earned).
Challenges in Functioning of Major Ports
• Financial Constraints: Major ports in India face financial
constraints due to pensions and other liabilities. For example,
Mumbai port has a pension fund liability of 13000 crore.
• Non-Optimum Utilization: The capacity utilisation of the major
ports is only about 49 %, leading to the wastage of resources.
• Lack of Transhipment Hubs: Indian Ports handle only 25% of
Indian transhipment cargo, leading to a loss of revenue
opportunities for India.
• Connectivity Challenges: Rail congestion and lack of multi-
modal transport connectivity are concerns at certain ports, adversely affecting freight movement.
• Infrastructural Bottlenecks: Indian ports face the challenge of low capacity and non-optimum utilisation due to
infrastructure bottlenecks.
○ Evacuation Bottlenecks: The low availability of railway rakes also adversely impacts the evacuation of cargo
from/to ports.
○ Lack of Mega Ports: Only 5 Major Ports and 2 Non-Major Ports have over 100 MTPA capacity.
• Inflexible Tariff Structure: Major ports owned by the government are unable to attract more cargo due to a rigid tariff
structure, unlike private ports.
Efforts that have been taken to improve the functioning of Ports
• Overall Monitoring: The Sagarmanthan Dashboard was developed for regular monitoring of projects and the
financial and operational performance of the ports.
• Real-Time Tracking: The Sagar Setu App has been launched to give real-time information on vessels for better traffic
management.
• Trade Facilitation: The National Logistics Portal (NLP) (Marine) is a national maritime single window platform
facilitating trade between importers, exporters and service providers.
• Monitoring of Port Performance Indicators: Sagar Unnati has been implemented as a Dashboard for monitoring all
Major Ports Key performance indicators like Turnaround Time.
• Improving connectivity: 101 road and 90 rail connectivity projects have been taken up under the Sagarmala Project
for better connectivity.
• Cyber Security: Establishment of Asset Management Systems, Multi-Factor authentication on all accounts, and
implementation of IT security policy, etc. have been undertaken.
• Digitisation of Ports: Steps like Vessel Traffic Management System, Enterprise Business System (Port Operation and
allied system, and online (Radio Frequency Identification) RFID System have been implemented.
Recommendations to Improve Port Efficiency
• Integrated Planning: While planning port development, integration of the local economy, development of industrial
clusters and connectivity should also be accounted for.
• Port Modernization: Major ports must invest in replacing old, outdated equipment at the old berths with modern
equipment to enhance their productivity.
• Port Mechanisation: The Government should prioritise the 31 mechanisation projects.
• Increase PPP Investments: All major ports must take steps to achieve their PPP investment targets under the
Maritime India Vision (MIV) to improve their productivity and competitiveness.
○ MIV identifies initiatives such as developing world-class Mega Ports, transhipment hubs and infrastructure
modernisation of ports to develop global standard ports in India.
• Port-Led Industrialization: Leasing port land to private investors on a PPP basis for setting up industries/facilities
would go a long way in promoting the coastal economy and port revenues.
• Promote Connectivity: Connectivity by water/rail/road to the hinterland needs to be established along with linkage
through dedicated rail freight corridors.
• Extensive implementation of Port Community System (PCS): The PCS is a centralised web application introduced in
the port sector and acts as a single window for port community members and stakeholders.
3.13. SIXTH CENSUS REPORT ON MINOR IRRIGATION SCHEMES

Why in the news?
Ministry of Jal Shakti recently released the sixth Census Report
on Minor Irrigation Schemes.
About Minor Irrigation (MI)
• Irrigation Projects in India are classified into three categories,
viz. Major, Medium and Minor Irrigation.
o Major Irrigation Projects: Cultivable Command Area (CCA) of more than 10,000 hectares
o Medium Irrigation projects: CCA of less than 10,000 hectares but more than 2,000 hectares.
o Minor Irrigation Projects: CCA of 2,000 hectares or less.
• Minor irrigation projects have both surface and groundwater as their source, while Major and Medium projects
mostly exploit surface water resources.
• MI sector as a whole is implemented by State Governments, and states have state-specific schemes.
• The Centrally Sponsored Plan Scheme “Rationalisation of Minor Irrigation Statistics (RMIS)”, was launched in 1987-
88.
o Later, it has become part of the Central Sector Plan Scheme “Development of Water Resources Information
System (DWRIS)”.
o The main objective of the RMIS scheme is to build up a comprehensive and reliable database in the Minor
Irrigation (MI) Sector for effective planning and policymaking.
• Sixth Census has been conducted under the centrally sponsored scheme “Irrigation Census” of the Ministry of Jal
Shakti.
o First census of minor irrigation schemes was conducted with the reference year 1986-87, and the report was
published in November 1993.
o Census is essential for effective planning and policy-making in the irrigation and agricultural sector.

• Significance of Minor Irrigation Schemes
o Groundwater recharge is done by the creation of surface minor irrigation projects.
o Cost-effective and can be implemented by small and marginal farmers in their fields.
o Government support is being provided in terms of subsidies like electricity, machineries, etc by the states.
o Improvement in water use efficiency and decline in wastage of water in Minor irrigations through the use of
improved water distribution devices over the years
Key Highlights of the report
• First Census of Water Bodies: It was conducted in convergence with the sixth Minor Irrigation schemes and using
2017-18 as the reference year with the objective of developing a national database for all water bodies.
• Minor Irrigation Schemes in India:
o 23.14 million Minor Irrigation schemes were reported in the country from 695 districts.
o 94.8% of the Minor Irrigation schemes are groundwater-based, and the rest, 5.2%, are Surface Water schemes.
o Uttar Pradesh (17.2%) possesses the largest number of Minor irrigation schemes in the country, followed by
Maharashtra (15.4%), Madhya Pradesh (9.9%) and Tamil Nadu (9.1%).
o Dug wells have the highest share in MI schemes followed by shallow tube wells, medium tube wells and deep
tube-wells.
• Increase of 1.42 million in Minor Irrigation schemes: As compared to the fifth Census.
• Ownership of minor irrigation schemes: 96.6 are privately owned whereas 3.4% are under public ownership.
o Out of all the individually owned schemes, 18.1% are owned by women.
• Usage of schemes: 97% of the irrigation schemes are ‘in use’ whereas 2.1% and 0.9% are ‘temporarily not in use’ and
‘permanently not in use’, respectively.
Issues in Minor Irrigation Schemes
• Groundwater exploitation is rampant with minor irrigation schemes, which leads to various environmental and
geological consequences.
• Tube-well technology is technically not feasible in non-alluvial tracts, which constitute nearly 70% of Indian
landmass.
• Private ownership of the minor irrigation schemes, in a way, affects the distribution of a common resource like water.
• More prone to vagaries of climate change like drought as their reservoir capacity is less.
Conclusion
There is a need to prevent the exploitation of groundwater through the implementation of state and district-level
policies. Moreover, enhancing Community ownership of minor irrigation projects by implementing them through
panchayats and schemes like MGNREGA will also be beneficial.
3.14. OFFSHORE AREAS MINERAL (DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION)

AMENDMENT ACT, 2023
Why in the news?
Recently, the Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2023, received assent from the
President.
More on News
• It has amended the Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act 2002.
o It provides for the development and regulation of mineral resources in the territorial waters, continental shelf,
exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and other maritime zones of India.
• Offshore mineral resources are controlled and regulated by the Union.
o Offshore mining is the process of retrieving mineral deposits from the deep seabed at a depth of more than 200
meters.

Key Changes in the Act
Sphere Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation)
Regulation) Act, 2002 Amendment Act, 2023
Licence Different licences for reconnaissance, Composite licence for granting rights for exploration as well as
exploration, and production. production.
Validity Production lease is granted for a period of up to Production lease under a composite licence will be valid for 50
30 years, further renewed for up to 20 years. years.
Auction Provides for the grant of concessions through Provides two types of operating rights to the private sector by
Process administrative allocation. competitive bidding, viz. production lease, and composite
licence.
Mining in Allows the government to reserve offshore Allows the administering authority to grant a composite licence
reserved areas that are not held under any operating or production lease to the government or a government
areas right. company.
New Provisions in the 2023 Act
• Mining of atomic minerals: Exploration, production, and composite licenses will be granted only to the government or
government companies.
• Offshore Areas Mineral Trust: Will manage funds under the Public Account of India that will be non-lapsable in nature.
o Funds will be used for specified purposes including exploration in offshore areas, etc.
Need of the Amendment
• Utilizing offshore Mineral Wealth: No mining activity has been undertaken in the offshore areas till now.
o Mainly due to a lack of transparent legal framework to allocate the operating rights in the earlier Act.
• Encourage Participation of the Private Sector: The provision of competitive bidding for auction was missing in the
earlier Act. The private sector will bring Offshore Mineral Wealth of India
the necessary expertise and technology to Geographical Position
explore and mine. • Its 7,517-km coastline is home to nine coastal states, four Union
• On the lines of the Mines and Minerals territories, and 1,382 islands.
(Development and Regulation) Act, 1957: • India’s EEZ is spread over 2 million sq. ft.
The Mines and Minerals Act has helped in Mineral Resources (As per Geological Survey of India)
the effective utilisation of onshore • Lime mud within the EEZ off Gujarat and Maharashtra coasts.
mineral wealth by ensuring auctioning of • Construction-grade sand off Kerala coast.
mineral belts, etc. • Heavy mineral placer deposits in the inner-shelf and mid-shelf off
Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra.
Concerns related to the Act • Phosphorite in the Eastern and Western continental margins.
• Environmental Impact • Polymetallic Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) nodules and crusts in Andaman
Sea and Lakshadweep Sea.
o Marine ecosystems (including coral
ecosystems) along the shore will be under threat.
✓ Mining nodules would involve the destruction of the seabed, leading to the potential extinction of species.
o Also, noise and marine pollution could be enhanced due to extraction activities.
• Socio-economic Impact
o Livelihood of those dependent on seas, especially fishermen, will be under threat due to the involvement of big
private entities.
• Economic Viability
o Extracting Offshore minerals is costly as compared to the onshore minerals due to dependence on cutting-edge
technologies, etc.
• Privilege to Government Entities
o The act grants operating rights without competitive bidding to a government or a government company or a
corporation in the mineral-bearing areas reserved by the Centre.
Conclusion
Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2023, will open up the country’s vast mineral-
bearing offshore areas. The extraction of minerals from these areas will also serve India’s strategic interests and give it a
stronger foothold in its territorial waters.
3.15. MEDICAL AND WELLNESS TOURISM
Why in the news?
The Ministry of Home Affairs recently notified the creation of a new category of AYUSH visa for foreign nationals for
treatment under AYUSH systems of medicine, i.e. easing medical and wellness tourism in India.
More about News
• A new chapter, i.e. Ayush Visa, has been incorporated under the Medical Visa of the Visa Manual, which deals with
treatment under the Indian systems of medicine.
o Accordingly, necessary amendments have been made in various chapters of the Visa Manual, 2019.
• This will boost Medical Value Travel in India and strengthen our endeavour to make Indian traditional medicine a
global phenomenon.
• AYUSH is an acronym for Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy; however, it also
includes other traditional and non-conventional health care systems such as Sowa Rigpa, etc.
About Medical and Wellness Tourism
• Medical tourism is a term used to describe
the rapidly growing practice of travelling
across international borders to seek
healthcare services.
o Services typically sought by travellers
include elective procedures, complex
surgeries, etc.
• Wellness Tourism is a travel associated with
maintaining or enhancing one’s well-being.
It includes the pursuit of physical, mental,
spiritual or environmental ‘wellness’ while
travelling for either leisure or business.”
• Medical and Wellness Tourism are part
of the Wellness economy.
• The Ministry of Tourism has formulated a
National Strategy and Roadmap for
Medical and Wellness Tourism.
o Aims to provide an institutional framework,
strengthening the ecosystem for medical and
wellness tourism, developing a brand and ensuring
quality assurance.
o Strategy key pillars include:
✓ Enable digitalisation by setting up an Online
Medical Value Travel (MVT) Portal.
✓ Enhancement of accessibility for MVT, etc.
o Constituted National Medical and Wellness Tourism Promotion Board for Institutional framework.
Significance of Medical and Wellness Tourism for India
• Demand for Wellness and alternate cures: India is uniquely positioned to attract medical value travellers (MVT) for
treatment through AYUSH.
• Long waiting periods in developed countries.
• Demand from countries with undeveloped medical facilities.
• Improved Connectivity, which provides better opportunities for medical and wellness tourism.
o Such as the Regional Connectivity scheme-UDAN connecting smaller cities like Dharamshala.
• Demand from Countries with an ageing population, with India being able to cater to the needs of such a population.
• Various other factors like Low Cost of Treatment, High-Quality Medical Care, Ease of communication, etc., favour
India as a Medical and Wellness Tourism destination.
Challenges of Medical and Wellness Tourism
• Regional Competition from Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore etc.
• Lack of international accreditation: India still has a relatively smaller number of Joint Commission International (JCI)
accredited hospitals.
o JCI is a non-profit, U.S.-based, international accreditation organisation that certifies healthcare companies,
services, and programs.
✓ JCI standards are internationally recognised as a leading healthcare accreditation program for patient safety
and quality of care.
• Overseas medical care not covered by insurer: Most medical care is not covered by insurance, making medical value
travel less attractive.
• Lack of Skilled Manpower: Recruitment and retention of skilled manpower is the biggest challenge faced by the
wellness industry.
• Exploitation by middleman as Medical tourism facilitators are not well organised and accredited.
• Lack of uniform Fee structure, lack of transparency in billing to foreign patients, and high margins to trade to refer
patients.
Way forward
• Relaxation/Incentives for import of medical equipment.
• Medical and Wellness tourism diplomacy and attracting Diaspora.
• Develop supporting infrastructure: Last-mile connectivity is important to provide better facilities, such as extending
the UDAN scheme to major AYUSH-located regions.
• Stronger regulation of the hospitals and wellness centres must be ensured to avoid exploitation, overcharging fees,
etc.
• Need to establish linkages and understanding amongst the stakeholders about the role and responsibilities of
different stakeholders and forge partnerships for promoting the sector.
Initiatives by Government
• Market Development Assistance (MDA) Scheme: Assistance provided to medical/wellness Tourism Service Providers &
Centres under the MDA Scheme.
• National AYUSH Mission: Launched in 2014 and played a crucial role in preserving and promoting India's traditional systems
of medicine and their integration into the mainstream healthcare system.
• Promotion of Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) in AYUSH: Through the organisation of Arogya Fairs,
Ayurveda Parv and Yoga Fest/Utsav etc
• National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers (NABH) is a constituent board of the Quality Council of
India, set up to establish and operate accreditation programme for healthcare organisations.
Related News: First WHO Traditional Medicine Global Summit

Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) and Ministry of AYUSH organised First WHO Traditional Medicine Global Summit
“Towards health and well-being for all” in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
• Summit aimed to harness the potential of the evidence-based traditional, complementary and integrative medicine (TCIM).
• WHO released the outcome document of first WHO Traditional Medicine Global Summit 2023 in form of “Gujarat
Declaration”:
o Reaffirmed global commitments towards indigenous knowledges, biodiversity and TCIM.
o Scalling up efforts to further implement evidence-based TCIM interventions and approaches in support of the goal of
universal health coverage (UHC) and all health-related SDGs.
o Advocate for increased political and financial commitments at global, regional, national and community levels.
o Scale up the multi-regional, multi-disciplinary and multi-stakeholder collaborations.
o Accelerate the production, regulation, and formal utilization of scientifically proven TCIM products and practices.
o Ensure full participation and consultation with Indigenous Peoples.

3.16. PHARMACY (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2023
Why in the news?
Pharmacy (Amendment) Act, 2023, to extend the Pharmacy Act, 1948 to the UT Jammu & Kashmir was recently adopted.
About Pharmacy (Amendment) Bill 2023
• Registration: Specifies that anyone registered as a pharmacist under the Jammu and Kashmir Pharmacy Act, 2011 or
possesses qualifications will be deemed to be registered as a pharmacist under the Pharmacy Act, 1948.
About Pharmacy Act, 1948
• Provides provisions for regulating the profession and practice of pharmacy.
• Registration under the Act is mandatory to practice pharmacy in India.
• Act mandated establishment of Pharmacy Council of India, State Pharmacy Council and Joint State Pharmacy Council.
o Pharmacy Council of India deals with Regulation of the Pharmacy Education in the Country.
• Power of Removal of name of pharmacist from the register but 30 days appeal period will be provided.
• Penalties based on offences such as falsely claims to be registered Pharmacist.
• Appointment of Commission of Enquiry-whenever it appears to the Central Government that the Central Council is not
complying with any of the provisions of this Act.
Pharmacy sector of India
• The Indian Pharmaceuticals industry plays a prominent role in
the global pharmaceuticals industry.
• Major segments of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry
include:
o Generic drugs,
o Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines
o Bulk drugs, vaccines,
o Contract research & manufacturing,
o Biosimilars and biologics.
• India is one of the biggest suppliers of low-cost vaccines in the
world.
Issues with the Pharmaceutical Sector
• India’s heavy dependence on China for its pharma
requirements, such as the import of bulk drugs or APIs.
• Higher Cost of Domestically Produced APIs: APIs produced in India are around 20% costlier than those produced in
China.
• Steep rise in prices of APIs: Due to multiple reasons such as inflation, increase in prices of key starting materials and
solvents due to crude, and freight costs.
• Lack of R&D: Due to poor return on R&D, pharma companies hesitate to invest respectable amounts in their R&D.
• Fake Products/Spurious drugs: As per ASSOCHAM, Fake drugs constitute 25% of the domestic medicines market in
India.
• Intellectual property: Protecting and enforcing patents can be a complex and costly process, and the threat of patent
infringement is a constant concern.
Way forward
• Expanding the export market: Growing and expanding in newer geographies beyond the US, such as China and Japan.
• Creating a research ecosystem: It will require interventions across three dimensions.
o Targeted regulatory and tax interventions
o Streamline clinical trials
o Support health-tech start-ups
• Creating anchor educational institutions: A well-funded research institute with the ability to attract global talent is
critical to kickstart the cycle of innovation.
• Creation of an independent Ministry for Pharmaceuticals: Such a ministry can be modelled on the lines of the
Ministry of AYUSH or the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
Steps taken by Government
• Scheme for Strengthening of Pharmaceuticals Industry (SPI) with 3 sub schemes
✓ Assistance to Pharmaceutical Industry for Common Facilities (APICF).
✓ Pharmaceutical Technology Upgradation Assistance Scheme (PTUAS).
✓ Pharmaceutical Promotion and Development Scheme (PPDS).
• Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes of Pharma Sector
✓ PLI Scheme for promotion of domestic manufacturing of critical Key Starting Materials (KSMs)/ Drug Intermediates (DIs)
and APIs.
✓ PLI Scheme for Pharmaceuticals.
• Promotion of Bulk Drug Parks providing financial assistance for establishing Bulk Drug Parks.
• Non-schematic interventions
✓ 100% foreign direct investments (FDI) in the medical devices sector.
✓ In the pharma sector- Greenfield projects have 100% FDI under automatic route and for brownfield projects, up to 74%
FDI is allowed.
✓ The National Medical Devices Promotion Council was established to take up important issues of the MedTech Industry
3.17. NEWS IN SHORTS

3.17.1. PUBLIC TECH PLATFORM FOR
FRICTIONLESS CREDIT
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has launched a pilot
program for ‘Public Tech Platform for Frictionless
Credit.’
• About Platform
o It will be an end-to-end platform with an open
architecture, open Application Programming
Interfaces (API) and standards to which all
financial sector players can connect seamlessly in a
‘plug and play’ model.
o It would enable linkage with services such as
Aadhaar e-KYC, land records from onboarded
state governments, satellite data, PAN validation,
etc.
o It is being developed by the Reserve Bank
Innovation Hub (RBIH), a wholly-owned subsidiary
of RBI.
o The pilot run focuses on credits like:
✓ Kisan Credit Card loans up to ₹1.6 lakh per
borrower,
✓ Dairy Loans, 3.17.2. CAG’S AUDIT REPORT ON
✓ MSME loans (without collateral), RAILWAYS FINANCES
✓ Personal loans and Home loans through
• Recently the Comptroller and Auditor General of India
participating banks.
(CAG) released its audit report on the finances of the
o The pilot run is implemented in select districts of
Indian Railways.
Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Uttar
• Key Findings of the Report
Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
o 36.02 per cent increase in Gross Traffic Receipts
• Currently, the Data required for the credit appraisal
during 2021-22 as compared to 2020-21.
rests with different entities like governments and
✓ Freight Earnings was the major contributor.
account aggregators.
o 22.61 per cent increase in capital expenditure
o This hinders the delivery of rule-based lending.
during 2021-22.

✓ Creation of new assets, timely replacement 4. Annual or above in • Having
and renewal of depleted assets etc., are net worth following 6 Positive net
carried out through capital expenditure. for 3 performance worth status
o 107.39 per cent Operating Ratio (OR) in 2021-22 years: Rs. indicators Miniratna
against 97.45 per cent in 2020-21. 15,000 including Category-II
✓ A higher ratio indicates lower ability to crore Net Profit to status:
generate a surplus.
5. Annual Net worth, • Made profit
net profit Cost of for the last 3
o 75.47 per cent of the total working expenses on for Services, years
staff cost, pension payments and lease hire 3years: Earning per continuously
charges on rolling stock. Rs. 5,000 share, etc. • Having
o Passenger fares are cross-subsidised using profits crore positive net
generated on freight operations. 6. Significant worth status.
global
o Under-provisioning for the Depreciation Reserve presence
• Not defaulted
Fund resulted in piling up of ‘throw forward’ in the
(renewal and replacement of over-aged assets) repayment of
loans/interest
works. payment on
• Recommendations any loans due
o Needs to critically analyse the cost of passenger to the
operations and take steps to reduce its losses. Government.
o May take steps to diversify their freight basket to • Not
enhance freight earnings. dependent
upon
o May take steps to augment internal revenues.
budgetary
o Railways administration should ensure all support or
unsanctioned expenditure is regularised on Government
priority. guarantees.
o To evolve practice and strengthen internal control
mechanisms to reduce the instances of 3.17.4. REPORT ON ONSHORING INDIAN
misclassification of expenditure. INNOVATION TO GIFT IFSC
3.17.3. MAHARATNA AND NAVRATNA • Committee of Experts (CoE) submits Report on
CATEGORY ‘Onshoring the Indian Innovation to GIFT IFSC’.
• CoE aims to understand the reasons for flipping
• Two Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSE’s) are Oil
(shifting of Indian startups to an overseas jurisdiction
India, which was earlier a Navratna company (now
like Singapore) and propose suggestions to avoid
Maharatna), and ONGC Videsh, which was a Miniratna
externalization of startups in future.
CPSE (now Navratna).
o It also encourages startups that are presently
o CPSEs are majorly classified into Maharatna,
externalized to return back to IFSC in GIFT City,
Navratna, Miniratna I, Miniratna II status.
Gujarat.
o Department of Public Enterprises (is the nodal
o CoE was constituted by International Financial
department for all the Central Public Sector
Services Centres Authority (IFSCA).
Enterprises (CPSEs)
• India constitutes third largest startup ecosystem in
Status Maharatna Navratna Miniratna world after USA and China. An entity shall be
considered as a Startup
Eligibility 1. Navratna 1. CPSEs which Miniratna o Upto a period of ten years from date of
Criteria status are Category-I status: incorporation, if it is incorporated as a private
2. Listed on Miniratna I, - limited company (Companies Act, 2013) or a
Indian Schedule ‘A’. • Made profit in Limited Liability Partnership i.e. LLP (LLP Act,
stock 2. Obtained the last 3
exchange ‘excellent’ or 2008) in India.
years
3. Annual ‘very good’ continuously o Turnover for any financial years has not exceeded
turnover rating in 3 • Pre-tax profit Rs. 100 crore.
for out of last is Rs.30 crores • Drivers for Growth of Indian Startup:
3years: 5 years or more in at o Consumption-Driven Growth: India is third largest
Rs. 25,000 3. Composite least 1 of the 3
crore score of 60
in terms of purchasing power parity and
years consumption contributes 70% of GDP.
o High-quality tech talent. o Economic growth is neither too high (hot) to
• Reasons of flipping: Agile regulatory environment, trigger inflation and nor too low (cold) for a
Prospects for better valuation with access to foreign slowdown.
capital market etc. • Key feature under Goldilocks scenario
• Impact on India: Brain drain of entrepreneurial o Low rate of unemployment
talent; Value creation in foreign jurisdictions; Tax o Steady GDP growth rate
Revenue loss etc. o Relatively low retail inflation and interest rates
Recommendations • Goldilocks phase is usually temporary in nature and
sets in typically after an adverse shock to the economy,
• Review committee for delay in grant of patents and
during the recovery and growth period.
trademarks.
• Provide exemptions from applicable conditions for 3.17.7. UDGAM (UNCLAIMED DEPOSITS –
listing of startup in GIFT IFSC. GATEWAY TO ACCESS INFORMATION)
• Constitute special court/arbitration for dispute PORTAL
resolution.
• RBI has launched a centralized web portal – UDGAM
3.17.5. RATE HIKE TO CURB INFLATION (Unclaimed Deposits – Gateway to Access
Information).
• Finance Minister said that Rate hike is not the best
• Objective: It will enable bank customers to find their
option to curb inflation, can hurt recovery.
unclaimed deposits across multiple banks in one place.
• Under India’s “inflation-targeting” regime inflation o Unclaimed deposits: Balances in savings/current
is brought down to a targeted level by increasing or accounts that are not operated for 10 years, or
decreasing interest rate prevailing in economy. term deposits not claimed within 10 years from
○ Increasing the rate is believed to bring down the date of maturity.
inflation by curtailing economic activity. • It will promote financial inclusivity, using digital
○ Decreasing rate increases inflation level by advances to deliver banking services to its customers
increasing economic activity. efficiently.
• RBI is solely responsible for keeping retail inflation
in the band of 2%-6%. 3.17.8. REVISED TIMELINE FOR INITIAL
○ However, the retail inflation recently breached PUBLIC OFFERING (IPO)
7.4% despite RBI’s tighter monetary policy. • SEBI has halved the time for IPO listing of companies
○ Any further tightening may drag down GDP and from six days to three days. i.e from T+6 to T+3.
may increase unemployment. o IPO refers to the selling of securities to the public
• Reasons for RBI’s inability to contain inflation in the primary market.
○ Unanticipated and short-lived supply demand o It acts as the largest source of funds for the
mismatches lie outside the realm of monetary company.
policy. • It will enhance the ease of doing business for issuers
○ Domestic factors like white fly disease and and provide investors with quicker access to capital
uneven monsoon distribution exerted pressure and liquidity.
on vegetable prices. • The revised T+3 days timeline will become mandatory
○ Supply shocks due to geopolitical uncertainties from 1 December 2023 onwards.
fuelling inflation across the world.
• In this situation Government can use fiscal 3.17.9. FAIR AND REMUNERATIVE PRICE
measures to complement monetary policy to tame (FRP)
inflation. These include: • Finance Ministry Notified Rules Enabling Cooperative
○ Increasing supply like selling tomatoes and Sugar Mills to Claim Past Cane Price Payments.
onions at subsidized rates, releasing stocks of • The notification allowed payments to farmers, in
wheat and sugar in the market excess of the Centre’s Fair and Remunerative Price
○ Reducing taxes on petrol and diesel. (FRP) before 2015-16 as “business expenditure”.
○ It was done by amending Section 155 of the
3.17.6. GOLDILOCKS SCENARIO Income Tax Act and expected to provide mills a
• A Goldilocks scenario in an economy refers to an ideal relief of almost Rs 10,000 crore.
situation where there is a steady growth.
○ So far, cooperatives were allowed to claim such o It is based on Master Planning for long term and
payment as business expenditure for payment implementation of Master Plan will be as per
made from the 2016-17 assessment year. station needs.
• FRP is the minimum price that mill owners are o Stations will be developed as ‘City Centres’ in an
mandated to pay to sugarcane farmers. integrated approach for overall city development,
○ It is governed by the Sugarcane (Control) Order, centred around station.
1966 issued under the Essential Commodities Act o Design of station buildings will be inspired by local
(ECA), 1955. culture, heritage and architecture.
○ It is announced at the recommendations of the • Initiatives taken by Indian railways for modernisation:
Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices o Train Modernisation by introducing indigenously
based on the cost of production. developed Vande Bharat Trains, Vistadome
• Cooperative factories usually pay farmers a final cane coaches, SMART coaches with ultra-modern
price more than the Centre’s FRP due to State Advised facilities, Increasing Speed of Freight Trains etc.
Prices (usually higher than FRP) and the demand of o Signalling and Safety features include Real Time
farmer unions. Information System (RTIS) for tracking, Linke
Hofmann Busch (LHB) coaches, KAVACH-
Indigenously developed Train Collision Avoidance
System, Electronic Interlocking system etc.
o Combating Climate Change through initiatives
such as setting up Dedicated Freight Corridors
(DFCs), becoming a Net Zero entity by 2030 by
completing electrification of all railway tracks etc.
o Others: Elimination of all unmanned level crossings
on broad gauge, Wi-Fi services at stations, One
Station One Product scheme etc.
3.17.12. STALLED HOUSING PROJECTS

• Committee on stalled housing projects submits report
3.17.10. REGULATION OF ONLINE to Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA).
ADVERTISEMENT • Committee was formed by the ministry following a
recommendation made by the Central Advisory
• Union Cabinet has assigned the Ministry of Council (CAC).
Information & Broadcasting (I&B) as the ○ CAC constituted under RERA 2016 is chaired by
administrative authority for regulation of online Minister of Housing & Urban Affairs.
advertisements. • Key highlight
o It was done by amendment to Allocation of ○ Around 4.12 lakh housing units (44% in NCR)
Business (AoB) Rules, 1961. worth ₹4.08 lakh crores are stalled.
• Ministry of I&B was already looking at online ○ Lack of financial viability (leading to cost overruns
advertising, most notably through circulars in 2022 to and delays) is the main reason for stalled projects.
clear ads from “betting and gambling” firms from TV ○ Finding a resolution will add more housing units
and OTT. and impetus to economic growth.
• Prior to this, regulation of online gaming content and • Recommendations
advertisements were primarily overseen by MeitY and ○ Mandatory registration with RERA: To enhance
Information Technology Act, 2000. developers’ accountability for their actions and
3.17.11. AMRIT BHARAT STATION the commitments made to homebuyers.
SCHEME (ABSS) ○ Rehabilitation Package: By States Governments to
make stalled projects financially viable.
• PM laid foundation stone for redevelopment of 508 ○ Financing of Stalled Projects: Treat it as a priority
railway stations under ABSS. and utilise Special Window for Affordable and
• ABSS was launched to redevelop railway stations Mid-Income Housing (SWAMIH) Fund.
nationwide to provide state-of-the-art public ○ Resolution of stalled projects:
transport and world-class amenities at railway
stations.

✓ All stakeholders (developers, financiers, land 3.17.15. RAIL-SEA-RAIL (RSR)
authorities, etc.) would have to take a “haircut
TRANSPORTATION
(accept less than what is due to them).
✓ Improve the Internal Rate of Return of the • Ministry of Coal will promote Rail-Sea-Rail (RSR)
projects in order to attract funding. transportation.
✓ Judicial interventions, like the use of the • RSR is a multimodal transportation system that
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, should be seamlessly transports the coal to end-users.
“the last resort”. • It is required to meet the coal production target of
doubling the mining in the next seven years.
o Currently, railways account for about 55% of coal
evacuation in the country and are expected to
handle 75% of the coal by 2030.
• Issues in Coal transportation: Low handling capacity,
improper loading and unloading infrastructure, non-
availability of wagons, and congestion on the road or
rail network.
• Advantages of RSR system:
o Decongests the rail routes and creates export
opportunities,
o reduces the logistic cost for end-user states.
o Ensures a resilient and efficient coal supply system.
o Lowers the carbon footprint.
3.17.13. INDIA SMART CITIES AWARDS • Initiative for Coal Transportation
CONTEST (ISCAC) 2022 o Around 67 First Mile Connectivity (FMC) Projects
with 885 MT capacity are being implemented.
• ISAC is organized under the Smart Cities Mission by
o The Ministry of Coal released a draft National Coal
the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
Logistic Plan.
• ISAC recognizes and rewards cities, projects and
• Coal in India
innovative ideas that are promoting sustainable
o India has an estimated coal reserve of 361411.46
development across 100 smart cities, and stimulating
million tonnes, with most of it lying in the states of
inclusive, equitable, healthy and collaborative cities.
Odisha, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh.
o ISAC has witnessed three editions in 2018, 2019
o Consumption centers: Coal-based generation
and 2020.
capacities are in proximity to the Coal production
• Top 3 Smart City: Indore, Surat and Agra
center and other coal-powered industries are in
• Top 3 in State: Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan
northern or coastal regions.
• Top UT: Chandigarh
3.17.16. MERA BILL MERA ADHIKAAR
3.17.14. INSURANCE SURETY BONDS
SCHEME
• NHAI recently held discussions with stakeholders on
• Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) is
insurance surety bonds for NHAI contracts.
launching Invoice Incentive Scheme “Mera Bill Mera
• About Insurance Surety bonds
Adhikaar” from 1st September 2023 on pilot basis.
o It is a three-party contract by which one party (the
• Objective: to bring a cultural and behavioural change
surety) guarantees the performance or obligations
in the public to ‘Ask for a Bill’ as their right and
of a second party (the principal) to a third party
entitlement.
(the obligee).
• Key features:
o It act as a security arrangement for infrastructure
o Allows people to earn cash prizes from ₹10,000 to
projects and insulate the contractor as well as the
₹1 crore on the upload of GST invoices.
principal.
o All B2C (business-to-consumer) invoices issued by
o Insurance Surety Bonds (ISB), allowed by
GST registered suppliers to consumers will be
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority
eligible for the scheme.
in April 2022, has been brought as a replacement
o Minimum value for invoices: Rs. 200.
of bank guarantees.

3.17.17. HIGH PRICE DAY AHEAD the only lotus variety in India to have had its genome
sequenced.
MARKET AND SURPLUS POWER PORTAL
• To promote its cultivation in other parts of the country
(PUSHP PORTAL)
Lotus Mission was also launched as part of horticulture
• PUShP portal was launched by Ministry of Power to mission.
ensure greater availability of power during peak
demand season. 3.17.19. ‘BHAGWA’ POMEGRANATE
o Power Distribution Companies (DISCOMS) will be
• APEDA facilitated the export of the first trial shipment
able to indicate their surplus power in block times
of ‘Bhagwa’ pomegranate to the USA in collaboration
/ days / months on portal.
with NPPO.
o Those DISCOMs who need power will be able to
• ‘Bhagwa’ (Saffron-colored) Pomegranate
requisition the surplus power.
o High antioxidant content and super fruit
o This will reduce the fixed cost burden on DISCOMs
characteristics
and enable the available generation capacity to
o Solapur (Maharashtra) contributes almost 50% of
be utilise.
pomegranate export from India.
3.17.18. ‘NAMOH 108’ LOTUS • Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export
Development Authority (APEDA) is a statutory body
• A lotus variety named ‘Namoh 108’ was unveiled in under the APEDA Act, 1985.
CSIR - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow o It is an apex-Export Trade Promotion authority.
under the One Week One Lab (OWOL) initiative of the • National plant protection organization (NPPO)
CSIR. o Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and
o Under OWOL, every lab would showcase its history Storage is the national NPPO of India.
and scientific achievements for a week. o It undertakes all phytosanitary responsibilities for
• It was discovered several years ago in Manipur and is the export of agro-commodities.

4. SECURITY
4.1. DEFENSE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (DRDO)
Why in the news?
The Ministry of Defense (MoD) has constituted a nine-member committee headed by Prof. K VijayaRaghavan to review
the functioning of DRDO and suggest restructuring and redefining its role.
More on News
• The need to reform stems from the following factors:
o Failure to complete mission mode projects on time resulting in heavy time and cost overruns.
✓ Such delays led to the obsolescence of the product and recourse to imports to meet urgent requirements.
o To streamline the modernisation of administrative, personnel and financial systems to address the trilemma
(high quality, low cost and quick delivery) of defence indigenisation.
Reasons for inefficient delivery by DRDO

• Lack of harmonisation on projects where multiple agencies get involved.
• Inadequate monitoring by different committees and frequent changes of requirement: Recommendation for
changes in engineered prototypes at the trial stage results in inordinate delays and cost overruns.
• Working on redundant: R&D work on obsolete technologies results in redundant efforts and ‘reinventing the wheel’
with poor operational utility by armed forces.
• Bureaucratisation of DRDO: Greater emphasis on procedural aspects than outcome and delivery.
o This created a scientific work environment comprising caution, rules, reviews, centralisation, less communication,
etc.
• Monopoly and lack of competition: Limited involvement of the private sector and the predominant role of generalist
bureaucrats with no expertise in defence.
o This also creates the issue of limited scalability of projects undertaken by the DRDO.
Way Forward
• Creating an Architecturally New Defence Techno-Industrial Consortium (DTIC): For integrated defence R&D and
manufacturing concept, strategy and structure.
o This would also bring in a third force, the private sector, in a big way into the defence industry.

o Bring ecosystems like the iDEX (Innovation for Defence Excellence) under the consortium to nurture innovations
required for the armed forces.
• Establish a Defense R&D council comprising top military leaders and scientists as the apex decision-making body with
emphasis on capability development plans.
o Carry out research in frontier technology in collaboration with other national research organisations/
laboratories, academia, and industries.
• Create a new tri-service division within the Department of Military Affairs to look after defence research for
integration of capability development and defence R&D.
• Procedural measures: Any modification/ improvisation should be done at the prototype stage. Modification at the
production stage should be avoided.
o Effective synchronisation mechanism should be established in projects involving multiple agencies to avoid any
slippages.
o Wind up of redundant DRDO labs and projects could release sizeable landed assets and monetise them to create
a corpus fund for innovation.
4.2. CENTRAL ARMED POLICE FORCES (CAPF)

Why in the news?
The Ministry of Home Affairs had mentioned that around 1532 Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) personnel had died by
suicide in the last 13 years.
About Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF)
• There are 7 CAPF forces are under the authority of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
• Various Forces include:
Forces Mandate
Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) • Created in 1963 guarding Bhutan and Nepal borders.
Border Security Force (BSF) • Created in 1965, guarding India's borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh.
• It is also thrusted with Anti Naxal operation, United Nations Peace keeping operations,
disaster management and Border Area development programmes.
Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) • Created in 1962, guarding India-China borders.
Assam Rifles (AR) • Created in 1835 as ‘Cachar Levy’ to protect British tea estates and was renamed as "AR"
in 1917.
• It protects the Indo-Myanmar border.
• Though the AR functions under the administrative control of the MHA, its operational
control rests with the Ministry of Defence.
Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) • Created in 1939 to maintain Rule of Law, Public Order and Internal Security and
Promote Social Harmony.
Central Industrial Security Force • Created in 1969, to provide integrated security cover to certain sensitive public sector
(CISF) undertakings.
• The CISF also protects important government buildings, monuments, airports, nuclear
installations, space establishments and the Delhi Metro.
National Security Guard (NSG) • Created in 1986, to create a federal contingency force to tackle various manifestations
of terrorism.
• Modelled on lines of the SAS of UK and GSG-9 of Germany, their role is to handle all
facets of terrorism in any part of the country.
Issues faced by CAPF
• High Vacancies burden the existing force and also impact the country’s security.
• Lack of Stress management leading to a high number of suicides as well as an increase in the number of clashes
among personnel.
• Bureaucratisation of Armed Forces and decreased level of promotions: The top positions in CAPFs are occupied by
IPS officer, which has a demoralising effect on the force and also impacts their effectiveness.
• Absence of a robust in-house grievance redressal mechanism.
• Poor Infrastructure, like Lack of electricity at several
installations of Border Out Posts (BOPs), seriously affects the
working conditions.
• Lack of modern weapons: The CAPFs lack modern arms,
clothing and equipment. Their procurement process is also
noted as cumbersome and time-consuming in nature.
• Demand from the States: The states are heavily dependent on
CAPFs in the event of a law and order issue in the state.
Steps to enhance their performance
• Special Forces in States: The states must develop their own forces to efficiently manage law and order and augment
their existing police forces by providing adequate training and equipment.
• Enhancing the training methods: The training methods are to be improved in line with the latest requirements, and
the training curriculum be updated.
• Increase the representation of women: The percentage of women in the CAPF needs to be increased, and a separate
training curriculum be set for them.
• Inclusion of Agniveers: The existing limit of 10% reservation for inclusion of Agniveers in the CAPFs, is to be followed
along all the CAPFs, and separate drives need to be enhanced to fill the vacancies.
• Grievance redressal: An efficient grievance redressal mechanism be implied, which looks into the issues of delayed
promotions, clashes within the personnel and harassment at the workplace.
• De-stressing the force: Scientific methods to reduce the stress of the personnel are to be introduced along with
special intermittent training to improve their morale and well-being.
4.3. INTER-SERVICES ORGANISATION (COMMAND, CONTROL & DISCIPLINE)

BILL, 2023
Why in the news?
Both houses of the Parliament cleared this bill recently.
Background
• There are various Inter-services Organisations (ISO) like Andaman and Nicobar Command or Defence Space Agency
and joint training establishments like National Defence Academy or National Defence College.
o The personnel are presently bound by respective provisions of the Air Force Act 1950, the Army Act 1950 and
the Navy Act 1957.
• Commander-in-Chief or Officer-in-Command of such ISO are not empowered to exercise disciplinary or
administrative powers over the personnel belonging to other services.
o Consequently, the personnel serving in ISO needed to be reverted to their parent Service units for any action,
which was time-consuming & cumbersome and had financial implications.
• Accordingly, a need arises to empower these officer of ISO to exercise control over the service personnel serving
under their command.
Key Highlights of the bill
• Define Inter-services Organisation (ISO): as a body of troops including a Joint Services Command consisting of persons
subject to the Air Force Act, 1950, the Army Act, 1950 and the Navy Act, 1957 or any two of the said Acts.
• Centre to constitute ISO: which has personnel belonging to at least two of the three services: the army, the navy, and
the air force. This may also include a joint service command.
• Empowers the Commander-in-Chief: The Chief is empowered to take disciplinary and administrative actions over
personnel serving in Inter-services Organisations in accordance with their respective service acts.
• Continuation of existing Organizations: Already existing ISO and their respective Commanders to continue their
functions as per this bill.
o Existing ISO includes the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the Defence Space Agency, and the National Defence
Academy.
• Superintendence of Central Government: The ISO are placed under the oversight of the Central Government,
allowing it to issue directions as needed for national security or general administration.
• Other forces under central government: Centre may notify any force raised and maintained in India to which the Bill
will apply.
• Expeditious disposal of cases & greater integration: The provisions expedite the disposal of the cases and provide
better integration and jointmanship (theaterisation) amongst Armed Forces personnel.
To know more about the Theaterisation of Armed Forces”, please refer to March 2023 Monthly Current Affairs.
4.4. NEWS IN SHORTS

4.4.1. MOBILE USER PROTECTION o It is developed and designed by Israeli company
Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. It belongs to
REFORMS
6th Generation of Spike missiles.
• Ministry of Communications introduced two Mobile • Features
User Protection reforms which will supplement the o Capable of destroying enemy targets hidden
Sanchar Saathi portal. behind mountains from long ranges.
• Reforms o Effective range is 25km.
o Point-of-Sale (POS) Registration Reforms- o Lightweight, fire-and-forget tactical precision-
mandatory registration of franchisees, Agents, and guided missiles using electro-optical and fibre-
Distributors (PoS) by Licensees, thus eliminating optic technologies.
the rogue PoS who by fraudulent practices issue
SIMs to anti-social/anti-national elements 4.4.4. SWATHI WEAPON LOCATING
o KYC Reforms- demographic details will RADAR MOUNTAINS (WLR-M)
mandatorily be captured by scanning QR code of
• Indian Army has inducted Swathi WLR-M to locate
printed Aadhaar.
hostile artillery and enhance combat potential.
• Sanchar Saathi’s portal empowers mobile subscribers o It is advanced electronically scanned phased array
to: Find out mobile connections registered in their radar, specifically designed for operations in
name, and report stolen/ lost mobile handsets & block mountainous and high-altitude areas.
them etc. o It was developed by Bharat Electronics Limited
4.4.2. ACOUSTIC SIDE CHANNEL ATTACKS (BEL) in Bengaluru.
o Swathi radar also comes in WLR-Plains version.
(ASCA)
• WLR uses advanced signal processing techniques to
• Use of laptops has increased the scope of ASCAs as detect and track mortars, rocket launchers and fire
laptop models have the same keyboard which eases trajectories for more accurate artillery strikes.
the interpretation by AI-enabled deep learning. o Its hallmark is high mobility and swift deployment
• ASCA is a type of cyberattack wherein Artificial capabilities, allowing it to adapt to changing
Intelligence (AI) can be used to decode passwords by operational requirements efficiently.
analyzing the sound produced by keystrokes.
• SCAs are a method of hacking a cryptographic
4.4.5. ASTRA MISSILE
algorithm based on the analysis of auxiliary systems • Light Combat Aircraft Tejas, has successfully been test
(electromagnetic waves, power consumption, sound fired the ASTRA missile.
from keyboard, printer, etc.) used in the encryption o It is a Beyond Visual Range Air - to - Air missile,
method. indigenously developed by DRDO.
• Key Features:
4.4.3. SPIKE NON-LINE OF SIGHT (NLOS) o Range: 80-110 kms for version Mk1 and 160kms
ANTI-TANK GUIDED MISSILE for version Mk2.
• Indian Air Force has received the Israeli Spike NLOS o Altitude: up to 20 km.
Anti-Tank Guided Missiles. o Max Speed: Mach 4.5
• Spike NLOS will be integrated with Russian-origin fleet
of Mi-17V5 helicopters.

4.4.6. 3D-PRINTED BOMBS o Candy bombs are cheap and effective. Also, it can
be readily produced in different sizes which helps
• Ukraine has recently turned to 3D-printed bombs as a drone operators make the best use of a given
solution to combat ammunition shortages and sustain model’s payload capacity.
their counteroffensive efforts.
• Ukraine’s weapons makers are finding various models 4.4.7. MILITARY EXERCISES
of improvised ammunition that are 3D printed at • AUSINDEX-23 is a biennial maritime exercise between
home and abroad. Indian Navy and Royal Australian Navy.
o These 3D-printed casings are produced and then • BRIGHT STAR-23 is a biennial multilateral tri-service
filled with C4 explosives and shrapnel before exercise held in Egypt. For the first time, Indian Air
being deployed on the battlefield. Force is participating in it.
• They have been nicknamed “candy bombs”. o Other participating countries include US, Saudi
Arabia, Greece, and Qatar.

5. ENVIRONMENT
5.1. GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY FRAMEWORK FUND (GBFF)
Why in the news? Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF)

• KMGBF was adopted in 2022 at COP 15 (held in Montreal) to the UN
GBFF was recently ratified and launched at the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Seventh Assembly of the Global Environment • It replaced the Aichi Biodiversity Targets that expired in 2020.
Facility. • It is not legally binding.
• It sets out 4 goals for 2050 and 23 targets for 2030.
About GBFF
4 overarching 1. To halt human-induced species extinction
• Purpose: GBFF aims to finance the goals to be 2. Equitable sharing of benefits
implementation of the Kunming-Montreal achieved by 2050 3. Sustainable use of biodiversity
Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF). focus on 4. Closing the biodiversity finance gap of $700
billion per year.
• Governance: GBFF Council will be open to
23 action- Key targets
representation by the following members, oriented global • 30% of land, inland water, marine and coastal
o 16 from developing countries; targets for urgent ecosystems will be protected by 2030 (30x30
o 14 from developed countries; action over the Deal).
o 2 Members from the countries of central decade to 2030 • Reducing the rate of introduction of invasive
and eastern Europe and the former alien species by 2050.
Soviet Union. • Cutting global food waste by half.
o Decisions of the GBFF Council are to be • Reducing the loss of areas of high biodiversity
taken by consensus along the lines of the importance to zero.
GEF Instrument. • Reducing by $500 billion annual harmful
• Financial management: The World Bank will government subsidies.
be invited to serve as the Trustee of the GBFF. • Mobilizing investment close to the biodiversity
funding gap by $200 billion in year.
o GBFF will be established similar to the
Capacity-Building Initiative for Transparency Trust Fund, Least Developed Countries Fund, Special Climate
Change Fund, and Nagoya Protocol Implementation Fund.
• Fund allocations:
o 20% of the funds would support Indigenous-led initiatives to protect and conserve biodiversity.
o Prioritise support for Small Island Developing States and LDCs, which will receive more than a third of the fund’s
resources.
o Funding Sources are governments, philanthropy, the private sector, international financial institutions, etc.
Significance of GBFF
• A new source of funding: To halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030.
• Promise of including indigenous people: Approximately 25% of the Earth’s surface and ocean areas are managed by
indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs), and these areas hold 80% of the Earth’s biodiversity.
o GBFF emphasises respect for the rights of indigenous communities that traditionally protect forests and
biodiversity and their involvement in conservation efforts.
• Aligned with UN Sustainable Development Goals: 3 of which directly deal with the environment and thus with
biodiversity: Goal 13 on climate action, Goal 14 on life below water and Goal 15 on life on land.
Conclusion
Need of the hour is for all the countries, multilateral development banks, private sectors and philanthropists to
contribute immediately and significantly to the GBFF to make it fully operational to help implement the ambitious targets
set in Montreal COP 15.

5.2. UNREGULATED TOURISM IN THE INDIAN HIMALAYAN REGION (IHR)
Why in the news?
Recently, a Parliamentary Standing Committee has recommended the government to prepare a practical action plan with
clear timelines to put a check on destructive activities in IHR.
More on news
• The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Science and Technology, Environment, Forest and Climate Change
highlighted the tremendous increase of tourist activities in IHR has led to over-exploitation of natural resources and
illegal construction.
o This includes home stays, guest houses, resorts, hotels, restaurants and other encroachments.
Specific vulnerabilities of the IHR
• Geo-physical: Himalayas are tectonically active and are mostly made-up of unconsolidated and semi-consolidated
deposits.
o Under-cutting by river currents in valleys like Alaknanda, Bhagirathi, Mandakini, etc.
o Hill washing and percolation of waters due to rain, cloud-bursts, and melting of snow resulting in land subsidence
like the one witnessed in Joshimath, Uttarakhand earlier this year.
• Socio-economic: Deforestation for agriculture, grazing, construction, etc., on hill slopes giving rise to avalanches,
landslides, etc.
o Obstruction of natural flow of water due to construction various mega hydel Power Projects, like Tehri Dam
Reservoir in Tehri Garhwal district.
• Rising Tourism: IHR records about 100 million tourists every year and the number is expected to increase to 240
million by 2025, putting huge pressure on resources.
o As per Niti Aayog, Tourism contributes more than 10% of the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) in many
states such as Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, etc.
Challenges of unregulated tourism in the IHR
• Waste generation: According to Niti Aayog’s report in 2018, tourism in IHR States generates about 8.395 million
tonnes per year (MT/Y) of solid waste.
o Unorganized waste collection, segregation, disposal, and recycling further aggravated the problem.
o It also leads to degradation of watersheds and water sources.
• Forests and biodiversity: Loss of natural forest covers for Why Shimla is crumbling? – A Case Study
building various tourism infrastructures such as • Lack of climate-smart infrastructure development.
accommodation, transport, etc. o Like the Himachal Pradesh High Court Lawyers
o Loss of natural resources impacting biodiversity and Chambers and the new Indira Gandhi Medical
ecosystem services. College has been constructed over substantial
• Landscape: Replacement of traditional eco-friendly and water springs and channels.
aesthetic infrastructure with inappropriate, unsightly and • Further, planning for Shimla is overseen by the
dangerous constructions. Town and Country Planning Department (Public
Works Department, Himachal Pradesh) which
• Seasonality of tourism: High fluctuations in tourism
operates without democratic oversight.
activities in different seasons lead to various problems like
• Also, Shimla Development Plan (SDP), which also
overcrowding, lack of services, etc. lacks any climate action plan, is currently subjudice
• Socio-cultural: Erosion of cultural fabric and social values of before the Supreme Court.
collectivism due to mass tourism.
Initiatives undertaken to promote Sustainable Tourism
Way Forward
• National Strategy for Sustainable Tourism: To
• Planning, implementation and monitoring: A multi-year mainstream sustainability in Indian tourism sector
strategy for sustainable tourism should be formulated and ensure a more resilient, inclusive, carbon neutral
that covers environmental, economic, social, health, and and resource efficient tourism
safety issues. • Swadesh Darshan 2.0: Includes a vision of sustainable
o It should be done in the spirit of local community and responsible tourism under various projects.
• Swachh Paryatan Mobile Application: To allow
partnerships.
people to report any hygiene issues at tourist places.
• Policy and regulations: Promote zero waste destination
by enforcing Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, and Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016.
o Environmental audit of tourism service providers based on environment efficiency and carbon generation and
certification.
o Common certification scheme and eco-labelling for tourism ventures in line with environmental parameters can
help to reduce pollution.
o Clear zoning of landscape (Land Use Plan based on maps and stakeholder interests) will assist in monitoring and
guide site specific interventions if and when required
• Institutions and Processes: Inter-departmental convergence to ensure integrated destination and infrastructure
planning and implementation.
o Active monitoring and public reporting of environmental, economic, social, and tourism strategies, milestones
and issues in sync with SDG Targets and Indicators.
o Designing climate-smart infrastructure to redirect investment away from high-risk areas, project and policy
appraisal through strategic Environmental Assessment, climate risk disclosure, etc.
• Finance and market: Introducing ‘Green Cess’, Payment for Environmental Services based on eco-certification, etc.
o Explore new tourism circuits and packages to offer diversified destinations and for de-congestion of mass
tourism sites.
o On the pattern of smart cities, “smart mountain tourism destination” business plans could be prepared.
• Technology: Prepare tourism satellite accounts of IHR, multi-hazard zoning, geomorphological mapping along major
river valleys, etc., for effective planning.
• Capacity building: Design and deliver an IHR specific Awareness and sensitization package through proactive media
campaign and tourism information centres.
5.3. WATER TRADING
Why in the news?
Recently, NITI Aayog released a document on water trading mechanisms to promote the reuse of treated wastewater.
About Water Trading Mechanism
• Water Trading is a water market mechanism that considers water as a commodity rather than a public good.
o It can be traded amongst users according to their needs.
• Mechanism: A Water company, rather than creating its own water source, can buy the water from a third party and
sell it to the users.
• Enabling elements for Water Trading
o Ownership of water - should be indisputable.
o Water entitlements- could be transferred.
o Water Reuse Certificates (WRCs) - as tradable permits.
✓ Under the WRC trading system, water users across sectors, including municipal/residential, industrial and
agricultural sectors, shall be registered and get individual targets for water reuse.
✓ Water users having WRCs may sell them in the open market, allowing other water users to bridge the gap
between their wastewater reuse targets.
Need for reuse of treated wastewater through water trading
• Rising pace of urbanisation: Only about 40% of urban wastewater is treated in India, and even that is not being
reused.
• Unequal spatial distribution: Wide temporal and spatial variations in the distribution of water.
o For example, India receives more than 80 % of the rainfall during four months of the year.
• Private hand in water management: The National Water Policy of 2002 & 2012 has proposed a private hand in water
management and has emphasised public-private partnership.
• Rising water pollution: Wastewater, including agricultural runoff, is the leading cause of water pollution.
o It is intricately linked to human and ecosystem health, with over 80% of global wastewater estimated to enter
water bodies untreated. (UN World Water Report 2023)
• Tackling water scarcity: Around 80% of people living under water stress lived in Asia, in particular, northeast China,
as well as India. (UN World Water Report 2023)
• Low water use efficiency in Indian agriculture: Around
89% of groundwater extracted is used for irrigation, and
crops such as paddy and sugarcane consume more than
60% of irrigation water.
o India is also a large virtual net export of water
because of agricultural products export.
Challenges
• Fixing price: Treating the wastewater and supplying it to the farm fields or to the industrial units will involve certain
costs which may not be competitive with the cost of fresh water.
o As fresh water is available at a substantially low or sometimes even at no cost.
• Storage: Since the process of wastewater generation is continuous, the treatment process also should be continuous.
However, the demand may not remain constant throughout the year.
o For example, the crops may not require irrigation for a certain period; demands in industrial units may also vary.
This would require either storage of treated wastewater or discharging the treated water to other freshwater
sources.
• Identification/creation of demand: To make water/treated wastewater a tradable commodity, it is necessary to have
a demand.
• Assured supply: Maintenance of plant, disruption in sewage network, quality problems in inlet sewage or treated
sewage, disruption in the distribution network, etc. could interrupt supply.
• Water as a fundamental human right: In India, water is neither considered a commodity nor possesses any significant
economic value.
o This is mainly because of the due consideration of the essentiality of water as a fundamental human right.
Way forward
• Formation of Independent Regulatory Authority (IRAs) with statutory powers to determine water allocation and
pricing of treated wastewater.
o Today, 12 states in India have enacted Acts to form IRAs, but they mostly have the power to regulate water
tariffs in the irrigation sector.
• Creation of a trading platform and induction of all stakeholders into it.
o Fixing the reuse target and finalising the norms of treated wastewater quality along with credits and value of
Water Reuse Certificates (WRCs).
• Identification of Industrial Clusters, Municipal/Residential units, Agriculture lands, and Environmental needs where
the treated wastewater could be reused.
• Preparation of site-specific plans for reuse: GIS tools could be used for initial planning, and social mobilisation
through NGOs would be required to overcome the stigma of the use of treated wastewater.
• Monitoring mechanism: Establishment of regular monitoring mechanisms and Social impact assessment under the
supervision of IRAs.
• Working towards Water Neutrality: Water Neutrality concept advocates that the total water demand should be the
same after a new development is built as it was before.
o Promoting water reuse can aid in achieving water neutrality.
World’s Best Practices in Water Trading
• Australia: Murray Darling Basin has proved that water trading is one of the best methods to use water in an
efficient manner.
o Water trading helps farmers make more productive use of water and contributes to sustainable water
management.
• Spain: Water market exchanges alleviated the conditions of those basins where water scarcity was most severe.
• South Africa: One of the most advanced water frameworks in the world. South Africa’s system enables existing
water rights to be reallocated.
Crop Diversification - For Resolving Water Crisis in Agriculture

• It refers to a shift from the regional dominance of one crop to regional production of a number of crops, to meet the increasing
demand of cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, oilseeds, etc.
• In addition to water conservation, it aims to improve soil health and to maintain dynamic equilibrium of the agro-ecosystem.
Various measures taken
• Crop Diversification Programme, a sub scheme of Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana is being implemented in Original Green
Revolution States to divert the area of paddy crop to alternate crops.
• Government is using MSP as a signal to encourage crop diversification towards the production of oilseed. (Economic Survey
2022)
• State specific schemes to pay farmers for leaving their fields uncultivated or switching from paddy to other crops.
o Financial incentive for farmers who adopt direct-seeded rice (DSR) - a method that consumes less water than the
traditional way of transplanting paddy seedlings.
Significance Concerns
• In Haryana these initiatives saved 31,500 crore litres of water • Can harm farmers' income & India's food security.
and brought 72,000 acres of land under DSR in 2022 during the • Net return to a farmer favours cultivation of paddy
Kharif season. over maize in the Green Revolution belt.
• Paddy is not a natural crop in Haryana, Punjab etc. • Lack of awareness among farmers about the benefits
• Mono cropping pattern reduces resource use efficiency. of crop diversification.

5.4. COASTAL AQUACULTURE AUTHORITY (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2023
Why in the news?
Recently, this Coastal Aquaculture Authority (Amendment) Act, 2023, was adopted, which amends the earlier 2005 Act.
Background
• Coastal Aquaculture Authority Act 2005 was enacted to provide for the establishment of a Coastal Aquaculture
Authority for regulating the activities connected with coastal aquaculture in the coastal areas.
o It aimed to protect the coastal environment while promoting the orderly growth of coastal aquaculture farming
in coastal areas.
o It defines coastal aquaculture as culturing, under
controlled conditions in ponds, pens, enclosures or
otherwise, in coastal areas of shrimp, prawns, fish or any
other aquatic life in saline or brackish water but does not
include freshwater aquaculture.
o It also facilitates the continued operation of coastal
aquaculture within the Coastal Regulatory Zone area
and beyond.
o It penalised unregistered farms or farms in prohibited
areas.
• In 2005, coastal aquaculture activity was essentially shrimp
farming.
o Now, newer forms of environment-friendly coastal
aquaculture have come up, which can be done in coastal
areas and mostly within CRZ.
• However, there have been demands to remove the About Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 2019
ambiguities and amend some of the provisions of • As per this notification, certain coastal areas were declared
the 2005 Act to make this legislation progressive and as coastal regulation zone, wherein setting up of industries
decrease the regulatory burden. and expansion of industries are prohibited activities and
other developmental activities/projects are regulated/
About Coastal Aquaculture Authority (Amendment) permitted as per provisions of the said notification.
Act, 2023 • The notification also provides for ‘No Development Zones’
(NDZ) along various categories of coastal areas to protect
• Broaden the definition of “coastal
India’s coastline from encroachment, erosion and accretion.
aquaculture”: Comprehensively covers all activities • CRZ notification is issued by the central government under
of coastal aquaculture, removing the ambiguity the Environment Protection Act, 1986.
existing between the farm and other verticals of
coastal aquaculture.
o New coastal aquaculture, such as cage culture, seaweed culture, bi-valve culture, marine ornamental fish
culture and pearl oyster culture, are promoted.
• Registration granted under the Coastal Aquaculture Authority Act shall prevail and be treated as valid permission
under CRZ Notification.
• Additional role of Coastal Aquaculture Authority:
o fix standards for inputs and discharge of effluents from aquaculture units,
o prohibit the use of certain inputs to prevent harm to the environment,
o monitor and regulate units, inputs, and emissions.
• Decriminalises and fixed penalties if coastal aquaculture is carried out illegally
• Permitting certain aquaculture activities in CRZ areas: The Act permits hatcheries, nucleus breeding centres, and
broodstock multiplication centres to be established in no-development zones (NDZ) of seas and buffer zones of
creeks/rivers/ backwaters.
• Prevent the use of antibiotics and pharmacologically active substances that harm human health in coastal
aquaculture.
• Promote biosecurity: i.e. any measure adopted to analyse, manage and prevent the risk of introduction or spread of
harmful organisms within the coastal aquaculture unit and to minimise the risk of transmission of infectious diseases.
Significance of the CAA (Amendment) Act, 2023
• Sustainable growth of Coastal areas: Promote production, productivity and exports, traceability and increased
competitiveness and entrepreneurship.
• Empowering Authority: with more power to regulate activities and enforce environmental compliance, including the
Polluter Pays Principle.
• Ease of doing business: as it decriminalises the offences under the Act.
o It also enables lakhs of small marginal aquaculture farmers to avoid the possible need for obtaining CRZ
clearances from multiple agencies.
• Promoting new Environment-friendly coastal aquaculture: such as cage culture, seaweed culture, etc.
• Employment Generation: on a large scale for coastal fisher communities, especially fisherwomen;
• Developing dedicated facilities: in areas having direct access to seawater to produce genetically improved and
disease-free broodstocks and seeds for use in coastal aquaculture.
• Improve Export: Prohibiting the use of antibiotics pharmacologically will help to reduce the impact of non-tariff
barriers under WTO, hence improving exports.
Initiatives of Government to promote Aquaculture
Issues with the Act • Marine Products Export Development Authority is a
statutory body established in 1972 under the Ministry of
• Infective work by Coastal Aquaculture Authority: Due Commerce & Industry to promote marine product export.
to a deficiency in skilled manpower and infrastructure • Blue Revolution in India demonstrated importance of
facilities in the Authority (as noted by the CAG report). Fisheries and Aquaculture sector.
• Promoting intensive coastal aquaculture: which may • Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) steps
have adverse impacts on the environment, such as to intensify and diversify inland fisheries and aquaculture
salinisation of land/wells and obstruction of natural with focus on diversification of species, introduction of
flood water drainage. new species.
Conclusion
The Coastal Aquaculture Authority (Amendment) Act of 2023 is the appropriate step toward reviving and modernising
coastal aquaculture in the nation and making it a major seafood exporter worldwide. However, there may also be a need
to balance promoting aquaculture activities and minimising the environmental damage from such activities.
5.5. AGROFORESTRY
Why in the news?
Recently, the Centre released a fact sheet to promote agroforestry prepared by the Indian Council of Forestry Research
and Education (ICFRE).
More about News
• The report released details of cultivating 36 specific
species, including bamboo, that are suitable for
agroforestry systems and home gardens.
• The 36 species include Leucaena leucocephala, or
subabul, and various varieties of eucalyptus.
o Subabul is considered an invasive species that
has been reported as a weed in more than 20
countries, according to an International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) database.
o Eucalyptus is considered highly water-intensive.

About Agroforestry
• Agroforestry is a combination of practicing agriculture and forestry together.
o It focuses on the interaction and interdependence of various elements in nature.
• Components of agroforestry: Crops, trees, and livestock.
• Agroforestry systems: These are classified based on the type of component:
o Agri silviculture (crops + trees),
o Silvopastoral (pasture/livestock + trees); and
o Agrosilvopastoral (crops + pasture + trees).
• Attributes of the Agroforestry system
o Productivity: Production of preferred goods and
increasing productivity of land
o Sustainability: Conserving the production
potential
o Adoptability: Acceptance of the prescribed
practice
Significance of the Agroforestry
• Farm profitability: The combined output of trees, crops, and livestock per unit area is greater than the combined
output of any one component.
• Resource sustainability: It aids in the preservation and protection of natural resources by reducing pollution,
managing soil erosion, and establishing wildlife habitats.
• Decrease input cost: By generating mulch/leaf litter as manure and
bio-pesticides from tree components.
• Biodiversity conservation: Combining trees, crops, and livestock
creates a more diverse ecosystem, supporting a broader range of
species.
• Food security: Helps improve health and nutrition due to increased
diversity and quality of food outputs.
• Increasing income of farmers: New products from agroforestry
increase the farming enterprise’s financial flexibility and generate
employment opportunities.
• Carbon sequestration: Agroforestry is involved in capturing carbon
and long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Way forward for scaling agroforestry
• Development of new agroforestry models for different agro-climatic
zones.
• Ensuring the availability of certified planting material to the farmers and other users.
• Research and development: Participatory research on larger agroforestry models viable across different
agroecological regions.
• Improving market access to farmers: Development of industries and/or secondary processing units near the agro-
forestry zones.
• Assessing impact: Research on ecological and social impacts on adoption of agroforestry.
• Extension service: Improve the delivery of technology know-how to the farmers through extension programs
involving research institutions and industries.
Government Initiatives for Agroforestry
• Sub-Mission on Agroforestry (Har Medh par Ped) Scheme: Launched in 2016-17 to encourage tree plantation on farmland
along with crops.
• Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH): It has been implemented since 2014-15 for holistic growth of
horticulture covering fruits, vegetables, mushrooms, spices, etc.

• National Agroforestry Policy, 2014: To encourage and expand tree plantation in a complementarity and integrated manner
with crops and livestock.
• Exempted many tree species from the Felling and Transit rules, and removed bamboo from the category of forest produce
to enable large-scale cultivation.
5.6. COMPRESSED BIO-GAS (CBG)

Why in the news?
Parliamentary Standing Committee on Petroleum and
Natural Gas submitted an action taken report on its earlier
recommendations on the subject ‘Review of
Implementation of CBG (SATAT)’.
About Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable
Transportation (SATAT)
• Launch: 2018.
• Objective: To set up Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG)
production plants and make available CBG in the
market for use in automotive fuels.
o Bio-gas is produced naturally through the anaerobic
decomposition of biomass, such as agricultural
residue, municipal solid waste, sugarcane press
mud, etc.
✓ CBG is obtained after purification and
compression of bio-gas, which has a high
methane content (>90%) and higher calorific
value (47-52 MJ/kg).
✓ Other components of CBG include – CO2 (<4%), Hydrogen Sulphide (<16 ppm), Nitrogen (<0.5%), Oxygen
(<0.5%), and Moisture (<5mg/m3).
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG).
Challenges in Implementation
• Governance-related issues: Limited technical capabilities of the municipal bodies act as a hindrance.
o Multiple regulatory approvals and involvement of various ministries, including MoEFCC, MoPNG, MoNRE, etc.,
hinder entrepreneurs.
o Discontinuation of Central Financial Assistance (CFA) since April 2021 for extending support to new and
renewable energy projects.
o Lack of interest among Oil PSUs in setting up CBG projects despite domestic natural gas production being a
mandate of the upstream oil PSUs
• Unregulated bio-mass supply chain: Limited timeframe of 30–40 days for gathering agricultural feedstock and the
unpredictability of feedstock prices.
o Inefficient source segregation of Municipal Solid Waste leads to the contamination of the feedstock used in the
biogas production process.
• Distribution challenge: The differential tax structure of Compressed Natural Gas and CBG acts as a hurdle in the
synchronisation of CBG with the City Gas Distribution (CGD) network.
• Market: No buyers for fermented organic manure on which CBG companies base 15-20% of their revenue.
o Lack of bio-CNG consumers in rural areas due to limited availability of CNG vehicles.
o Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) projects are not being implemented at a desired rate (only about 40 CBG plants have
been set up.)
Other initiatives to promote CBG in India
• Integration of Bio-CNG as a fuel for transportation
• National Policy on Biofuels, 2018: It aims to promote the production of CBG and other bio-fuels.
• GOBAR-Dhan Scheme: To support villages in effective management of cattle and bio-degradable wastes.
• Recognition of CBG projects under the Priority Sector Lending (PSL) scheme by the RBI to improve access to
credit.
• Fertilizer Control Order for Fermented Organic Manure: To promote usage of organic fertilizer in agriculture and
expand market for solid and liquid by-products of CBG plants.
• National Bioenergy Programme by MNRE: For capacity building and research in biogas, solid waste management,
and other bioenergy aspects.
Way Forward
• Coordination mechanism: Convene meetings of the National Bio-fuel Coordination Committee (NBCC) regularly to
sort implementation issues.
• Financial assistance: Need to move towards Generation Based Incentive (GBI) instead of Capex-based subsidy for
CBG plants.
o Setting up a financial institution in consultation with Oil and Gas PSUs for all bio-fuel and clean energy projects.
o Setting up a Bio Fuel Infrastructure Fund and Credit Guarantee Fund to expedite the development of the CBG
sector.
o Provide fiscal support for the development of pipeline infrastructure for connecting CBG projects with the CGD
network.
• Governance reforms
o Simplify and digitise regulatory approvals by creating single window clearance for disbursal of subsidies.
o Capacity building of Urban Local Bodies and involving the PPP model to ensure effective waste segregation in
municipalities.
o Restricting or regulating the export of agricultural biomass to ensure local bioenergy industries have affordable
access to feedstock
• Technology: Use of AI-based sensors to analyse the quality of feedstock, enable vehicle tracking, etc., to establish a
sound biomass supply chain.
5.7. TIDAL ENERGY

Why in the news? Other Types of Ocean Energy
• Waves Energy derived from transfer of
Parliamentary Standing Committee on Energy submitted a report on kinetic energy of wind to the upper surface
‘Tidal Power Development in India.’ of the ocean.
More on News • Ocean currents Energy derived from
oceanic circulations.
• There are three main types of ocean energy – Wave, Tidal and • Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion derived
Ocean. from temperature differences between
• The committee stated that the estimated potential of tidal and upper and lower ocean layers.
wave energy in India are 12455 MW and 41300 MW, respectively. • Salinity gradient (osmotic pressure)
o The potential areas with low/medium tidal wave strength are: derived from salinity differences between
fresh and ocean waters at river mouths.
✓ Gulf of Khambat, Gulf of Kutch & southern regions in Gujarat.
✓ Palk Bay- Mannar Channel in Tamil Nadu.
✓ Hoogly river, South Haldia & Sunderbans in West Bengal.
o Potential of Ocean-Thermal energy has not been estimated till date.
Challenges
• Technological: Low turbine efficiency and high equipment costs due to limited scalability of manufacturing.
o Unpredictable environmental conditions and lack of implementation experience.
o Corrosion: Saltwater is highly corrosive, which requires extra care in design, construction and installation to
overcome the effects of corrosion.
o Bio-fouling: Small animals and plant life can attach to the moving parts of underwater devices, creating the
potential for costly breakdowns and maintenance.
• Financial: Capital intensive and higher upfront installation cost compared to conventional coal-based energy.
o Absence of adequate risk-sharing and mitigation mechanisms reduces project profitability.
o Lack of interest among financial institutions hinders the mobilisation of funds.
• Environmental: Reduced flushing and erosion can change the vegetation of the area and disrupt the ecological
balance.
o Presence of installed devices, electromagnetic effect, acoustic effect, etc., can affect the movement of migratory
birds; disturb the sensory system of marine species, among others.
Way Forward
• Reassessment of various forms of ocean energy: To explore the practically exploitable potential.
o Site-specific tidal power development cost also needs to be reassessed to consider economic viability and long-
term benefits.
• Set up demonstration/ pilot projects: To showcase proof-of-concept and commercial viability of tidal power.
• Non-solar Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs): Ministry should follow-up on inclusion of ocean energy under
non-solar RPOs to ensure development of commercial tidal projects.
o In 2019, government clarified that various forms of ocean energy shall be eligible for meeting non-solar RPOs.
• Environmental Impact Assessment: Pragmatic assessment of environmental impact and ecological sustainability of
ocean energy projects.
o Evaluation of global experience (particularly, two projects from France and South Korea, which constitutes about
90% of installed tidal power in the world).
• De-risking financing options: Issuance of tax free bonds by renewable financing institutions like IREDA, for on-lending
to renewable sector, improvement in soft loans scheme for refinance, etc.
5.8. NEWS IN SHORTS

5.8.1. URBAN RIVER MANAGEMENT
PLANS (URMPS)
• Committee of National Mission for Clean Ganga
(NMCG) approves project for preparation of URMPs for
60 cities.
• Project is part of River-Cities Alliance (RCA) under
Namami Gange.
o RCA, started in 2021, is a joint initiative of Ministry
of Jal Shakti (MoJS) & Ministry of Housing and
Urban Affairs (MoHUA) with a vision to connect
river cities and focus on sustainable river centric
development.
o Project will work in two phases. First phase would
cover 25 cities from 5 main stem Ganga basin
states i.e., Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Jharkhand and West Bengal.
o Main stem is the principal channel of a
drainage system into which other smaller
streams or rivers flow.
o It will be funded by World Bank.
• Need for Urban River Management
o Ensure effective regulations of activities in the
floodplain.
o Water pollution from sources like sewage draining
and grey water, erosion due to deforestation etc.
o Lack of specific land-use category or legislation
defining 'River Regulation/Riparian Zone'. 5.8.2. FLOODWATCH MOBILE
o Religious practices such as mass bathing, idol APPLICATION
immersion, cremation etc.
• Central Water Commission (CWC) has launched the
• Interventions by URMPs
mobile application, FloodWatch.
o Inculcating river-sensitive behaviour among
citizens. • FloodWatch provides real-time flood situations in the
o Develop eco-friendly riverfront projects. country and flood forecasts to the public.
o Rejuvenate waterbodies and wetlands in the city. o It will provide State-wise/Basin-wise Flood
o Ensure maximum good quality return flow from Forecast.
the city into the river. • FloodWatch app utilises advanced technologies such
o Leverage on economic potential of the river. as satellite data analysis, mathematical modelling,

and real-time monitoring to deliver accurate and ✓ Annual per capita plastic consumption is 5.3
timely flood forecasts. kg/capita/year (among the lowest in the
world).
5.8.3. MINAMATA CONVENTION ON ✓ Ranks 4th in the MWI, with 98.55 % of
MERCURY generated waste being mismanaged
• Mostly due to the disposal of collected plastic in
• Minamata Convention on Mercury, adopted in 2013 at
unsanitary landfills and dumpsites.
Geneva, is first global legally binding treaty to protect
○ 330 764 tons of microplastic generated from tire
human health and environment from adverse effects
abrasion, shedding of textile fibers, and paint, etc.
of mercury.
released into waterways.
o It is named after the city in Japan that became the
○ 1.33 % of its total plastic waste was imported,
epicentre of Minamata disease, a neurological
while the country exported 0.8 % of its total
disease caused by severe mercury poisoning, in
waste.
1950s.
• Initiatives by India: 1000 Cities to become 3-Star
o It came into force in 2017. Presently, there are 144
Garbage Free by October 2024, Mission LiFe, Plastic
Parties and 128 Signatories to it.
Waste Management Rule, etc.
o India ratified it in 2018 with flexibility for
continued use of mercury-based products and
processes involving mercury compounds up to
2025.
• Minamata Convention requires that party nations
o Reduce and where feasible eliminate use and
release of mercury from Artisanal and Small-Scale
Gold Mining.
o Control mercury air emissions from coal fired
power plants, coal-fired industrial boilers etc.
o Phase-out or reduce mercury use in products like
batteries, switches, lights, cosmetics, pesticides,
dental amalgam.
o Addresses supply and trade of mercury; safer
storage and disposal, and strategies to address
5.8.5. EARTH OVERSHOOT DAY
contaminated sites.
• Mercury is a naturally occurring element that is found • August 2, is observed as the Earth Overshoot Day for
in air, water and soil year 2023.
o It may have toxic effects on nervous system, • Earth Overshoot Day is marked as the date when
thyroid, kidneys, lungs, immune system, eyes, humanity’s demand for ecological resources and
gums and skin. services each year exceeds what Earth can regenerate
o It is considered by WHO as one of the top ten in that year.
chemicals of major public health concern. o It is measure by Global Footprint Network
(international research organization) each year
5.8.4. PLASTIC OVERSHOOT DAY REPORT since 1971.
• According to the report India contributed 16.7 days in o It is calculated by multiplying the planet’s
157 days of World Plastic Overshoot Days in 2023. biocapacity (the quantity of ecological resources
• Plastic Overshoot Day refers to the day when the Earth can generate each year) by humanity’s
amount of plastic waste surpasses the capability of Ecological Footprint (humanity’s demand for that
waste management systems to effectively manage. year) by 365.
○ It is based on the country’s Mismanaged Waste 5.8.6. BELEM DECLARATION
Index (MWI) i.e., the ratio of the mismanaged
waste and the total waste. • Member countries of Amazon Cooperation Treaty
• Other key Findings on India Organization (ACTO) signed the Belém Declaration in
○ Categorized as ‘The Waste Sponges’ referring to a the Brazilian city of Belém.
low consumption yet a high level of plastic o ACTO is an intergovernmental socio-
pollution. environmental block formed by signing of the
Amazon Cooperation Treaty.
o Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, use in cosmetics, medicinal products, and high-end
Suriname, and Venezuela are its members. furniture/woodcraft.
• Belém Declaration calls for ensuring participation of • Conservation Status
Indigenous Peoples in decision-making o IUCN Status: Endangered
• It also commits to launching the Amazon Alliance to o Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, India: Schedule IV
Combat Deforestation. o Convention on International Trade in Endangered
• However, member countries could not agree on the Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Status:
goal to protect the Amazon rainforest. Appendix II
5.8.7. DEBT-FOR-NATURE SWAP 5.8.9. DHOLPUR-KARAULI TIGER

RESERVE (DKTR)
• Gabon has recently announced a $500 million debt-
for-nature swap deal for marine conservation. • National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)
• About Debt-for-nature swap accords final approval to DKTR.
o It is an agreement where a creditor forgoes a • Now, after being notified by the State government
portion of debtor's foreign debt or provides debt DKTR will become the 54th Tiger Reserve (TR) of
relief in exchange for debtor's commitment to India and 5th of Rajasthan.
invest in a specific environmental project.
○ Ranthambore, Sariska, Mukundra Hills and
o It can be bilateral or multi-party.
Ramgarh Vishdhari are the remaining four TRs in
• Significance: Mainstreaming the environment in
Rajasthan.
government policies, better adaptation and
○ TRs are notified by State Governments on the
mitigation to climate change, Free up fiscal resources
for government. advice of NTCA under Section 38V of the
Wildlife (Protection) or WPA Act, 1972.
5.8.8. EXPORT POLICY OF RED SANDERS • A TR, considered as critical for tiger conservation, consists
WOOD of two parts:
○ Core or critical tiger habitat: National Park or Sanctuary
• Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT), under
status
the Ministry of Commerce and Industry amended
○ Buffer or peripheral area: A lesser degree of habitat
export policy of red sanders wood sourced from
protection is required
privately cultivated land.
o The amendments were issued under the power
• Key initiatives to protect tiger
conferred by the Foreign Trade (Development & ○ Project Tiger launched in 1973 is a Centrally
Regulation) Act,1992 and Foreign Trade Policy Sponsored Scheme of MoEFCC.
2023. ○ Tiger Conservation Plan and Tiger Conservation
• Recent amendment allows an annual export quota for Foundation to be prepared by the state
artificially propagated red sanders and zero export government under WPA for tiger reserve
quota for wild specimens of red sanders. management.
• Under the foreign trade policy import of Red Sanders is ○ TRAFFIC to facilitate improvements in India’s
prohibited, while its export is restricted. anti-poaching efforts.
o Earlier DGFT in 2019 had revised its export policy ○ Leveraging technology
to permit export of Red Sanders, in log form and ✓ M-STrIPES (Monitoring System for Tigers
roots, if it is exclusively obtained from private Intensive-Protection & Ecological Status):
cultivated land (including pattaland). An android app for monitoring.
• About Red Sanders ✓ Project ‘E-Bird Technology for Tiger
o Flora endemic to a distinct tract of forests in Conservation’: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles as
Eastern Ghats. a Surveillance and Monitoring tool.
o Very slow-growing tree species that attains ✓ Conservation Genetics: Used in low tiger
maturity after 25 – 40 years. density areas to detect tiger presence.
o Resistant to droughts.
• In a related development MoEFCC cleared the
o Locally known as Yerra Chandanam, Rakta
NTCA’s in-principle approval to declare
Chandanam.
Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary (in Rajasthan) as a
o Its therapeutic properties are responsible for its
high demand across Asia, particularly China, for tiger reserve.

Mahanadi, Yamuna, and Son
✓ Black-bellied Tern: Around Chambal,
Mahanadi, Ganga, Son, Godavari, and Yamuna
○ Critically Endangered
✓ Great Indian Bustard: Rajasthan, Gujrat
✓ Bengal Florican: Restricted to the Himalayan
Terai and grasslands of northeastern India
(Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh)
✓ Baer’s Pochard: Wetlands of Assam and
Manipur
• ZSI was established in 1916 by the Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) to
explore the faunal diversity of the country.
5.8.10. IUCN’S INTEGRATED TIGER

HABITAT CONSERVATION PROGRAMME
(ITHCP) OR TIGER PROGRAM
• ITHCP has launched a Call for Concept Notes for Phase
IV of Program.
o Phase IV will expand its focus to include other
Pantherine species, in particular leopards and
clouded leopards. 5.8.12. REPORT ON ‘INCLUSIVE
• ITHCP, launched in 2014, is a strategic funding CONSERVATION INITIATIVE (ICI)’
mechanism supported by German Federal Ministry for
Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). • The report was released by Global Environment
o It is contributing to Global Tiger Recovery Facility (GEF) and Conservation International (CI).
Programme, a global effort to double tiger • Key highlights
numbers in wild by 2022. ○ Indigenous peoples own 40% of terrestrial
protected areas and 37% of ecologically intact
5.8.11. STATE OF INDIA’S BIRDS 2023’ landscapes.
REPORT ○ Indigenous land management has equal or
• Report was released by Wildlife Institute of India (WII) greater impacts on reducing deforestation than
and Zoological Survey of India (ZSI). state managed.
• Report is a periodic assessment of the distribution ○ Less than 1% of climate change mitigation and
range, trends in abundance and conservation status of adaptation funding is directed to IPLC
India’s key bird species. (indigenous people and local communities)
• Key highlights: ○ Only 7% of the US$ 1.7 billion of funding
○ Bird species richness has reduced because of pledged for ILPC (at the 26th CoP of UNFCCC in
commercial monoculture plantations, 2021) goes directly to them.
urbanisation, infrastructural development, climate • About ICI
change, etc. ○ Background: Endorsed by GEF in 2022
○ Long-distance migrants have declined the most, ○ Aim: To support IPLC to secure and enhance
by over 50%. their stewardship over landscapes, seascapes
✓ Shorebirds that breed in the Arctic have been and territories with high biodiversity and
particularly affected (declining by close to 80% irreplaceable ecosystems.
). ○ 4 components
○ Several bird species such as the Indian Peafowl, ✓ Local Action to deliver Global
Rock Pigeon, Asian Koel and House Crow are Environmental Benefits
showing an increasing trend.
✓ Global IPLC Capacity Building
• Key birds and their habitat ✓ IPLC Leadership in International
○ Endangered
Environmental Policy
✓ Indian Skimmer: Around Chambal, Ganga,
✓ Inclusive Conservation Knowledge to Action o Bacteria produce biomass after consuming
• Other initiatives for inclusive conservation methane, which can be used as feed in
○ Global Biodiversity Framework Fund proposed aquaculture.
by GEF. • Methane is over 85 times more potent than carbon
○ India: Formation of Community Reserves and dioxide on a 20-year timescale and responsible for
recognition to the Sacred Grove under Wildlife nearly 30% of total global warming.
(Protection) Act, 2002; Recognition of Forest 5.8.15. TURTLES AND TORTOISES
Rights Act, 2006.
• CI is a Virginia (USA) based non-profit organization • Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (Uttar Pradesh) and Turtle
that works to protect nature that introduced Survival Alliance (NGO) joined hands for turtles and
quantitive threshold for biodiversity hotspots. tortoises conservation.
• Turtles and tortoises both are reptiles.
5.8.13. THAROSAURUS INDICUS • Turtles
o They live in water some or nearly all of the time.
• It is a long-necked, plant-eating dicraeosaurid o Omnivorous.
dinosaur found in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan by India o They have thinner, more water-dynamic shells.
Scientists. o They have more flipper like legs, or webbed feet.
• It is 167 million years old and belongs to a new species, • Tortoises:
unknown to scientists thus far.
o Land creatures (found in deserts to wet tropical
o Theories so far had suggested that the oldest forest)
dicraeosaurid was from China (about 166-164 o Generally vegetarians
million years old). o They have rounded and domed shells
o Also, fossils of dicraeosaurid dinosaurs have been o They have club-like forelegs and 'elephantine'
found previously in North and South Americas,
hind legs
Africa and China.
• It is named after the ‘Thar desert’ of Rajasthan where 5.8.16. FUJIWHARA EFFECT
it was found.
• As per the National Weather Service, when two
5.8.14. METHYLOTUVIMICROBIUM hurricanes or cyclones spinning in same direction,
BURYATENSE 5GB1C come close to each other, they begin ‘an intense dance
around their common center’.
• Methylotuvimicrobium buryatense 5GB1C is a o This interaction between two cyclones is called the
methanotroph (methane-eating microorganism) Fujiwhara effect.
bacterial strain. o In rare instances, if two cyclones are intense, they
o It can potentially remove methane from major may merge with one another leading to the
emission sites like landfills, paddy fields, and oil formation of a mega cyclone capable of wreaking
and gas wells. havoc along coastlines.
o Harnessing this bacteria on a large scale can keep o It was observed for the first time over western
240 million tonnes of methane from reaching the Pacific Ocean, when typhoons Marie and Kathy
atmosphere by 2050. merged in 1964.
o It was first Identified by Sakuhei Fujiwhara in 1921
in Japan.

6. SOCIAL ISSUES
6.1. ANUSANDHAN NATIONAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION (NRF) ACT, 2023
Why in the news?
Recently, the President of India has granted assent to the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (NRF) Bill, 2023.
Key highlights of the Act
• Establish the Anusandhan NRF to:
o Provide strategic direction for research, innovation and entrepreneurship in the fields of
✓ natural sciences, including mathematical sciences, engineering and technology, environmental and earth
sciences, health and agriculture, and
✓ scientific and technological interfaces of humanities and social sciences.
o Promote, monitor and provide support as required for such research.
• A Governing Board provide strategic direction to the Foundation and monitors the implementation of the objectives
of the Foundation.
o It shall consist of
✓ President: Prime Minister (ex-officio)
✓ Vice-Presidents: Union Minister of Science & Technology & Union Minister of Education (ex-officio)
✓ Members: Eminent researchers and professionals across disciplines.
o The President of the Governing Board shall constitute an Executive Council to implement the provisions of the
Act.
✓ The Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India is the ex officio Chairperson.
• The Department of Science and Technology (DST) will be the administrative Department of NRF.
• Funds for NRF
o The Foundation will be financed through:
✓ grants and loans from the central government,
✓ donations to the fund,
✓ income from investments of the amounts received by the Foundation, and
✓ all amounts with the Fund for Science and Engineering Research set up under the 2008 Act.
o The Governing Board shall constitute the following Funds

✓ Anusandhan National Research Foundation Fund for salaries, allowances, and administrative purposes
✓ Innovation Fund for funding outstanding creativity in the areas supported by the Foundation.
✓ Science and Engineering Research Fund for the continuation of projects initiated under the 2008 Act
✓ One or more special-purpose funds for any specific project or research.
• Repeals Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) and subsumes it into NRF.
• Anusandhan NRF is modelled on the US National Science Foundation (NSF).
What is the significance of NRF?
• Increase funding: NRF will create a policy framework and regulatory processes to foster collaborations and increase
funding for scientific R&D in the country, both from government and private sources.
o The government has announced a Rs 50,000 crore budget for the NRF, to be disbursed over five years (2023-28).
Union government is contributing Rs 14,000 crore during the period, and ₹36,000 Cr of the research funding is to
come from the private sector.
• Address disparity: Research institutes like IITs and IISc receive significant funding due to their infrastructure and
rankings, thus enabling better facilities.
o The NRF was proposed in the 2020 National Education Policy to build research capacity across India’s academic
centres rather than supporting the few that are already carrying out research.
• Building research capacity: NRF will harness the talent of outstanding serving and retired researchers to mentor
and foster research at state and other universities and colleges where research needs to be germinated or is at a
nascent stage.
• Support multidisciplinary projects: NRF will provide an opportunity for academia, industry, and research institutions
to work together on the country’s priority areas like sustainable infrastructure, clean energy transition, etc.
• Research in social sciences: NRF promotes research in natural sciences, humanities, social sciences and art which is
considered vital for inculcating creativity, critical thinking and communication skills.
Concerns associated with the Act.
• Structural voids unfilled: The NRF Act focuses on project funding rather than providing comprehensive research
block funding to universities and research institutions. The ongoing challenge of sustaining teacher recruitment for
research pursuits remains unresolved.
• Lack of stakeholder: It lacks clarity on involving economic and social ministries and central Public Sector Enterprises
(CPSEs) in decision-making in NRF decisions whose contribution is vital for meaningful research with societal value.
• Challenge to cooperative Federalism: A detailed project report issued for the NRF has plans to offer large support to
the state universities. However, the Act does not incorporate the perspectives of state councils of higher education
and research in the decision-making body.
Way forward
• Prioritising research: NRF should give priority to projects directed towards higher education institutions,
government research institutions, civil society organisations, cooperative industrial R&D and projects catering to
technology development for economic, social and ecological justice.
• Ensure transparency: Modalities of seeding and promoting research by providing funds to less-endowed institutions
and monitoring outcomes should be transparent.
• Prioritising Inclusivity: It is important to ensure that basic research and small-scale research proposals are not
brushed aside.
• Wider Consultation: The evaluation process of NRF should encompass public engagement before proposal approval.
This entails creating a system to openly share proposal abstracts and engage the scientific community and research
users for feedback.
• Address Loopholes: Steps should be taken to address the structural issues like a low number of researchers and focus
on block funding to increase the effectiveness of research in the country.
Case Study: How NSF has transformed Science and Technology in the USA
• Weather forecasting: NSF-supported scientists are improving weather forecasting in the US by studying atmospheric
phenomena such as Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO).
• Social: NSF invests in education and training programs, ensuring the generation of ideas to solve pressing global challenges
in science and engineering.
• Scientific development: NSF invests in supercomputers, ground-based telescopes, research stations in the Arctic and
Antarctic, and state-of-the-art tools to sustain the nation's scientific enterprise.
• Collaboration: NSF supports research partnerships between colleges, universities, industry, non-profits, government and
other organizations within the US and across the globe.
o These investments focus on sparking new ideas and creative approaches that can accelerate discovery and transform
knowledge into tangible benefits to society.
• Communication: NSF played an important role in supporting research relevant to the development of the non-fibre
components and devices needed in a fibre-optic communication system.
6.2. NATIONAL CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK FOR SCHOOL EDUCATION (NCF -

SE)
Why in the news?
Ministry of Education recently released NCF-SE, which was prepared by the National Council of Educational Research and
Training (NCERT).
About National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCF-SE)
• NCF-SE aims to positively transform the school education system of India through positive changes in the curriculum,
including pedagogy.
o Pedagogy is the method and practice of teaching used in classrooms by the Teacher to help students learn.
• It is the curriculum framework for the 5+3+3+4 design of schooling as proposed by the National Education Policy
2020 (NEP 2020).
• The NCF-SE was last revised in 2005, and the existing sets of NCERT textbooks were prepared using it.
• The National Steering Committee , under the chairmanship of Prof. K Kasturirangan, was formed to create a
curriculum aligned with the NEP 2020.
o NEP 2020 recommended the formulation of a new and comprehensive NCF-SE and State Curriculum Frameworks
(SCFs).
National Education Policy 2020
Aims
• At increasing the public investment to reach 6%
of GDP at the earliest.
• Increase the GER to 100% in preschool to
secondary level by 2030, whereas GER in Higher
Education, including vocational education, from
26.3% (2018) to 50% by 2035.
Features
• New Curricular and Pedagogical Structure
(5+3+3+4)
• Ensuring Universal Access at All Levels of
schooling from pre-primary school to Grade 12.
• Setting up of a new National Assessment
Centre, PARAKH (Performance Assessment,
Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic
Development).
• A separate Gender Inclusion fund and Special
Education Zones for disadvantaged regions and
groups.
Key Highlights of NCF-SE
• Curriculum framework: NCF-SE designed it in a 5+3+3+4 (in terms of ages) for schooling in place of the present
schooling structure of 4 stages.
o Existing four stages based on age groups: Foundational Stage for ages 3-8, Preparatory Stage for ages 8-11,
Middle Stage for ages 11-14, and Secondary Stage for ages 14-18.
• Board examinations: For Grades 10 and 12, all students will be allowed to take Board examinations on at least two
occasions during any given school year, with only the best score being retained.
• Pattern of study: should move to a semester design instead of an annual exam.
• Multilingualism and Indian Languages: All students are to be proficient in at least three languages, at least two of
which are native to India.
• Flexibility and Choice in the Secondary Stage: No hard separations between academic and vocational subjects or
between science, social science, art, and physical education.
o Students can choose interesting combinations of subjects to receive their school-leaving certificates.
• Vocational Education: Proposes engagement in the three different forms of work – work with life forms (agriculture,
animal husbandry), work with materials and machines, and work in human services.
• Rooted in India: Contributions to the knowledge in various disciplines by Indians from ancient to contemporary times
have been integrated into the curricular goals of all school subjects.
• Capacities for Scientific Inquiry: Science Education emphasises the development of capacities for scientific inquiry
along with acquiring knowledge of fundamental theories, laws, etc.
• Interdisciplinary Areas of Study: It has been introduced as a separate subject of study in the Secondary Stage.
• Environmental Education: It is given due emphasis across all stages of schooling, culminating in a separate area of
study in the Secondary Stage.
• Other features:
o Renewed emphasis on Art and Physical Education & Well-being.
o Principles to ensure equity and inclusion in all its aspects.
o Multidisciplinary education to develop an integrated and holistic perspective and learning.
o School culture and practises are to be developed
Need of NCF-SE
• Contemporary Framework and National Standard across India: Enabling harmony and cogency in school education
across Indian states while recognising that school education is the domain of states.
• Knowledge-based approach: The current educational system is focused on creating exam-focused individuals rather
than fostering a knowledge-based approach.
• Improving Quality of Teachers: The curriculum for the specialisations within the Integrated Teacher Education
Programme (ITEP) is based on the curriculum and pedagogy of the NCF to improve the quality of teachers.
• Involving new techniques: Such as reading and writing on screen-based devices, are the rising norms among people.
• Holistic growth of Students: The curriculum for the four stages of schooling is designed based on considerations of
child development, conceptual development, and the appropriate modes of inquiry at each age range.
Concerns with NCF-SE
• Over-centralised curriculum design: As it is contrary to the concurrent nature of education in the federal structure
and the role of states in ensuring cultural diversity and equity.
• Logistical challenges: Conducting the Board exam twice a year requires a feasibility and logistics check.
o Also, students might get under stress twice due to the board exam in the same year.
• Manpower shortage: Low availability of language teachers, and manpower shortage exists more in government and
aided schools.
• Limitation of Schools: Many schools might not be in a position to offer the entire range of disciplines in Grades 11
and 12.
Way forward
• Higher education revamping for syncing with the new framework enabling easier transformation from school.
• Stopping Discriminatory and Exclusion practices in Schools which hampers the student's ability to choose the subject
as per his/her choice.
• Improving student-teacher ratio: According to the Ministry of Education, in Primary Schools, the pupil-teacher ratio,
which was at 43 in 2010-11, has come down to 26.3 in 2020- 21.
• Increase in Public investment: Total expenditure on education for the year 2020-21 is 4.64%. However, it is still below
the target of 6% of GDP under NEP 2020.
6.3. NATIONAL SOCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (NSAP)

Why in the news?
The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) recently presented a report on the Performance Audit of NSAP from
2017-18 to 2020-21.
About the National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme (Ministry of Rural Development).
• Constitutional Mandate: Article 41 directs the State to provide public assistance to certain categories of citizens.
• Objectives: Ensuring minimum national standard for social assistance in addition to other benefits by States.
• Beneficiaries identification: Socio-Economic Caste Census or SECC 2011 (BPL list until SECC was prepared).
o Covers beneficiaries in both rural as well as urban areas in all States and UTs.
• Umbrella scheme: The Scheme was launched in 1995 and includes five sub-schemes (3 related to pension and two
non-pension).
• Pension Assistance:
o Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS): BPL persons aged 60-79 years are entitled to a
monthly pension of Rs. 200 and Rs.500 thereafter (after the age of 80 years).
o Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS): BPL widows aged 40-59 years are entitled to a
monthly pension of Rs. 200.
o Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS): BPL persons aged 18-59 years with severe and
multiple disabilities are entitled to a monthly pension of Rs. 200.
• Non-pensions assistance:
o National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS): BPL household is entitled to a one-time assistance amounting to Rs.
10,000 on the death of primary breadwinner aged between 18 and 64 years.
o Annapurna scheme: 10 kg of food grains per month are provided free of cost to those senior citizens who, though
eligible, have remained uncovered under IGNOAPS.
• Monitoring: Social Audit and annual verification by National Level Monitors (NLMs).
Key issues highlighted
• Implementation:
o Schemes, particularly NFBS, are being partially implemented in some of the States/UTs.
o Implementation in demand-driven mode (benefits were provided to only those who applied for it) even though
the scheme aims for universal coverage.
• Beneficiaries:
o Identification of beneficiaries is based on the BPL list even after the finalisation of SECC data.
o Lack of IEC activities resulted in delayed coverage/non-coverage of eligible beneficiaries.
o Ineffective checks at the ground level for weeding out ineligible beneficiaries.
• Disbursement of benefits
o Scheme is not fully DBT compliant, leading to over-payments, short-payments, etc.
• Financial mismanagement:
o Funds were lying idle or diverted for campaigning for other schemes.
o In many states, expenditures incurred on inadmissible items like payment of honoraria, wages, etc.
• Monitoring and evaluation
o Infrequent meetings of the National Social Assistance Advisory Committee (NSAAC).
o No State Level Monitoring Committee in 30 States/UTs.
o Absence of Social audit and Institutional grievance redressal mechanism as per NSAP Guidelines in most states.

Key Recommendations
• Specific measures for cleaning/weeding out ineligible beneficiaries, stopping pensions after the death of
beneficiaries and verification/authentication of beneficiary data may be instituted.
• NSAP funds may be utilised for timely payment of pension and family benefits, avoiding idling, diversion and
inadmissible expenditure of NSAP funds.
• System-based checks may be instituted to avoid overpayment, short payment, multiple payments and delays in
payment of pensions.
• Pension may be paid on a monthly basis through a bank/post office account integrated with Aadhaar/biometric
authentication.
• Robust social audit and grievance redressal mechanisms may be established to ensure transparency and
accountability.
6.4. AYUSHMAN BHARAT - PRADHAN MANTRI JAN AROGYA YOJANA (AB-

PMJAY)
Why in the news?
Recently, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) presented a report on Performance AB-PMJAY.
More on news
• The report was submitted to the President of India under Article 151 of the Constitution.
• The audit noted that the PMJAY Scheme positively impacts the economically weaker sections of society who need
healthcare facilities.
• However, it also highlighted that the implementation of the scheme needs improvement.
For more details of the scheme, refer to the Appendix at the end of the document.
Key issues highlighted in the report
• Inadequate registration: Only 73% (7.87 crore) of the targeted households of 10.74 crore were registered.
o The ministry has now increased the beneficiaries to 12 crore families.
• Irregularities in identification:
o Of the total registered beneficiaries, less than 30% (2.08 crore) were identified from the SECC-2011 database.
✓ SECC database does not account for economic development and employment opportunities since then.
o Also, there were errors in the beneficiary database, like invalid names and dates of birth, duplicate PMJAY IDs,
etc.
• Empanelled Health Care Providers (EHCPs):
o Many EHCPs did not meet the minimum criteria and quality of support system and infrastructure.
o Many beneficiaries were charged for their treatment.
• Financial irregularities:
o Many states did not maintain a separate escrow account for PMJAY.
o National Health Authority (NHA) and State Health Agencies (SHAs) did not fully comply with the direction of
tracking the expenditure flow through the Public Financial Management System (PFMS).

o Other issues include the release of grants by NHA before the implementation of the scheme or without ensuring
the release of upfront shares by the respective States.
• Claim management:
o Inadequate validation checks like admission before pre-authorisation, delay in payment, inadmissible payments
and payment without penalty to erring EHCPs, etc.
o More than half of the payment went to only six States (Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu).
• Monitoring and Grievance Redressal:
o Many states did not adopt the Whistle Blower Policy to receive complaints relating to allegations of corruption,
fraud, etc.
o Absence of Anti-Fraud Cells, Claim Review Committees, etc. in several States/UT.
o Less than 10% of grievances were redressed within a turnaround time of 15 days.
Key Recommendation
• Registration:
o Devise appropriate mechanisms to ensure coverage of intended beneficiaries and to avoid delay in the
registration.
o Set up a designated IEC cell to maximise the reach of the scheme.
• Weed out ineligible beneficiaries:
o Put a suitable mechanism for the identification and validation of beneficiaries’ data to increase the accuracy and
reliability of the data.
• Hospital Empanelment and Management:
o Ensure mandatory physical verification for the empanelment of hospitals to prevent the empanelment of a de-
empanelled hospital.
o Invest in public hospitals and devise mechanisms to curb instances of out-of-pocket payments by the
beneficiaries.
• Financial Management:
o Ensure SHAs have designated escrow accounts for PMJAY to receive their upfront share without delay.
o Have a mechanism to map and identify PMJAY beneficiaries to avoid overlap of PMJAY and state-specific
schemes.
o Also, implement PFMS on priority to track the flow of expenditure.
• Claims Management:
o Timely payment of the claims after ensuring necessary scrutiny by SHA.
o Ensure the claim amount is utilised for improving the infrastructure, functioning of the hospital, quality of services,
etc.
• Monitoring and Grievance Redressal:
o Initiate Anti-fraud activities on an urgent basis and penalise defaulters in a timely manner.
o Ensure that District Implementing Units are formed in every District.
o Ensured effective redressal of grievances and implementation of corrective measures for improving the working
of the Scheme.
6.5. TRIBAL HEALTH

Why in the news?
Recently, the Standing Committee on Empowerment of Women submitted
a report in Lok Sabha titled “Health Facilities for Tribal Women”.
Key findings of the report
• Child marriage, early motherhood, low body mass index and high
incidence of anaemia cause “high mortality rates among tribal
women”.

• Insufficient data on tribal healthcare and welfare, especially the data relating to tribal women and girls.
• Teenage pregnancy is highest among STs in all social groups.
• Tribal people, including tribal women, carry a triple burden of diseases that are communicable, Nutritional, and Non-
communicable diseases.
Tribals in India
• Article 342 defines scheduled tribes (ST) as the tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribal
communities which the President may specify by public notification.
• ST population in India: 8.6% (as per Census of India 2011).
o Lakshadweep (94.8%), followed by Mizoram (94.4%), has the highest percentage of ST population.
o In absolute numbers, Madhya Pradesh has the highest population of STs.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
Challenges faced by the healthcare system for the tribal health

• Language and cultural barriers impede effective communication between healthcare providers and tribal patients,
leading to misunderstandings.
• Failing to acknowledge and integrate their indigenous healing methods has created distrust among tribal
populations to seek healthcare from modern facilities.
• Geographical remoteness: Tribal communities are often located in remote and inaccessible areas, such as
mountainous with inadequate transportation infrastructure.
• Inadequate availability of skilled healthcare leads to delayed diagnoses, inappropriate treatment, and limited access
to specialised medical care.
• Tribal healthcare is subsumed in rural healthcare under the assumption that tribal people have the same health
problems and similar needs.
Way forward
• Parliamentary panel suggested:
o Creation of a Separate database on all aspects of tribal healthcare: by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs for better
assessment of welfare measures.
o Better infrastructure, like building all-weather roads, etc., so that the tribal population, including pregnant
women, can access healthcare facilities in time.
o Organising special drives and educate women and their respective husbands about the proper use and benefits
of modern contraceptives.
• Separate plan for tribal population: Delineate the tribal and rural populations and promote behaviours and practices
that do not directly challenge the norms and customs.
• Integration of traditional medicine: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs should coordinate with the Ayush Ministry to
integrate traditional healers and promote modern medicine.
• Reforming governance structure for tribal health.
Initiatives under the National Health Mission for beneficiaries in tribal areas
The NHM envisages the achievement of universal access to equitable, affordable & quality healthcare services that are
accountable and responsive to people’s needs.
• Ayushman Bharat- Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) established by transforming the Sub-Health Centres (SHCs) and
Primary Health Centres (PHCs), as part of the Ayushman Bharat.
• The population norms for setting up Health Facilities in vulnerable areas are relaxed.
• States/UTs have been given the flexibility to deploy Mobile Medical Units (MMUs) to provide a range of healthcare services
• To minimize the Out-of-Pocket Expenditure incurred on health services, National Free Drugs Service Initiative and the
National Free Diagnostic Service Initiative have been rolled out.
• All tribal majority districts whose composite health index is below the State average are identified as High Priority Districts
(HPDs) and receive more resources per capita.
6.6. DRUG ABUSE IN INDIA

Why in the news?
Parliament Standing Committee on Social Justice and Empowerment submitted the report on ‘Drug Abuse
among Young Persons - Problems and Solutions.’
About drug abuse in India
• Alcohol, cannabis, opium, and
heroin are the major drugs abused
in India.
• Around 37 crore persons consume
Alcohol (the most common) and
various psychotropic substances in
India.
• Around 13% of the people involved
in drug and substance abuse in
India are below 20 years old.
• Adolescence is a critical-risk period
for the initiation of substance use.
o Children affected by substance
abuse are considered as children
in need of care and protection
under the JJ Act 2015 or Juvenile
Justice (Care and Protection of
Children) Act 2015.
• Prevalence across states: Assam,
Mizoram, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat,
Haryana, Bihar, Delhi, Odisha, Punjab,
Rajasthan, Telangana, etc. are among the most affected states.
Steps taken in India to prevent drug abuse
• Signatory to UN conventions: Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961; Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971;
Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988.
• Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985: Provides for identification, treatment, rehabilitation, social
re-integration of the addict among others and instituted Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB).
o NCB under the Ministry of Home Affairs control the supply, production and distribution of drugs.
• National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction (NAPDDR) for 2018-2025: Provides for a multi-pronged strategy involving
awareness generation programmes, Community outreach, etc.
• Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan (NMBA): Launched in 272 most vulnerable districts under which a massive community
outreach is being done.
• e-portal called ‘SIMS’ (Seizure Information Management System) for cases involving large seizures.
Issues in Curbing Drug Abuse in India
• India is a hub for drug trafficking: This is
because India is sandwiched between the
Death Triangle and the Death Crescent, the
major opium production regions in the
world.
o Porous borders are also one of the
issues.
• Proximity to sea: 70% of the illegal drugs
smuggled into India are through sea routes
in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
• Technology advancements: Drug trafficking
is happening through the dark net using
cryptocurrency.
• Criminalising drug abuse: It brings social stigma to drug addicts who in turn avoid seeking any kind of medical help.
• Treatment gap: Inadequate Health facilities to deal with the consequences of drug dependency.
• Other
o Inadequate penetration of District De-addiction Centers (DDAC) under NAPDRR.
o No study has been undertaken to assess the impact of drug abuse on society.
o Decreasing financial allocations on preventive education and awareness generation programmes.
o Delay in providing training of Master Trainers under Navchetna Programme (Life Skills and Drug Education for
School Children).
Way Forward
• Informed policy making: Periodic surveys on drug abuse situations by National Drug Dependence Treatment Centres
(NDDTC) establish an impact assessment mechanism for NAPDRR.
• Legal actions: A conducive legal and policy environment is needed to help control drug problems.
• Awareness programme: should include issues surrounding drug addiction in the education curriculum and rope in
local bodies, NGOs, etc.
• Minimising the stigma: Drug abuse should also be seen as a substance use disorder, a bio-psychosocial health
condition and not just moral failings.
• District action plans: Launch it in all districts in collaboration with security agencies, civil society and citizens to
counter drug trafficking.
• Fulfil treatment gap: Provide scientific evidence-based treatment for people with substance use disorders at an
adequate scale.
• Reducing drug trafficking: Use modern technology to detect and prevent drug trafficking, Regular meetings and
reviews of the Apex Committee of Narcotics Coordination Centre (under the Ministry of Home Affairs), etc.
6.7. WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TOBACCO EPIDEMIC, 2023

Why in the news?
WHO has released its ninth report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, which tracks the progress made by countries in
tobacco control since 2008.
Key Findings
• Population under MPOWER: 71% of the world population is now protected by at least one MPOWER measure.
• Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS): 2 billion people are still unprotected by any regulatory restrictions on
ENDS.
• Tobacco deaths: Of the estimated 8.7 million tobacco-related deaths each year, 1.3 million are of non-smokers
exposed to second-hand smoke.

• India related:
o India excels in putting warning labels on tobacco products and tobacco dependence treatments.
o Bengaluru is progressing significantly in tobacco control due to hundreds of enforcement drives, and the efforts
have led to a 27% reduction in smoking in public places.
About MPOWER
• WHO introduced the MPOWER measures to assist the country-level
implementation of effective interventions to reduce the demand for
tobacco, as contained in the WHO’s Framework Convention on Tobacco
Control (FCTC).
o FCTC is the first international treaty negotiated to control the tobacco.
o It is a legally binding treaty and the member countries recognize that
tobacco use is a major public health concern.
o India ratified the convention in 2004.
Tobacco in India
• It is a drought-tolerant, hardy and short-duration crop which can
be grown on soils where other crops cannot be cultivated
profitably.
• There are 10 distinct tobacco types grown in around 15 states,
which include cigarette (flue-cured Virginia (FCV), Burley,
Oriental) and non-cigarette types (Bidi, Chewing, Hookah, Natu,
Cheroot, Cigar and HDBRG).
• As per the Global Adult Tobacco Survey-2 (GATS-2) of 2016-17
o Tobacco usage in rural areas is higher than in urban areas
(19.9 Crore and 6.8 Crore respectively).
o The usage of smokeless tobacco is higher than that of smoking ones.
• Tobacco consumption leads to harmful consequences like infectious diseases, environmental impacts like deforestation due
to its cultivation, economic & social costs, etc.
Government initiatives to reduce tobacco usage
• Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) 2003:
o The act regulates the advertisement, promotion and sponsorship of tobacco products.
o It prohibits smoking in public places.
o Makes it mandatory to use pictorial health warnings on tobacco products, the size of the graphic depiction of
health warnings was increased to 85% of the box since April 2016.
o It also sets rules for the sale of tobacco products to minors.
• National Tobacco Control Programme: Initiated in 2007-08 to create awareness about the harmful effects of tobacco
consumption and to reduce its production and supply.
• National Health Policy 2017: It aims to reduce tobacco usage in the country to 30% by 2025.
• The Prohibition of Electronic Cigarettes Act, 2019: It prohibits the Production, Manufacture, Import, Export,
Transport, Sale, Distribution, Storage and Advertisement of E-Cigarettes in the country.
o The report ranks the implementation of the e-cigarette ban an 8 out of 10 in healthcare facilities, 6 in schools,
and 5 in universities.
• Anti-Tobacco health warning in OTT platforms: The government has made it mandatory for the OTT platforms to
display a prominent static message at the bottom of the screen during the scenes containing tobacco usage.
6.8. NEWS IN SHORTS
6.8.1. MEDICAL TERMINATION OF • Recommendation: Bringing community ownership
PREGNANCY (MTP) ACT and community/parent engagement to Schools may
bridge the existing trust deficit in school education.
• Supreme Court (SC) allows rape survivor to terminate • Government Initiatives for education: Samagra
pregnancy beyond 24 weeks. Shiksha, Mid-Day Meal, RTE Act, Kasturba Gandhi
• Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Balika Vidyalaya and PM POSHAN Scheme etc.
(Amendment Act), 2021, allows rape survivors to
terminate their pregnancies upto 24 weeks (refer
table).
○ Any abortion which is in contravention to MTP Act
is a punishable offense under Section 312 and 313
of Indian Penal Code (IPC).
• However, taking note that such a pregnancy is not
voluntary, SC allowed the survivor to terminate 27-
Week Pregnancy.
• Key highlights of MTP Act, 2021
Duration of Process of termination
Pregnancy
Up to 20 • Available to all women on the advice of
weeks one doctor
20-24 Weeks • Available only in two conditions (serious
ailment to the child or risk of life or
mental health to the women) on the
advice of two doctors.
• Available to rape survivors, victims of 6.8.3. RECOGNITION AND GRANT OF
incest and other vulnerable women like EQUIVALENCE TO QUALIFICATIONS
differently abled, minors, among others FROM FHEI
o All women irrespective of marital
status are covered. • UGC Releases Draft Regulations for recognition and
Beyond 24 • Available only on the grounds of fetal grant of equivalence to Qualifications from Foreign
weeks abnormalities based on the advice of a Educational Institutions (FHEIs), 2023
medical board. • As per UGC FHEI means a higher education institution
• All state/ UTs are mandated to that is established/incorporated or recognized in a
constitute a Medical Board consisting of
foreign country and offers academic/research
gynecologists, pediatrician, etc.
programs at the undergraduate and/or higher levels.
6.8.2. STATE OF EDUCATION IN RURAL • Key provisions of regulation
INDIA REPORT o Recognition: A degree from a FHEI will be
recognized and granted equivalence only if a
• Report prepared by Development Intelligence Unit student physically attends an institute recognized
(DIU), under the initiative of Transforming Rural India by the home country.
Foundation (TRIF) and Sambodhi Pvt. o Applicability: For schools under a foreign board or
• Key Highlights any degree from an offshore campus.
o Higher Education for Girls: 78% of parents in rural ✓ The regulation shall not apply to qualifications
India aspire to educate their girls to graduation and obtained through online and distance
beyond. education modes.
o School dropout: 35% of female children dropped o Entry-level requirements for admission to the
out of school during primary schooling, as against program must also be like that of a corresponding
25% of their male counterparts. program in India.
o Access to Smart Phones: Students belonging to o Equivalence: UGC will assume the responsibility of
Class 8th and above had more access to granting equivalence to foreign degrees.
smartphones (58.32%), compared to students of
Classes I–III (42.1%).
• Initiative for FHEI in India
o Announced in Union Budget 2022-23, World Class
Foreign Universities, free from domestic
regulations, will be allowed in GIFT City to offer
various courses.
o National Education Policy (NEP), 2020 provides for
collaborations and setting up of foreign
universities’ campuses in India.
o UGC in 2023 released guidelines for setting up
foreign universities.
6.8.5. GLOBAL INITIATIVE ON DIGITAL

HEALTH (GIDH)
• Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) and
the G20 India presidency announced a new Global
Initiative on Digital Health (GIDH)
• GIDH aims to
o ALIGN efforts to support the Global Strategy on
Digital Health 2020–2025
6.8.4. SUICIDE CASES AMONG STUDENTS ✓ Global Strategy on Digital Health 2020–2025
aims to improve health for everyone,
• Rajasthan Government to form a committee to everywhere by accelerating the development
provide suggestions to prevent suicide cases among
and adoption of appropriate digital health
students solutions to achieve the health-related SDGs.
• The directives came amidst the rising number of o SUPPORT quality-assured technical assistance to
suicides being committed by students preparing for develop and strengthen standards-based and
competitive exams in Kota district. interoperable systems aligned to global best
• Moreover, according to NCRB number of deaths by practices, norms and standards.
suicide by students have been steadily rising in the last o FACILITATE the deliberate use of quality-assured
five years and increased 4.5% (from 2020) to reach digital transformation tools that enable
over 13,000 in 2021. governments to manage their digital health
• Reasons for Students Suicide: transformation journey.
○ Academic pressure: Higher expectations by • GIDH will address challenges such as duplication of
parents and society may lead to Isolation. efforts and “products-focused” digital health
○ New way of life in hostels: Life away from home, transformation through a focus on four foundational
cultural shock, dietary adjustments, and imposter pillars
syndrome (doubting one’s ability).
○ Ragging: Over the last 5.5 years, at least 25
students committed suicide due to ragging (UGC
data).
○ Other issues: Like difficulties of adolescence
phase, mental health issues, Substance abuse,
etc.

6.8.6. DIGITAL IN HEALTH – UNLOCKING • A digital-in-health mindset needs to be a routine aspect
VALUE FOR EVERYONE” REPORT of annual health system planning, budgeting, and
implementation.
• Recently, the World Bank released the “Digital in • Recommendations
Health – Unlocking Value for Everyone” report. o Prioritize digital health interventions to solve
• The report presents a new way of thinking about digital health challenges and reach the underserved.
health investments expanding the focus from o Connect global and regional collaboration; digital
digitization of health data to integrating digital and infrastructure and health information gaps;
health as one: Digital-in-health. leadership and partnership within and across
o This means, for example, infusing digital sectors, etc. to deliver better and seamless health
technologies in health financing, service delivery, services.
diagnostics, medical education, pandemic o Scale digital skills and literacy, public-private
preparedness, climate and health efforts, partnerships for funding, wider digital
nutrition, and ageing. transformation, financing to ensure equitable
• Digital in Health improve equity, efficiency, and access to health care for everyone.
effectiveness by reaching more people with new and
better services with less financial stress.

7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
7.1. CHANDRAYAAN-3 SOFT LANDING
Why in the news?
Chandrayaan-3 lander accomplished a ‘soft landing’ on the Moon’s south pole.
More on news
• The spot where the Chandrayaan-3 Vikram lander made a soft landing would be named Shiv Shakti Point.
• The site where the Chandrayaan-2 lander crash-landed on the Moon's surface in 2019 would be known as Tiranga
Point.
• August 23, the day the
Chandrayaan-3 lander touched
down on the lunar surface,
would be celebrated as ‘National
Space Day’.
• Chandrayaan-3 had 3 objectives:
o Accomplished:
✓ Demonstration of a Safe
and Soft Landing on the
Lunar Surface
✓ Demonstration of Rover
roving on the moon.
o Underway:
✓ Conducting in-situ
scientific experiments.
(The lander and the
rover, with a mission life
of one Lunar day (14
Earth days), have
scientific payloads to conduct experiments on the lunar surface.)
• Chandrayaan-3 successfully underwent a ‘hop experiment’: On command, it fired the engines, elevated itself by
about 40 cm as expected and landed safely.
o The success of this ‘kick-start’ experiment raises hopes for future missions such as sample return missions or
human missions.
Key findings made by Chandrayaan-3
• Temperature: Chandra's Surface Thermophysical
Experiment (ChaSTE) payload onboard Vikram Lander
measured the temperature profile of the lunar topsoil to
understand the thermal behaviour of the Moon's surface.
o It was believed that the temperature could be around
20 degrees centigrade to 30 degrees centigrade on the
surface, but it is 70 degrees centigrade.
• Elements on the moon: Laser-induced breakdown
Spectroscope instrument onboard 'Pragyan' rover
‘unambiguously confirmed’ the presence of sulphur on the
lunar surface near the south pole.
o Other elements like Aluminum (Al), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), Chromium (Cr), Titanium (Ti), Manganese (Mn), Silicon
(Si), and Oxygen (O) were also detected.

• Thin plasma: The ‘Langmuir probe’ (an instrument that measures the properties of plasmas) finds that there is thin
plasma on the surface of the moon.
o The discovery signifies that radio waves can easily pass through space, an important feature for communication
between lunar missions.
• Natural seismic activity: Recording from the Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) payload indicates a possibility
of a quake on the moon, but its exact nature is currently under investigation.
• Crater: Chandrayaan-3 Rover identified a 4-meter diameter crater on the moon’s surface.
Conclusion
Chandrayaan-3 represents not just a mission to the Moon but a giant leap for India's space program and its contributions
to our understanding of the cosmos.
To know more about Chandrayaan-3, kindly refer to Article 7.1. Chandrayaan-3 of July 2023 edition of Monthly Current
Affairs Magazine.
7.1.1 INDIA’S RACE TO SPACE

Why in the news?
With the successful launch of Mars,
Moon and solar missions, the Indian
Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is
reinforcing India's status as a rising
power in space exploration.
Background of Space Race
• Space race: An outgrowth of the
mid-20th-century Cold War, was a
period of competition between
the Soviet Union and the United
States over who could conquer
space exploration first.
• Space research in India: Activities
were initiated In India during the
early 1960’s. Subsequently, ISRO
was established in 1969.
o A major landmark was the
development of the first
launch vehicle SLV-3 which
had its first successful flight in
1980.
o During the 1990s, the
development and
operationalisation of the Polar
Satellite Launch Vehicle
(PSLV) and the development of
the Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) were significant achievements.
Recent successes
• Mars Orbiter Mission or the Mangalyaan 2013: India became the 1st nation to reach Martian orbit in its first attempt.
• 104 satellites in one launch: In 2017, PSLV C-37 created a world record by successfully placing 104 satellites in orbit during
a single launch.
• Chandrayaan-3: With the successful landing of Chandrayaan-3, India became the first country to land near Moon’s south
pole.

Emerging trends of the Indian space sector
• Growing commercialization: ISRO has been actively promoting Non-Governmental Entities (NGE) to carry out
independent space activities.
o For instance, IN-SPACe has been the single window agency for promoting the NGEs and receiving proposals.
• Increasing international collaborations: ISRO has signed several agreements, including the Artemis Accords, a joint
lunar mission with Japan’s space agency, launched the SAARC satellite and collaborated on an advanced radar satellite
NISAR with NASA.
• Focus on challenging exploration missions: India was
the first Asian country to reach the Martian orbit with
the Mangalyaan Mission (Mars Orbiter Mission) and
now became the first country to soft land on the lunar’s
south pole.
• Development of new technologies: ISRO has been
working on developing new technologies such as
reusable launch vehicles and Inflatable Aerodynamic
Decelerator (IAD).
• Expansion of satellite-based services: ISRO provides
satellite-based services in areas such as remote sensing,
satellite-based navigation, and satellite-based
meteorology, and is looking to expand these services in
the future.
Implication of India’s enhanced role in space exploration
• Geopolitical significance: With Russia fading away as a
space superpower, India’s rising capabilities to engage,
innovate, and support a commercial space will allow it
to become one of the world’s leading producers of space
technology.
• India as a space start-up hub: India has become home to almost 150 registered space-tech start-ups that will enable
the Indian space program to remain cost-
Some Space Start-ups in India
competitive within the global space market.
• Skyroot Aerospace: First Indian start-up to launch a private
• Leading nation for satellite launches: With a rocket (Vikram-s) from India.
success rate of almost 95%, India has the required • Agnikul Cosmos:
provisions, evolving infrastructure, and young o It has successfully conducted the flight acceptance test
talented minds to master this cusp of space for its 3D-printed rocket engine “Agnilet”.
technology and evolve into a global leader in the o Agnikul has also unveiled India’s first privately designed
sector. and operated rocket launchpad and mission control
o ISRO’s Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) centre.
will further aid in this. • Pixxels: Building a constellation of hyperspectral earth
• Outer Space use for national security: China's imaging satellites and the analytical tools to mine insights
Anti-Satellite (ASAT) capability has provided the from that data.
• Dhruva Space: It offers Satellites coupled with Earth stations
impetus for India to develop and test its own ASAT
and launch services as an integrated solution or individually as
capability. a technology solution.
Conclusion
Overall, the Indian space sector is poised for growth in the coming years, with a focus on cost-effectiveness, self-reliance,
and international collaborations.

7.2. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Why in the news?
Recently, the claims of material LK-99 depicting the room temperature superconductivity proved inconsistent.
More about the news
• Earlier, a group of South Korean scientists published two research papers claiming that they had discovered the
room-temperature superconductivity phenomena in a material called LK-99.
• LK-99 is a dark grey solid created due to heating mixtures of powdered compounds of lead, oxygen, sulphur and
phosphorus at very high temperatures.
Superconductivity
• Superconductivity is a phenomenon in which certain materials exhibit
zero electrical resistance and the expulsion of magnetic fields when
cooled below a critical temperature (Tc).
o Critical temperature is the temperature at which the materials
suddenly change from a normal conducting state to a
superconducting state.
o Meissner Effect is the expulsion of a magnetic field from a
superconductor during its transition to the superconducting state when it is cooled below the Tc.
• Currently, superconductivity can be achieved only at very low temperatures, more than 250 degrees Celsius below
zero.
o Materials like Mercury, Lead, Aluminum, Tin, Niobium, etc.,
become superconducting at critical temperatures (Tc).
o In some cases, materials can exhibit superconductivity at
slightly higher temperatures as well, but under increased
pressure conditions.
o Scientists are looking for a material that can display
superconductivity at room temperature.
• How is the zero resistance achieved?
o Under normal conditions, electrons encounter resistance
when moving through a crystalline solid due to interactions
with vibrating atoms in the crystal lattice.
o However, in certain materials, when the temperature is
lowered below a critical level, electrons pair up into loosely
bound pairs known as Cooper pairs.
o The individual electrons within a Cooper pair cannot be easily
scattered by the lattice vibrations, and hence, passing electrons
start to glide through the material unimpeded, leading to
superconductivity and zero resistance.
Superconductivity at Room Temperature
• A room-temperature superconductor is a material capable of
exhibiting superconductivity at operating temperatures, i.e. above
0 °C (273 K; 32 °F) - temperatures.
• Obtaining room temperature superconductivity is affected by many
aspects, like
o Difficult to achieve conditions like extreme pressure
conditions, and materials may not be able to withstand these
extreme conditions.
o Non-formation of Cooper Pairs at higher temperatures.
o At room temperature, thermal energy is relatively high, making it difficult for electrons to form Cooper pairs
and overcome this energy barrier.
Achieving a room-temperature superconductivity will lead to
• High efficiency and low-cost energy transmission through grids, thereby bringing down the cost of energy. Ex:
Superconducting Generators, Superconducting magnetic energy storage, Transmission lines, Transformers etc
• Better Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technology, with enhanced image resolution and faster scanning, leading
to more accurate diagnoses and improved patient outcomes.

• Reduced cost for Magnetic levitation
Noble Prizes received for research in superconductivity
(Maglev) train technology as the required
• Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1913): For his discovery of
conditions are easily achievable. superconductivity in 1911.
• Efficient and less energy-consuming • John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and Robert Schrieffer (1972): For their
supercomputers can be manufactured, development of the Braden Cooper and Schrieffer's theory (BCS
which perform complex simulations, data theory), which explained the mechanism of superconductivity in
analysis, artificial intelligence applications, conventional superconductors.
etc. • Brian D. Josephson, Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever (1973): For their
• Enable efficient and rapid energy storage prediction of the Josephson effect, observed in superconducting
and retrieval, addressing the intermittency materials.
issues of renewable energy sources. • Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1978): For his basic inventions and
discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics.
• Science and research: Utilised in
• K. Alexander Müller and J. Georg Bednorz (1987): for their discovery
accelerators and Nuclear Magnetic of high-temperature superconductivity in copper oxide (cuprate)
Resonance (NMR) for various experiments materials.
like the Large Hadron Collider.
7.3. NEWS IN SHORTS

7.3.1. INDIA STACK
• India signed Memorandum of Understanding
(MoU) with Trinidad and Tobago on Sharing India
Stack.
• MoU aims to facilitate adoption of customized India
Stack solutions- identity, data, and payment services
for mutual digital advancement.
o India has also signed MoUs with several other
nations including Papua New Guinea, Armenia,
Sierra Leone, Suriname etc. to share India Stack.
• India Stack is a set of open APIs (Application Program
Interface) and digital public goods that aim to unlock
economic primitives of identity, data, and payments
at a population scale.
7.3.2. RELEASE OF RADIOACTIVE WATER
o API is a set of defined rules
that enable different applications to • The 1.34 million tonnes of treated radioactive water
communicate with each other from 2011 earthquake and tsunami-hit Fukushima
• Components of India Stack are owned and maintained nuclear plant is to be released into the Pacific Ocean
by different agencies. after 12 years.
o For ex: Aadhaar products are owned by UIDAI; o As per International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA),
Digilocker by MeitY; UPI by National Payments discharges of the treated water would have a
Corporation of India; Account Aggregator negligible radiological impact to people and the
framework by RBI etc. environment.
• Significance of India Stack o Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), nuclear
o It allows governments, businesses, startups etc. plant’s operator, has been designated to execute
to move towards presence-less, paperless, and the plan.
cashless service delivery. o Fukushima plant is located on the country’s east
o Allows significant synergies across digital coast, about 220 kilometres north-east of capital
economy and expands access to digital services to Tokyo.
all citizens. • Japan claims to have used “Advanced Liquid
o Boost innovation and entrepreneurship, Processing System” to treat the water stored.
particularly in emerging techs like AI and Machine o ALPS is a pumping and filtration system removes
Learning by providing equitable access to data. most of the radioactive materials from water

except tritium - radioactive isotope of hydrogen -
which is difficult to separate from water.
• Concerns associated with release of water
o Tritiated water can damage DNA if ingested.
o Exposure to radioactive materials can health
problems like leukemia, anemia, hemorrhage etc.
and destroy nutrients in soil
o Release of wastewater could pollute the ocean,
and drive up prices of salt and seafood.
✓ China banned seafood imports from Japan
including Fukushima and Tokyo.
• IAEA, established in 1957, is an intergovernmental
organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use
of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military
purpose, including nuclear weapons.
7.3.3. GREEN HYDROGEN STANDARD

• Ministry of New and Renewable Energy notifies Indian 7.3.4. GRAPHENE-AURORA PROGRAM
Green Hydrogen Standard under National Green
• The Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology
Hydrogen Mission (NGHM).
(MeitY) launched the ‘Graphene-Aurora program’.
• Notification outlines emission thresholds that must be
• Implementation: Digital University Kerala with joint
met in order to classify produced hydrogen as ‘Green’.
funding from MeitY and Kerala government and
○ Hydrogen can be produced by splitting water into
industry partner.
hydrogen and oxygen using fossil fuels or
renewable energy. • Aim: To bridge the gap between graphene research
• Key highlights and commercialization
○ Definition: Green Hydrogen (GH) is produced • About Graphene
using renewable energy including, production ○ Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms
through electrolysis or biomass conversion. arranged in a hexagonal lattice, forming a two-
○ Emission thresholds: Well-to-gate emission (i.e., dimensional structure discovered in 2004.
water treatment, electrolysis, gas purification, etc.) ○ Properties: ultimately thin, mechanically very
of not more than 2 kg CO2 equivalent/kg H2. strong, transparent, and flexible.
○ Nodal Authority: Bureau of Energy Efficiency shall ○ Application: can be used in touch screens, light
accredit agencies for the monitoring, verification, panels, solar cells, faster DNA sequencing, drug
and certification of GH production projects. delivery, etc.
• About NGHM 7.3.5. DIGITAL INDIA RISC-V
○ Aim: To make India a Global Hub for producing,
MICROPROCESSOR (DIR-V) PROGRAM
utilizing, and exporting GH.
○ Programs • Union government launched the DIR-V program with
✓ Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen the objective to enable the creation of next-
Transition Programme (SIGHT) for financial generation microprocessors in India.
incentive. • It will help ensure partnership between startups,
✓ Strategic Hydrogen Innovation Partnership academia, and multinationals to make India a RISC-V
(SHIP) PPP framework for R&D. Talent Hub and supplier of RISC-V system of chips.
• Reduced Instruction Set Computer - V (RISC-V)
o It is an open-source instruction set architecture
used to develop custom processors for a variety
of applications, from embedded designs to
supercomputers.
o Applications: wearable appliances, smartphones,
the Internet of Things (IoT), High-performance
computing, data centers, etc.

7.3.6. FINGER MINUTIAE RECORD – them (such as a galaxy or a quasar), acting as cosmic
telescopes and making distant galaxies appear
FINGER IMAGE RECORD (FMR-FIR)
brighter.
MODALITY o In case of Einstein cross, curvature of space-time
• FMR-FIR is an Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning around a foreground object splits light behind it
based tool that uses a combination of both finger into four, like the points of a cross.
minutiae and finger image to check liveness of a o Another case of gravitational lensing - Einstein
fingerprint and to detect use of a cloned fingerprint. Rings - are produced when two galaxies are
• UIDAI has rolled out FMR-FIR to prevent Aadhaar- almost perfectly aligned, one behind the other.
enabled Payment System (AePS) frauds. • Einstein's theory of general relativity describes how
o AePS frauds have been undertaken using spoofed massive objects warp the fabric of universe, called
fingerprints during Aadhaar authentication. space-time.
o Greater the mass of an object the more extreme
7.3.7. LOW-PUNGENT MUSTARD the warping of space it causes, so a star warps
space-time more than a planet, and a black hole
• Indian researchers developed the first ever low- warps it more than a star.
pungent mustard using Genome Editing (GE) o Sun, Earth and all other bodies formed similar
• New mustard variety is less pungent as it has lesser curvatures around them, which was why smaller
quantity of glucosinolate at par with the Canola quality objects got pulled towards them.
limit (30 parts per million or PPM dry weight).
• Extremely massive celestial bodies also curve the path
○ Glucosinolates is a group of sulphur and nitrogen- of light passing through it and simply act as
containing compounds contributing giving gravitational lenses.
characteristic pungency to mustard products.
○ It protects plants from invading pathogens,
animals, etc.
○ However, high glucosinolates make it unpalatable,
and causes goiter and internal organ
abnormalities in livestock.
○ Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) contains 120-130
ppm of glucosinolates.
• It is produced through gene editing of ‘Varuna’, a high-
yielding Indian mustard variety, using CRISPR/Cas9
gene editing technology.
• Unlike GMOs, Gene Editing incorporates modification
of existing genetic material to improve the quality.
✓ Genetically modified organisms (GMO) have
transgene (foreign genes) for improvement in
quality. 7.3.9. SPACE DEBRIS
✓ Dhara Mustard Hybrid-11 (DMH-11), is a GM • Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) rocket
variant of mustard developed in India. debris found on Australian shore.
• GE crops require clearance only from the Institutional • Space debris encompasses both natural (meteoroid)
Bio-Safety Committee (IBSC) of concerned institution.
and artificial (man-made) particles. Meteoroids are in
○ IBSC has a nominee from Department of orbit about the sun, while most artificial debris is in
Biotechnology. orbit about the Earth.
○ GM crops require clearance from the Genetic
o Russia, followed by USA, China and France are top
Engineering Appraisal Committee of the Ministry contributor to space debris.
of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change. o In 2021, a large chunk of a 25-tonne Chinese rocket
7.3.8. EINSTEIN CROSS fell into Indian Ocean.
• Impact of Space debris
• Astronomers discovered a rare example of an Einstein o Threat to marine life, and a source of pollution.
Cross. o Thousands of discarded launch vehicles float
• Einstein Cross is a specific case of Gravitational around in space, risking collision with satellites or
Lensing. This phenomenon occurs when massive space station.
objects distort and magnify light from objects behind
• Regulations governing space debris
o Convention on International Liability for Damage
Caused by Space Objects 1972 (Liability
Convention) deals with damage caused by space
objects to other space assets, and by falling
objects on earth.
✓ Convention provides for procedures for
settlement of claims for damages.
✓ As of 1st January 2023, 98 States (including
India) have ratified it.
✓ It was adopted to reinforce the framework set
by Outer Space Treaty (OST) 1967. 7.3.11. AGNIBAAN SUBORBITAL
o OST governs activities of states in peaceful TECHNOLOGICAL DEMONSTRATOR
exploration of outer space, including moon and (SORTED)
other celestial bodies.
• Agnikul Cosmos, an Indian space-tech startup, to carry
out a sub-orbital test flight of its launch vehicle
called Agnibaan SOrTeD.
• About Agnibaan SOrTeD
o It is a single-stage launch vehicle powered by
Agnilet engine, which is an entirely 3D-printed,
single-piece, semi-cryogenic engine.
o Agnibaan can carry payloads of up to 100 kg to a
low Earth orbit (LEO) of up to 700 km.
o Unlike traditional sounding rockets that launch
from guide rails, Agnibaan SOrTeD will lift off
vertically and follow a predetermined trajectory.
7.3.12. DEMONSTRATION ROCKET FOR

7.3.10. EARTH OBSERVATION (EO) AGILE CISLUNAR OPERATIONS (DRACO)
PROGRAM
• IN-SPACe released Consultation Paper on Earth
Observation (EO) Data from Indian Satellites Missions • NASA and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
• EO refers to use of remote sensing technologies (DARPA) are working on DRACO program.
(including satellites, aircraft, drones, and ground-based • DRACO program aims to create a Nuclear Powered
sensors) to monitor land, marine and atmosphere. Space propulsion system that could cut down the
• Application of EO Data: travel time to Mars by half.
o Provides comprehensive understanding of Earth’s o DRACO will use a less-enriched form of uranium
climate, ocean circulation, carbon, energy and for its propulsion systems.
water cycle, albedo, cryosphere etc. o The launch of the test flight is currently scheduled
o National security as EO satellites are crucial for for 2027.
Imagery Intelligence, photo reconnaissance,
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), and electro 7.3.13. SOLAR TERRESTRIAL RELATIONS
optical functions. OBSERVATORY (STEREO-A) SPACECRAFT
o Provide valuable insight and inform policy • NASA's STEREO-A spacecraft passes between Sun and
decisions spanning many government Earth, marking the first Earth flyby of nearly 17-year-
departments such as: agriculture, water old mission.
resources, urban planning, rural development, o STEREO-A's flyby will allow scientists to
mineral prospecting, forestry, disaster understand how coronal mass ejection's (CME)
management etc. magnetic field evolves on its way to Earth.
• IN-SPACe (Indian national Space Promotion and • Launched in 2006, STEREO traces the flow of energy
Authorisation Centre) is an independent nodal agency and matter from Sun to Earth.
under Department of Space to stimulate private
investment and innovation in space industry.
o It provides unique and revolutionary views of the • Implementation: by state Mission Directors of ABDM
sun-Earth system. Mission observed the sun in 3- while the financial resources and overall guidance
D for the first time in 2007. would be provided by NHA.
o Composed of two nearly identical observatories • Microsites will counter the challenges of ABDM
i.e. one ahead (STEREO-A) of Earth in its orbit, the adoption faced by private hospitals like:
other trailing behind (STEREO-B). o Digitisation is seen as an additional cost,
o Fear of increased regulatory scrutiny,
7.3.14. GALAXY ESO 300-16 o issue with data security,
• Hubble Space Telescope (HST) captured an image of
the irregular galaxy ESO 300-16.
o An irregular galaxy lacks the distinct spiral arms or
elliptical shape of some galaxies. It lies 28.7 million
light-years from Earth in constellation Eridanus.
o It resembles the shape of a cloud, comprised of
many tiny stars all clumped together.
• HST, launched in 1990, is collaboration between NASA
and European Space Agency. 7.3.17. PROMOTION OF RESEARCH AND
o It observes the universe in visible, near-infrared
INNOVATION IN PHARMA MEDTECH
light, and ultraviolet light.
SECTOR (PRIP)
o It orbits above Earth's atmosphere, which gives it
a better view of universe than telescopes have at • Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers notifies
ground level. Scheme for Promotion of Research and Innovation in
Pharma MedTech Sector (PRIP)
7.3.15. NEERAKSHI
• Key highlights
• India launched its first of its kind Autonomous ○ Aim: To promote industry-academia linkage for
Underwater Vehicle (AUV) named ‘Neerakshi. R&D in priority areas and to inculcate culture of
o It can be used for mine detection, mine disposal, quality research.
underwater surveys etc. ○ Duration: 5 years (2023-24 to 2027-28)
o It has an endurance of four hours and can go up to ○ Two components
300 metres deep. ✓ Strengthening research infrastructure: By
• It is a collaboration of Garden Reach Shipbuilders and setting up Centres of Excellence at the
Engineers (GRSE) Ltd and MSME entity Aerospace National Institute of Pharmaceutical
Engineering Private Ltd (AEPL). Education & Research (NIPERs).
7.3.16. AYUSHMAN BHARAT MICROSITE ▪ 7 NIPERs have been set up as institutes
of national importance for higher
PROJECT
education and highend research in
• Mizoram became the first state to operationalize pharmaceutics.
Ayushman Bharat's Microsite project ✓ Promotion of research in pharma med-tech
• Microsite is a cluster of all small and medium-scale sector in six priority areas: These include-
clinics, nursing homes, hospitals (preferably <10 beds), New chemical/ biological entities and Phyto-
labs, pharmacies, and other healthcare facilities that pharmaceuticals; complex generics and
are ABDM-enabled and offer digital health services to biosimilars; precision medicine; medical
patients. devices; orphan drugs; drug development
o National Health Authority (NHA) in 2023 launched for AMR.
100 Microsites Project under the Ayushman ○ Eligibility: Any company registered in India
Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM).
○ Project Appraisal and Approval: A Committee
• Types of facilities under a Microsite: under the chairpersonship of Secretary,
o Private facilities such as standalone clinics,
Pharmaceuticals
polyclinics, etc.
○ Monitoring and Evaluation: An Empowered
o Health Facilities and Health Professionals from all
the systems of medicine.
Committee under the chairmanship of CEO NITI
Aayog.

○ Implementation: Through a Project
Management Agency,
7.3.19. FEVR AND RISKS FROM

PANDEMICS
• On a request by G20 task force, Framework for Health,
Social, and Economic Vulnerabilities (FEVR) has been
prepared by WHO, World Bank, IMF, and European
Investment Bank.
• It will help better understanding health and economic
vulnerabilities, and their resulting risks, caused by
7.3.18. GOOD MANUFACTURING pandemics.
PRACTICES (GMP) o COVID-19 pandemic significantly altered growth
trajectories, and financial and economic
• Ministry Of Health And Family Welfare has set deadline deprivation rates, on top of the human toll and
for mandatory implementation of GMP. social impact it caused.
o GMP ensures that products are consistently • FVER comprises 2 components to help identify
produced and controlled according to set quality systemic weaknesses and guide policy decisions and
standards. investments:
o World Health Organization (WHO) has established o Key health, social and economic indicators that
detailed guidelines for GMP. are relevant to pandemics and are policy
• Now, drugmakers with an annual turnover of over Rs responsive, and therefore should be monitored to
250 crore will have to mandatorily adopt GMP within mitigate risks and shocks.
six months while those with turnover of less than Rs o Differential impact on health, social, and
250 crore will be given a year. economic outcomes of different policy and
• GMP in India investment possibilities to inform decision making.
o In India, GMP system was first incorporated in
1988 in Schedule M of Drugs and Cosmetics Rules,
1945, and GMP were revised in 2018, bringing
them on par with WHO standards.
✓ Schedule M prescribes requirements of
facilities and their maintenance, personnel,
manufacture, control and safety testing,
storage traceability, etc.
o Presently, only 2,000 of 10,500 manufacturing
units in country were found to be compliant with
WHO-GMP standards.

7.3.20. AMR AND AIR POLLUTION access in LMICs to essential antibiotics which goes
beyond access to single products.
• Increase in Antibiotic Resistance linked to rising air o It is being developed by the WHO and GARDP.
pollution, says Lancet study. • Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria (Carb-X): A
• This is first in-depth global analysis which highlights global non-profit partnership to accelerate
that humans are exposed to antibiotic-resistant antibacterial innovation.
elements while inhaling PM2.5 (refer image).
• Antibiotic resistance, also known as Antimicrobial 7.3.22. G 20 PANDEMIC FUND
resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi • Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying will
and parasites change over time and no longer respond receive a 25 million USD grant under Pandemic Fund
to medicines making infections harder to treat and for strengthening Animal Health System of India.
increasing risk of disease spread, severe illness and ○ Fund will support ‘Animal Health Security
death. Strengthening in India for Pandemic
• Key findings Preparedness and Response’ initiative.
o With every one percent rise in PM 2.5 pollution, • G20 Pandemic Fund
there is an increase in antibiotic resistance ○ $1.4-billion fund was launched in 2022 under G20
between 0.5 and 1.9 percent, depending on Presidency of Indonesia
pathogen. ○ Aims to finance critical investments to tackle the
o In 2018, PM 2.5 caused loss of 18·2 million years next global pandemic.
of life, resulting in economic burden. ○ Donors: G20 and non-G20 members, philanthropic
o China and India have greatest impact on organisations. India is one of the major donors of
premature death toll due to changes in PM 2.5. the fund.
• Steps taken to curb AMR: National Action Plan on AMR
2017, Red line campaign on Antibiotics 2016, AMR 7.3.23. CHROMODOMAIN HELICASE DNA
Surveillance network 2013 etc. BINDING PROTEIN 1 LIKE (CHD1L)
• A study has revealed that CHD1L gene variant is likely
to control Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
• A variant of CHD1L gene is specifically present in
African population.
o CHD1L gene variant has been linked to reduced
viral load (amount of HIV in blood) of HIV-1 (most
common).
o The gene variant CHD1L is found on chromosome
1.
o People carrying this variant in their body had lower
risk of spreading the virus and also had slowed
progress of their own illness.
7.3.24. RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS

(RSV)
• US Food and Drug Administration approved the first
vaccine “Abrysvo (RSV Vaccine)” that protects new-
borns.
7.3.21. G20 WELCOMES GLOBAL o Vaccine is given to pregnant mothers during latter
INITIATIVES TO CURTAIL AMR stages of their pregnancies.
• Global Antibiotic Research and Development • RSV is a highly contagious virus that causes respiratory
Partnership (GARDP): It is a non-profit organization infections in individuals of all age groups especially
created by WHO and others to tackle antibiotic infants and elderly.
resistance. o It is the most frequent cause of Lower Respiratory
o It accelerates the development and access of Tract Diseases in infants worldwide.
treatments for drug-resistant infection. o RSV vaccine is also available for people at 60 and
• SECURE: the first dedicated mechanism to expand older.

7.3.25. NET ENERGY GAIN (NEG) 7.3.26. DEMON PARTICLE
• US scientists achieve Net Energy Gain (NEG) for second • Researchers claimed to have spotted Demon particle
time in nuclear fusion reaction. in the metal strontium ruthenate.
• Nuclear fusion is the process by which two light atomic • Demon particle was first predicted by physicist David
nuclei combine to form a single heavier one while Pines in 1956.
releasing massive amounts of energy. • David Pines believed that electrons would behave
o Fusion reactions occur in a state of matter called strangely when passed through a solid.
plasma- hot, charged gas made of positive ions and o If enough energy is supplied to the system,
free-moving electrons. electrons can form composite particles known as
o In fusion, two positive nuclei have to come close plasmons.
to each other. o But the energy required to produce plasmons is so
✓ However, they repel each other—this high that they cannot be produced at room
phenomenon is called the Coulomb Barrier. temperature.
✓ To overcome this barrier, massive energy is • Pines’s demon is an exception to this as it is massless,
required, which is presently more than the has no charge and does not interact with light so it
energy generated from the fusion reaction. would require no extra energy to be formed.
• NEG, critical for commercial fusion power, implies that
researchers could generate more energy than the 7.3.27. SHANTI SWAROOP BHATNAGAR
nuclear fusion process consumed. (SSB) AWARDS
o India is part of the International Thermonuclear
Experimental Reactor (ITER) project to • SSB award was not announced for 2021 and
demonstrate NEG from fusion reactors. nominations for 2023 year were also stopped.
o India has also constructed its indigenous tokamak • SSB Awards are awarded annually for outstanding
ADITYA and semi-indigenous Steady State research, applied or fundamental, in seven disciplines
Superconducting Tokamak (SST-1). i.e.,
• Significance of Nuclear Fusion: o Biological Sciences; Chemical Sciences; Earth,
o Clean and safe power as it releases no greenhouse Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences;
gases Engineering Sciences; Mathematical Sciences;
o 1 kg fusion fuel provides as much energy as 10 Medical Sciences; and Physical Sciences.
million kilograms of fossil fuel. • Eligibility
o Hydrogen, raw material for fusion, is available in o Any Citizen of India engaged in research up to age
abundance while fission uses uranium, which is of 45 years,
not an infinite resource. o Overseas citizen of India (OCI) and Persons of
Indian Origin working in India.
• Dr Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (Founder Director of
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) was
awarded Padma Vibhushan in 1954.
7.3.28. LUNAR CODEX

• The Lunar Codex is a digitized (or miniaturized)
collection of contemporary art, poetry, magazines,
music, film, podcasts and books by 30,000 artists,
writers, musicians and filmmakers in 157 countries.
• It is made up of 4 different time capsules to be
launched on Moon.
o The Orion Collection (Launched & Returned to
Earth in 2022 via NASA Artemis 1, Orion spacecraft)
o The Nova Collection
o The Peregrine Collection
o The Polaris Collection
• Launched via NASA Artemis / Commercial Lunar
Payload Services (CLPS) program partners to the
Moon.
7.3.29. BHU-VISION (KRISHI-RASTAA) • It can immediately send the summary of results in a
PLATFORM soil health card to mobile devices and will help to
quickly identify the deficiencies.
• It is an Internet of Things (IoT) based automated soil • Developed by: ICAR-IIRR (Indian Council of Agricultural
testing and agronomy advisory platform, which can Research - Indian Institute of Rice Research),
conduct 12 key soil parameter tests (like pH value, Hyderabad and KrishiTantra (an Agri-tech start-up).
electrical conductivity etc).

8. CULTURE
8.2. SRI AUROBINDO GHOSH
Why in the news?
Recently, the year-long celebration of the 150th Birth Anniversary of Sri Aurobindo concluded
at Auroville, Puducherry.
About Sri Aurobindo
• 20th-century Bengali poet, philosopher, spiritual leader and revolutionary freedom fighter.
• Early Life:
o Born on 15 August 1872 in Calcutta district (now Kolkata), West Bengal.
o Education began in Christian convent school in Darjeeling.
o At the age of 7 years, he was taken to England along with his brothers.
o Studied at St. Paul’s School London (1884) and King’s College in Cambridge in 1890.
o In 1893, Aurobindo returned to India and joined the Baroda state, first as a bureaucrat and then as a professor
of French at Baroda College.
• Participation in the National Movement
o Pioneer of the Indian extremist movement and helped in establishing Anushilan Samiti in 1902.
o Shri Aurobindo left his job and plunged into active politics after the partition of Bengal in 1905.
o During the Surat session of INC in 1907, known for the Surat Split, he joined the extremist group led by Bal
Gangadhar Tilak against the moderates.
o Shri Aurobindo advocated passive resistance and not violence. He, however, did not opine that to attain
freedom, it is wrong to resort to violence.
o In May 1908, Aurobindo was arrested in connection with the Alipore Conspiracy Case.
• Literary Contribution:
o 'New Lamps for Old', articles written by him in InduPrakash from 1893-94, criticising moderate politics of
Congress.
o In March 1906, in a Bengali newspaper, Yugantar, he preached open revolt and complete independence.
o Edited Bande Mataram newspapers founded by Bipin Chandra Pal.
o After his release in 1909, Aurobindo started two weeklies, namely Karmayogin in English and Dharma in Bengali.
o In 1914, he started publishing a philosophical magazine, Arya.
o Other Books include a compilation of poems, letters and essays such as Essays on the Gita (1922), Collected
Poems and Plays (1942), The Synthesis of Yoga (1948), The Human Cycle (1949), The Ideal of Human Unity
(1949), Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol (1950), etc.
• Spiritual Journey:
o Played an active role in the Indian Freedom Movement till 1910, after which he became a spiritual reformer.
o His important works like the Life Divine, Essays on Geeta, The Synthesis of Yoga, and the epic poem 'Savitri'
were written during this period.
o He developed a kind of Yoga called Integral Yoga.
✓ Through Integral Yoga, he believed human beings can achieve true self-realisation.
✓ Internal Yoga aims at spiritual realisation that not only liberates man's consciousness but also transforms his
nature.
o He founded a community of spiritual seekers, which took shape as the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in 1926
with Mirra Alfassa.
✓ Mirra Alfassa founded the Auroville, i.e., the city of dawn, a universal town for a peaceful, progressive, and
harmonious existence.
• Aurobindo’s life philosophy
o It is a synthesis of idealism, realism, naturalism, and pragmatism.
o According to him, Jnana (knowledge), Bhakti (devotion), and Karma (work ethics) can lead man to the divine
path.

✓ But the synthesis of spirituality, creativity, and intellectuality is essential for a sound personality.
o Sri Aurobindo did not believe in any man-made divisions and used to consider social inequalities as a major
obstacle to raise national consciousness.
o Influenced by the teaching of Sri Ramanujacharya, who argued for the inclusion of outcastes into the fold of
Hinduism.
Principle of Education
Aurobindo was a distinguished philosopher and educationist who formulated rich educational thoughts to enrich our educational
system comprehensively. The following thoughts are relevant to today
• Child–centric education with full freedom for the child to express her latent potential.
• Introduction of moral and religious education as an integral part of general education and by practice of religious life.
• Training of the senses as senses are the gateways of knowledge.
• International education based on universal love, sympathy, fellow feeling, peace &international understanding
• Emphasis on Psychological methods i.e. self – learning, practical experiences, learning by doing, teaching according to age,
abilities & aptitude of the child.
Concept of Nation and Theory of Spiritual Nationalism
• He believed that the nation is not just a piece of land or a mass of human beings.
• The 'nation' is a mighty 'shakti' composed of all the shaktis of all the millions of units that make up the nation. It is thus a living
entity.
• Nationalism in his opinion is not merely a political movement
• In his opinion, nationalism is akin to religion. It is a faith and a creed that one has to live.
• Nationalism is immortal because it is not a creation of human beings but is created by God.
• If one wants to be a nationalist, one must work for his nation.
8.3. CHESS WORLD CUP 2023

Why in the news?
Indian Grandmaster Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa secured a second-place finish in the final of the International Chess
Federation (FIDE) World Cup 2023.

About FIDE World Cup
• FIDE World Cup 2023: The World Cup is a major chess event organised by FIDE, the international governing body.
o Players who finish 1st, 2nd and 3rd in the FIDE World Cup qualify to take part in FIDE Candidates Tournament 2024.
• FIDE Candidates Tournament 2024: This tournament is between 8 players, selected through different criteria and
tournaments in the following manner-
o 3 spots – FIDE World Cup 2023, three players who finish 1st, 2nd (Praggnanandhaa) and 3rd.
o 2 spots – FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament 2023, two players who finish 1st and 2nd.
o 1 spot – FIDE World Championship Match 2023, Runner-up.
o 1 spot – High-Level International Tournaments (HIT), the player with the best results during one year (2023).
o 1 spot – The highest-rated player by
standard rating in the January 2024 rating
list provided that the player has played at
least four standard-eligible tournaments.
• FIDE World Chess Championship: It is held
between the Reigning Champion and the
Winner of the Candidates Tournament (the
Challenger). This match determines the actual
World Chess Champion.
o Ding Liren (China) is the current Champion,
and he will be challenged by the Winner of
the Candidates Tournament to be held in
2024.
About Chess Titles
• Based on ratings earned by players, FIDE
awards the most prestigious chess titles. Once
earned, these titles are held for life.
o Chess titles indicate the strength of the
best players.
o Chess titles are also awarded by some
national federations.
• Viswanathan Anand is a five-time world
champion and India’s first grandmaster.
• India has around 80 grandmasters now. Two of
them are women, including Koneru Humpy and
Harika Dronavalli.
Conclusion
With younger players like Rameshbabu
Praggnanandhaa D Gukesh, Arjun Erigaisi, and
Nihal Sarin making a mark, it also signals a
generational shift in the game itself, and that shift is
likely to favour India heavily.

8.4. NEWS IN SHORTS
8.4.1. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION (GI) named Hathuras, makes these
products.
TAGS Matti Banana • Matti Banana is commonly known
• Recently, various products were given a Geographical (Kanyakumari, Tamil as ‘Baby Banana’ and is known for
Nadu) its distinct fragrance and honey-
Indication (GI) tag by the Geographical Indications
like taste
Registry in Chennai.
• Its low total soluble solids
GI Tag Product Description content (TSSC) recommends it as
Udaipur Koftgari • The art of decorating arms and a baby food.
Metal Craft weaponry is known as Koftgiri. • Unlike typical banana bunches
(Rajasthan) • It is the art of ornamenting that grow straight, the Matti’s
surfaces by inlaying light metal on fingers exhibit a distinct wind-
a dark one using gold or silver blown appearance.
wires.
Bikaner Kashidakari • It involves fine stitching and 8.4.2. MYLARA CULT
Craft (Rajasthan) mirrorwork on cotton, silk, or
• Recently discovered sculptures in Karnataka has
velvet, primarily for objects
related to weddings and gift proved the existence of the cult in the state
items. o The members of the Cult worship, (MyLara)
o The mirrors are believed to Mailara who is a folk deity also identified as a
ward off the 'evil eye' with manifestation of Lord Shiva.
their reflective surfaces. o The deity is often depicted seated, standing or on
• The craft was traditionally done a horse and he is generally seen holding a sword,
by the Meghwal community in trisula (trident), a damaru (hour-glass shaped
Bikaner and nearby districts. drum) and a bowl.
Jodhpur Bandhej • It is the Rajasthani art of tying and o The cult is prevalent in the states of Karnataka,
Craft (Rajasthan) dyeing.
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
• The fabrics used for Bandhej are
muslin, silk and voile. Cotton
thread is used for tying the fabric.
Bikaner Usta Kala • It is also known as gold nakashi or
Craft (Rajasthan) gold manauti work.
• It was done on walls, ceilings,
glass, wood, marble and artefacts
made of camel leather.
• The most used motifs were foliage,
animals and birds.
• The art form is named after the
Ustas, or master craftsmen, who
developed it.
Mankurad Mango • Named by Portuguese as
(Goa) malcorada (means ‘poor
coloured).
• Mankurad has a uniform yellow
colour, less fibre and balanced
sugar.
Goan Bebinca (Goa) • It is a traditional Indo-Portuguese
pudding.
• It is also referred to as the queen
of Goan desserts.
Jalesar Metal Craft • It is known for decorative metal
(Uttar Pradesh) crafts and brassware (like anklets,
bells)
• The Thatheras community, which
resides in a mohalla (locality)

8.4.3. SEETHAKALI FOLK ART 8.4.4. NATIONAL FILM AWARDS, 2023
• Seethakali is a centuries-old folk art form that is • The winners of the 69th National Film Awards were
believed to have originated at Perinad in Kollam announced recently.
district Kerala. • About the Award
• It is performed as part of the harvest festival Onam. o It was first awarded in 1954, initially they were
• It is based on certain episodes taken from the epic called the ‘State Awards’ given for regional
Ramayana and portrays characters such as Rama, languages.
Seetha, Ravana and Hanuman. o It aims at encouraging the production of films of
o It’s a blend of songs, storytelling and fast aesthetic and technical excellence and social
movements. relevance.
o Props and instruments used during performances o Presented by The President of India.
are all made of natural materials like bamboo and o Categories: – Features, Non-Features, and Best
palm leaves. Writing on Cinema.
o Vibrant coloured costumes and makeup is used.

9. ETHICS
9.1. MEDIA ETHICS AND SELF-REGULATION
Introduction
Recently, the Supreme Court expressed concerns about the ineffectiveness of the self-regulatory mechanism set up by
the News Broadcasting and Digital Standards Authority (NBSA). This also highlights the importance of adherence to
Media ethics in the modern age, where breaches of media ethics are rising.
What are Media Ethics?
Media ethics is concerned with the question of what is right or wrong, good or bad, acceptable or unacceptable, about
the means and ways that the media collects and presents information and news.
Principles of media ethics
• Golden mean theory:
Aristotle’s golden
mean focuses on the middle
ground between two
extremes. In media ethics,
this theory could be used for
redacting names from a
sensitive article or blurring the faces of those who are a victim of crime.
o Journalist can use this theory to determine whether or not to publish/telecast something. This theory allows
them to strike a balance between too ethical and too neutral.
• Harm Limitation Principle: It states that in the process of reporting an issue to the general public, journalists and
reporters must do so with great sensitivity and in such a way that it does not harm certain groups of people.
• Principle of utilitarianism: The theory contends that people should prioritise the greater good. Utilitarianism can be
used to justify sacrificing the privacy of a few individuals if it would facilitate greater access to information for the
general public.
• Deontology: Focuses on a person’s duty as a means to determine appropriate action.
o This is a very pertinent concept for the media as it is the media’s duty to serve the public by providing information
which is impartial and which promotes knowledge and reason.
Key stakeholders Their Interests
in Media Ethics
Media actors Media ethics must ensure that journalists observe principles of integrity, professionalism, privacy and
impartiality.
Government Media ethics promotes and defends values such as a universal respect for life and the rule of law and legality.
General Public Serve the public by providing information which is impartial and which promotes knowledge and reason.
Police Media must facilitate assistance to the police and it must applaud when criminals are brought to justice as a
result.
• The press must also hold the police to account, acting as the eyes and ears of the public.
Instances of Breaches of Media Ethics
• Ineffectiveness of the self-regulatory mechanism has led to a rise in breaches of media ethics, some such instances
are below:
o Media trials: Undermining the concept of free and fair trial.
o Media’s love for borewells: An example of the media’s role in ‘making news’ rather than ‘reporting news’ as was
a case of the five-year-old boy who accidentally fell into an open borewell.
o The Aarushi–Hemraj murder case: The manner in which the media covered it sparked a debate on crime stories
being sensationalised to attract viewers and readers.

o Kathua Rape Case: Several media houses revealed the identity and pictures of the victim and did not handle the
case with the required sensitivity.
o Violation of privacy: From Bollywood stars to cricketers and politicians are victims—Ex. paparazzi.
Rationale behind Self-Regulation of Media
Of the various models of Media regulation like state control, statutory regulation, etc., self-regulation has been given due
importance. In India, organisations like NBSA and Broadcasting Content Complaints Council have been set up as internal
self-regulatory mechanisms for television news and entertainment, respectively.
• Ensures independence of media: Self-regulation ensures that the media can operate independently.
o This is in the interest of the media as well as its different stakeholders and the audience.
• Bring efficiency: Media participants are likely to have superior knowledge of the subject compared to a government
agency.
o This is important where technical knowledge is needed to develop appropriate rules and determine whether they
have been violated.
• Provides greater incentives for compliance: If rules are developed by the media, industry participants are more likely
to perceive them as reasonable.
Why the need for effective Media Ethics is becoming paramount in India?
• Conflicts of Interests: Impartiality is one of the pillars of media ethics. But a dilemma occurs when one is assigned to
cover a story about someone s/he has an existing personal relationship with.
• Confidentiality and Integrity: Serious ethical concerns have been expressed where reporters covered special stories
based on information concerning an individual’s personal conduct in private life.
• Bias and subjectivity: News reports are often reported in a particular style, and bias in a manner that has led to the
suspicion of the news media’s intentions and objects.
• Emerging dilemmas: Cross-media ownership by big corporate companies has assumed alarming proportions.
o Leaving the regulation to the media itself generates the likelihood that it may subjugate regulatory aims to its
own business goals.
• Ineffectiveness of the self-regulatory mechanism: Due to reasons like
o Media and market pressure: Business imperatives of increasing revenue have taken (and continue to take) their
toll on journalistic excellence.
o Inadequate penalty: Currently, ₹ 1 Lakh fine is ineffective as this fine is not in proportion to profits earned by the
offending channel from the corresponding show.
o Absence of journalistic ethics: which is reflected in inaccurate news being broadcasted.
Way ahead
Self-regulation in the broadcast media could be the best way forward in achieving a balance between the media's duty
to empower the participatory role of the people in governance and the reasonable restrictions that prevent the abuse
of its immense strength.
• There should be a universal code of ethics which specifies the following guidelines for journalists :
o Take responsibility for the accuracy of their work.
o Never deliberately distort facts or context, including visual information.
o Recognise a special obligation to serve as watchdogs over public affairs and government.
o Objectivity is an essential technique for removing bias in seeking truth.
• There is a necessity for media training that can be commenced by media establishments as part of journalism courses.
The need of the hour for reporters is to be aware of the sensitivities of their audiences.
• Self-regulation system of media needs strengthening.
o Hutchins Commission report advocated for freedom of the press, and self-regulation was considered as the key
feature, and government intervention as the last resort.
o Penalties should be in proportion to the profits earned by an errant channel, as recently advocated by the
Supreme Court.

10. SCHEMES IN NEWS
10.1. DIGITAL INDIA PROGRAMME
Why in the news?
Recently, The Government approved the expansion of the Digital India programme with a total outlay of ₹14,903 crores
for a five-year period between 2021-22 to 2025-26.
Objectives Salient Features
• To transform India • It was launched in 2015 to enable digital delivery of services to citizens.
into a digitally • The Digital India Programme is a mission to prepare India for a knowledge future by making
empowered society technology central to enabling change.
and knowledge • It is an umbrella programme that covers multiple projects of various Central
economy. Ministries/Departments and States and Union Territories (UTs).
• To ensure digital o The central ministries/departments and state governments concerned would have the
access, digital overall responsibility for the implementation of various Mission Mode and other projects
inclusion, digital under the Digital India Programme.
empowerment and o It is
bridge the digital implemented
divide. under the
• To ensure that overall
Government services coordination of
are available to the Ministry of
citizens electronically. Electronics and
Information
Technology.
• The programme
management
structure for Digital
India consists of
o a Monitoring
Committee on
Digital India
headed by the
Prime Minister,
o a Digital India Advisory Group chaired by the Minister of Communications & IT and
o an Apex Committee chaired by the Cabinet Secretary.
• The vision is centered on three key areas:
o Digital Infrastructure as a Utility to Every Citizen
✓ High-speed internet as a core utility
✓ Cradle to grave digital identity -unique, lifelong, online, authenticable
✓ Mobile phone & Bank account enabling participation in digital & financial space
✓ Easy access to a Common Service Centre
✓ Shareable private space on a public cloud
✓ Safe and secure Cyber-space
o Governance & Services on Demand
✓ Seamlessly integrated across departments or jurisdictions
✓ Services available in real-time from online &mobile platform
✓ All citizen entitlements to be available on the cloud
✓ Services digitally transformed to improve Ease of Doing Business
✓ Making financial transactions electronic & cashless
✓ Leveraging GIS for decision support systems & development
o Digital Empowerment of Citizens
✓ Universal Digital Literacy
✓ Universally accessible digital resources

✓ All documents/ certificates are to be available on the cloud
✓ Availability of digital resources/services in Indian languages
✓ Collaborative digital platforms for participative governance
✓ Portability of all entitlements through the cloud
• Some of the key initiatives: Aadhar, Common Service Centres (CSCs), Digi Locker, Digi Sevak,
Bharat Broadband Network Limited, CERT-In, Centre of Excellence for IoT, Cyber Swachhta
Kendra etc.
• Some New Initiatives to be taken up:
o 6.25 lakh IT professionals will be re-skilled and up-skilled under the Future Skills Prime
Programme.
o 9 more supercomputers will be added under National Super Computer Mission.
o Bhashini, the AI-enabled multi-language translation tool (currently available in 10
languages) will be rolled out in all 22 Schedule’s 8 languages.
o Modernisation of the National Knowledge Network (NKN) which connects 1,787
educational institutions.
o 3 Centres of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence on health, agriculture and sustainable cities
will be set up.
10.2. SVAMITVA SCHEME

Why in the news?
The SVAMITVA (Survey of Villages Abadi and Mapping with Improvised Technology in Village Areas) Scheme has recently
been conferred with the National Award for e-Governance 2023 for Application of Emerging Technologies for Providing
Citizen Centric Services.
Objectives Salient Features
• Creation of accurate land • It is a Central Sector Scheme of the Ministry of Panchayati Raj formally launched in 2021.
records for rural planning • It was launched to provide rural India with an integrated inhabited (Abadi) property
and reduce property- ownership solution.
related disputes. o This will provide the ‘record of rights’ to village household owners in the form of
• To bring financial stability Property Cards/Title Deeds.
to the citizens in rural • The scheme aims to cover 6.62 lakh villages from the Financial Year 2020-21 to the Financial
India by enabling them to Year 2024-25.
use their property as a • Financial outlay: Rs. 566 crore for 5 years, 2020-25.
financial asset for taking • The main activities under the Scheme are
loans and other financial o Large Scale mapping using Drones: Rural inhabited (Abadi) areas would be mapped by
benefits. Survey of India using drone Survey.
• Determination of ✓ Maps generated are geo-referenced maps capturing digital images of properties in
property tax, which rural abadi areas.
would accrue to the GPs ✓ The preparation and distribution of Property Cards based on maps generated is the
directly in States where it responsibility of the respective State Government.
is devolved or else, add to o Establishment of Continuous Operating Reference Station (CORS): The CORS network
the State exchequer. supports accurate Geo-referencing, ground truthing and demarcation of lands.
• Creation of survey o SVAMITVA Dashboard: A centralised online monitoring and reporting dashboard for real-
infrastructure and GIS time progress monitoring of SVAMITVA implementation.
maps that can be o DigiLocker App: Beneficiaries can view and download the property card through the
leveraged by any DigiLocker App.
department for their use. o Gram Manchitra: Funds released to the National Informatics Centre (NIC) for the
• To support the Enhancement of the Spatial Planning Application ‘Gram Manchitra’ and Central
preparation of a better- Infrastructure.
quality Gram Panchayat o Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) activities to spread awareness of the
Development Plan scheme.
(GPDP) by making use of o Setting of Programme management unit at National and State levels.
GIS maps

APPENDIX 1: BHARATNET

APPENDIX 2: AYUSHMAN BHARAT - PRADHAN MANTRI
JAN AROGYA YOJANA (AB-PMJAY)

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IAS.
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Table of Contents

1 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

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1.2.1. BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA 2023

8 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

1.2.2. BHARATIYA NAGARIK SURAKSHA SANHITA 2023

9 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

1.2.3. BHARATIYA SAKSHYA BILL 2023

1.3. CEC AND OTHER EC (APPOINTMENT, CONDITIONS OF SERVICE AND TERM

1.4. ASPECTS OF ELECTION PROCESS AND REFORM

1.4.1. COMMON ELECTORAL ROLL (CER)

12 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

1.4.2. FALSE DECLARATIONS DURING FILING OF NOMINATION FOR ELECTIONS

1.4.3. ESTABLISHING PARITY BETWEEN MINIMUM AGE OF VOTING AND CONTESTING

1.5. GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL CAPITAL TERRITORY OF DELHI

1.6. NO-CONFIDENCE MOTION

Implications of the No-confidence motion

1.7. MEDIATION BILL, 2023

17 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

18 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

1.8. GUIDELINES FOR CELEBRITIES, INFLUENCERS, AND VIRTUAL

19 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

1.9. REGISTRATION OF BIRTH AND

1.10. NEWS IN SHORTS

22 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

24 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

2.3. MALABAR: NOT JUST AN EXERCISE

27 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

2.4. GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS

28 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

2.5. NEWS IN SHORTS

2.5.5. THE SPIRIT OF CAMP DAVID

2.5.6. 70 YEARS OF COUP IN IRAN

32 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

3.2. INCREMENTAL CASH RESERVE RATIO (ICRR)

34 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

3.3. STARTUPS IN INDIA

35 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

3.4. CSR SPENDING IN INDIA

37 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

3.5. SELF HELP GROUPS (SHGS)

38 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

39 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

3.6. DIRECT BENEFIT TRANSFER (DBT)

41 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

42 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

3.8. BHARAT NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (BHARAT NCAP)

3.9. UDAN (UDE DESH KA AAM NAAGRIK) SCHEME

3.10. URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT FUND (UIDF)

3.12. FUNCTIONING OF MAJOR PORTS IN INDIA

3.13. SIXTH CENSUS REPORT ON MINOR IRRIGATION SCHEMES

50 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

3.14. OFFSHORE AREAS MINERAL (DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION)

51 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

Related News: First WHO Traditional Medicine Global Summit

54 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

3.17. NEWS IN SHORTS

56 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS