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DRM039
DRM039
Single Phase AC
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Induction Motor
Control
Reference Design
Designer Reference
Manual
M68HC08
Microcontrollers
DRM039/D
Rev. 0.0, 3/2003
MOTOROLA.COM/SEMICONDUCTORS
Reference Design
Designer Reference Manual — Rev 0
MOTOROLA 3
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4 MOTOROLA
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Section 4. Conclusion
Section 5. Appendix A
The device is aimed at substituting the commonly used triac phase angle
control drives. The circuit is capable of supplying a single-phase a.c.
induction motor (or general a.c. inductive/resistive load) with varying a.c.
voltage. The same as in triac control, the voltage applied to the load can
be varied from zero to maximum value. On the other hand, it uses a
pulse width modulation technique (PWM), and when compared with the
phase angle control used for triacs, produces much lower high harmonic
pollution.Thus, it suits EMC/EMI regulations much better.
If the high starting torque is not required, the starting capacitor may also
be left connected in normal operation. Then no centrifugal switch is
required. The capacitor and an auxiliary winding have to be designed for
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Because of its very low cost and simplicity, the most popular technique
of supplying single-phase a.c. motors is the conduction angle control. To
carry out this control, a triac device is used. The conduction angle is
adjusted by changing the switching instant of the triac device. In such a
way, the conduction angle can be varied from 180° to 0°. The voltage
r.m.s. value is a function of the conduction angle. Basic principles of this
technique are shown in Figure 1-2. Using the conduction angle control,
we can adjust only the output voltage amplitude and not the frequency,
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d.c. link
AC to DC DC to AC
a.c. line converter converter
M
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(rectifier) (inverter)
Single phase
a.c. induction
motor
d.c. link capacitor
In instances when the load is disconnected from the a.c. line, the current
flowing through the load needs to be freewheeled. Therefore the other
bidirectional switch S2 is connected across the load. It is switched on
when S1 is switched off, and vice versa. That means that switches S1
and S2 have to be switched complementarily.
This application note presents two different approaches to solve this task
and properly control switches S1 and S2.
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Motorola designed two circuits, which are based on the topology of two
bidirectional switches shown in Figure 2-4. Each of the circuits solves
the switching of the bidirectional switches in a different way. The first
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The other circuit takes a different approach. The switches S1 and S2 are
controlled directly by an MCU signal. To drive the power switches, two
opto gate-drive devices are used. They provide optical isolation between
the control signal and power switches and between the power switches
themselves. Thanks to this, the bidirectional switches can be controlled
directly. The opto gate-drive devices are connected in such a way to
ensure S1 and S2 switches are switching complementarily.
The board is equipped with the Bootloader Connector (J1) and a simple
interface to be able to use features of the Developer’s Serial Bootloader
(see AN2295). This tool allows the developer to perform MCU on-board
programming via an RS232 serial communication without any additional
hardware.
U1
IN1
FLIP-FLOP
OUT
IN2
Q2 F1 F2
R1 R2
S2
C1 C2
POS
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FB-
FB+
R L
Q1 PWM control
a.c. load signal
NEG S1
Two feedback signals, FB+ and FB-, are taken from the bidirectional
power switch S1. The pulses on the positive side (POS) and negative
side (NEG) of the output terminals of the bidirectional switch S1’s
rectifying bridge are used as control signals for flipping the flip-flop circuit
U1 (FLIP-FLOP). The output signal OUT of the flip-flop circuit U1 is a
control signal, which switches power transistor Q2 on and off.
The rising edge on the feedback signal FB+ or the falling edge on the
feedback signal FB- switches the flip-flop on. The falling edge on the
feedback signal FB+ or the rising edge on the feedback signal FB-
switches the flip-flop off. Using both signals is not necessary, but it
increases speed of flip-flop switching, mainly in regions where one of the
control signals is poor. The capacitive coupling, which is set up by R1,C1
and R2,C2 elements, separates the disturbing 50/60Hz signal from the
a.c. mains.
The flip-flop circuit is realized by small signal transistors Q4 and Q6. The
feedback signals are taken from the source and drain terminals of power
MOSFET Q7. They are coupled by means of C12, R15 and C14, R20.
The capacitor C5 with resistor R9 and resistor R8 set up a positive close
loop typical for a standard monostable flip-flop. The capacitor C5 is
added to separate the d.c. component from the feedback signal.
Because the R9 C5 time constant is much longer than the switching
period, the circuit behaves as bistable for the given high switching
frequency.
NOTE: Please note that capacitor C13 is connected across the a.c. line input. It
filters the input voltage. It is necessary to ensure that feedback signals
are not influenced by ripples in the supply voltage. Its size depends on
parameters of the load. In the design that is the subject of this application
note, the capacitor value was experimentally set to 3.3 µF.
The practical realization of the circuit is shown in Figure 2-4. The same
as in the previous circuit, the input a.c. line voltage is connected to the
terminals of JP1. The output terminals of JP2 are connected to the load.
The bidirectional switch S1 consists of diodes D16, D17, D20, D21 and
power IGBT Q7. The bidirectional switch S2 consists of diodes D9, D10,
D12, D13 and power IGBT Q2.
The optocoupler has an LED at the input of each gate-drive. The PWM
signal generated by the MCU is linked directly to these inputs. The
switching instants of the IGBTs are adjusted by means of R9, C14 and
R10, C16 RC filters. Thus, the propagation delay difference between the
two channels can be compensated.
between the control and power parts. This brings an advantage for
applications where the control part is designed to be part of a user
interface.
NOTE: Compared with the control circuit with feedback signals, the circuit with
direct MCU control does not require as large a filtering capacitor at the
a.c. line input. The size of the capacitor should be between 0.47 – 1 µF.
NOTE: To protect the circuit from overcurrent during commutation of the load
current, a current limiting inductor with an antiparallel diode can be
added to the drain terminal of power transistor Q2.
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Speed Reset
Command
ADC Initialization
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On Compare
Speed Ramp
AppStateMachine
DUTYMAX
ActualSpeed
DEADTIME Application State Machine
Reset
RunToStop=1 StopToRun=1
TimerReg
;
APP_RUN
PWM
Generation
3.1 Initialization
After reset, the MCU is initialized and the peripherals are configured.
The MCU pins are configured according to assigned functions. The timer
interface module is configured to generate buffered PWM. The prescaler
register and timer modulo register are set to generate a fixed output
PWM frequency at 16kHz.
The application state machine can be seen in Figure 3-1. The application
enters two states APP_STOP and APP_RUN. The transition from one
state to another is done according to bits in the AppControl control
byte. After reset the application enters the APP_STOP state regardless
of the Start/Stop switch position. To start the motor, toggle the switch first
to Stop and then back to Start. This safety feature prevents the motor
from starting when the application is reset.
3.3 Interrupts
The timer overflow interrupt calls an interrupt service routine. In the ISR,
the SWCounter variable is incremented to provide a time-base for the
software counter.
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If the motor is stopped, the power switch is fully closed. If the motor is
running at full speed, the switch S1 is fully open. According to the output
logic, the PWM duty-cycle is either 100% or 0%.
The timer module is configured to run in buffered PWM mode. The timer
module channel registers (0 or 1) are written alternately.
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Section 4. Conclusion
New EMC standards bring strict limits for higher harmonic pollution. A
conduction angle control technique, which was popular for a long time in
industrial and home appliances, does not comply with these new
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MOTOROLA Conclusion 31
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Conclusion
32 Conclusion MOTOROLA
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Section 5. Appendix A
• Figure 5-2 shows feedback signals (flip-flop inputs IN1, IN2) when
S1 turns-off
• Figure 5-3 shows harmonic content in load current when using
PWM control
• Figure 5-4 shows harmonic content in load current when using
triac phase-angle control
load voltage
load current
MOTOROLA Appendix A 33
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Appendix A
voltage across Q2
IN2
IN1
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voltage across Q7
0.8
0.7
0.6
Load Current [A]
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Harmonics [Hz]
34 Appendix A MOTOROLA
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Appendix A
0.8
0.7
0.6
Load Current [A]
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
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0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Harmonics [Hz]
MOTOROLA Appendix A 35
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Appendix A
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36 Appendix A MOTOROLA
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Appendix A. Glossary
AC — Alternating current
analog-to-digital converter
MOTOROLA Glossary 37
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Glossary
DC — Direct Current
Dead Time (DT) — Short time that must be inserted between the turning
off of one transistor in the inverter half bridge and turning on of the
complementary transistor due to the limited switching speed of the
transistors
duty cycle — A ratio of the amount of time the signal is on versus the
time it is off. Duty cycle is usually represented by a percentage
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38 Glossary MOTOROLA
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Glossary
PWM period — The time required for one complete cycle of a PWM
waveform
MOTOROLA Glossary 39
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Glossary
40 Glossary MOTOROLA
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Glossary
MOTOROLA Glossary 41
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Glossary
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42 Glossary MOTOROLA
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DRM039/D
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