Police behavior: Its impact on police-citizen relations in BLK-37 Addition Hills, Mandaluyong

City.

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Local literature:

1. A well-liked program called community policing seeks to lessen crime without raising tensions
between the police and the public. However, the evidence is scant and there are no studies on citizen-
police trust. Poor citizen-police relations, inconsistent implementation, and no decrease in crime were
discovered by a meta-analysis. For incremental police improvements to be successful, societies may
require structural changes.

Title: Community policing does not build citizen trust in police or reduce crime in the Global South
URL: https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.abd3446

2. Due to the lack of police legitimacy, which has its roots in the 1991 Rodney King incident, modern
policing suffers difficulties. Because of the mistrust that exists between the public and the police,
policing has become more militarized, with lingering effects on police-community relations. There are
two conceivable outcomes for police legitimacy in reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic: either greater
militarization and widening gaps between the police and communities, or compassionate and
procedurally fair police responses that will ultimately restore legitimacy after the pandemic.

Title: The Potential Impacts of Pandemic Policing on Police Legitimacy: Planning Past the COVID-19
Crisis
URL: https://academic.oup.com/policing/article/14/3/579/5851658

Foreign literature:

1. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to evaluate the relationship between Black
Americans' experiences with the police and their subsequent mental health. The majority of research
discovered strong correlations, with individuals who had previous encounters having a higher
prevalence of poor mental health. The detrimental effects of police contacts on Black Americans may
be lessened by changes in law enforcement policy, community engagement programs, and training
initiatives.

Title: Police Interactions and the Mental Health of Black Americans: a Systematic Review
URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40615-019-00629-1

2. The essay examines the research on the transmission of early childhood trauma across generations,
concentrating on how marginalized and minoritized children and families experience oppression again
and again. It highlights how crucial it is to recognize state-sponsored violence and the effects it has on
the intergenerational cycle. The analysis uses life course theory, historical and cultural trauma theories,
and intersectionality theory to propose three structural analyses of state-perpetrated violence. The essay
explains how policies to support early childhood mental health and strong families are consistent with
attempts to lessen state-perpetrated violence in the present and undo its past impacts. Discussion is had
regarding the suggested agenda for better integrating these initiatives into research and policy.

Title: An intersectional perspective on the intergenerational transmission of trauma and state-

perpetrated violence
URL: https://spssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/josi.12404

Local studies:

1. By offering decentralized procedures for police accountability, community policing and citizen
participation can improve local security. Citizens' decisions are influenced by factors like common
interests, relative costs of cooperation, costs of crime, prevalence of cooperation, and perceptions of
police effectiveness. Cooperation can improve by up to 55% when there is increased police
effectiveness, witness protection, and neighborhood trust. This study sheds light on what makes
community members and law enforcement work well together.

Title: Citizen Cooperation with the Police: Evidence from Contemporary Guatemala
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00104140221139379

2. In this study, 200 police investigators from the Criminal Investigation Course at the General Santos
City Police Office are evaluated for their effectiveness and successes. The findings indicate great
success in striving, involvement, and leadership, as well as high efficiency in access to knowledge,
assistance, resources, and opportunities.

Title: THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF INVESTIGATORS’ COMPETENCE ON THE

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EFFICIENCY AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF POLICE
INVESTIGATORS
URL: https://oapub.org/edu/index.php/ejes/article/view/4883

Foreign studies:

1. While there has been a sizable amount of study on determining the correlates of citizens' happiness
with police agencies, that research has not been analyzed in a way that identifies trends across various
studies. The findings of a meta-analysis that evaluated the predictive power of the most often included
correlates of police satisfaction are presented in this article.

Title: What matters in citizen satisfaction with police: A meta-analysis

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047235220302543
2. Police have difficulty overcoming cognitive biases, which are a major cause of excessive use of
force worldwide. The impact of attempts to lessen these biases in conflict management is constrained
by expert decision-making fallacies and biases, which are the source of these prejudices. To achieve a
systemic understanding of cognitive biases and their detrimental effects, implementing reflexive
structures within the police is crucial. This will make it possible to reflect on outside influences
effectively and prevent prejudice and errors from propagating in a self-referential loop.

Title: The problem of entanglement: Biases and fallacies in police conflict management
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14613557211064054?journalCode=psma

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlpgted9iL0 -TUTORIAL HOW TO CREATE

RRL..

https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/folders/5buXpLPNqas0o1qrRfxJD2/lists/
22M5gn4pY9JdqGwLrZyy5n/ -APA FORMAT generator..
 https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58802121/PNP-libre.pdf?
1554465411=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename
%3DPUBLIC_PERCEPTION_ON_JOB_PERFORMANCE_OF.pdf&Expires=1689618982&Sig
nature=DNlYiBnJ8I7kbECIIU0JxTRiIeljlkPJHO7btSHqlBq-uAnR-
lGRFlm0smiMgJoEop0jN6xVzv6rmqo~LpazQLOLid7C6wmCV9bI6DZXxTcaGduP2vJHXx
OV0Jia5TVp-EuTm-kq4GIyDUPv1iDnh-
H7VuK7K4ESE4jqyYQcvDEH6z9yLGPv26dGUKApVcMSCtfAyuW-kdkFhMi5udp-JNwdM-
351cCiFuFcVIS0-SBgUZNlTFq7PwXPjacylcay5Wb-
fkSCSXnF9nZkERxzlP0O8he9c8Ra9KM2aW-
OACRoXnEnlXeWR4V72QqeAAtGEr7jdvV14tJs6EkVF7sUsA__&Key-Pair-
Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA

“sample thesis”
Foreign studies

Base on Kurui (2018), It is easier to spot terrorist acts

when there is trust and respect between the community and the police.
A group of people can make it difficult for criminals to operate by
building alliances and offering top-notch police service. This
network can be developed to address more significant problems, like
conducting criminal investigations and stopping violent extremism.
For "softer" counterterrorism policing techniques, which seek to
combat extremist beliefs and influence at the local level, public
support and trust are essential. The primary objectives of Kenya's
counterterrorism strategy are to pursue suspects, thwart their plans,
and tackle the motivations of terrorists.

REF:

Kurui, S. C. (2018). An analysis of Kenya’s counter-terrorism policy

and its implications on Police Community Relations (Thesis).
Strathmore University. Retrieved from
http://suplus.strathmore.edu/handle/11071/6048

According to Mazerolle (2020), Police can stop violent

extremism by stopping terrorist plots and collaborating with
communities to detect those who might become radicalized. Police
programs can incorporate a variety of strategies and collaborations,
such as strengthening community relationships by addressing issues of
social exclusion, belonging, economic opportunity, and social norms
that might encourage support for violent extremist agendas. Police
can lessen the risk of radicalization and foster a feeling of
community and trust by cooperating in a legal and orderly manner with
local residents and organisations. By preventing people from becoming
radicalized by violent extremists, this strategy lowers the
likelihood of radicalization in the community.

REF:

Mazerolle, L., Eggins, E., Cherney, A., Hine, L., Higginson, A., &
Belton, E. (2020). Police programmes that seek to increase community
connectedness for reducing violent extremism behaviour, attitudes and
beliefs. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 16(3).
https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1111
 Moreover,Murray (2017) Trust and legitimacy are crucial for
building strong relationships between law enforcement and
communities. Distrust can result in a lack of community involvement
and a perception of the police as an occupying force. American
policing has faced challenges in trust, legitimacy, and
accountability, leading to calls for police reform. This thesis
examines the Patten Report and its reforms in Northern Ireland, as
well as the Police Service of Northern Ireland's implementation of
recommendations. The analysis uses an appreciative inquiry approach
to examine the application of the report to American policing and
compares it to The Final Report of the President's Task Force on 21st
Century Policing. The conclusion is that the Patten Report serves as
a model for policymakers in the United States, and applying lessons
learned from Northern Ireland and the Patten Report can enhance
American policing's ability to build trust, legitimacy, and
strengthen homeland security.

REF:

Murray, John Charles (2017). Born of the troubles: lessons in trust

and legitimacy from the police service of Northern Ireland. Monterey,
California: Naval Postgraduate School
https://hdl.handle.net/10945/56771

Importance of interactions and good relationships between

police officers and the community in order to avoid any kind of
violence or disagreement, as found in this study done by Roger et al.
(2019) that in 2018, around 1,000 US police officers were fatally
shot, with mental illness being involved in 25% of those fatalities.
Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training is a specialized police
curriculum aimed at reducing the risk of injury or death during
emergency interactions between individuals with mental illness and
officers. CIT has been widely implemented nationally and
internationally, but analyzing its effectiveness and outcomes is
crucial due to the different terminologies, approaches, and outcome
studies used in both the mental health and criminal justice arenas.
Studies generally support that CIT has beneficial officer-level
outcomes, such as increased officer satisfaction and reduced use of
force. However, there is limited evidence in peer-reviewed literature
showing CIT's benefits on objective measures of arrests, officer
injury, citizen injury, or use of force.
REF:

Rogers, M. J., McNiel, D. E., & Binder, R. L. (2019). Effectiveness

of police crisis intervention training programs. PubMed, 47(4), 414–
421. https://doi.org/10.29158/jaapl.003863-19

According to Zahnow et al. (2019) The invariance thesis of

police legitimacy suggests that citizens who perceive police as
procedurally just and effective are more likely to view them as
legitimate authorities. This study, a partial replication of Wolfe et
al.'s research, compares the effects of citizen perceptions of
procedural justice (PJ) and police effectiveness (PE) on perceptions
of police legitimacy across individual characteristics in Australia.
The results show that PJ perceptions on police legitimacy are largely
invariant across individual differences. However, the impact of PE
perceptions is not invariant, particularly for people with visible
minority status. This contradicts previous research, suggesting that
the invariance of police legitimacy is influenced by individual
perceptions of procedural justice and police effectiveness.

REF:

Zahnow, R., Mazerolle, L., & Pang, A. (2019). Do individual

differences matter in the way people view police legitimacy? A
partial replication and extension of invariance thesis. Policing: A
Journal of Policy and Practice, 15(2), 665–685.
https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paz066