The mhchem Bundle

Documentation for the LATEX Packages

mhchem v4.09,
hpstatement v2.0.0 and
rsphrase v3.11

Martin Hensel
mhchemNOSPAM
@MartinHensel..de
2021-12-31

The mhchem package provides commands for typesetting chemical mo-

lecular formulae and equations.
The hpstatement package provides commands for the official hazard state-
ments and precautionary statements (H and P statements) that are used to
label chemicals. 1272/2008, GHS.
The rsphrase package provides commands for the official Risk and Safety
(R and S) Phrases that are used to label chemicals.

1
Contents

The mhchem Package 4

Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chemical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chemical Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Oxidation States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Stoichiometric Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Nuclides, Isotopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Parenthesis, Brackets, Braces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
States of Aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Unpaired Electrons, Radical Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Variables like x, n, 2n+1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Greek Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
(Italic) Math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Italic Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Escape Parsing, Upright Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Addition Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Reaction Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Equation Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Precipitate and Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Further Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Equation Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Aligning Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Own Equation Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Splitting the \ce command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Comma Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Layer Stacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
The Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Fine Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Text Font and Math Font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Greek Font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2
 Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Stacked Superscripts and Subscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Rudimentary TEX4ht (htlatex) support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Major Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Migrating from version 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Migrating from version 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Migrating from version 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Most Recent Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

The hpstatement Package and the rsphrase Package 21

Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Most Recent Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Appendix 24
List of Implemented H and P Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
List of Implemented R and S Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3
The mhchem Package

Preamble

To use mhchem, request it in your document’s preamble with the command

\usepackage[version=4]{mhchem} !
What about the version=4? During development, I became aware that additional functionality could not
be added without changing the user-interface slightly. But what about backward compatibility? I could,
of course freeze mhchem and publish an mhchem2 package. However, I decided to use a parameter in
order to switch to the new interface. One can use version=4 for the most-recent version of mhchem, but
version=2 to version=1 are still there for existing documents that use an old user-interface of mhchem.
Those old documents should still produce the same results. However, spacing might differ slightly.

mhchem needs a couple of other packages. For instance, expl3, amsmath and calc.

Chemical Equations

CO2 + C −−→ 2 CO \ce{CO2 + C -> 2 CO}

I– I– \ce{Hg^2+ ->[I-] HgI2

Hg2+ −−→ HgI2 −−→ [HgII I4 ]2 – ->[I-] [Hg^{II}I4]^2-}

Chemical Formulae

H2 O \ce{H2O}

Sb2 O3 \ce{Sb2O3}

This works in text mode (even in headings) and in math mode. (For PDF bookmarks
you might have to specify a text-only version.)
\sffamily\itshape
This is text with H2 O and H2 O.
This is text with \ce{H2O} and $\ce{H2O}$.
For how to fine-tune the font usage, see Fine Tuning.

4
Charges

H+ \ce{H+}

CrO4 2 – \ce{CrO4^2-}

[AgCl2 ] – \ce{[AgCl2]-}

Y99+ \ce{Y^99+}

Y99+ \ce{Y^{99+}}

This will work in text mode and math mode. For text, the en-dash will be used as a
minus sign.

Oxidation States

FeII FeIII 2 O4 \ce{Fe^{II}Fe^{III}2O4}

Stoichiometric Numbers

2 H2 O \ce{2H2O}

2 H2 O \ce{2 H2O}

0.5 H2 O \ce{0.5H2O}
1
2 H2 O \ce{1/2H2O}

(1/2) H2 O \ce{(1/2)H2O} % IUPAC Green Book

n H2 O \ce{$n$H2O}

This works in text mode and math mode. (The fraction line always comes from math
mode and might appear too small when using bold text fonts.)

5
Nuclides, Isotopes

227 + \ce{^{227}_{90}Th+}
90Th
227 + \ce{^227_90Th+}
90Th
0 – \ce{^{0}_{-1}n^{-}}
– 1n
0 – \ce{^0_-1n-}
– 1n

It might be ambiguous whether a superscript belongs to the left or right letter. You can
make sure by hand (using {}) or leave it to the automatic detection (digits only = mass
number = belongs to right side).
H 3HO \ce{H{}^3HO}\\
H 3HO \ce{H^3HO}
Of course, all of this works in text mode and math mode.

Parenthesis, Brackets, Braces

Use parenthesis ( ) and brackets [ ] normally. Write braces as \{ \}.

(NH4 )2 S \ce{(NH4)2S}

[{(X2 )3 }2 ]3+ \ce{[\{(X2)3\}2]^3+}

Small parenthesis etc. work in both, text mode and math mode. Large parenthesis etc.
are a math-mode only feature.

Both, \left and \right macros, need to be in the same math environment, so you
might have to put \ce into $ into \ce, but that’s fine.
 
79
CH4 + 2 O2 + N2
21
\ce{CH4 + 2 $\left( \ce{O2 + 79/21 N2} \right)$}

6
States of Aggregation

H2 (aq) \ce{H2(aq)} % IUPAC recommendation

CO3 2 – (aq) \ce{CO3^2-{}_{(aq)}} % not IUPAC-conform

NaOH(aq, ∞) \ce{NaOH(aq,$\infty$)}

This works in text mode and math mode.

Unpaired Electrons, Radical Dots

OCO• – \ce{OCO^{.-}}

NO(2•) – \ce{NO^{(2.)-}}

This superscript-only feature works in text mode and math mode. A math bullet is
used.

Variables like x, n, 2n+1

Typographical conventions say that variables are typeset in italic font, while other en-
tities (like chemical elements) are typeset in an upright font.

mhchem tries to recognize common patterns and use the correct (italic) font, like the x
and 2n in the following examples.

NOx NOx $\ce{NO_x}$ \sffamily\bfseries \ce{NO_x}

Fen+ Fen+ $\ce{Fe^n+}$ \sffamily\bfseries \ce{Fe^n+}

∆
x Na(NH4 )HPO4 −−→ (NaPO3 ) x + x NH3 ↑ + x H2 O

$\ce{x Na(NH4)HPO4 ->[\Delta] (NaPO3)_x + x NH3 ^ + x H2O}$

If a more complex term is not properly recognized, you can switch to math mode (=
italics) explicitly.

7
Greek Characters

Just write \alpha etc. This works in text mode and math mode.

Typographical conventions say that variables are typeset in italic font, while other en-
tities (like chemical elements) are typeset in an upright font. Here, the Greek character
is not a variable that stands for a number, therefore an upright font is used.

µ-Cl \ce{\mu-Cl}

[Pt(η2 -C2 H4 )Cl3 ] – \ce{[Pt(\eta^2-C2H4)Cl3]-}

If the greek character is followed by a space, you need to type {}, otherwise the space
will be lost.
234 0
90Th −−→ – 1β + 234
91Pa \ce{^234_90Th -> ^0_-1\beta{} + ^234_91Pa}

By defaut, LATEX does not come with upright Greek characters. Therefore, it is recom-
mended to load a package for that, that visually fits to your font. For more details, see
the section Greek Font.

If you need an italic Greek character (i. e. a variable that stands for a number), use math
mode like $\alpha$.

(Italic) Math

By using $...$, you can esacpe to ‘font-corrected math mode’.

$\ce{NaOH(aq,$\infty$)}$\\
NaOH(aq, ∞)
\sffamily\bfseries
NaOH(aq, ∞)
\ce{NaOH(aq,$\infty$)}
$\ce{Fe(CN)_{$\frac{6}{2}$}}$\\
Fe(CN) 26
\sffamily\bfseries
Fe(CN) 62
\ce{Fe(CN)_{$\frac{6}{2}$}}
In font-corrected math mode, mhchem regonizes some common patterns and prints
them font-corrected (e. g. for use in headings). Otherwise, it will fall back to ‘full math
mode’.

NOx NOx $\ce{NO_$x$}$ \sffamily\bfseries \ce{NO_$x$}

You can force ‘full math mode’ with ${...}$.

NOx NOx $\ce{NO_${x}$}$ \sffamily\bfseries \ce{NO_${x}$}

8
Italic Text

With the same mechanism, you can switch to italic font.

$\ce{$cis${-}[PtCl2(NH3)2]}$\\
cis-[PtCl2 (NH3 )2 ]
\sffamily\bfseries
cis-[PtCl2 (NH3 )2 ]
\ce{$cis${-}[PtCl2(NH3)2]}
Spaces will be ignored. Use a ~ when you need to typeset a space.

This works for the text mode as long as you use latin characters. It also works for the
math font.

Escape Parsing, Upright Text

If you want to escape parsing, for instance for a simple hyphen (that should not become
a bond), use {...}.
\ce{{(+)}_589{-}[Co(en)3]Cl3}\\
(+)589 -[Co(en)3 ]Cl3
\sffamily\bfseries
(+)589 -[Co(en)3 ]Cl3
\ce{{(+)}_589{-}[Co(en)3]Cl3}

Addition Compounds

KCr(SO4 )2 · 12 H2 O \ce{KCr(SO4)2*12H2O}

KCr(SO4 )2 · 12 H2 O \ce{KCr(SO4)2.12H2O}

KCr(SO4 )2 · 12 H2 O \ce{KCr(SO4)2 * 12 H2O}

The centered dot is taken from math font.

Bonds

C6 H5 – CHO \ce{C6H5-CHO}

A–B–C–
–D \ce{A-B=C#D}
\sffamily\bfseries
A – B – C –– D
\ce{A-B=C#D}

9
mhchem tries to differentiate whether \ce{-} should be a bond, a charge or a hy-
phen.

The # bond might not work if you pass it through other commands. In this case, use
\bond{3} instead.

A–B–C–
–D \ce{A\bond{-}B\bond{=}C\bond{#}D}

A–B–C–
–D \ce{A\bond{1}B\bond{2}C\bond{3}D}

A ––– B –––– C \ce{A\bond{~}B\bond{~-}C}

A –––– B –––– C ––
––– D \ce{A\bond{~--}B\bond{~=}C\bond{-~-}D}

A···B····C \ce{A\bond{...}B\bond{....}C}

A→B←C \ce{A\bond{->}B\bond{<-}C}

Text mode: Line-based bonds are based on the text-font’s en-dash. For all the others,
math glyphs are used.

Math mode: Bonds are based on the math-font minus sign. All bonds are vertically
aligned on the math axis. For most math fonts, this is slightly lower than half the height
of a capital letter.

If you switch to another font, the sidebearing of the minus sign may vary, which would
cause the dashed bonds to align badly. In that case, adjust the alignment by using the
following command with slightly changed values. Use \mhchemoptions{minus-text-
sidebearing-left=0.10em, minus-text-sidebearing-right=0.16em} for text font
adjustment and \mhchemoptions{minus-math-sidebearing-left=0.06em, minus-
math-sidebearing-right=0.11em} for math font.

Reaction Arrows

A −−→ B \ce{A -> B}

A ←−− B \ce{A <- B}
A ←−→ B \ce{A <-> B}% not to be used according to IUPAC
A−←−
−→−B \ce{A <--> B}
A)−−
−*−B \ce{A <=> B}
A −)
−*B
− \ce{A <=>> B}
−
*
A )−− B \ce{A <<=> B}

The arrow arguments use the same syntax as the \ce command.

10
 H O
\ce{A ->[H2O] B}\\% chemistry
2
A −− →B \sffamily\bfseries
H2 O
A −−→ B \ce{A ->[H2O] B}
text above \ce{A ->[{text above}][{text below}] B}\\% text
A −−−−−→ B
text below
text above
\sffamily\bfseries
A −−−−−→ B \ce{A ->[{text above}][{text below}] B}
text below
x \ce{A ->[$x$][$x_i$] B}\\% font-corrected math
A −−
x
→B i
x \sffamily\bfseries
A −−
x
→B
i \ce{A ->[$x$][$x_i$] B}

x \ce{A ->[${x}$] B}\\% full math

A −−→ B \sffamily\bfseries
x
A −−→ B \ce{A ->[${x}$] B}
For how you can change the layout of the arrows, see Fine Tuning.

Equation Operators

A+B \ce{A + B}

A–B \ce{A - B} % not to be confused with bonds

A=B \ce{A = B} % not to be confused with bonds

A±B \ce{A \pm B}

This works in text mode and math mode. The respective font is used, except for \pm,
which always come from math font.

Precipitate and Gas

SO4 2 – + Ba2+ −−→ BaSO4 ↓ \ce{SO4^2- + Ba^2+ -> BaSO4 v}

A ↓ B ↓ −−→ B ↑ B ↑ \ce{A v B (v) -> B ^ B (^)}

11
Further Examples

\ce{Zn^2+
<=>[+ 2OH-][+ 2H+]
$\underset{\text{amphoteres Hydroxid}}{\ce{Zn(OH)2 v}}$
<=>[+ 2OH-][+ 2H+]
$\underset{\text{Hydroxozikat}}{\ce{[Zn(OH)4]^2-}}$
}
+ 2 OH – + 2 OH –
Zn2+ −
)−−−−
−−−−*
+
− Zn(OH)2 ↓ −−−−−
)−−−−*
+
− [Zn(OH)4 ]2 –
+ 2H amphoteres Hydroxid + 2H Hydroxozikat

$K = \frac{[\ce{Hg^2+}][\ce{Hg}]}{[\ce{Hg2^2+}]}$

[Hg2+ ][Hg]
K= [Hg2 2+ ]

$K = \ce{\frac{[Hg^2+][Hg]}{[Hg2^2+]}}$

[Hg2+ ][Hg]
K= [Hg2 2+ ]

\ce{Hg^2+ ->[I-]
$\underset{\mathrm{red}}{\ce{HgI2}}$
->[I-]
$\underset{\mathrm{red}}{\ce{[Hg^{II}I4]^2-}}$
}
I– I–
Hg2+ −−→ HgI2 −−→ [HgII I4 ]2 –
red red

Equation Environments

Aligning Equations

You can use & and \\ inside \ce to align equations.

+e \begin{align*}
RNO2 −
)−
−− RNO2 −•
*
\ce{RNO2 &<=>[+e] RNO2^{-.} \\
−• +e
RNO2 −
)−
−− RNO2 2−
* RNO2^{-.} &<=>[+e] RNO2^2-}
\end{align*}

12
Own Equation Command

When you use equation environments containing a \ce very often, you might want
to create your own command. You could—preferably in your preamble—define the
following two commands

\newcommand\reaction[1]{\begin{equation}\ce{#1}\end{equation}}
\newcommand\reactionnonumber[1]%
{\begin{equation*}\ce{#1}\end{equation*}}

and then use them as follows.

CO2 + C (0.1)
\reaction{CO2 + C}
CO2 + C \reactionnonumber{CO2 + C}

The advanced LATEX user could replace the two definitions by one

\makeatletter
\newcommand\reaction@[1]{\begin{equation}\ce{#1}\end{equation}}
\newcommand\reaction@nonumber[1]%
{\begin{equation*}\ce{#1}\end{equation*}}
\newcommand\reaction{\@ifstar{\reaction@nonumber}{\reaction@}}
\makeatother

and then write

CO2 + C (0.2)
\reaction{CO2 + C}
CO2 + C \reaction*{CO2 + C}

for the same result.

So far, so good. All reactions will be labelled exactly as all the equations. A few people
asked for a different set of numbers for equations and reactions. One could use this
code:

\makeatletter
\newcounter{reaction}
%%% >> for article <<
%\renewcommand\thereaction{C\,\arabic{reaction}}
%%% << for article <<

13
 %%% >> for report and book >>
\renewcommand\thereaction{C\,\thechapter.\arabic{reaction}}
\@addtoreset{reaction}{chapter}
%%% << for report and book <<
\newcommand\reactiontag%
{\refstepcounter{reaction}\tag{\thereaction}}
\newcommand\reaction@[2][]%
{\begin{equation}\ce{#2}%
\ifx\@empty#1\@empty\else\label{#1}\fi%
\reactiontag\end{equation}}
\newcommand\reaction@nonumber[1]%
{\begin{equation*}\ce{#1}\end{equation*}}
\newcommand\reaction%
{\@ifstar{\reaction@nonumber}{\reaction@}}
\makeatother

With that, all reactions will be labelled independently of the equations.

a+b (0.3)

CO2 + C (C 0.1) \begin{equation}a+b\end{equation}

CO2 + C \reaction{CO2 + C}
\reaction*{CO2 + C}
\reaction[react:co]{CO2 + C}
CO2 + C (C 0.2)
\begin{equation}a+b\end{equation}

a+b (0.4)

Splitting the \ce command

As mentioned before, you can use $ to switch to math mode inside \ce. But maybe,
you want to ‘escape’ to outside of \ce.

Comma Example

Assume, you are getting tired of typing

14
N2 , O2 , CO2 \ce{N2}, \ce{O2}, \ce{CO2}

Then you could define your own command that splits at commas (plus space).
\newcommand*\cec[1]{\cesplit{{\,\ }{\0}}{#1}}
N2 , O2 , CO2
\cec{N2, O2, CO2}
You could re-define \ce with \newcommand*\ce{\cesplit{...}{#1}}, if you do not
like to create a new name.

Layer Stacks

Another example shows how physicists can use mhchem to write layer stacks.

\newcommand*\stackslash{\text{/}\allowbreak}
\newcommand*\stackhyphen{\text{-}\allowbreak}
\newcommand\stack[1]{%
\cesplit{%
. . . structure of Co-
{\/}{\c{stackslash}}%
Fe-B/HfO2 /Co-Fe-
{-}{\c{stackhyphen}}%
B is resp. . .
}{#1}%
}
\ldots\ structure of
\stack{Co-Fe-B/HfO2/Co-Fe-B} is resp\ldots

The Details

\cesplit takes two parameters. The first one is a list of search-and-replace pairs, the
second parameter is the chemistry string as you would put into \ce. The search-and-
replace list uses the syntax of l3regex. As a rule of thumb, precede every non-letter
with a backslash. You can replace it with some other text, or use \0 to retain the match.
If you want to replace with a macro, write \c{macroname}. For further details, refer to
the l3regex manual.

Do not nest \cesplit commands.

The result of \cesplit does not have the feature to use & and \\ as you might to want
to deal with them differently. \ce is itself defined by \cesplit (which, technically
speaking, does not split \ce, but an internal command). As \ce is defined by

15
 \cesplit % spaced added for readability
{
{ \c{\\}(\[.*?\])? } { \0 }
{ \& } { \0 }
}
{#1}

you could add these rules to you own \cesplit definition.

Fine Tuning

All options explained here, can either be set using the \mhchemoptions command

\mhchemoptions{arrows=pgf}

or as options to the package

\usepackage[version=4,arrows=pgf]{mhchem}

Text Font and Math Font

mhchem uses the current text font (if you use \ce in text mode) or the current math
font (if you use \ce in math mode). If you want, however, you can set a font that will
be used for all your formulae and equations.

Inside your document, you can use

\mhchemoptions{textfontcommand=\sffamily}
\mhchemoptions{mathfontcommand=\mathsf}

in order to get sanf-serif fonts in both, text mode and math mode.

You can use any font command there, not only the mentioned ones. Please be aware
that the text-font command is a font switching command (taking no arguments) while
the math-font command takes one argument and typesets it.

You can specify the commands by name only, i. e. without the \.

\mhchemoptions{textfontname=sffamily}
\mhchemoptions{mathfontname=mathsf}

16
Only the latter options can be used with the \usepackage command, because the font
commands are not properly defined in the preamble, yet. The shortcut

\mhchemoptions{font=sf}

sets the two fonts to sans-serif, as mentioned above, and

\mhchemoptions{font=}

switches back to the default, which is equivalent to

\mhchemoptions{textfontcommand=,mathfontcommand=\mathrm}

Greek Font

If you load a package for upright Greek characters, this will automatically be used.
You can load any of the following packages (e.g. \usepackage{textgreek} in the
preamble). Choose the one that visually fits your font.

– textgreek,
– upgreek,
– newtx,
– kpfonts,
– mathdesign,
– fourier,
– textalpha,
– fontspec.

This functionality was possible by the very neat chemgreek package of Clemens
Niederberger. If you want to have different Greek fonts for text mode and math
mode, you can specify these ‘mappings’ by (for instance) \mhchemoptions{text-
greek=upgreek, math-greek=default}. You can use any of the package names from
above, or default or var-default. Refer to the chemgreek manual for details (in par-
ticular its Appendix ‘Overviews Over the Mappings’).

Arrows

By default, mhchem uses arrows that are composed of different math-font characters,
because it uses some features of the amsmath package.
\mhchemoptions{arrows=font}% default
A−
←−
−→
−B \ce{A <--> B}

17
But you may switch to arrows drawn with PGF (using TikZ). These are activated by

\usepackage[version=3,arrows=pgf]{mhchem}
% or
\usepackage[version=3,arrows=pgf-filled]{mhchem}

The tikz package is loaded automatically if you switch to PGF arrows in the pre-
amble (as you do when using \usepackage). If you switch inside your document (with
\mhchemoptions), don’t forget to load the required packages manually in your pre-
amble: \RequirePackage{tikz}\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}.
\mhchemoptions{arrows=pgf}
A B
\ce{A <--> B}
\mhchemoptions{arrows=pgf-filled}
A B
\ce{A <--> B}
You can select other pre-defined PGF arrows (see PGF manual) or even define your
own. Activate them with the option pgf={arrow-name}{line-width}. The dimen-
sions of your custom arrows are expected to be close to those of the built-in mhchem
arrows. By the way, they have line width of 0.09ex.
\mhchemoptions{arrows=%
A B pgf{Kite[length=0pt 4,width’=0pt 1]}{0.15ex}}
\ce{A <--> B}

Stacked Superscripts and Subscripts

\mhchemoptions{layout=staggered-flat}% default
CrO4 2 –
\ce{CrO4^2-}
\mhchemoptions{layout=staggered-deep}
CrO42 –
\ce{CrO4^2-}
\mhchemoptions{layout=stacked}
CrO24 –
\ce{CrO4^2-} % not IUPAC-conform

Rudimentary TEX4ht (htlatex) support

mhchem has basic support for TEX4ht (htlatex). Summary formulae should work fine.
Special bonds and reaction arrows are recognizable, but ugly. Complex math with mh-
chem inside might fail completely.

18
Major Changes

Migrating from version 1

Inner - characters are considered to be bonds. Use $...$ for math mode inside \ce (no
braces any more).

Migrating from version 2

Meaning and usage of \bond changed.

Migrating from version 3

The arrow arguments are set with the same syntax as the \ce command—use $...$ or
${...}$ for math. Deprecated commands like \cf, , and ‘ and \hyphen and \cmath
were removed completely. \cee was removed—just use \ce. {...} does escape to text
now, not math. $...$ does only escape to ‘font-corrected math mode’—check the res-
ults. Additional spaces will be inserted: A $x\,$H2O should be changed to $x$ H2O.
Appearance of bonds, radical dot, x, single-letter variables, - in subscripts etc. slightly
changed—check if this fits with your font, in particular your text font. Check all com-
plex subscripts and superscripts (more than just number or a charge).

Most Recent Changes

2021-12-31 mhchem v4.09

• Bring back lost TeX4ht support

2018-06-22 mhchem v4.08

• Work around unicode-math incompatibilities

2017-07-24 mhchem v4.07

• Adapt to LATEX3 (expl3) changes

19
2017-01-16 mhchem v4.06

• Adapt to upcoming LATEX3 change

2016-08-07 mhchem v4.05

• extended variable recognition – single lower-case letters in superscripts/subscripts

are typeset in an italic font
• improved bond/charge/hyphen distinction
• fixed error handling for nonstopmode

2016-02-07 mhchem v4.04

• support for negative subscripts, \ce{^0_-1n-}

• \frac{}{} added
• $\alpha$ fixed (math Greek)

2015-11-29 mhchem v4.03

• reworked arrows and provided option for custom pgf arrows

• improved speed

2015-07-23 mhchem v4.02

• added rudimentary TeX4ht support

• fixed the \str_case:nnn bug—expl3 removed that function

2015-04-23 mhchem v4.01

• support upright greek characters (chemgreek)

• syntax improvements
• recognition of states of aggregation
• text-font operators +, -, =

2015-04-07 mhchem v4.00

• many syntax improvements

• many layout improvements
• stricter distinction between text font and math font, many math features are trans-
lated into their text equivalent, e.g. italic variables
• new options
• removed deprecated commands

20
The hpstatement Package and the rsphrase
Package

The hpstatement package contains all official hazard statements and precautionary
statements (H and P) of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and La-
belling of Chemicals (GHS) and of the CLP Regulation of the European Union.

The statements are fully supported in English, French, and German. For other lan-
guages, just the base forms are available.

The rsphrase package contains the text of all official Risk and Safety (R and S) Phrases
that were used to label chemicals.

These phrases are available in Danish, Englisch, French, German, Spanish, and
Italian.

Please be advised that, as stated in the license, the authors provide no warranty of
correctness.

Usage

The hpstatement package contains all text versions published by the European Par-
liament. Load the package with \usepackage{hpstatement} to get the most-recent
versions. Or load with \usepackage[date=2021-01-01]{hpstatement} to get texts
of a certain date and keep the document stable even after an update. In case you would
need to switch within a document, use \hpsetup{date=2021-01-01}.

The package provides two commands: \hpstatement and \hpnumber. \hpstatement

inserts the statement’s text, \hpnumber its formatted number.

The statement H200 The statement \hpnumber{H200}\\

is ‘Unstable explosives.’ is ‘\hpstatement{H200}’

21
One can use the two commands with an empty argument. It is then assumed that the
argument is equivalent to the one used previously.

The statement H200 The statement \hpnumber{H200}\\

is ‘Unstable explosives.’ is ‘\hpstatement{}’

The commands add text in your currently selected language.

\selectlanguage{ngerman}% babel
H200: Instabil, explosiv. \hpnumber{H200}:
\hpstatement{}

Some phrases allow you to choose between certain alternatives. In these cases, special
numbers (<number>.1, <number>.2, . . . ) are available for \hpstatement. Of course,
the official number is typeset if you call \hpnumber with a special number.

P241: Use explosion-proof ventilating \hpnumber{P241.2}:

equipment. \hpstatement{}

For phrases with selection, an additional special number is provided that refers to the
base form as stated in the regulations: <number>.0 (e. g. P241.0).

P241: Use explosion-proof [electrical/ \hpnumber{P241.0}:

ventilating/lighting/. . . ] equipment. \hpstatement{}

Some statements refer to ‘this label’. If you are creating documents that are not la-
bels, you might want to rephrase this. You can do so, by using the (unofficial) <num-
ber>.nolabel statement (e. g. P321.nolabel).

See the appendix for a complete list of all implemented English statements, including
all options.

The rsphrase package has no date option, but otherwise works the same way, and
provides the commands \rsnumber and \rsphrase.

Source of the H and P statements: This project contains data extracted from The Regulation (EC) No
1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and
packaging of substances and mixtures (‘CLP regulation’), from https://eur-lex.europa.eu, enhanced
by individual contributors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Interna-
tional licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This means that you can re-use

22
the content provided you acknowledge the source and indicate any changes you have made. The data is
not necessarily comprehensive, complete, accurate or up to date. The acknowledgement is not needed
when using statements of the data set for labelling products, of course, as this is the intended usage. ©
European Union, https://eur-lex.europa.eu, 1998-2021, CC BY 4.0, © hpstatements contributors,
https://github.com/mhchem/hpstatements/contributors, 2019-2021, CC BY 4.0

Sources for the R and S phrases were documents downloaded from http://europa.eu.int, previously
to be found under http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/dansub/pdfs/annex3_en.pdf and
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/dansub/pdfs/annex4_en.pdf which in turn were linked
from http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/dansub/main67_548/index_en.htm.

Most Recent Changes

2021-12-31 hpstatement v2.0.0

• Using most-recent statements from the EU

• Adding date option and all statements in all versions ever published by the EU
• Enhanced statements just for English, French, German

23
Appendix

List of Implemented H and P Statements

These statements are available in English, French, and German.

For other languages, just the base forms are available, e. g. P241, but not P241.0, P241.1,
etc. A package update that brings full support might lead to an error message that will
be easy to fix. If you are a native speaker of either Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch,
Estonian, Finnish, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Pol-
ish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish or Swedish, and would like to
help offering the statements in those languages, please contact the author. It’s not much
work to do.

The statements are available in all the versions published by the European Union. Old-
est version: 2008-12-16. Newest version: 2021-10-01.

H200 (H200): Unstable explosives. H201 (H201): Explosive; mass explosion hazard. H202 (H202): Ex-
plosive, severe projection hazard. H203 (H203): Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard. H204 (H204):
Fire or projection hazard. H205 (H205): May mass explode in fire. H206 (H206): Fire, blast or projec-
tion hazard; increased risk of explosion if desensitising agent is reduced. H207 (H207): Fire or projection
hazard; increased risk of explosion if desensitising agent is reduced. H208 (H208): Fire hazard; increased
risk of explosion if desensitising agent is reduced. H220 (H220): Extremely flammable gas. H221 (H221):
Flammable gas. H222 (H222): Extremely flammable aerosol. H223 (H223): Flammable aerosol. H224
(H224): Extremely flammable liquid and vapour. H225 (H225): Highly flammable liquid and vapour.
H226 (H226): Flammable liquid and vapour. H228 (H228): Flammable solid. H229 (H229): Pressurised
container: May burst if heated. H230 (H230): May react explosively even in the absence of air. H231
(H231): May react explosively even in the absence of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature. H232
(H232): May ignite spontaneously if exposed to air. H240 (H240): Heating may cause an explosion. H241
(H241): Heating may cause a fire or explosion. H242 (H242): Heating may cause a fire. H250 (H250):
Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air. H251 (H251): Self-heating: may catch fire. H252 (H252): Self-
heating in large quantities; may catch fire. H260 (H260): In contact with water releases flammable gases
which may ignite spontaneously. H261 (H261): In contact with water releases flammable gases. H270
(H270): May cause or intensify fire; oxidiser. H271 (H271): May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidiser.
H272 (H272): May intensify fire; oxidiser. H280 (H280): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if
heated. H281 (H281): Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury. H290 (H290): May
be corrosive to metals. H300 (H300): Fatal if swallowed. H301 (H301): Toxic if swallowed. H302 (H302):
Harmful if swallowed. H304 (H304): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways. H310 (H310): Fatal
in contact with skin. H311 (H311): Toxic in contact with skin. H312 (H312): Harmful in contact with

24
skin. H314 (H314): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. H315 (H315): Causes skin irritation. H317
(H317): May cause an allergic skin reaction. H318 (H318): Causes serious eye damage. H319 (H319):
Causes serious eye irritation. H330 (H330): Fatal if inhaled. H331 (H331): Toxic if inhaled. H332 (H332):
Harmful if inhaled. H334 (H334): May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if in-
haled. H335 (H335): May cause respiratory irritation. H336 (H336): May cause drowsiness or dizziness.
H340.0 (H340): May cause genetic defects <state route of exposure if it is conclusively proven that no other
routes of exposure cause the hazard>. H340[] (H340): May cause genetic defects. H340[abc] (H340): May
cause genetic defects[abc]. H341.0 (H341): Suspected of causing genetic defects <state route of exposure
if it is conclusively proven that no other routes of exposure cause the hazard>. H341[] (H341): Suspected
of causing genetic defects. H341[abc] (H341): Suspected of causing genetic defects[abc]. H350.0 (H350):
May cause cancer <state route of exposure if it is conclusively proven that no other routes of exposure
cause the hazard>. H350[] (H350): May cause cancer. H350[abc] (H350): May cause cancer[abc]. H350i
(H350i): May cause cancer by inhalation. H351.0 (H351): Suspected of causing cancer <state route of ex-
posure if it is conclusively proven that no other routes of exposure cause the hazard>. H351[] (H351):
Suspected of causing cancer. H351[abc] (H351): Suspected of causing cancer[abc]. H360.0 (H360): May
damage fertility or the unborn child <state specific effect if known > <state route of exposure if it is con-
clusively proven that no other routes of exposure cause the hazard>. H360[] (H360): May damage fertility
or the unborn child. H360[abc] (H360): May damage fertility or the unborn child[abc]. H360F (H360F):
May damage fertility. H360D (H360D): May damage the unborn child. H360FD (H360FD): May damage
fertility. May damage the unborn child. H360Fd (H360Fd): May damage fertility. Suspected of dam-
aging the unborn child. H360Df (H360Df): May damage the unborn child. Suspected of damaging fer-
tility. H361.0 (H361): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child <state specific effect if known>
<state route of exposure if it is conclusively proven that no other routes of exposure cause the hazard>.
H361[] (H361): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child. H361[abc] (H361): Suspected of dam-
aging fertility or the unborn child[abc]. H361f (H361f): Suspected of damaging fertility. H361d (H361d):
Suspected of damaging the unborn child. H361fd (H361fd): Suspected of damaging fertility. Suspected
of damaging the unborn child. H362 (H362): May cause harm to breast-fed children. H370.0 (H370):
Causes damage to organs <or state all organs affected, if known> <state route of exposure if it is con-
clusively proven that no other routes of exposure cause the hazard>. H370.1 (H370): Causes damage to
organs. H370.1[def] (H370): Causes damage to organs[def]. H370[abc] (H370): Causes damage to [abc].
H370[abc][def] (H370): Causes damage to [abc][def]. H371.0 (H371): May cause damage to organs <or
state all organs affected, if known> <state route of exposure if it is conclusively proven that no other
routes of exposure cause the hazard>. H371.1 (H371): May cause damage to organs. H371.1[def] (H371):
May cause damage to organs[def]. H371[abc] (H371): May cause damage to [abc]. H371[abc][def] (H371):
May cause damage to [abc][def]. H372.0 (H372): Causes damage to organs <or state all organs affected,
if known> through prolonged or repeated exposure <state route of exposure if it is conclusively proven
that no other routes of exposure cause the hazard>. H372.1 (H372): Causes damage to organs through
prolonged or repeated exposure. H372.1[def] (H372): Causes damage to organs[def]. H372[abc] (H372):
Causes damage to [abc] through prolonged or repeated exposure. H372[abc][def] (H372): Causes damage
to [abc][def]. H373.0 (H373): May cause damage to organs <or state all organs affected, if known> through
prolonged or repeated exposure <state route of exposure if it is conclusively proven that no other routes of
exposure cause the hazard>. H373.1 (H373): May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated
exposure. H373.1[def] (H373): May cause damage to organs[def]. H373[abc] (H373): May cause damage
to [abc] through prolonged or repeated exposure. H373[abc][def] (H373): May cause damage to [abc][def].
H300+H310 (H300 + H310): Fatal if swallowed or in contact with skin H300+H310+H330 (H300 + H310 +
H330): Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled H300+H330 (H300 + H330): Fatal if swallowed
or if inhaled H301+H311 (H301 + H311): Toxic if swallowed or in contact with skin H301+H311+H331
(H301 + H311 + H331): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled H301+H331 (H301 + H331):
Toxic if swallowed or if inhaled H302+H312 (H302 + H312): Harmful if swallowed or in contact with

25
skin H302+H312+H332 (H302 + H312 + H332): Harmful if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled
H302+H332 (H302 + H332): Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled H310+H330 (H310 + H330): Fatal in con-
tact with skin or if inhaled H311+H331 (H311 + H331): Toxic in contact with skin or if inhaled H312+H332
(H312 + H332): Harmful in contact with skin or if inhaled H400 (H400): Very toxic to aquatic life. H410
(H410): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects. H411 (H411): Toxic to aquatic life with long
lasting effects. H412 (H412): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects. H413 (H413): May cause
long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life. H420 (H420): Harms public health and the environment by
destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere EUH014 (EUH014): Reacts violently with water. EUH018.0
(EUH018): In use may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixture. EUH018.1 (EUH018): In use may
form flammable vapour-air mixture. EUH018.2 (EUH018): In use may form explosive vapour-air mix-
ture. EUH019 (EUH019): May form explosive peroxides. EUH029 (EUH029): Contact with water liberates
toxic gas. EUH031 (EUH031): Contact with acids liberates toxic gas. EUH032 (EUH032): Contact with
acids liberates very toxic gas. EUH044 (EUH044): Risk of explosion if heated under confinement. EUH066
(EUH066): Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking. EUH070 (EUH070): Toxic by eye con-
tact. EUH071 (EUH071): Corrosive to the respiratory tract. EUH201 (EUH201): Contains lead. Should
not be used on surfaces liable to be chewed or sucked by children. EUH201A (EUH201A): Warning! Con-
tains lead. EUH202 (EUH202): Cyanoacrylate. Danger. Bonds skin and eyes in seconds. Keep out of
the reach of children. EUH203 (EUH203): Contains chromium (VI). May produce an allergic reaction.
EUH204 (EUH204): Contains isocyanates. May produce an allergic reaction. EUH205 (EUH205): Contains
epoxy constituents. May produce an allergic reaction. EUH206 (EUH206): Warning! Do not use together
with other products. May release dangerous gases (chlorine). EUH207 (EUH207): Warning! Contains
cadmium. Dangerous fumes are formed during use. See information supplied by the manufacturer. Com-
ply with the safety instructions. EUH208.0 (EUH208): Contains <name of sensitising substance>. May
produce an allergic reaction. EUH208[abc] (EUH208): Contains [abc]. May produce an allergic reaction.
EUH209 (EUH209): Can become highly flammable in use. EUH209A (EUH209A): Can become flammable
in use. EUH210 (EUH210): Safety data sheet available on request. EUH211 (EUH211): Warning! Hazard-
ous respirable droplets may be formed when sprayed. Do not breathe spray or mist. EUH212 (EUH212):
Warning! Hazardous respirable dust may be formed when used. Do not breathe dust. EUH401 (EUH401):
To avoid risks to human health and the environment, comply with the instructions for use. P101 (P101):
If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand. P102 (P102): Keep out of reach of
children. P103 (P103): Read label before use. P201 (P201): Obtain special instructions before use. P202
(P202): Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. P210 (P210): Keep
away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking. P211 (P211):
Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source. P212 (P212): Avoid heating under confinement
or reduction of the desensitising agent. P220 (P220): Keep away from clothing and other combustible ma-
terials. P222 (P222): Do not allow contact with air. P223 (P223): Do not allow contact with water. P230.0
(P230): Keep wetted with. . . P230[abc] (P230): Keep wetted with [abc] P231.0 (P231): Handle and store
contents under inert gas/. . . P231.1 (P231): Handle and store contents under inert gas P231[abc] (P231):
Handle and store contents under [abc] P232 (P232): Protect from moisture. P233 (P233): Keep container
tightly closed. P234 (P234): Keep only in original packaging. P235 (P235): Keep cool. P240 (P240): Ground
and bond container and receiving equipment. P241.0 (P241): Use explosion-proof [electrical/ventilating/
lighting/. . . ] equipment. P241.1 (P241): Use explosion-proof electrical equipment. P241.2 (P241): Use
explosion-proof ventilating equipment. P241.3 (P241): Use explosion-proof lighting equipment. P242
(P242): Use non-sparking tools. P243 (P243): Take action to prevent static discharges. P244 (P244): Keep
valves and fittings free from oil and grease. P250.0 (P250): Do not subject to grinding/shock/friction/
. . . . P250.1 (P250): Do not subject to grinding. P250.2 (P250): Do not subject to shock. P250.3 (P250): Do
not subject to friction. P251 (P251): Do not pierce or burn, even after use. P260.0 (P260): Do not breathe
dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. P260.1 (P260): Do not breathe dust. P260.2 (P260): Do not breathe
fume. P260.3 (P260): Do not breathe gas. P260.4 (P260): Do not breathe mist. P260.5 (P260): Do not

26
breathe vapours. P260.6 (P260): Do not breathe spray. P261.0 (P261): Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/
mist/vapours/spray. P261.1 (P261): Avoid breathing dust. P261.2 (P261): Avoid breathing fume. P261.3
(P261): Avoid breathing gas. P261.4 (P261): Avoid breathing mist. P261.5 (P261): Avoid breathing va-
pours. P261.6 (P261): Avoid breathing spray. P262 (P262): Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing.
P263 (P263): Avoid contact during pregnancy and while nursing. P264.0 (P264): Wash . . . thoroughly
after handling. P264[abc] (P264): Wash [abc] thoroughly after handling. P270 (P270): Do not eat, drink or
smoke when using this product. P271 (P271): Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. P272 (P272):
Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace. P273 (P273): Avoid release to
the environment. P280.0 (P280): Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protec-
tion. P280.1 (P280): Wear protective gloves. P280.2 (P280): Wear protective clothing. P280.3 (P280): Wear
eye protection. P280.4 (P280): Wear face protection. P282 (P282): Wear cold insulating gloves and either
face shield or eye protection. P283 (P283): Wear fire resistant or flame retardant clothing. P284 (P284):
[In case of inadequate ventilation] wear respiratory protection. P231+P232.0 (P231 + P232): Handle and
store contents under inert gas/. . . . Protect from moisture. P231+P232.1 (P231 + P232): Handle and store
contents under inert gas. Protect from moisture. P231+P232[abc] (P231 + P232): Handle and store con-
tents under [abc]. Protect from moisture. P301 (P301): IF SWALLOWED: P302 (P302): IF ON SKIN: P303
(P303): IF ON SKIN (or hair): P304 (P304): IF INHALED: P305 (P305): IF IN EYES: P306 (P306): IF ON
CLOTHING: P308 (P308): IF exposed or concerned: P310.0 (P310): Immediately call a POISON CENTER/
doctor/. . . P310.1 (P310): Immediately call a POISON CENTER P310.2 (P310): Immediately call a doc-
tor P310[abc] (P310): Immediately call [abc] P311.0 (P311): Call a POISON CENTER/doctor/. . . P311.1
(P311): Call a POISON CENTER P311.2 (P311): Call a doctor P311[abc] (P311): Call [abc] P312.0 (P312):
Call a POISON CENTRE/doctor/. . . if you feel unwell. P312.1 (P312): Call a POISON CENTRE/ if you
feel unwell. P312.2 (P312): Call a doctor if you feel unwell. P312[abc] (P312): Call [abc] if you feel unwell.
P313 (P313): Get medical advice/attention. P314 (P314): Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell.
P315 (P315): Get immediate medical advice/attention. P320.0 (P320): Specific treatment is urgent (see . . .
on this label). P320[abc] (P320): Specific treatment is urgent (see [abc] on this label). P320.nolabel[abc]
(non-official) (P320.nolabel): Specific treatment is urgent (see [abc]). P321.0 (P321): Specific treatment
(see . . . on this label). P321[abc] (P321): Specific treatment (see [abc] on this label). P321.nolabel[abc]
(non-official) (P321.nolabel): Specific treatment (see [abc]). P330 (P330): Rinse mouth. P331 (P331): Do
NOT induce vomiting. P332 (P332): If skin irritation occurs: P333 (P333): If skin irritation or rash occurs:
P334.0 (P334): Immerse in cool water [or wrap in wet bandages]. P334.1 (P334): Immerse in cool water.
P334.2 (P334): Immerse in cool water or wrap in wet bandages. P335 (P335): Brush off loose particles from
skin. P336 (P336): Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do no rub affected area. P337 (P337): If
eye irritation persists: P338 (P338): Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P340 (P340): Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing. P342 (P342): If experiencing
respiratory symptoms: P351 (P351): Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. P352.0 (P352): Wash
with plenty of water/. . . P352.1 (P352): Wash with plenty of water P352[abc] (P352): Wash with [abc]
P353.0 (P353): Rinse skin with water [or shower]. P353.1 (P353): Rinse skin with water. P353.2 (P353):
Rinse skin with water or shower. P360 (P360): Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with
plenty of water before removing clothes. P361 (P361): Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
P362 (P362): Take off contaminated clothing. P363 (P363): Wash contaminated clothing before reuse. P364
(P364): And wash it before reuse. P370 (P370): In case of fire: P371 (P371): In case of major fire and
large quantities: P372 (P372): Explosion risk. P373 (P373): DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explos-
ives. P375 (P375): Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. P376 (P376): Stop leak if safe to do
so. P377 (P377): Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely. P378.0 (P378):
Use. . . to extinguish. P378[abc] (P378): Use [abc] to extinguish. P380 (P380): Evacuate area. P381 (P381):
In case of leakage, eliminate all ignition sources. P390 (P390): Absorb spillage to prevent material damage.
P391 (P391): Collect spillage. P301+P310.0 (P301 + P310): IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON
CENTER/doctor/. . . P301+P310.1 (P301 + P310): IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER

27
P301+P310.2 (P301 + P310): IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a doctor P301+P310[abc] (P301 + P310):
IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call [abc] P301+P312.0 (P301 + P312): IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON
CENTRE/doctor/. . . if you feel unwell. P301+P312.1 (P301 + P312): IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON
CENTRE if you feel unwell. P301+P312.2 (P301 + P312): IF SWALLOWED: Call a doctor if you feel un-
well. P301+P312[abc] (P301 + P312): IF SWALLOWED: Call [abc] if you feel unwell. P301+P330+P331
(P301 + P330 + P331): IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. P302+P334 (P302 +
P334): IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water or wrap in wet bandages. P302+P335+P334.0 (P302 + P335 +
P334): IF ON SKIN: Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water [or wrap in wet bandages].
P302+P335+P334.1 (P302 + P335 + P334): IF ON SKIN: Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool
water. P302+P335+P334.2 (P302 + P335 + P334): IF ON SKIN: Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse
in cool water or wrap in wet bandages. P302+P352.0 (P302 + P352): IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of
water/. . . P302+P352.1 (P302 + P352): IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of water P302+P352[abc] (P302 +
P352): IF ON SKIN: Wash with [abc] P303+P361+P353.0 (P303 + P361 + P353): IF ON SKIN (or hair): Take
off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water [or shower]. P303+P361+P353.1 (P303 +
P361 + P353): IF ON SKIN (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with wa-
ter. P303+P361+P353.2 (P303 + P361 + P353): IF ON SKIN (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated
clothing. Rinse skin with water or shower. P304+P340 (P304 + P340): IF INHALED: Remove person to
fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing. P305+P351+P338 (P305 + P351 + P338): IF IN EYES: Rinse
cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue
rinsing. P306+P360 (P306 + P360): IF ON CLOTHING: rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin
with plenty of water before removing clothes. P308+P311.0 (P308 + P311): IF exposed or concerned: Call a
POISON CENTER/doctor/. . . P308+P311.1 (P308 + P311): IF exposed or concerned: Call a POISON CEN-
TER P308+P311.2 (P308 + P311): IF exposed or concerned: Call a doctor P308+P311[abc] (P308 + P311): IF
exposed or concerned: Call [abc] P308+P313 (P308 + P313): IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/
attention. P332+P313 (P332 + P313): If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention. P333+P313
(P333 + P313): If skin irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention. P336+P315 (P336 + P315):
Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected area. Get immediate medical advice/at-
tention. P337+P313 (P337 + P313): If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention. P342+P311.0
(P342 + P311): If experiencing respiratory symptoms: Call a POISON CENTER/doctor/. . . P342+P311.1
(P342 + P311): If experiencing respiratory symptoms: Call a POISON CENTER P342+P311.2 (P342 + P311):
If experiencing respiratory symptoms: Call a doctor P342+P311[abc] (P342 + P311): If experiencing res-
piratory symptoms: Call [abc] P361+P364 (P361 + P364): Take off immediately all contaminated clothing
and wash it before reuse. P362+P364 (P362 + P364): Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before
reuse. P370+P372+P380+P373 (P370 + P372 + P380 + P373): In case of fire: Explosion risk. Evacuate area.
DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives. P370+P376 (P370 + P376): In case of fire: Stop leak if
safe to do so. P370+P378.0 (P370 + P378): In case of fire: Use. . . to extinguish. P370+P378[abc] (P370 +
P378): In case of fire: Use [abc] to extinguish. P370+P380+P375 (P370 + P380 + P375): In case of fire: Evac-
uate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. P370+P380+P375+P378.0 (P370 + P380 + P375 +
P378): In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. Use . . . to extinguish.
P370+P380+P375+P378[abc] (P370 + P380 + P375 + P378): In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely
due to the risk of explosion. Use [abc] to extinguish. P371+P380+P375 (P371 + P380 + P375): In case of
major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. P401.0
(P401): Store in accordance with. . . . P401[abc] (P401): Store in accordance with [abc]. P402 (P402): Store
in a dry place. P403 (P403): Store in a well-ventilated place. P404 (P404): Store in a closed container. P405
(P405): Store locked up. P406.0 (P406): Store in a corrosion-resistant/. . . container with a resistant inner
liner. P406.1 (P406): Store in a corrosion-resistant container with a resistant inner liner. P406[abc] (P406):
Store in a [abc] container with a resistant inner liner. P407 (P407): Maintain air gap between stacks or
pallets. P410 (P410): Protect from sunlight. P411.0 (P411): Store at temperatures not exceeding . . . °C/
. . . °F. P411.1[abc] (P411): Store at temperatures not exceeding abc °C. P411.2[abc] (P411): Store at tem-

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peratures not exceeding [def] °F. P412.0 (P412): Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 °C/122 °F.
P412.1 (P412): Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 °C. P412.2 (P412): Do not expose to temper-
atures exceeding 122 °F. P413.0 (P413): Store bulk masses greater than . . . kg/. . . lbs at temperatures not
exceeding . . . °C/. . . °F. P413.1[abc][def] (P413): Store bulk masses greater than [abc] kg at temperatures
not exceeding [def] °C. P413.2[abc][def] (P413): Store bulk masses greater than [abc] lbs at temperatures
not exceeding [def] °F. P420 (P420): Store separately. P402+P404 (P402 + P404): Store in a dry place. Store
in a closed container. P403+P233 (P403 + P233): Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly
closed. P403+P235 (P403 + P235): Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool. P410+P403 (P410 + P403):
Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place. P410+P412.0 (P410 + P412): Protect from sunlight.
Do no expose to temperatures exceeding 50 °C/122 °F. P410+P412.1 (P410 + P412): Protect from sunlight.
Do no expose to temperatures exceeding 50 °C. P410+P412.2 (P410 + P412): Protect from sunlight. Do no
expose to temperatures exceeding 122 °F. P501.0 (P501): Dispose of contents/container to . . . P501.0[abc]
(P501): Dispose of contents/container to [abc] P501.1[abc] (P501): Dispose of contents to [abc] P501.2[abc]
(P501): Dispose of container to [abc] P502 (P502): Refer to manufacturer or supplier for information on
recovery or recycling.

List of Implemented R and S Phrases

R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, R24,
R25, R26, R27, R28, R29, R30, R31, R32, R33, R34, R35, R36, R37, R38, R39, R40, R41, R42, R43, R44, R45,
R46, R48, R49, R50, R51, R52, R53, R54, R55, R56, R57, R58, R59, R60, R61, R62, R63, R64, R65, R66, R67,
R68, R14/15, R15/29, R20/21, R20/22, R20/21/22, R21/22, R23/24, R23/25, R23/24/25, R24/25, R26/27,
R26/28, R26/27/28, R27/28, R36/37, R36/38, R36/37/38, R37/38, R39/23, R39/24, R39/25, R39/23/24,
R39/23/25, R39/24/25, R39/23/24/25, R39/26, R39/27, R39/28, R39/26/27, R39/26/28, R39/27/28,
R39/26/27/28, R42/43, R48/20, R48/21, R48/22, R48/20/21, R48/20/22, R48/21/22, R48/20/21/22,
R48/23, R48/24, R48/25, R48/23/24, R48/23/25, R48/24/25, R48/23/24/25, R50/53, R51/53, R52/53,
R68/20, R68/21, R68/22, R68/20/21, R68/20/22, R68/21/22, R68/20/21/22

S1, S2, S3, S4, S5[abc], S6[abc], S7, S8, S9, S12, S13, S14[abc], S15, S16, S17, S18, S20, S21, S22, S23[abc], S23.0,
S23.1, S23.2, S23.3, S23.4, S24, S25, S26, S27, S28[abc], S29, S30, S33, S35, S36, S37, S38, S39, S40[abc], S41,
S42 S43.0[abc], S43.1[abc], S45, S46[abc], S47[abc], S48[abc], S49, S50[abc], S51, S52, S53, S56, S57, S59, S60,
S61, S62[abc], S63, S64, S1/2, S3/7, S3/9/14[abc], S3/9/14/49[abc], S3/9/49[abc], S3/14[abc], S7/8, S7/9,
S7/47[abc], S20/21, S24/25, S27/28[abc], S29/35, S29/56, S36/37, S36/37/39[abc], S36/39[abc], S37/39,
S47/49[abc]

Danish Thanks to the extensive help of Rasmus Villemoes, the Danish phrases could be included. There
were a couple of typos in the official documents: We changed ‘bebølse’ to ‘beboelse’, ‘omgåænde’ to
‘omgående’ and ‘producentesn’ to ‘producenten’.

French Dominique Richard helped with the French phrases. Many thanks to him!

German I adapted the German R and S Phrases to the current (‘new’) spelling. Therefore, when writing
a text in german and using rsphrase, you will get a warning (‘Your current language setting is german,
rsphrase only knows the current German spelling (ngerman) which therefore was used.’).

Italian Italian phrases implemented by Lorenzo Vagnarelli. Thanks a lot.

Spanish Ignacio Fernández Galván sent me the Spanish phrases. Thanks a lot!

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