THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE K-12 PROGRAM FOR THE COLLEGE

PREPARATION OF GRADE 12 STUDENTS

A Research Paper

Presented to Senior High School Department

Professional Academy of the Philippines

City of Naga , Cebu

In Partial Fulfilment

Of the Requirements of the Course

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

By

Ababa, Daryl

Candelanza, Catherine

Getaruellas, Stephanie

Lougiber, Jade

Panilag, John Rel

Sabellano, Lhorely

Ubas, Johnrey
 Chapter 1

Introduction

This chapter discusses the Rationale of the study, Conceptual

framework, Initial statement of the problem, assumption of the study, Scope

and delimitation, Significance of the study and, the Definition of terms.

Rationale of the Study

Every student hopes to graduate from college with a degree

because it is the final stop in their educational journey. In order to enroll in

college, junior high school students must continue on to senior high school

under the K–12 educational system. The effectiveness of the program, its

ability to assist parents, and its ability to prevent another year of financial

waste have all been questioned.It's not simple to go to college. To complete

a degree would take four years. Parents or students must spend thousands

of dollars to cover tuition alone. A difficulty arises when a student doesn't

treat their education seriously. It affects their grades, and if pupils obtain bad

grades, acquiring scholarships is much harder to do. The senior high school

curriculum aims to support students in their quest for self-discovery and to

educate them on strand that interest them. How effectively the senior high

school can help the students become ready for college life needs to be

determined.

The effectiveness of a curriculum, which produces good results that

benefit each individual and every denomination, dictates the future of a

student. To understand the effectiveness of new education, one must base it

on the quality of the students. The descriptive method was used in this study

because it attempts to describe the existence of implementation through 10

graduate students and 10 senior high school teachers.To gather data, the

instrument used was a survey wherein the respondents were instructed to

check the appropriate boxes given information about K–12 education. The

researchers used statistical treatment to interpret and analyze the results of

the gathered data. The results showed that the teachers and students have

different perceptions about the implementation of the program. The K-12

program is effective in different perceptions of respondents. Based on the

findings of this study, the researchers concluded that the respondents have

different perceptions about the implementation of the program. Based on the

investigation, the researchers recommended that the students and teachers

must have consistent feedback about the objectives and reasons of the

program. The benefits must be earned by the students, and teachers should

devise activities that will help the students engage more fully in the new

curriculum. However, to effectively gain remarkable effects from these

changes, we must begin to accept and give a chance to incorporate the

ideals of students throughout the curriculum process to motivate students

self- discovery.

Despite the need to streamline the K-12 curriculum guidelines in the

Philippines, the task has been difficult due to the limited number of studies in

the literature regarding its status. While few in numbers, most of the works in

the literature focused on identifying misalignment's of learning outcomes and

perception of stakeholders. However, none of the works provided insights

about the performance of the K-12 students. Relevant works in the literature
(e.g., [14–16]) maintain that students’ performance provides a direct method

of measuring the successful implementation of an educational program. With

a limited number of studies focusing on measuring student performance of K-

12 students in the country, a significant gap in the current literature remains

unaddressed. Moreover, with the limited attention provided by scholars in the

literature regarding the K-12 transition in the country, formulating more

robust strategies and initiatives may become a significant impediment for

stakeholders in the country. To address this gap, this paper provides an

assessment of the K-12 curriculum’s status in the country by evaluating the

academic performance of recent K-12 graduates in the Philippines.

Every student experiences a variety of problems, and as a solution, In

order to address the issues with their students' academic performance and

prepare for their own college experience. Additionally, for students to

develop effective time management for their school work and other

responsibilities to do.They should recognize students' capability and

knowledge by having them perform for their exams, showing that they

comprehend, and reassuring them that teachers would help them with a plan

because there are both slow and quick learners among students.Students

will start to hone their abilities and talents. As they get ready for their final

years of high school, the transition to adulthood, and the considerably more

demanding atmosphere of college, students need discipline and direction.

 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. The schematic presentation of the IPO model as applied in our

study

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Basic personal information Provide information and
Collection of data among
of the participant.
How effective K-12 program participants. solutions about the issues
to students? on the effectiveness of K-12
What are the possible
effects of K-12 program to Conducting an program for the college
students in terms of: preparation of students
Social interview/survey for the
Provide evidence on the
Academic selected participants. pros of the K-12 program to
What are the benefits of K- students
12 program to students?
Organizati9on and
Analyzation of the
interview/survey results.
 The illustration in Figure 1 describes the fundamentals or

components needed to finish the study being conducted. The input gives the

guiding questions or the subproblems that call for solutions in order to

determine the views and perspectives of students about the viability of the

K–12 program for students' college preparedness.

Answers to the pros and cons of the K–12 program are fairly

provided in the overview. The purpose of the outlining process is to collect

data through interviewing people who will be students and performing

research surveys. The findings of interviews and other credible sources are

used by the researchers to gather the information they need to finish the

study and reach a conclusion. It intends to further explore students'

responses to add to the research.

The output of this study is to offer more trustworthy and pertinent

information and answers to the problems surrounding the viability of K–12

programs for senior high students' college preparation in selecting a career

path. Additionally, it tries to find proof that student opinions influence how

well K–12 programs prepare kids for college.

Statement of the Problem

The Study will examine the Effectiveness of the K -12 Program for the

College Preparation of Grade 12 Students’ Professional Academy of the

Philippines. Specifically, it answers the following question:

1. What are the different college preparations made by Grade 12

students of the Professional Academy of the Philippines?

 2. What is the level of effectiveness of college preparations of Grade

12 Senior High School students of the Professional Academy of the

Philippines students in terms of:

1.1 Program Choice,

1.2 Decision to Pursue College Studies,

1.3 Finances,

1.4 Family Support, and

1.5 Self-Motivation and Confidence?

3. What interventions can be proposed to enhance the college

preparations of Grade 12 students?

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The purpose of this research is on how effectively the k–12

curriculum prepared grade 12 students at the Professional Academy of the

Philippines for college by helping them learn more about who they are and

what they actually want to study there. It all comes down to finding other

strategies to prepare for college than what kids experienced during their

senior year of high school. It also includes the several steps that must be

handled before one can fully define oneself. The goal is to find out how well

the K–12 curriculum is at preparing children for the pressures of adulthood—

including those related to academic achievement at the Professional

Academy of the Philippines—and how they manage it. A student researcher

will be more knowledgeable in terms of handling their responsibilities to finish

all of their school work and other tasks on time by paying close attention to

their academic performance to overcome the various challenges of becoming

a college student, which can help them create a well-planned schedule. They

should constantly be enthusiastic and determined to continue their education

despite any potential obstacles, including monetary difficulties.Despite how

challenging and stressful it may be, it is important for students to succeed in

their goals and be able to graduate with the learning they have acquired

throughout their final years.

The Professional Academy of the Philippines, located in the City of

Naga, Cebu, conducted this research study during the month of

September 2022. This article focuses on how well the K–12 curriculum

prepares for college enrollment of students of the Professional Academy of

the Philippines. The study is only available till October 2022. Before the

deadline and submission of this performed study, researchers will work as

quickly and efficiently as they can on the ongoing procedure of this study.

Assumptions of the Study

In conducting the research on the Effectiveness of the K -12

Program for the College Preparation of Grade 12 Students in the

Professional Academy of the Philippines, in South Poblacion, City of Naga,

Cebu the following assumptions are made:

1. Respondents shall be honest and straightforward while providing their

responses. Given the difficulties they had in creating the

aforementioned activity, the student researchers are anticipating that

 they will provide candid criticism or manifestations of their expertise in

terms of research writing.

2. The questions will be well understood by the respondents. According

to this supposition, the respondents are well-informed when the

questionnaire is given and get little explanation so they can grasp

what the questions are asking.

3. Respondents will be helpful and truthful in their responses. It is

anticipated that since cooperation and accuracy are crucial to the

outcome of a research, participants would reply to questions honestly

and to the best of their abilities.

4. Both of the whole Professional Academy of the Philippines school

and the senior high school pupils, particularly those in grade 12, would

benefit from the findings of this study.

Significance of the Study

This study is very beneficial to all senior high school students not just

for them but particularly the grade 12 students in the Professional Academy

of the Philippines since this will greatly help them to be understand the

importance of taking K-12 curriculum seriously for their future. The following

are the beneficiaries who can benefit from this study.

Researchers. Through this study, they will be able to demonstrate

what they have learnt from their research and produce an output that will

benefit not just others but also themselves as a result of their study. The

knowledge gained by the researcher can be applied in the researcher's daily

life. Researchers will have an instrument or a guide for their research in the

near future as a result of this study. They might get appropriate ideas for the
study they intend to do by using these methods. This can also be used as a

starting point for more research.

Future Researchers. The study provides as a guidance for them

to do their research appropriately. This research will aid students in fully

comprehending what a research paper is. It also provides those insights, and

they will be more educated as a result. The findings of this study can be

utilized as a guide for future scholars who desire to perform similar research.

They will learn about the impact of the absence of love on students' overall

personality.

Teachers. This type of research study will aid them as a source of

our information, particularly to our cherished professors. It's not just because

they're second parents, but also because they're passing on information that

will aid with the research. Furthermore, it is neither a deep emotion for them

nor a feeling of pride for their student for doing good research that

recognizes all of their sacrifices at the conclusion of the study. Teachers are

also one of the benefactors, because the students have learnt a lot from

them and have helped them become more successful instructors. They

assist with the resolution of specific issues that arise in the classroom or

school. To connect with the students and learn more about how to utilize it or

where it may be found. Increase their influence and voice in school and,

more broadly, in their profession.

Parents. The findings of this study can help parents understand their

child’s perspectives and provide affection to them. For parents to not neglect

what their child needs, which love and not material things. They will be the
ones to determine what is best for their children but not controlling their

child’s entire life instead they can provide guidance to their children. Parents

should always be there to help their children. This allows families to assist

their children in improving their personality while also keeping track of them.

Be an excellent example for their children.

Senior High School Students. They will be able to assess their

skills, capacities, and capabilities in relation to how it impacts both

themselves and their academic achievement as well as the effectiveness of

the K–12 program for college preparation. Their ability to learn more about

their chosen topic of interest and how to handle personal challenges may

open their eyes. As a consequence, kids will gain understanding of the

challenges of choosing which college subject they actually want to pursue as

well as how to manage their time effectively with schoolwork. They set

themselves up for success.

Senior High School Department. The study is beneficial to the

Senior High School department since it may be used as a guide for all senior

high school students and instructors who want to do similar research on this

topic. It may also be used as a reference and guidance for future scholars

who wish to perform research in this area. Senior High School students are

fortunate in that they are now assessed and instructed on how to write a

productive research paper at a young age, when they are most likely to see

research papers as a fun activity rather than a chore. They can get additional

knowledge and ideas, as well as become better researchers. It will assist

them in providing any necessary components, such as facilities and

instructional methods.
 Library. The study benefits the library by maintaining it and

transferring the expertise of previous researchers to future scholars. For

hopeful researchers, it may be a location of fresh discoveries. They can

assist students by providing relevant information and references. It may

provide insight into the researchers' experiences. The truth about one's own

experiences.

Professional Academy of the Philippines. The study is

important to the school since it might be used as a guide for students writing

future research papers. The information acquired by the researcher

conducting the study will assist the school and the research. They can also

profit from the positive and beneficial findings of this study. It is

advantageous to the school since it is a wonderful delight for them to be a

part of this study, and they will be grateful enough to be one who has the

research performing a specific study, and it increases the school's popularity.

Definition of Terms

The definition of terms serves as glossary where the keywords used in

the study has been defined conceptually and operationally for better

understanding. To give idea and more clarification of the words to the

readers.

Ability

According to our study it is a many linked fields can use the concept of

skills and how students should be understood. The ability to choose an

alternative course of action is one popular definition of free will.

Challenges
 In our study, it is defined as possessing anything that necessitates

considerable financial, physical, or mental effort from students. Something

that, by its very nature or character, serves as a call to action, a demand to

justify or explain a course of action, or a challenge in an undertaking that is

exciting to the students engaging in it.

College

According to our research, this is what the students are preparing

for during their senior high school days in order to pursue their desired job

route. It is a place or organization that offers education, particularly higher

education or specialized professional or vocational training.

Difficulty

Referred to out study as the anything that is challenging to do,

handle, or comprehend. Uncountable If something is tough for you, you can't

perform it easily. have trouble with something: This year,senior high school

students are having trouble with their studies. experience trouble performing

anything.

Effectiveness

Is being defined in our study as the capacity to deliver the intended

outcome or result is what is meant by effectiveness, especially the

effectiveness of K-12 program. Effectiveness is the quality of having an

intended or anticipated result or leaving a lasting, profound impact.

K-12 program

Is being defined in our study as the basic educational system that

helps students in preparing for college, which is overseen by the Department

of Education, strives to improve students' fundamental abilities, generate

more capable citizens, and prepare graduates for lifetime learning and

employment. K stands for Kindergarten, while 12 for the next 12 years of

fundamental education.

Preparation

The act of preparing senior high school students, particularly grade

12 students, for college is described in our study as getting ready, planning,

training, or studying to obtain information regarding their strand.

Self-Discovery

According to our research as he phrase "finding oneself" is similar

to students discovering their selves before graduating in college. The

process of discovering oneself has several phases. Many different methods

for the road to self-discovery have been devised by cultures from all over the

world. In the modern era, practitioners and scientists have collaborated to

develop a roadmap that clarifies the self-discovery process. The degrees of

awareness are used to describe this.

Strand

Referred in out study as the There are three tracks available to

senior high school students: academic, technical-vocational-livelihood, and

sports and the arts. Business, Accounting, and Management (BAM),

Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences (HESS), and Science,

Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) are the three strands of

the academic stream

Time management
 Time management is the process of planning and exercising

conscious control of time spent on specific activities, especially to increase

effectiveness, efficiency, and productivity. Using time effectively gives the

person "choice" on spending or managing activities at their own time and

expediency.
 Chapter 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter clearly defines the research methods used to conduct the

study. The researchers explain how the necessary data and information to

address the research objectives and questions, interview will be collected,

presented and analyzed. Reasons and justifications of the following are

given.

Research Design

This study used the quantitative method of research. According to

Gimblett B. (2006). "Research design ", it is referring to the overall strategy

that is chosen to integrate the different components of the study in a

coherent and logical way, thereby ensuring that the research problem is

effective my addressed. It concentrates on the measuring of variables as well

as data collection from participants. It devises a notable strategy in order to

sample from the selected participants and plans the way to analyze the

collected data. Constraints for this study included the resources and the

amount of time it took to collect the required number of participants needed

for a representative sample. The researchers made a plan to collect data

from participants at numerous times participants at the senior high school

department in Professional Academy of the Philippines.

Location/ Locale

This study will be conducted at the Professional Academy of the

Philippines. It is located in South Poblacion, City of Naga, Cebu. This

institution offers Pre-school, Elementary, Senior High school, and five (5)

baccalaureate courses. The Professional Academy of the Philippines (PAP)

is located on the South National Highway in Barangay South Poblacion,

City of Naga, and the province of Cebu. It is a 5-minute walk from the Naga

proper, 15 minutes away from Minglanilla center, and 45 minutes ride from

Toledo City to reach the school.

The most affordable means of transportation available on the vicinity

are the public jeepneys, multicabs, motorcycle or also known as “habal-

habal” and tricycles. The Professional Academy of the Philippines (PAP) is

situated in an area in which it is free from a distance such as unpleasant

odorant pollution so therefore, the site is conducive to training. The

Professional Academy of the Philippines (PAP) is situated in an area in

which it is free from distance such as unpleasant odorant pollution so

therefore, the site is conductive to training. The nearest landmark will be the

shell gasoline station bound to Toledo city and also beside in this will the

Mormon church . The owner of this prestigious school is Dr. Artemio I.

Panganiban Jr..
Figure 2: Shows the vicinity map of Professional Academy of The

Philippines, City of Naga, Cebu

Research Respondents

The respondents of the study are the grade 12 students of

Professional Academy of the Philippines with a total population of 419

students. We will be using the Slovins formula in getting the sample size of

the total populations for us to survey.

In this data we are using purposive sampling in this study. A

purposive sampling is a purposive sample is a non-probability sample that is

selected based on characteristics of a population and the objective of the

study. This type of sampling can be very useful in situations when you need

to reach a targeted sample quickly, and where sampling for proportionality is

not the main concern. Alternatively, purposive sampling method may prove

to be effective when only limited numbers of people can serve as primary

data sources due to the nature of research design and aims and objectives.

According to Horwitz (2016), purposeful sampling is widely used in

qualitative research for the identification and selection of information-rich

cases related to the phenomenon of interest. Although there are several

different purposeful sampling strategies, criterion sampling appears to be

used most commonly in implementation research. However, combining

sampling strategies may be more appropriate to the aims of implementation

research and more consistent with recent developments in quantitative

methods. This paper reviews the principles and practice of purposeful

sampling in implementation research, summarizes types and categories of

purposeful sampling strategies and provides a set of recommendations for

use of single strategy or multistage strategy designs, particularly for state

implementation research. As in other areas of research, mixed method

designs are viewed as preferable in implementation research because they

provide a better understanding of research issues than either qualitative or

quantitative approaches alone (Palinkas et al., 2011).

Research Tools

The researchers will construct survey questionnaires that are close-

ended questions for the respondents in order to gather data from them, and

the questionnaires will have to be tested according to its validity and

reliability. According to Gay in Tanzeh (2009:57) the definition of validity

is the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. A

common misconception is that a test is, or, is not valid. The researchers get

validity from stories. Based from Brown in Isnawati (2012:27), there are four

types of validity, they are content validity, criterion-related validity, construct

validity and face validity. Hence, the researcher emphasized the content

validity and construct validity.

Content validity is a kind of validity which depends on careful analysis

of the language being tested and of the particular test. A test is said to have

content validity if its contents constitutes a representative sample of the

language skill, structures, etc. being tested. The researcher made this test
based on the interview guide questionnaire that being presented. Therefore,

this test is valid in terms of content validity.

Based from Howit and Cramer (2000) reliability is the extent to which

the measure will give the same response under similar circumstances. In

other words, reliability shows a measure of consistency in measuring the

same phenomenon. Sukardi (2007) stated that reliability is the level in the

test in a consistent manner measure at any test. A research instrument can

called reliability the tool was used what to use measure cab used in when

and in any time, the result is same.

Data Gathering Procedure

Data gathering is very crucial in research as the data is meant to

contribute to a better understanding. In this study, the researchers will state

the different ways to gather the data needed in the study.

Step 1. The first thing that the researchers will do is prepare an interview

guide for the informants. The said questionnaire was tested according to its

validity and reliability

Step 2. Then it was being checked first by the instructor and of course by the

panel members.

Step 3. Next would be the making of the informed consent, it was with the

contention that the researchers was able to ask permissions from the

principal as well as the respondents to allow us conduct our research study.

Step 4. Upon the informed consent, the researchers had the authority to

conduct the study. Respondents was oriented to what will be their role in our

research and what will they do.

Step 5. Afterwards, distribution of the research tools will be followed.

Researchers will distribute the prepared questionnaire intended for the

evaluation.

Step 6. And after answering the questionnaire, the researchers will collect

the answered questionnaire and personally thank the respondents for their

willingness and participation of a said study.

Thus, the collected data will be carefully analyzed by the researchers and will

be used for further documentation of this research study.

Step 7. The last step is that the results of the survey questionnaires were

tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted to come up with findings, possible

recommendations, and conclusions. All the data gathered from the

questionnaires were kept confidential.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The researchers will collect and document the information. A total of

100 respondents from the Professional Academy of the Philippines were

gathered. In addition, respondents were surveyed by the researcher, who

provided them with pre-made questionnaires. At the Professional Academy

of the Philippines, questionnaires were issued to 4th criminology students

pertaining to early pregnancy.

 Pieces of information gathered from the questionnaire were

statistically using simple percentage distribution using this formula:

%=f/N (100)

Where:

%= computed percentage

f= frequency or the scores of the respondents

N= total number of respondents

To be able to get the result of the study, the researchers will find the

frequency distribution which is form the total tally data. Frequency

distribution, according to (Wyckoff 2000), is a graphical or tabular

presentation that shows the number of observations inside a certain interval.

In frequency distributions, the total score of each choice is divided by the

total score of the same choices before being multiplied by the total number of

respondents to calculate the percentage.

To gather the study's results, the researchers will calculate the

frequency distribution from total tally data. Then, the researcher will then

perform a ranking, which is a data transformation in which numerical or

ordinal values are arranged according to their rank. Ranks are associated

with the order statistics index list, which is made up of the original data set

reorganized in ascending order.

Ethical Considerations

Ethical consideration can be specified as one of the most vital parts of the

research. Dissertation may even be doomed to failure if this part is missing.

Thus, researchers have recognized that there are some ethical

considerations to observe and to comply.

I. Risk-Benefit Assessment

The difficulty of completing the study was anticipated by the

researchers from the outset. Due to time constraints and the lengthy data

collection process, the researchers had difficulty finishing the study. The

researchers put effort and time into creating this paper. The Professional

Academy of the Philippines (PAP), students, and potential researchers

will gain from and find value in this research.

• Risk - Benefits Assessment

Risk

In the conduct of this study, some risks are identified ahead by the

researchers.

1. The researchers are aware that conducting the study will be inconvenient

due to a lack of time and financial considerations in acquiring information for

the investigation.

2. Loss of Respondent Confidentiality: Unless the researcher has the

respondents' express permission to do otherwise, the respondent's

confidentiality of personally identifiable information is presumed and must be

maintained. Respondents, on the other hand, have a right to be safe from

injury and unauthorized invasions of their privacy, as well as to have their

personal dignity preserved.

Benefits
1. This research could help the future Humss students and the whole

department in order to improve their research writing skills.

2. Students will be able to know what those challenges in research writing

are and how to overcome the challenges. With these, they will be aware of

what are that preparation they need, and this will serve as a guide in making

their own research faster and easier.

3. After completing the study, the researcher will be able to form their

thoughts in order to become a professional researcher.

As a result, the benefits of this study clearly outweigh the risks, and it is

recommended that this study be completed.

II. Content and Documentation of Informed Consent

Content

The researchers must have to secure standard survey

questionnaires which include three (3) questions from the

statement of the problem which are the following: First, What are

the opinions of the respondents to the quality of education in the

Professional Academy of the Philippines? Second, What are the

concerns of the students to the quality of education in the

Professional Academy of the Philippines? Third, What are the

contributions that the students can provide for themselves in order

to improve the quality of education that they're receiving? And

lastly, Based on the study, what interventions can be proposed if

 ever there are any students who are unsatisfied with the school’s

quality of education?

Documentation of Informed Consent

The researchers are taking diligently the guidelines of IRB as

regards to the informants have participated in their own will and

consent. The researchers also make sure that the respondents are

willing `to accept our kind request. As part of it, the informed

consent are the procedures that the informants need to know, they

will be answering the given questions with the appropriate length

of time. Preferably 5-10 minutes for them to answer the questions

and afterwards it will be collected by the researchers for tallying,

analyzing and interpreting after the data has been gathered. And

lastly, the voluntary participation of the respondents. The

researchers found out that the respondents showed their

commitment in answering the questions with honesty and sincerity

which made the realization of the research undertaking possible.

III. Authorized to access to private information

In gathering data, the researchers will have to manage in avoiding to

access private information from the informants through allowing them to

continue or not if the study is crossing their privacy. The researchers have

the authorization to access the private information once the permission will

be approved or granted. The researchers got the data from the informants
and in the process they utilized the need information vital in the study

undertaking provided that the informants voluntarily answer the questions.

IV. Debriefing and Communications

In keeping the study, the researchers will provide information about the

research to participants after they have given their informed consent to

participate, and usually after their participation is completed. Also, the

researchers will notify the participants the risked discovered by the

researchers after the informed consent process

V. Incentives, Compensations and Conflict of Interest

Incentives

In conducting the study, the researchers ensured that there will be no

provision of incentives coming from the respondents.

Compensations

The researchers declared that there will be no conflict of interest for

the study more specifically to the respondents.

References

https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aasgbcpjmra/article/view/1691

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/edri/2020/8877712/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/self-determination-
theory

https://positivepsychology.com/self-determination-theory/#what-self-
determination

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/community-health/patient-care/self-
determination-theory.aspx#:~:text=Self%2Ddetermination%20theory
%20suggests%20that,is%20willingly%20endorsing%20one's%20behavior.